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Dumon C, Belaidouni Y, Diabira D, Appleyard SM, Wayman GA, Gaiarsa JL. Leptin down-regulates KCC2 activity and controls chloride homeostasis in the neonatal rat hippocampus. Mol Brain 2020; 13:151. [PMID: 33183317 PMCID: PMC7661183 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00689-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The canonical physiological role of leptin is to regulate hunger and satiety acting on specific hypothalamic nuclei. Beyond this key metabolic function; leptin also regulates many aspects of development and functioning of neuronal hippocampal networks throughout life. Here we show that leptin controls chloride homeostasis in the developing rat hippocampus in vitro. The effect of leptin relies on the down-regulation of the potassium/chloride extruder KCC2 activity and is present during a restricted period of postnatal development. This study confirms and extends the role of leptin in the ontogenesis of functional GABAergic inhibition and helps understanding how abnormal levels of leptin may contribute to neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Dumon
- Aix-Marseille Univ UMR 1249, INSERM (Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale) Unité 1249, INMED (Institut de Neurobiologie de La Méditerranée), Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
- Neurochlore Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Bâtiment Beret Delaage, Zone Luminy Entreprises Biotech, Marseille, France
| | - Yasmine Belaidouni
- Aix-Marseille Univ UMR 1249, INSERM (Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale) Unité 1249, INMED (Institut de Neurobiologie de La Méditerranée), Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Diabe Diabira
- Aix-Marseille Univ UMR 1249, INSERM (Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale) Unité 1249, INMED (Institut de Neurobiologie de La Méditerranée), Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Suzanne M Appleyard
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Gary A Wayman
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Jean-Luc Gaiarsa
- Aix-Marseille Univ UMR 1249, INSERM (Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale) Unité 1249, INMED (Institut de Neurobiologie de La Méditerranée), Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France.
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2
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Mehler K, Giebisch C, Abele J, Roth B, Huenseler C. Pain response to vaccination in newborn infants of diabetic mothers. Early Hum Dev 2020; 149:105139. [PMID: 32763751 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Response to pain is altered in infants who were exposed to pain- and stressful events in the neonatal period. Infants of diabetic mothers receive several heel sticks after birth for measuring blood glucose and thus may show changes in their behavioral and physiologic response to pain. Moreover, maternal hyperglycemia may alter activity of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity. STUDY DESIGN In total, 43 infants of diabetic mothers and 30 control infants were included into the study. Response to pain was assessed at 3 months of age following two intramuscular injections for vaccination. We assessed behavioral (Bernese pain scale), physiologic (heart rate) and hormonal (salivary cortisol) pain response to vaccination as well as spinal sensitization (flexion withdrawal reflex). RESULTS Infants of diabetic mothers received a median number of 5 [4-19] painful events compared to 1 [1-3] in the control group. Heart rate reactivity differed significantly between groups. Infants of diabetic mothers had higher peaks (p = 0.002) and needed more time to recover to baseline (p < 0.001). Moreover, infants of diabetic mothers showed higher peak cortisol (p = 0.001) and a higher relative cortisol increase (p = 0.015). Flexor withdrawal reflex thresholds were significantly lower in infants of diabetic mothers (p = 0.003). CONCLUSION The increase of physiologic and hormonal responses to pain in infants of diabetic mothers is probably caused by repeated painful events and an altered metabolic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Mehler
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Pediatrics, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Christina Giebisch
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Pediatrics, Cologne, Germany
| | - Julia Abele
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Pediatrics, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernhard Roth
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Pediatrics, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christoph Huenseler
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Pediatrics, Cologne, Germany
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3
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Postnatal Overnutrition Induces Changes in Synaptic Transmission to Leptin Receptor-Expressing Neurons in the Arcuate Nucleus of Female Mice. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082425. [PMID: 32823489 PMCID: PMC7468987 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The adipocyte-derived hormone leptin is a potent neurotrophic factor that contributes to the neural plasticity and development of feeding circuitry, particularly in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH). Postnatal overnutrition affects leptin secretion and sensitivity, but whether postnatal overnutrition produces changes in the development of the synaptic transmission to ARH neurons is currently unknown. We evaluated the excitatory and inhibitory currents to ARH leptin receptor (LepR)-expressing neurons in prepubertal, pubertal and adult female mice. The effects of postnatal overnutrition in the expression of genes that code ion channels subunits in the ARH were also evaluated. We observed that the transition from prepubertal to pubertal stage is characterized by a rise in both excitatory and inhibitory transmission to ARH LepR-expressing neurons in control mice. Postnatal overnutrition induces a further increase in the excitatory synaptic transmission in pubertal and adult animals, whereas the amplitude of inhibitory currents to ARH LepR-expressing cells was reduced. Postnatal overnutrition also contributes to the modulation of gene expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate, GABAB and ATP-sensitive potassium channel subunits in ARH. In summary, the synaptic transmission to ARH cells is profoundly influenced by postnatal overnutrition. Thus, increased adiposity during early postnatal period induces long-lasting effects on ARH cellular excitability.
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Foll CL, Lutz TA. Systemic and Central Amylin, Amylin Receptor Signaling, and Their Physiological and Pathophysiological Roles in Metabolism. Compr Physiol 2020; 10:811-837. [PMID: 32941692 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This article in the Neural and Endocrine Section of Comprehensive Physiology discusses the physiology and pathophysiology of the pancreatic hormone amylin. Shortly after its discovery in 1986, amylin has been shown to reduce food intake as a satiation signal to limit meal size. Amylin also affects food reward, sensitizes the brain to the catabolic actions of leptin, and may also play a prominent role in the development of certain brain areas that are involved in metabolic control. Amylin may act at different sites in the brain in addition to the area postrema (AP) in the caudal hindbrain. In particular, the sensitizing effect of amylin on leptin action may depend on a direct interaction in the hypothalamus. The concept of central pathways mediating amylin action became more complex after the discovery that amylin is also synthesized in certain hypothalamic areas but the interaction between central and peripheral amylin signaling remains currently unexplored. Amylin may also play a dominant pathophysiological role that is associated with the aggregation of monomeric amylin into larger, cytotoxic molecular entities. This aggregation in certain species may contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus but also cardiovascular disease. Amylin receptor pharmacology is complex because several distinct amylin receptor subtypes have been described, because other neuropeptides [e.g., calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)] can also bind to amylin receptors, and because some components of the functional amylin receptor are also used for other G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) systems. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:811-837, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Le Foll
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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5
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Fu X, Shah AP, Li Z, Li M, Tamashiro KL, Baraban JM. Genetic inactivation of the translin/trax microRNA-degrading enzyme phenocopies the robust adiposity induced by Translin (Tsn) deletion. Mol Metab 2020; 40:101013. [PMID: 32408014 PMCID: PMC7305343 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Deletion of Translin (Tsn) from mice induces an unusual metabolic profile characterized by robust adiposity, normal body weight and glucose tolerance. Translin (TN) protein and its partner, trax (TX), form the TN/TX microRNA-degrading enzyme. Since the microRNA system plays a prominent role in regulating metabolism, we reasoned that the metabolic profile displayed by Tsn KO mice might reflect dysregulation of microRNA signaling. Methods To test this hypothesis, we inserted a mutation, E126A, in Tsnax, the gene encoding TX, that abolishes the microRNA-degrading enzymatic activity of the TN/TX complex. In addition, to help define the cell types that drive the adiposity phenotype, we have also generated mice with floxed alleles of Tsn or Tsnax. Results Introduction of the E126A mutation in Tsnax does not impair expression of TN or TX proteins or their co-precipitation. Furthermore, these mice display selective increases in microRNAs that match those induced by Tsn deletion, confirming that this mutation in Tsnax inactivates the microRNA-degrading activity of the TN/TX complex. Mice homozygous for the Tsnax (E126A) mutation display a metabolic profile that closely mimics that of Tsn KO mice. Selective deletion of Tsn or Tsnax from either adipocytes or hepatocytes, two candidate cell types, does not phenocopy the elevated adiposity displayed by mice with constitutive Tsn deletion or the Tsnax (E126A) mutation. Furthermore, global, conditional deletion of Tsn in adulthood does not elicit increased adiposity. Conclusion Taken together, these findings indicate that inactivation of the TN/TX microRNA-degrading enzyme during development is necessary to drive the robust adiposity displayed by Tsn KO mice. We inactivated the microRNA-degrading enzyme translin/trax in mice. These mice phenocopy the robust adiposity displayed by Tsn KO mice. Global conditional deletion of Tsn during adulthood does not elicit robust adiposity. Thus, loss of translin/trax activity in development mediates robust adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuping Fu
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Aparna P Shah
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Zhi Li
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Mengni Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Kellie L Tamashiro
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Jay M Baraban
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Cowen N, Bhatnagar A. The Potential Role of Activating the ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channel in the Treatment of Hyperphagic Obesity. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11040450. [PMID: 32326226 PMCID: PMC7230375 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the potential role of ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel activation in the treatment of hyperphagic obesity, a PubMed search was conducted focused on the expression of genes encoding the KATP channel, the response to activating the KATP channel in tissues regulating appetite and the establishment and maintenance of obesity, the evaluation of KATP activators in obese hyperphagic animal models, and clinical studies on syndromic obesity. KATP channel activation is mechanistically involved in the regulation of appetite in the arcuate nucleus; the regulation of hyperinsulinemia, glycemic control, appetite and satiety in the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus; insulin secretion by β-cells; and the synthesis and β-oxidation of fatty acids in adipocytes. KATP channel activators have been evaluated in hyperphagic obese animal models and were shown to reduce hyperphagia, induce fat loss and weight loss in older animals, reduce the accumulation of excess body fat in growing animals, reduce circulating and hepatic lipids, and improve glycemic control. Recent experience with a KATP channel activator in Prader-Willi syndrome is consistent with the therapeutic responses observed in animal models. KATP channel activation, given the breadth of impact and animal model and clinical results, is a viable target in hyperphagic obesity.
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Carrillo B, Collado P, Díaz F, Chowen JA, Grassi D, Pinos H. Blocking of Estradiol Receptors ERα, ERβ and GPER During Development, Differentially Alters Energy Metabolism in Male and Female Rats. Neuroscience 2019; 426:59-68. [PMID: 31805254 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Estradiol not only participates in the regulation of energy metabolism in adulthood, but also during the first stages of life as it modulates the alterations induced by under- and over-nutrition. The objectives of the present study were to determine: 1) If estradiol is involved in the normal programming of energy metabolism in rats; 2) If there is a specific window of time for this programming and 3) If males and females are differentially vulnerable to the action of this hormone. Estrogen receptors (ER) α, ERβ and GPER were blocked by their specific antagonists MPP, PHTPP and G15, respectively, from postnatal day (P) 1 (the day of birth) to P5 or from P5 to P13. Physiological parameters such as body weight, fat depots and caloric intake were then analysed at P90. Hypothalamic AgRP, POMC, MC4R, ERα, ERβ and GPER mRNA levels and plasma levels of estradiol, were also studied. We found that blocking ER receptors from P5 to P13 significantly decreases long-term body weight in males and hypothalamic POMC mRNA levels in females. The blocking of ERs from P1 to P5 only affected plasma estradiol levels in females. The present results indicate programming actions of estradiol from P5 to P13 on body weight in male and POMC expression in female rats and emphasize the importance of including both sexes in metabolic studies. It is necessary to unravel the mechanisms that underlie the actions of estradiol on food intake, both during development and in adulthood, and to determine how this programming differentially takes place in males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Carrillo
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), C/ Juan del Rosal n° 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain, Instituto Mixto de Investigación Escuela Nacional de Sanidad (IMIENS).
| | - Paloma Collado
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), C/ Juan del Rosal n° 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain, Instituto Mixto de Investigación Escuela Nacional de Sanidad (IMIENS).
| | - Francisca Díaz
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Avda. Menéndez Pelayo, N° 65 28009 Madrid, Spain, Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC.
| | - Julie A Chowen
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Avda. Menéndez Pelayo, N° 65 28009 Madrid, Spain, Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC.
| | - Daniela Grassi
- Department of Preclinical odontology, Faculty of Biomedical Science and Health Universidad Europea de Madrid, Calle Tajo s/n, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Helena Pinos
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), C/ Juan del Rosal n° 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain, Instituto Mixto de Investigación Escuela Nacional de Sanidad (IMIENS).
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Norheim F, Hasin-Brumshtein Y, Vergnes L, Chella Krishnan K, Pan C, Seldin MM, Hui ST, Mehrabian M, Zhou Z, Gupta S, Parks BW, Walch A, Reue K, Hofmann SM, Arnold AP, Lusis AJ. Gene-by-Sex Interactions in Mitochondrial Functions and Cardio-Metabolic Traits. Cell Metab 2019; 29:932-949.e4. [PMID: 30639359 PMCID: PMC6447452 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We studied sex differences in over 50 cardio-metabolic traits in a panel of 100 diverse inbred strains of mice. The results clearly showed that the effects of sex on both clinical phenotypes and gene expression depend on the genetic background. In support of this, genetic loci associated with the traits frequently showed sex specificity. For example, Lyplal1, a gene implicated in human obesity, was shown to underlie a sex-specific locus for diet-induced obesity. Global gene expression analyses of tissues across the panel implicated adipose tissue "beiging" and mitochondrial functions in the sex differences. Isolated mitochondria showed gene-by-sex interactions in oxidative functions, such that some strains (C57BL/6J) showed similar function between sexes, whereas others (DBA/2J and A/J) showed increased function in females. Reduced adipose mitochondrial function in males as compared to females was associated with increased susceptibility to obesity and insulin resistance. Gonadectomy studies indicated that gonadal hormones acting in a tissue-specific manner were responsible in part for the sex differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frode Norheim
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology and Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yehudit Hasin-Brumshtein
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology and Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Laurent Vergnes
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Karthickeyan Chella Krishnan
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology and Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Calvin Pan
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology and Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marcus M Seldin
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology and Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Simon T Hui
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology and Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Margarete Mehrabian
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology and Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology and Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sonul Gupta
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology and Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brian W Parks
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Axel Walch
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Karen Reue
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Susanna M Hofmann
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, München 80336, Germany; Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Ludwig Maximilian Universität (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Arthur P Arnold
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology and Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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9
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Yay A, Onder GO, Ozdamar S, Bahadir A, Aytekin M, Baran M. The Effects of Leptin on Rat Brain Development; An Experimental Study. Int J Pept Res Ther 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-018-09803-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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10
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Raghavan R, Zuckerman B, Hong X, Wang G, Ji Y, Paige D, DiBari J, Zhang C, Fallin MD, Wang X. Fetal and Infancy Growth Pattern, Cord and Early Childhood Plasma Leptin, and Development of Autism Spectrum Disorder in the Boston Birth Cohort. Autism Res 2018; 11:1416-1431. [PMID: 30248249 PMCID: PMC6320256 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in energy homeostasis. Emerging evidence suggests that leptin levels are altered in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD); however, this has not been studied prospectively. Rapid growth during infancy and early childhood has been implicated in ASD, but the evidence is inconsistent. As leptin is involved in growth and is a potential risk factor for ASD, we explored the associations between (a) cord, early childhood leptin and ASD; and (b) birth weight for gestational age, early childhood weight gain, and ASD. We also assessed the mediating role of leptin in the relationship between weight gain during infancy and ASD. This study was conducted in a sample of 822 subjects from the Boston Birth Cohort. ASD was defined from diagnostic codes in electronic medical records. Extremely rapid weight gain during infancy was associated with a greater ASD risk and this persisted after adjusting for potential confounders (aOR: 3.11; 95% CI: 1.37, 7.07). Similarly, children that had higher plasma leptin levels, prior to ASD diagnosis, had an increased ASD risk in both unadjusted and adjusted models (aOR: 7.87; 95% CI: 2.06, 30.04). Further, early childhood leptin indirectly mediated the relationship between rapid weight gain and ASD. No associations were found between birth weight for gestational age, cord leptin and risk of ASD. Our findings provide a basis to further explore whether the combination of early life growth pattern and a biomarker such as leptin can predict ASD earlier. Autism Res 2018, 11: 1416-1431. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Is early life growth and a biomarker leptin related to ASD risk? To answer this question, we followed 822 children from birth and found that those who gained weight very quickly in infancy, had higher leptin levels in early childhood, had a greater chance of later ASD diagnosis. More research is needed to see if infant's weight gain pattern along with a biomarker (such as leptin) can be used to identify children with ASD sooner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkripa Raghavan
- Center on the Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Room E4132, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Barry Zuckerman
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, 850 Harrison Ave, 3 Floor, Suite 324L, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Xiumei Hong
- Center on the Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Room E4132, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Guoying Wang
- Center on the Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Room E4132, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Yuelong Ji
- Center on the Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Room E4132, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - David Paige
- Center on the Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Room E4132, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Jessica DiBari
- Office of Epidemiology and Research, Maternal & Child Health Bureau, Health Resources & Services Administration, 5600 Fishers Lane, 18N120, Rockville, MD 20857
| | - Cuilin Zhang
- Center on the Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Room E4132, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Division of Intramural Population and Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 6710 B, Rockledge Dr., Bethesda, MD 20817
| | - M. Daniele Fallin
- Wendy Klag Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities & Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, HH 850, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Xiaobin Wang
- Center on the Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Room E4132, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Division of General Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205
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11
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Mendrick DL, Diehl AM, Topor LS, Dietert RR, Will Y, La Merrill MA, Bouret S, Varma V, Hastings KL, Schug TT, Emeigh Hart SG, Burleson FG. Metabolic Syndrome and Associated Diseases: From the Bench to the Clinic. Toxicol Sci 2018; 162:36-42. [PMID: 29106690 PMCID: PMC6256950 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic Syndrome and Associated Diseases: From the Bench to the Clinic, a Society of Toxicology Contemporary Concepts in Toxicology (CCT) workshop was held on March 11, 2017. The meeting was convened to raise awareness of metabolic syndrome and its associated diseases and serve as a melting pot with scientists of multiple disciplines (eg, toxicologists, clinicians, regulators) so as to spur research and understanding of this condition. The criteria for metabolic syndrome include obesity, dyslipidemia (low high-density lipoprotein and/or elevated triglycerides), elevated blood pressure, and alterations in glucose metabolism. It can lead to a greater potential of type 2 diabetes, lipid disorders, cardiovascular disease, hepatic steatosis, and other circulatory disorders. Although there are no approved drugs specifically for this syndrome, many drugs target diseases associated with this syndrome thus potentially increasing the likelihood of drug-drug interactions. There is currently significant research focusing on understanding the key pathways that control metabolism, which would be likely targets of risk factors (eg, exposure to xenobiotics, genetics) and lifestyle factors (eg, microbiome, nutrition, and exercise) that contribute to metabolic syndrome. Understanding these pathways could also lead to the development of pharmaceutical interventions. As individuals with metabolic syndrome have signs similar to that of toxic responses (eg, oxidative stress and inflammation) and organ dysfunction, these alterations should be taken into account in drug development. With the increasing frequency of metabolic syndrome in the general population, the idea of a "normal" individual may need to be redefined. This paper reports on the substance and outcomes of this workshop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna L Mendrick
- Regulatory Activities, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Anna Mae Diehl
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Lisa S Topor
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University; Pediatric Endocrinology Rhode Island Hospital Providence, Rhode Island 02903
| | - Rodney R Dietert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Yvonne Will
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Sebastien Bouret
- Kerk School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90027 and Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Lille, France
| | - Vijayalaskshmi Varma
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | | | - Thaddeus T Schug
- Division of Extramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina 27709
| | - Susan G Emeigh Hart
- Experimental Pathology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877
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12
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Sex differences in the neuroendocrine control of metabolism and the implication of astrocytes. Front Neuroendocrinol 2018; 48:3-12. [PMID: 28552663 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Males and females have distinct propensities to develop obesity and its related comorbidities, partially due to gonadal steroids. There are sex differences in hypothalamic neuronal circuits, as well as in astrocytes, that participate in metabolic control and the development of obesity-associated complications. Astrocytes are involved in nutrient transport and metabolism, glucose sensing, synaptic remodeling and modulation of neuronal signaling. They express receptors for metabolic hormones and mediate effects of these metabolic signals on neurons, with astrogliosis occurring in response to high fat diet and excess weight gain. However, most studies of obesity have focused on males. Recent reports indicate that male and female astrocytes respond differently to metabolic signals and this could be involved in the differential response to high fat diet and the onset of obesity-associated pathologies. Here we focus on the sex differences in response to obesogenic paradigms and the possible role of hypothalamic astrocytes in this phenomenon.
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Mela V, Hernandez O, Hunsche C, Diaz F, Chowen JA, De la Fuente M. Administration of a leptin antagonist during the neonatal leptin surge induces alterations in the redox and inflammatory state in peripubertal /adolescent rats. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017. [PMID: 28641938 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The importance of the neonatal leptin surge in rodents in neurodevelopmental processes has aroused curiosity in its implication in other physiological systems. Given the role of leptin in neuro-immune interactions, we hypothesized that the neonatal leptin surge could have an effect on the oxidative and inflammatory stress situations of both systems. We blocked the neonatal leptin surge by a leptin antagonist and measured several parameters of oxidative and inflammatory stress in the spleen, hypothalamus and adipose tissue of peripubertal/adolescent rats. The treated rats showed lower activity of several antioxidant enzymes in the spleen and their leukocytes released lower levels of mitogen-stimulated IL-10 and IL-13 and higher levels of TNF-alpha. In conclusion, the neonatal leptin surge may have a key role in the establishment of adequate redox and inflammatory states in the immune system, which is important for the generation of adequate immune responses and to obtain and maintain good health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Mela
- Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology II), Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Oskarina Hernandez
- Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology II), Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Caroline Hunsche
- Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology II), Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisca Diaz
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julie A Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica De la Fuente
- Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology II), Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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Bender MC, Sifuentes CJ, Denver RJ. Leptin Induces Mitosis and Activates the Canonical Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway in Neurogenic Regions of Xenopus Tadpole Brain. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:99. [PMID: 28533765 PMCID: PMC5421298 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to its well-known role as an adipostat in adult mammals, leptin has diverse physiological and developmental actions in vertebrates. Leptin has been shown to promote development of hypothalamic circuits and to induce mitosis in different brain areas of mammals. We investigated the ontogeny of leptin mRNA, leptin actions on cell proliferation in the brain, and gene expression in the preoptic area/hypothalamus of tadpoles of Xenopus laevis. The level of leptin mRNA was low in premetamorphic tadpoles, but increased strongly at the beginning of metamorphosis and peaked at metamorphic climax. This increase in leptin mRNA at the onset of metamorphosis correlated with increased cell proliferation in the neurogenic zones of tadpole brain. We found that intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of recombinant Xenopus leptin (rxLeptin) in premetamorphic tadpoles strongly increased cell proliferation in neurogenic zones throughout the tadpole brain. We conducted gene expression profiling of genes induced at 2 h following i.c.v. injection of rxLeptin. This analysis identified 2,322 genes induced and 1,493 genes repressed by rxLeptin. The most enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes term was the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Using electroporation-mediated gene transfer into tadpole brain of a reporter vector responsive to the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, we found that i.c.v. rxLeptin injection activated Wnt/β-catenin-dependent transcriptional activity. Our findings show that leptin acts on the premetamorphic tadpole brain to induce cell proliferation, possibly acting via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Cui Bender
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Christopher J. Sifuentes
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Robert J. Denver
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Klein MO, MacKay H, Edwards A, Park S, Kiss ACI, Felicio LF, Abizaid A. POMC and NPY mRNA expression during development is increased in rat offspring brain from mothers fed with a high fat diet. Int J Dev Neurosci 2017; 64:14-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Orlandini Klein
- Department of NeuroscienceCarleton UniversityOttawaONCanada
- Department of PharmacologyInstitute of Biomedical Science, University of São PauloSão PauloSPBrazil
| | - Harry MacKay
- Department of NeuroscienceCarleton UniversityOttawaONCanada
| | | | - Su‐Bin Park
- Department of NeuroscienceCarleton UniversityOttawaONCanada
| | | | - Luciano Freitas Felicio
- Department of PharmacologyInstitute of Biomedical Science, University of São PauloSão PauloSPBrazil
- Department of PathologySchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of São PauloSão PauloSPBrazil
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Neonatal overfeeding disrupts pituitary ghrelin signalling in female rats long-term; Implications for the stress response. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173498. [PMID: 28282447 PMCID: PMC5345806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responses to psychological stress are exacerbated in adult female but not male rats made obese due to overfeeding in early life. Ghrelin, traditionally known for its role in energy homeostasis, has been recently recognised for its role in coordinating the HPA responses to stress, particularly by acting directly at the anterior pituitary where the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR), the receptor for acyl ghrelin, is abundantly expressed. We therefore hypothesised that neonatal overfeeding in female rats would compromise pituitary responsiveness to ghrelin, contributing to a hyperactive central stress responsiveness. Unlike in males where hypothalamic ghrelin signalling is compromised by neonatal overfeeding, there was no effect of early life diet on circulating ghrelin or hypothalamic ghrelin signalling in females, indicating hypothalamic feeding and metabolic ghrelin circuitry remains intact. However, neonatal overfeeding did lead to long-term alterations in the pituitary ghrelin system. The neonatally overfed females had increased neonatal and reduced adult expression of GHSR and ghrelin-O-acyl transferase (GOAT) in the pituitary as well as reduced pituitary responsiveness to exogenous acyl ghrelin-induced adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release in vitro. These data suggest that neonatal overfeeding dysregulates pituitary ghrelin signalling long-term in females, potentially accounting for the hyper-responsive HPA axis in these animals. These findings have implications for how females may respond to stress throughout life, suggesting the way ghrelin modifies the stress response at the level of the pituitary may be less efficient in the neonatally overfed.
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17
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Mela V, Jimenez S, Freire-Regatillo A, Barrios V, Marco EM, Lopez-Rodriguez AB, Argente J, Viveros MP, Chowen JA. Blockage of neonatal leptin signaling induces changes in the hypothalamus associated with delayed pubertal onset and modifications in neuropeptide expression during adulthood in male rats. Peptides 2016; 86:63-71. [PMID: 27751931 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The neonatal leptin surge, occurring from postnatal day (PND) 5 to 13 and peaking at PND9 in rodents, is important for the development of neuroendocrine circuits involved in metabolic control and reproductive function. We previously demonstrated that treatment with a leptin antagonist from PND 5 to 9, coincident with peak leptin levels in the neonatal surge, modified trophic factors and markers of cell turnover and neuronal maturation in the hypothalamus of peri-pubertal rats. The kisspeptin system and metabolic neuropeptide and hormone levels were also modified. Here our aim was to investigate if the timing of pubertal onset is altered by neonatal leptin antagonism and if the previously observed peripubertal modifications in hormones and neuropeptides persist into adulthood and affect male sexual behavior. To this end, male Wistar rats were treated with a pegylated super leptin antagonist (5mg/kg, s.c.) from PND 5 to 9 and killed at PND102-103. The appearance of external signs of pubertal onset was delayed. Hypothalamic kiss1 mRNA levels were decreased in adult animals, but sexual behavior was not significantly modified. Although there was no effect on body weight or food intake, circulating leptin, insulin and triglyceride levels were increased, while hypothalamic leptin receptor, POMC and AgRP mRNA levels were decreased. In conclusion, alteration of the neonatal leptin surge can modify the timing of pubertal onset and have long-term effects on hypothalamic expression of reproductive and metabolic neuropeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Mela
- Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology II), Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Jimenez
- Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology II), Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandra Freire-Regatillo
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Barrios
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva-María Marco
- Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology II), Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana-Belén Lopez-Rodriguez
- Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology II), Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Paz Viveros
- Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology II), Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julie A Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Sinclair KD, Rutherford KMD, Wallace JM, Brameld JM, Stöger R, Alberio R, Sweetman D, Gardner DS, Perry VEA, Adam CL, Ashworth CJ, Robinson JE, Dwyer CM. Epigenetics and developmental programming of welfare and production traits in farm animals. Reprod Fertil Dev 2016; 28:RD16102. [PMID: 27439952 DOI: 10.1071/rd16102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept that postnatal health and development can be influenced by events that occur in utero originated from epidemiological studies in humans supported by numerous mechanistic (including epigenetic) studies in a variety of model species. Referred to as the 'developmental origins of health and disease' or 'DOHaD' hypothesis, the primary focus of large-animal studies until quite recently had been biomedical. Attention has since turned towards traits of commercial importance in farm animals. Herein we review the evidence that prenatal risk factors, including suboptimal parental nutrition, gestational stress, exposure to environmental chemicals and advanced breeding technologies, can determine traits such as postnatal growth, feed efficiency, milk yield, carcass composition, animal welfare and reproductive potential. We consider the role of epigenetic and cytoplasmic mechanisms of inheritance, and discuss implications for livestock production and future research endeavours. We conclude that although the concept is proven for several traits, issues relating to effect size, and hence commercial importance, remain. Studies have also invariably been conducted under controlled experimental conditions, frequently assessing single risk factors, thereby limiting their translational value for livestock production. We propose concerted international research efforts that consider multiple, concurrent stressors to better represent effects of contemporary animal production systems.
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Argente-Arizón P, Ros P, Díaz F, Fuente-Martin E, Castro-González D, Sánchez-Garrido MÁ, Barrios V, Tena-Sempere M, Argente J, Chowen JA. Age and sex dependent effects of early overnutrition on metabolic parameters and the role of neonatal androgens. Biol Sex Differ 2016; 7:26. [PMID: 27195103 PMCID: PMC4870809 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-016-0079-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Males and females respond differently to diverse metabolic situations. Being raised in a small litter is reported to cause overnutrition that increases weight gain and predisposes an individual to metabolic disturbances in adulthood; however, existing data are inconsistent. Indeed, significant weight gain and/or metabolic disturbances, such as hyperinsulinemia and hyperleptinemia, are sometimes not encountered. We hypothesized that these inconsistencies could be due to the animal’s sex and/or age at which metabolic parameters are measured. Methods To analyze the effects of neonatal overnutrition, male and female Wistar rats were raised in litters of 4 or 12 pups/dam and killed at postnatal days (PND) 10, 21, 30, 50, 85, or 150. In a second study to determine if neonatal sex steroid levels influence sex differences in metabolic parameters, female rats were treated with testosterone on PND1. Effects on weight, length, fat pads, adipokine production, and serum levels of glucose, metabolic hormones, and cytokines were analyzed in both studies. Results By PND10, both males and females raised in small litters had increased body weight, body length, adiposity, and serum glucose, insulin, leptin, and adiponectin levels. Females had a greater increase in inguinal fat, and males had higher expression of leptin messenger RNA (mRNA) and serum insulin, as well as increased testosterone levels. Most of the litter size effects diminished or disappeared after weaning and reappeared during adulthood in males, with sex differences in body size and adiposity being apparent postpubertally. Treatment of females with testosterone on PND1 tended to masculinize some metabolic parameters in adulthood such as increased body weight and serum leptin levels. Conclusions Our results indicate that (1) both sex and age determine the response to neonatal overnutrition; (2) differences in neonatal sex steroid levels may participate in the development of sex differences in metabolic parameters in adulthood and possibly in the response to neonatal overnutrition; and (3) the comparison of circulating hormone and cytokine levels, even in normal control animals, should take into consideration the early neonatal nutritional environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Argente-Arizón
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo 65, Madrid, 28009 Spain ; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma of Madrid, Madrid, Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Purificación Ros
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma of Madrid, Madrid, Spain ; Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisca Díaz
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo 65, Madrid, 28009 Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Fuente-Martin
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo 65, Madrid, 28009 Spain ; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma of Madrid, Madrid, Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Castro-González
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo 65, Madrid, 28009 Spain ; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma of Madrid, Madrid, Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Sánchez-Garrido
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain ; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC/HURS), Córdoba, 14004 Spain
| | - Vicente Barrios
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo 65, Madrid, 28009 Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain ; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC/HURS), Córdoba, 14004 Spain
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo 65, Madrid, 28009 Spain ; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma of Madrid, Madrid, Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julie A Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo 65, Madrid, 28009 Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Kamitakahara A, Xu B, Simerly R. Ventromedial hypothalamic expression of Bdnf is required to establish normal patterns of afferent GABAergic connectivity and responses to hypoglycemia. Mol Metab 2016; 5:91-101. [PMID: 26909317 PMCID: PMC4735662 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) controls energy and glucose homeostasis through direct connections to a distributed network of nuclei in the hypothalamus, midbrain, and hindbrain. Structural changes in VMH circuit morphology have the potential to alter VMH function throughout life, however, molecular signals responsible for specifying its neural connections are not fully defined. The VMH contains a high density of neurons that express brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a potent neurodevelopmental effector known to regulate neuronal survival, growth, differentiation, and connectivity in a number of neural systems. In the current study, we examined whether BDNF impacts the afferent and efferent connections of the VMH, as well as energy homeostatic function. METHODS To determine if BDNF is required for VMH circuit formation, a transgenic mouse model was used to conditionally delete Bdnf from steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1) expressing neurons of the VMH prior to the onset of establishing neural connections with other regions. Projections of SF1 expressing neurons were visualized with a genetically targeted fluorescent label and immunofluorescence was used to measure the density of afferents to SF1 neurons in the absence of BDNF. Physiological changes in body weight and circulating blood glucose were also evaluated in the mutant mice. RESULTS Our findings suggest that BDNF is required to establish normal densities of GABAergic afferents onto SF1 neurons located in the ventrolateral part of the VMH. Furthermore, loss of BDNF from VMH SF1 neurons results in impaired physiological responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate that BDNF is required for formation and/or maintenance of inhibitory inputs to SF1 neurons, with enduring effects on glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kamitakahara
- Neuroscience Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Baoji Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Richard Simerly
- Neuroscience Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
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Mela V, Díaz F, Vázquez MJ, Argente J, Tena-Sempere M, Viveros MP, Chowen JA. Interaction between neonatal maternal deprivation and serum leptin levels on metabolism, pubertal development, and sexual behavior in male and female rats. Biol Sex Differ 2016; 7:2. [PMID: 26759712 PMCID: PMC4710050 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-015-0054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal deprivation (MD) during neonatal life can have long-term effects on metabolism and behavior, with males and females responding differently. We previously reported that MD during 24 h at postnatal day (PND) 9 blocks the physiological neonatal leptin surge in both sexes. It is known that modifications in neonatal leptin levels can affect metabolism in adulthood. Thus, we hypothesized that at least some of the long-term metabolic changes that occur in response to MD are due to the decline in serum leptin during this critical period of development. Hence, we predicted that treatment with leptin during MD would normalize these metabolic changes, with this response also differing between the sexes. METHODS MD was carried-out in Wistar rats for 24 h on PND9. Control and MD rats of both sexes were treated from PND 9 to 13 with leptin (3 mg/kg/day sc) or vehicle. Weight gain, food intake, glucose tolerance, and pubertal onset were monitored. Sexual behavior was analyzed in males. Rats were killed at PND90, and serum hormones and hypothalamic neuropeptides involved in metabolic control and reproduction were measured. Results were analyzed by three-way analysis of covariance using sex, MD, and leptin treatment as factors and litter as the covariate and employing repeated measures where appropriate. RESULTS In males, MD advanced the external signs of puberty and increased serum insulin and triglyceride levels and hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin mRNA levels at PND90. Neonatal leptin treatment normalized these effects. In contrast, MD decreased circulating triglycerides, as well as estradiol levels, in females at PND90 and these changes were also normalized by neonatal leptin treatment. Neonatal leptin treatment also had long-term effects in control rats as it advanced the external signs of puberty in control males, but delayed them in females. Neonatal leptin treatment increased serum insulin and hypothalamic mRNA levels of the leptin receptor and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript in control males and increased orexin mRNA levels in controls of both sexes. Although pubertal onset in males was advanced by either MD or neonatal leptin treatment in males and delayed by leptin treatment in females, the mRNA levels of hypothalamic neuropeptides and receptors related to reproduction were not affected by MD or neonatal leptin treatment in either sex at PND90. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that some of the long-term changes in metabolic and reproductive parameters induced by MD, such as advanced pubertal onset and increased hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) expression, hyperinsulinemia, and hypertriglyceridemia in adult males and decreased serum triglyceride and estradiol levels in females, are most likely due to the decrease in leptin levels during the period of MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Mela
- Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology II), Faculty of Biology. Complutense University Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisca Díaz
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo, 65, Madrid, 28009 Spain ; CIBEROBN, Instituto Carlos III Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Vázquez
- CIBEROBN, Instituto Carlos III Madrid, Madrid, Spain ; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba & Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo, 65, Madrid, 28009 Spain ; CIBEROBN, Instituto Carlos III Madrid, Madrid, Spain ; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- CIBEROBN, Instituto Carlos III Madrid, Madrid, Spain ; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba & Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Maria-Paz Viveros
- Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology II), Faculty of Biology. Complutense University Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julie A Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo, 65, Madrid, 28009 Spain ; CIBEROBN, Instituto Carlos III Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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22
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Castellano E, Crespi C, Dell'Aquila C, Rosato R, Catalano C, Mineccia V, Motta G, Botto E, Manieri C. Quality of life and hormones after sex reassignment surgery. J Endocrinol Invest 2015; 38:1373-81. [PMID: 26486135 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-015-0398-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transpeople often look for sex reassignment surgery (SRS) to improve their quality of life (QoL). The hormonal therapy has many positive effects before and after SRS. There are no studies about correlation between hormonal status and QoL after SRS. AIM To gather information on QoL, quality of sexual life and body image in transpeople at least 2 years after SRS,to compare these results with a control group and to evaluate the relations between the chosen items and hormonal status. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Data from 60 transsexuals and from 60 healthy matched controls were collected. Testosterone,estradiol, LH and World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-100) self-reported questionnaire were evaluated. Student’s t test was applied to compare transsexuals and controls. Multiple regression model was applied to evaluate WHOQOL’s chosen items and LH. RESULTS The QoL and the quality of body image scores intranspeople were not statistically different from the matched control groups’ ones. In the sexual life subscale,transwomen’s scores were similar to biological women’s ones, whereas transmen’s scores were statistically lower than biological men’s ones (P = 0.003). The quality of sexual life scored statistically lower in transmen than intranswomen (P = 0.048). A significant inverse relationship between LH and body image and between LH and quality of sexual life was found. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights general satisfaction after SRS. In particular, transpeople’s QoL turns out to be similar to Italian matched controls. LH resulted inversely correlated to body image and sexual life scores.
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Penfold NC, Ozanne SE. Developmental programming by maternal obesity in 2015: Outcomes, mechanisms, and potential interventions. Horm Behav 2015; 76:143-52. [PMID: 26145566 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "SBN 2014". Obesity in women of child-bearing age is a growing problem in developed and developing countries. Evidence from human studies indicates that maternal BMI correlates with offspring adiposity from an early age and predisposes to metabolic disease in later life. Thus the early life environment is an attractive target for intervention to improve public health. Animal models have been used to investigate the specific physiological outcomes and mechanisms of developmental programming that result from exposure to maternal obesity in utero. From this research, targeted intervention strategies can be designed. In this review we summarise recent progress in this field, with a focus on cardiometabolic disease and central control of appetite and behaviour. We highlight key factors that may mediate programming by maternal obesity, including leptin, insulin, and ghrelin. Finally, we explore potential lifestyle and pharmacological interventions in humans and the current state of evidence from animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi C Penfold
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
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24
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Elson AE, Simerly RB. Developmental specification of metabolic circuitry. Front Neuroendocrinol 2015; 39:38-51. [PMID: 26407637 PMCID: PMC4681622 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamus contains a core circuitry that communicates with the brainstem and spinal cord to regulate energy balance. Because metabolic phenotype is influenced by environmental variables during perinatal development, it is important to understand how these neural pathways form in order to identify key signaling pathways that are responsible for metabolic programming. Recent progress in defining gene expression events that direct early patterning and cellular specification of the hypothalamus, as well as advances in our understanding of hormonal control of central neuroendocrine pathways, suggest several key regulatory nodes that may represent targets for metabolic programming of brain structure and function. This review focuses on components of central circuitry known to regulate various aspects of energy balance and summarizes what is known about their developmental neurobiology within the context of metabolic programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E Elson
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Richard B Simerly
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
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25
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Mela V, Díaz F, Borcel E, Argente J, Chowen JA, Viveros MP. Long Term Hippocampal and Cortical Changes Induced by Maternal Deprivation and Neonatal Leptin Treatment in Male and Female Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137283. [PMID: 26382238 PMCID: PMC4575204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal deprivation (MD) during neonatal life has diverse long-term behavioral effects and alters the development of the hippocampus and frontal cortex, with several of these effects being sexually dimorphic. MD animals show a marked reduction in their circulating leptin levels, not only during the MD period, but also several days later (PND 13). A neonatal leptin surge occurs in rodents (beginning around PND 5 and peaking between PND 9 and 10) that has an important neurotrophic role. We hypothesized that the deficient neonatal leptin signaling of MD rats could be involved in the altered development of their hippocampus and frontal cortex. Accordingly, a neonatal leptin treatment in MD rats would at least in part counteract their neurobehavioural alterations. MD was carried out in Wistar rats for 24 h on PND 9. Male and female MD and control rats were treated from PND 9 to 13 with rat leptin (3 mg/kg/day sc) or vehicle. In adulthood, the animals were submitted to the open field, novel object memory test and the elevated plus maze test of anxiety. Neuronal and glial population markers, components of the glutamatergic and cannabinoid systems and diverse synaptic plasticity markers were evaluated by PCR and/or western blotting. Main results include: 1) In some of the parameters analyzed, neonatal leptin treatment reversed the effects of MD (eg., mRNA expression of hippocampal IGF1 and protein expression of GFAP and vimentin) partially confirming our hypothesis; 2) The neonatal leptin treatment, per se, exerted a number of behavioral (increased anxiety) and neural effects (eg., expression of the following proteins: NG2, NeuN, PSD95, NCAM, synaptophysin). Most of these effects were sex dependent. An adequate neonatal leptin level (avoiding excess and deficiency) appears to be necessary for its correct neuro-programing effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Mela
- Department of Physiology (Anim Physiol II), Faculty of Biology, Complutense University Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisca Díaz
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa & CIBEROBN Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Erika Borcel
- Brain Mind Institute and School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa & CIBEROBN Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julie A. Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa & CIBEROBN Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria-Paz Viveros
- Department of Physiology (Anim Physiol II), Faculty of Biology, Complutense University Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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26
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Segura S, Efthimiadi L, Porcher C, Courtes S, Coronas V, Krantic S, Moyse E. Leptin-dependent neurotoxicity via induction of apoptosis in adult rat neurogenic cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:350. [PMID: 26441523 PMCID: PMC4561523 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocyte-derived hormone leptin has been recently implicated in the control of neuronal plasticity. To explore whether modulation of adult neurogenesis may contribute to leptin control of neuronal plasticity, we used the neurosphere assay of neural stem cells derived from the adult rat subventricular zone (SVZ). Endogenous expression of specific leptin receptor (ObRb) transcripts, as revealed by RT-PCR, is associated with activation of both ERK and STAT-3 pathways via phosphorylation of the critical ERK/STAT-3 amino acid residues upon addition of leptin to neurospheres. Furthermore, leptin triggered withdrawal of neural stem cells from the cell cycle as monitored by Ki67 labeling. This effect was blocked by pharmacological inhibition of ERK activation thus demonstrating that ERK mediates leptin effects on neural stem cell expansion. Leptin-dependent withdrawal of neural stem cells from the cell cycle was associated with increased apoptosis, as detected by TUNEL, which was preceded by cyclin D1 induction. Cyclin D1 was indeed extensively colocalized with TUNEL-positive, apoptotic nuclei. Cyclin-D1 silencing by specific shRNA prevented leptin-induced decrease of the cell number per neurosphere thus pointing to the causal relationship between leptin actions on apoptosis and cyclin D1 induction. Leptin target cells in SVZ neurospheres were identified by double TUNEL/phenotypic marker immunocytofluorescence as differentiating neurons mostly. The inhibition of neural stem cell expansion via ERK/cyclin D1-triggered apoptosis defines novel biological action of leptin which may be involved in adiposity-dependent neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Segura
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR 85 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA de Tours, Université François Rabelais de Tours Nouzilly, France
| | - Laurie Efthimiadi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 901, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Aix-Marseille Université Marseille, France
| | - Christophe Porcher
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 901, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Aix-Marseille Université Marseille, France
| | - Sandrine Courtes
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 901, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Aix-Marseille Université Marseille, France
| | - Valérie Coronas
- Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires, ERL 7368 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Poitiers Poitiers, France
| | - Slavica Krantic
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 901, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Aix-Marseille Université Marseille, France ; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, UMR_S 1138 INSERM, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Pierre and Marie Curie University Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Moyse
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR 85 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA de Tours, Université François Rabelais de Tours Nouzilly, France
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27
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López-Gallardo M, Antón-Fernández A, Llorente R, Mela V, Llorente-Berzal A, Prada C, Viveros MP. Neonatal Treatment with a Pegylated Leptin Antagonist Induces Sexually Dimorphic Effects on Neurones and Glial Cells, and on Markers of Synaptic Plasticity in the Developing Rat Hippocampal Formation. J Neuroendocrinol 2015; 27:658-69. [PMID: 25981175 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to better understand the role of the neonatal leptin surge, which peaks on postnatal day (PND)9-10, on the development of the hippocampal formation. Accordingly, male and female rats were administered with a pegylated leptin antagonist on PND9 and the expression of neurones, glial cells and diverse markers of synaptic plasticity was then analysed by immunohistochemistry in the hippocampal formation. Antagonism of the actions of leptin at this specific postnatal stage altered the number of glial fibrillary acidic protein positive cells, and also affected type 1 cannabinoid receptors, synaptophysin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), with the latter effect being sexually dimorphic. The results indicate that the physiological leptin surge occurring around PND 9-10 is critical for hippocampal formation development and that the dynamics of leptin activity might be different in males and females. The data obtained also suggest that some but not all the previously reported effects of maternal deprivation on hippocampal formation development (which markedly reduces leptin levels at PND 9-10) might be mediated by leptin deficiency in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M López-Gallardo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Antón-Fernández
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Llorente
- Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology II), Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - V Mela
- Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology II), Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Llorente-Berzal
- Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology II), Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Prada
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - M P Viveros
- Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology II), Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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28
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Mela V, Díaz F, Lopez-Rodriguez AB, Vázquez MJ, Gertler A, Argente J, Tena-Sempere M, Viveros MP, Chowen JA. Blockage of the Neonatal Leptin Surge Affects the Gene Expression of Growth Factors, Glial Proteins, and Neuropeptides Involved in the Control of Metabolism and Reproduction in Peripubertal Male and Female Rats. Endocrinology 2015; 156:2571-81. [PMID: 25856428 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Leptin (Lep) is important in the development of neuroendocrine circuits involved in metabolic control. Because both Lep and metabolism influence pubertal development, we hypothesized that early changes in Lep signaling could also modulate hypothalamic (HT) systems involved in reproduction. We previously demonstrated that a single injection of a Lep antagonist (Antag) on postnatal day (PND)9, coincident with the neonatal Lep peak, induced sexually dimorphic modifications in trophic factors and markers of cell turnover and neuronal maturation in the HT on PND13. Here, our aim was to investigate whether the alterations induced by Lep antagonism persist into puberty. Accordingly, male and female rats were treated with a pegylated super Lep Antag from PND5 to PND9 and killed just before the normal appearance of external signs of puberty (PND33 in females and PND43 in males). There was no effect on body weight, but in males food intake increased, subcutaneous adipose tissue decreased and HT neuropeptide Y and Agouti-related peptide mRNA levels were reduced, with no effect in females. In both sexes, the Antag increased HT mRNA levels of the kisspeptin receptor, G protein-coupled recepter 54 (Gpr54). Expression of the Lep receptor, trophic factors, and glial markers were differently affected in the HT of peripubertal males and females. Lep production in adipose tissue was decreased in Antag-treated rats of both sexes, with production of other cytokines being differentially regulated between sexes. In conclusion, in addition to the long-term effects on metabolism, changes in neonatal Lep levels modifies factors involved in reproduction that could possibly affect sexual maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Mela
- Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology II) (V.M., A.B.L.-R., M.-P.V.), Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Department of Endocrinology (F.D., J.A., J.A.C.), Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, 28009 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) Fisiopatología de Obesidad y Nutrición (F.D., M.J.V., J.A., M.T.-S., J.A.C.), Instituto Carlos III, 28903 Madrid, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology (M.J.V., M.T.-S.), University of Córdoba and Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; and The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment (A.G.), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel 76100
| | - Francisca Díaz
- Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology II) (V.M., A.B.L.-R., M.-P.V.), Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Department of Endocrinology (F.D., J.A., J.A.C.), Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, 28009 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) Fisiopatología de Obesidad y Nutrición (F.D., M.J.V., J.A., M.T.-S., J.A.C.), Instituto Carlos III, 28903 Madrid, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology (M.J.V., M.T.-S.), University of Córdoba and Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; and The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment (A.G.), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel 76100
| | - Ana Belen Lopez-Rodriguez
- Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology II) (V.M., A.B.L.-R., M.-P.V.), Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Department of Endocrinology (F.D., J.A., J.A.C.), Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, 28009 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) Fisiopatología de Obesidad y Nutrición (F.D., M.J.V., J.A., M.T.-S., J.A.C.), Instituto Carlos III, 28903 Madrid, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology (M.J.V., M.T.-S.), University of Córdoba and Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; and The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment (A.G.), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel 76100
| | - María Jesús Vázquez
- Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology II) (V.M., A.B.L.-R., M.-P.V.), Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Department of Endocrinology (F.D., J.A., J.A.C.), Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, 28009 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) Fisiopatología de Obesidad y Nutrición (F.D., M.J.V., J.A., M.T.-S., J.A.C.), Instituto Carlos III, 28903 Madrid, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology (M.J.V., M.T.-S.), University of Córdoba and Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; and The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment (A.G.), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel 76100
| | - Arieh Gertler
- Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology II) (V.M., A.B.L.-R., M.-P.V.), Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Department of Endocrinology (F.D., J.A., J.A.C.), Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, 28009 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) Fisiopatología de Obesidad y Nutrición (F.D., M.J.V., J.A., M.T.-S., J.A.C.), Instituto Carlos III, 28903 Madrid, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology (M.J.V., M.T.-S.), University of Córdoba and Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; and The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment (A.G.), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel 76100
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology II) (V.M., A.B.L.-R., M.-P.V.), Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Department of Endocrinology (F.D., J.A., J.A.C.), Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, 28009 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) Fisiopatología de Obesidad y Nutrición (F.D., M.J.V., J.A., M.T.-S., J.A.C.), Instituto Carlos III, 28903 Madrid, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology (M.J.V., M.T.-S.), University of Córdoba and Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; and The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment (A.G.), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel 76100
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology II) (V.M., A.B.L.-R., M.-P.V.), Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Department of Endocrinology (F.D., J.A., J.A.C.), Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, 28009 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) Fisiopatología de Obesidad y Nutrición (F.D., M.J.V., J.A., M.T.-S., J.A.C.), Instituto Carlos III, 28903 Madrid, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology (M.J.V., M.T.-S.), University of Córdoba and Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; and The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment (A.G.), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel 76100
| | - María-Paz Viveros
- Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology II) (V.M., A.B.L.-R., M.-P.V.), Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Department of Endocrinology (F.D., J.A., J.A.C.), Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, 28009 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) Fisiopatología de Obesidad y Nutrición (F.D., M.J.V., J.A., M.T.-S., J.A.C.), Instituto Carlos III, 28903 Madrid, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology (M.J.V., M.T.-S.), University of Córdoba and Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; and The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment (A.G.), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel 76100
| | - Julie A Chowen
- Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology II) (V.M., A.B.L.-R., M.-P.V.), Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Department of Endocrinology (F.D., J.A., J.A.C.), Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, 28009 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) Fisiopatología de Obesidad y Nutrición (F.D., M.J.V., J.A., M.T.-S., J.A.C.), Instituto Carlos III, 28903 Madrid, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology (M.J.V., M.T.-S.), University of Córdoba and Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; and The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment (A.G.), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel 76100
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Franco-Lira M, D'Angiulli A, Rodríguez-Díaz J, Blaurock-Busch E, Busch Y, Chao CK, Thompson C, Mukherjee PS, Torres-Jardón R, Perry G. Mexico City normal weight children exposed to high concentrations of ambient PM2.5 show high blood leptin and endothelin-1, vitamin D deficiency, and food reward hormone dysregulation versus low pollution controls. Relevance for obesity and Alzheimer disease. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 140:579-592. [PMID: 26037109 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Millions of Mexico, US and across the world children are overweight and obese. Exposure to fossil-fuel combustion sources increases the risk for obesity and diabetes, while long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) above US EPA standards is associated with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Mexico City Metropolitan Area children are chronically exposed to PM2.5 and O3 concentrations above the standards and exhibit systemic, brain and intrathecal inflammation, cognitive deficits, and Alzheimer disease neuropathology. We investigated adipokines, food reward hormones, endothelial dysfunction, vitamin D and apolipoprotein E (APOE) relationships in 80 healthy, normal weight 11.1±3.2 year olds matched by age, gender, BMI and SES, low (n: 26) versus high (n:54) PM2.5 exposures. Mexico City children had higher leptin and endothelin-1 (p<0.01 and p<0.000), and decreases in glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP 1), ghrelin, and glucagon (<0.02) versus controls. BMI and leptin relationships were significantly different in low versus high PM2.5 exposed children. Mexico City APOE 4 versus 3 children had higher glucose (p=0.009). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D<30 ng/mL was documented in 87% of Mexico City children. Leptin is strongly positively associated to PM 2.5 cumulative exposures. Residing in a high PM2.5 and O3 environment is associated with 12h fasting hyperleptinemia, altered appetite-regulating peptides, vitamin D deficiency, and increases in ET-1 in clinically healthy children. These changes could signal the future trajectory of urban children towards the development of insulin resistance, obesity, type II diabetes, premature cardiovascular disease, addiction-like behavior, cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Increased efforts should be made to decrease pediatric PM2.5 exposures, to deliver health interventions prior to the development of obesity and to identify and mitigate environmental factors influencing obesity and Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas
- The Center for Structural and Functional Neurosciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; Hospital Central Militar, Mexico City 11649, Mexico.
| | | | - Amedeo D'Angiulli
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Joel Rodríguez-Díaz
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Valle de México, Saltillo, Coahuila 25204, Mexico
| | | | - Yvette Busch
- Clinical and Environmental Laboratory Micro Trace Minerals (MTM), 91217 Hersbruck, Germany
| | - Chih-kai Chao
- The Center for Structural and Functional Neurosciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Charles Thompson
- The Center for Structural and Functional Neurosciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | | | - Ricardo Torres-Jardón
- Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - George Perry
- College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Le Foll C, Johnson MD, Dunn-Meynell AA, Boyle CN, Lutz TA, Levin BE. Amylin-induced central IL-6 production enhances ventromedial hypothalamic leptin signaling. Diabetes 2015; 64:1621-31. [PMID: 25409701 PMCID: PMC4407855 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Amylin acts acutely via the area postrema to reduce food intake and body weight, but it also interacts with leptin over longer periods of time, possibly via the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), to increase leptin signaling and phosphorylation of STAT3. We postulated that amylin enhances VMH leptin signaling by inducing interleukin (IL)-6, which then interacts with its gp130 receptor to activate STAT3 signaling and gene transcription downstream of the leptin receptor. We found that components of the amylin receptor (RAMPs1-3, CTR1a,b) are expressed in cultured VMH astrocytes, neurons, and microglia, as well as in micropunches of arcuate and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei (VMN). Amylin exposure for 5 days increased IL-6 mRNA expression in VMH explants and microglia by two- to threefold, respectively, as well as protein abundance in culture supernatants by five- and twofold, respectively. Amylin had no similar effects on cultured astrocytes or neurons. In rats, 5 days of amylin treatment decreased body weight gain and/or food intake and increased IL-6 mRNA expression in the VMN. Similar 5-day amylin treatment increased VMN leptin-induced phosphorylation of STAT3 expression in wild-type mice and rats infused with lateral ventricular IgG but not in IL-6 knockout mice or rats infused with ventricular IL-6 antibody. Lateral ventricular infusion of IL-6 antibody also prevented the amylin-induced decrease of body weight gain. These results show that amylin-induced VMH microglial IL-6 production is the likely mechanism by which amylin treatment interacts with VMH leptin signaling to increase its effect on weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Le Foll
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Miranda D Johnson
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ Rutgers Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at New Jersey Medical School and Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ
| | | | - Christina N Boyle
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Zurich, Switzerland Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A Lutz
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Zurich, Switzerland Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Zurich, Switzerland Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barry E Levin
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ VA Medical Center, East Orange, NJ
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Liao GY, Bouyer K, Kamitakahara A, Sahibzada N, Wang CH, Rutlin M, Simerly RB, Xu B. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is required for axonal growth of selective groups of neurons in the arcuate nucleus. Mol Metab 2015; 4:471-82. [PMID: 26042201 PMCID: PMC4443292 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a potent regulator of neuronal development, and the Bdnf gene produces two populations of transcripts with either a short or long 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR). Deficiencies in BDNF signaling have been shown to cause severe obesity in humans; however, it remains unknown how BDNF signaling impacts the organization of neuronal circuits that control energy balance. Methods We examined the role of BDNF on survival, axonal projections, and synaptic inputs of neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARH), a structure critical for the control of energy balance, using Bdnfklox/klox mice, which lack long 3′ UTR Bdnf mRNA and develop severe hyperphagic obesity. Results We found that a small fraction of neurons that express the receptor for BDNF, TrkB, also expressed proopiomelanocortin (POMC) or neuropeptide Y (NPY)/agouti-related protein (AgRP) in the ARH. Bdnfklox/klox mice had normal numbers of POMC, NPY, and TrkB neurons in the ARH; however, retrograde labeling revealed a drastic reduction in the number of ARH axons that project to the paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH) in these mice. In addition, fewer POMC and AgRP axons were found in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH) and the lateral part of PVH, respectively, in Bdnfklox/klox mice. Using immunohistochemistry, we examined the impact of BDNF deficiency on inputs to ARH neurons. We found that excitatory inputs onto POMC and NPY neurons were increased and decreased, respectively, in Bdnfklox/klox mice, likely due to a compensatory response to marked hyperphagia displayed by the mutant mice. Conclusion This study shows that the majority of TrkB neurons in the ARH are distinct from known neuronal populations and that BDNF plays a critical role in directing projections from these neurons to the DMH and PVH. We propose that hyperphagic obesity due to BDNF deficiency is in part attributable to impaired axonal growth of TrkB-expressing ARH neurons.
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Key Words
- 3′ UTR, 3′ untranslated region
- ARH, arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus
- AgRP neuron
- AgRP, agouti-related peptide
- BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- DMH, dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus
- DiI, 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3, 3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate
- Excitatory synapse
- Inhibitory synapse
- LHA, lateral hypothalamic area
- NPY, neuropeptide Y
- PBS, phosphate buffer saline
- POMC neuron
- POMC, proopiomelanocortin
- PVH, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus
- PVHlp, lateral part of the PVH
- PVHmp, medial parvicellular part of the PVH
- PVHmpd, medial parvicellular part of the PVH
- PVHpml, lateral magnocellular part of the PVH
- PVHpv, periventricular part of the PVH
- PVT, paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus
- Paraventricular hypothalamus
- TrkB
- Vgat, vesicular GABA transporter
- Vglut2, vesicular glutamate transporter 2
- aBNST, anterior bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
- pSTAT3, phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- α-MSH, alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone
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Affiliation(s)
- Guey-Ying Liao
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Karine Bouyer
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Anna Kamitakahara
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Niaz Sahibzada
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Chien-Hua Wang
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Michael Rutlin
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Richard B Simerly
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Baoji Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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Poling MC, Kauffman AS. Regulation and Function of RFRP-3 (GnIH) Neurons during Postnatal Development. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:150. [PMID: 26441840 PMCID: PMC4585233 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
RFamide-related peptide-3 (RFRP-3) [mammalian ortholog to gonadotropin-inhibiting hormone (GnIH)] potently inhibits gonadotropin secretion in mammals. Studies of RFRP-3 immunoreactivity and Rfrp expression (the gene encoding RFRP-3) in mammalian brains have uncovered several possible pathways regulating RFRP-3 neurons, shedding light on their potential role in reproduction and other processes, and pharmacological studies have probed the target sites of RFRP-3 action. Despite this, there is currently no major consensus on RFRP-3's specific endogenous role(s) in reproductive physiology. Here, we discuss the latest evidence relating to RFRP-3 neuron regulation and function during development and sexual maturation, focusing on rodents. We highlight significant changes in RFRP-3 and Rfrp expression, as well as RFRP-3 neuronal activation, during key stages of postnatal and pubertal development and also discuss recent evidence testing the requisite role of RFRP-3 receptors for normal pubertal timing and developmental LH secretion. Interestingly, some findings suggest that endogenous RFRP-3 signaling may not be necessary for the puberty timing, at least in some species, forcing new hypotheses to be generated regarding this peptide's functional significance to sexual maturation and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Poling
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alexander S. Kauffman
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- *Correspondence: Alexander S. Kauffman, Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, Leichtag Building, Room 3A-15, 9500 Gilman Drive, #0674, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA,
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Miller TV, Caldwell HK. Oxytocin during Development: Possible Organizational Effects on Behavior. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:76. [PMID: 26042087 PMCID: PMC4437049 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin (Oxt) is a neurohormone known for its physiological roles associated with lactation and parturition in mammals. Oxt can also profoundly influence mammalian social behaviors such as affiliative, parental, and aggressive behaviors. While the acute effects of Oxt signaling on adult behavior have been heavily researched in many species, including humans, the developmental effects of Oxt on the brain and behavior are just beginning to be explored. There is evidence that Oxt in early postnatal and peripubertal development, and perhaps during prenatal life, affects adult behavior by altering neural structure and function. However, the specific mechanisms by which this occurs remain unknown. Thus, this review will detail what is known about how developmental Oxt impacts behavior as well as explore the specific neurochemicals and neural substrates that are important to these behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis V. Miller
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Behavior, Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Heather K. Caldwell
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Behavior, Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- *Correspondence: Heather K. Caldwell, Kent State University, PO Box 5190, 121 Cunningham Hall, Kent, OH 44242, USA,
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Le Foll C, Dunn-Meynell AA, Levin BE. Role of FAT/CD36 in fatty acid sensing, energy, and glucose homeostasis regulation in DIO and DR rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 308:R188-98. [PMID: 25477422 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00367.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Hypothalamic fatty acid (FA) sensing neurons alter their activity utilizing the FA translocator/receptor, FAT/CD36. Depletion of ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) CD36 with adeno-associated viral vector expressing CD36 shRNA (AAV CD36 shRNA) leads to redistribution of adipose stores and insulin resistance in outbred rats. This study assessed the requirement of VMH CD36-mediated FA sensing for the regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis in postnatal day 5 (P5) and P21 selectively bred diet-induced obese (DIO) and diet-resistant (DR) rats using VMH AAV CD36 shRNA injections. P5 CD36 depletion altered VMH neuronal FA sensing predominantly in DIO rats. After 10 wk on a 45% fat diet, DIO rats injected with VMH AAV CD36 shRNA at P21 ate more and gained more weight than DIO AAV controls, while DR AAV CD36 shRNA-injected rats gained less weight than DR AAV controls. VMH CD36 depletion increased inguinal fat pad weights and leptin levels in DIO and DR rats. Although DR AAV CD36 shRNA-injected rats became as obese as DIO AAV controls, only DIO control and CD36 depleted rats became insulin-resistant on a 45% fat diet. VMH CD36 depletion stunted linear growth in DIO and DR rats. DIO rats injected with AAV CD36 shRNA at P5 had increased fat mass, mostly due to a 45% increase in subcutaneous fat. They were also insulin-resistant with an associated 71% increase of liver triglycerides. These results demonstrate that VMH CD36-mediated FA sensing is a critical factor in the regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis and fat deposition in DIO and DR rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Le Foll
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and
| | | | - Barry E Levin
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and Neurology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey
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Gonadal steroid neuromodulation of developing and mature hypothalamic neuronal networks. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2014; 29:96-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Neonatal overnutrition causes early alterations in the central response to peripheral ghrelin. Mol Metab 2014; 4:15-24. [PMID: 25685686 PMCID: PMC4314535 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Excess nutrient supply and rapid weight gain during early life are risk factors for the development of obesity during adulthood. This metabolic malprogramming may be mediated by endocrine disturbances during critical periods of development. Ghrelin is a metabolic hormone secreted from the stomach that acts centrally to promote feeding behavior by binding to growth hormone secretagogue receptors in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Here, we examined whether neonatal overnutrition causes changes in the ghrelin system. Methods We used a well-described mouse model of divergent litter sizes to study the effects of postnatal overfeeding on the central and peripheral ghrelin systems during postnatal development. Results Mice raised in small litters became overweight during lactation and remained overweight with increased adiposity as adults. Neonatally overnourished mice showed attenuated levels of total and acyl ghrelin in serum and decreased levels of Ghrelin mRNA expression in the stomach during the third week of postnatal life. Normalization of hypoghrelinemia in overnourished pups was relatively ineffective at ameliorating metabolic outcomes, suggesting that small litter pups may present ghrelin resistance. Consistent with this idea, neonatally overnourished pups displayed an impaired central response to peripheral ghrelin. The mechanisms underlying this ghrelin resistance appear to include diminished ghrelin transport into the hypothalamus. Conclusions Early postnatal overnutrition results in central resistance to peripheral ghrelin during important periods of hypothalamic development. Because ghrelin signaling has recently been implicated in the neonatal programming of metabolism, these alterations in the ghrelin system may contribute to the metabolic defects observed in postnatally overnourished mice.
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Key Words
- ARH, arcuate nucleus
- AgRP, agouti-related peptide
- DMH, dorsomedial nucleus
- GHSR, growth hormone secretagogue receptor
- GOAT, ghrelin O-acyltransferase
- Ghrelin
- HFHS, high-fat/high-sucrose diet
- Hormone
- Hypothalamus
- LHA, lateral hypothalamic area
- MBH, mediobasal hypothalamus
- ME, median eminence
- NL, normal litters
- NPY, neuropeptide Y
- Nutrition
- P, postnatal day
- POMC, pro-opiomelanocortin
- PVH, paraventricular nucleus
- Programming
- SL, small litter
- Tanycytes
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Neonatal overfeeding alters hypothalamic microglial profiles and central responses to immune challenge long-term. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 41:32-43. [PMID: 24975592 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The early life period is one of significant vulnerability to programming effects from the environment. Given the sensitivity of microglial cells to early life programming and to adult diet, we hypothesized overfeeding during the neonatal period would acutely alter microglial profiles within the developing brain, predisposing the individual to a lasting central pro-inflammatory profile that contributes to overactive immune responses long-term. We tested this idea by manipulating litter sizes in which Wistar rat pups were raised, so the pups were suckled in litters of 4 (neonatally overfed) or 12 (control). This manipulation induces obesity and susceptibility to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) long-term. We then examined microglial and central pro-inflammatory profiles during development and in adulthood as well as susceptibility to neuroimmune challenge with LPS. Neonatally overfed rats have evidence of microgliosis in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) as early as postnatal day 14. They also show changes in hypothalamic gene expression at this time, with suppressed hypothalamic interleukin 1β mRNA. These effects persist into adulthood, with basal PVN microgliosis and increased hypothalamic toll-like receptor 4, nuclear factor κB, and interleukin 6 gene expression. These neonatally overfed rats also have dramatically exacerbated microglial activation in the PVN 24h after an adult LPS challenge, coupled with changes in inflammatory gene expression. Thus, it appears neonatal overfeeding sensitizes PVN microglia, contributing to a basal pro-inflammatory profile and an altered response to a neuroimmune challenge throughout life. It remains to be seen if these effects can be reversed with early interventions.
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Abstract
Leptin is well known for its role in the regulation of energy homeostasis in adults, a mechanism that at least partially results from the inhibition of the activity of NPY/AgRP/GABA neurons (NAG) in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH). During early postnatal development in the rodent, leptin promotes axonal outgrowth from ARH neurons, and preautonomic NAG neurons are particularly responsive to leptin's trophic effects. To begin to understand how leptin could simultaneously promote axonal outgrowth from and inhibit the activity of NAG neurons, we characterized the electrochemical effects of leptin on NAG neurons in mice during early development. Here, we show that NAG neurons do indeed express a functional leptin receptor throughout the early postnatal period in the mouse; however, at postnatal days 13-15, leptin causes membrane depolarization in NAG neurons, rather than the expected hyperpolarization. Leptin action on NAG neurons transitions from stimulatory to inhibitory in the periweaning period, in parallel with the acquisition of functional ATP-sensitive potassium channels. These findings are consistent with the idea that leptin provides an orexigenic drive through the NAG system to help rapidly growing pups meet their energy requirements.
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Marco A, Kisliouk T, Tabachnik T, Meiri N, Weller A. Overweight and CpG methylation of the Pomc promoter in offspring of high-fat-diet-fed dams are not "reprogrammed" by regular chow diet in rats. FASEB J 2014; 28:4148-57. [PMID: 24928196 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-255620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine whether epigenetic malprogramming induced by high-fat diet (HFD) has an obesogenic effect on nonmated and mated female rats and their offspring. Further, it aimed to reprogram offspring's epigenetic malprogramming and phenotype by providing normal diet after weaning. Body weight (BW) was measured, and plasma and hypothalamic arcuate nuclei were collected for analysis of hormones, mRNA, and DNA CpG methylation of the promoter of Pomc, a key factor in control of food intake. In nonmated females, HFD decreased Pomc/leptin ratio by ∼38%. This finding was associated with Pomc promoter hypermethylation. While heavier during pregnancy, during lactation HFD dams showed sharper BW decrease (2.5-fold) and loss of Pomc promoter hypermethylation. Moreover, their weight loss was correlated with demethylation (r=-0.707) and with gadd45b mRNA expression levels (r=0.905). Even though offspring of HFD dams ate standard chow from weaning, they displayed increased BW, Pomc promoter hypermethylation, and vulnerability to HFD challenge (3-fold kilocalorie intake increase). These findings demonstrate a long-term effect of maternal HFD on CpG methylation of the Pomc promoter in the offspring, which was not reprogrammed by standard chow from weaning. Further, the results suggest a possible mechanism of demethylation of the Pomc promoter following pregnancy and lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asaf Marco
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Gonda Brain Research Center, and
| | - Tatiana Kisliouk
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | | | - Noam Meiri
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Aron Weller
- Gonda Brain Research Center, and Department of Psychology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel; and
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Poling MC, Shieh MP, Munaganuru N, Luo E, Kauffman AS. Examination of the influence of leptin and acute metabolic challenge on RFRP-3 neurons of mice in development and adulthood. Neuroendocrinology 2014; 100:317-33. [PMID: 25378037 PMCID: PMC4329049 DOI: 10.1159/000369276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neuropeptide RFamide-related peptide-3 (RFRP-3; mammalian ortholog to gonadotropin-inhibiting hormone) can inhibit luteinizing hormone (LH) release and increases feeding, but the regulation and development of RFRP-3 neurons remains poorly characterized, especially in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS We first confirmed that peripheral injections of murine RFRP-3 peptide could markedly suppress LH secretion in adult mice, as in other species. Second, given RFRP-3's reported orexigenic properties, we performed double-label in situ hybridization for metabolic genes in Rfrp neurons of mice. While Rfrp neurons did not readily coexpress neuropeptide Y, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, or MC4R, a small subset of Rfrp neurons did express the leptin receptor in both sexes. Surprisingly, we identified no changes in Rfrp expression or neuronal activation in adult mice after acute fasting. However, we determined that Rfrp mRNA levels in the dorsal-medial nucleus were significantly reduced in adult obese (Ob) mice of both sexes. Given the lower Rfrp levels observed in adult Ob mice, we asked whether leptin might also regulate RFRP-3 neuron development. Rfrp gene expression changed markedly over juvenile development, correlating with the timing of the juvenile 'leptin surge' known to govern hypothalamic feeding circuit development. However, the dramatic developmental changes in juvenile Rfrp expression did not appear to be leptin driven, as the pattern and timing of Rfrp neuron development were unaltered in Ob juveniles. CONCLUSION Leptin status modulates RFRP-3 expression in adulthood, but is not required for normal development of the RFRP-3 system. Leptin's regulation of adult RFRP-3 neurons likely occurs primarily via indirect signaling, and may be secondary to obesity, as only a small subset of RFRP-3 neurons express the long form of the leptin receptor (LepRb).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Poling
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, Calif., USA
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Levine JE. Not just for sex: organizational actions of hormones in the brain. Front Neuroendocrinol 2013; 34:1-2. [PMID: 23465696 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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