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Ma H, Yang F, York LR, Li S, Ding XQ. Excessive Thyroid Hormone Signaling Induces Photoreceptor Degeneration in Mice. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0058-23.2023. [PMID: 37596046 PMCID: PMC10481642 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0058-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Rod and cone photoreceptors degenerate in inherited and age-related retinal degenerative diseases, ultimately leading to loss of vision. Thyroid hormone (TH) signaling regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, and metabolism. Recent studies have shown a link between TH signaling and retinal degeneration. This work investigates the effects of excessive TH signaling on photoreceptor function and survival in mice. C57BL/6, Thra1 -/-, Thrb2 -/-, Thrb -/-, and the cone dominant Nrl -/- mice received triiodothyronine (T3) treatment (5-20 μg/ml in drinking water) for 30 d, followed by evaluations of retinal function, photoreceptor survival/death, and retinal stress/damage. Treatment with T3 reduced light responses of rods and cones by 50-60%, compared with untreated controls. Outer nuclear layer thickness and cone density were reduced by ∼18% and 75%, respectively, after T3 treatment. Retinal sections prepared from T3-treated mice showed significantly increased numbers of TUNEL-positive, p-γH2AX-positive, and 8-OHdG-positive cells, and activation of Müller glial cells. Gene expression analysis revealed upregulation of the genes involved in oxidative stress, necroptosis, and inflammation after T3 treatment. Deletion of Thra1 prevented T3-induced degeneration of rods but not cones, whereas deletion of Thrb2 preserved both rods and cones. Treatment with an antioxidant partially preserved photoreceptors and reduced retinal stress responses. This study demonstrates that excessive TH signaling induces oxidative stress/damage and necroptosis, induces photoreceptor degeneration, and impairs retinal function. The findings provide insights into the role of TH signaling in retinal degeneration and support the view of targeting TH signaling for photoreceptor protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Ma
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Lilliana R York
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Shujuan Li
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Xi-Qin Ding
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
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2
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Van Dingenen I, Vergauwen L, Haigis AC, Blackwell BR, Stacy E, Villeneuve DL, Knapen D. Deiodinase inhibition impairs the formation of the three posterior swim bladder tissue layers during early embryonic development in zebrafish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 261:106632. [PMID: 37451188 PMCID: PMC10949247 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone system disruption (THSD) negatively affects multiple developmental processes and organs. In fish, inhibition of deiodinases, which are enzymes crucial for (in)activating thyroid hormones (THs), leads to impaired swim bladder inflation. Until now, the underlying mechanism has remained largely unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the process during swim bladder development that is impacted by deiodinase inhibition. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to 6 mg/L iopanoic acid (IOP), a model deiodinase inhibitor, during 8 different exposure windows (0-60, 60-120, 24-48, 48-72, 72-96, 96-120, 72-120 and 0-120 h post fertilization (hpf)). Exposure windows were chosen based on the three stages of swim bladder development: budding (24-48 hpf), pre-inflation, i.e., the formation of the swim bladder tissue layers (48-72 hpf), and inflation phase (72-120 hpf). Exposures prior to 72 hpf, during either the budding or pre-inflation phase (or both), impaired swim bladder inflation, while exposure during the inflation phase did not. Based on our results, we hypothesize that DIO inhibition before 72 hpf leads to a local decrease in T3 levels in the developing swim bladder. Gene transcript analysis showed that these TH level alterations disturb both Wnt and hedgehog signaling, known to be essential for swim bladder formation, eventually resulting in impaired development of the swim bladder tissue layers. Improper development of the swim bladder impairs swim bladder inflation, leading to reduced swimming performance. This study demonstrates that deiodinase inhibition impacts processes underlying the formation of the swim bladder and not the inflation process, suggesting that these processes primarily rely on maternal rather than endogenously synthetized THs since TH measurements showed that THs were not endogenously synthetized during the sensitive period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke Van Dingenen
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk 2610, Belgium
| | - Lucia Vergauwen
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk 2610, Belgium
| | - Ann-Cathrin Haigis
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk 2610, Belgium
| | - Brett R Blackwell
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN 55804, United States
| | - Emma Stacy
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN 55804, United States
| | - Daniel L Villeneuve
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN 55804, United States
| | - Dries Knapen
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk 2610, Belgium.
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Pannetier P, Poulsen R, Gölz L, Coordes S, Stegeman H, Koegst J, Reger L, Braunbeck T, Hansen M, Baumann L. Reversibility of Thyroid Hormone System-Disrupting Effects on Eye and Thyroid Follicle Development in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:1276-1292. [PMID: 36920003 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Early vertebrate development is partially regulated by thyroid hormones (THs). Environmental pollutants that interact with the TH system (TH system-disrupting chemicals [THSDCs]) can have massively disrupting effects on this essential phase. Eye development of fish is directly regulated by THs and can, therefore, be used as a thyroid-related endpoint in endocrine disruptor testing. To evaluate the effects of THSDC-induced eye malformations during early development, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were exposed for 5 days postfertilization (dpf) to either propylthiouracil, a TH synthesis inhibitor, or tetrabromobisphenol A, which interacts with TH receptors. Subsequently, one half of the embryos were exposed further to the THSDCs until 8 dpf, while the other half of the embryos were raised in clean water for 3 days to check for reversibility of effects. Continued THSDC exposure altered eye size and pigmentation and induced changes in the cellular structure of the retina. This correlated with morphological alterations of thyroid follicles as revealed by use of a transgenic zebrafish line. Interestingly, effects were partly reversible after a recovery period as short as 3 days. Results are consistent with changes in TH levels measured in different tissues of the embryos, for example, in the eyes. The results show that eye development in zebrafish embryos is very sensitive to THSDC treatment but able to recover quickly from early exposure by effective repair mechanisms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:1276-1292. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Pannetier
- Aquatic Ecology & Toxicology, Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rikke Poulsen
- Environmental Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lisa Gölz
- Aquatic Ecology & Toxicology, Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sara Coordes
- Aquatic Ecology & Toxicology, Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hanna Stegeman
- Aquatic Ecology & Toxicology, Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Koegst
- Aquatic Ecology & Toxicology, Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Luisa Reger
- Aquatic Ecology & Toxicology, Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Braunbeck
- Aquatic Ecology & Toxicology, Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hansen
- Environmental Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lisa Baumann
- Aquatic Ecology & Toxicology, Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Section on Environmental Health & Toxicology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Rasool R, Unar A, Jafar TH, Chanihoon GQ, Mubeen B. A Role of Thyroid Hormones in Acute Myocardial Infarction: An Update. Curr Cardiol Rev 2023; 19:e280422204209. [PMID: 35657286 PMCID: PMC10201880 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x18666220428121431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The acute coronary syndrome is one of the commonest life-threatening illnesses. It encompasses the clinical spectrum of acute myocardial ischemia and includes unstable angina and acute myocardial infarction both with and without ST segment elevation. The acute coronary syndrome can be attributed to a significant hemodynamic insult that leads to atherosclerosis of the epicardial coronary arteries. The main causative risk factors, such as obesity, smoking, and alcohol intake, increase the burden of acute coronary syndrome. Owing to an increase in the utilization of antioxidants, the antioxidant capacity decreases concerning the scavenging of lipid peroxides. Moreover, the thyroid hormones are important regulators of the expression of cardiac genes, and many of the cardiac manifestations of thyroid dysfunction are associated with alterations in triiodothyronine- mediated gene expression. Cardiovascular signs and symptoms of thyroid disease are among the most acute clinically relevant findings that occur in combination with both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. By understanding the cellular mechanism of the action of thyroid hormones on the heart and cardiovascular system, it is possible to explain rhythm disturbances and alterations in cardiac output, blood pressure, cardiac contractility, and vascular resistance that result from thyroid dysfunction. Oxidative stress is thereby induced, together with a decrease in antioxidant capacity for overcoming oxidative stress, which leads to endothelial dysfunction, subsequent atherosclerosis, and, ultimately, acute myocardial infarction. The implications for the identification of the effects of thyroid disease on acute myocardial infarction include the observation that restoration of normal thyroid function repeatedly reverses abnormalities in cardiovascular hemodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Rasool
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ahsanullah Unar
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science & Technology (USTC), Anhui, China
| | - Tassadaq Hussain Jafar
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universita Degli Studi Del Molise, Campobasso CB, Italy
| | - Ghulam Qadir Chanihoon
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh 76080, Pakistan
| | - Bismillah Mubeen
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
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5
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Morthorst JE, Holbech H, De Crozé N, Matthiessen P, LeBlanc GA. Thyroid-like hormone signaling in invertebrates and its potential role in initial screening of thyroid hormone system disrupting chemicals. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2023; 19:63-82. [PMID: 35581168 PMCID: PMC10083991 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the presence and evolution of thyroid-like systems in selected aquatic invertebrates to determine the potential use of these organisms in screens for vertebrate thyroid hormone axis disrupting chemicals (THADCs). Such a screen might support the phasing out of some vertebrate testing. Although arthropods including crustaceans do not contain a functional thyroid signaling system, elements of such a system exist in the aquatic phyla mollusks, echinoderms, tunicates, and cephalochordates. These phyla can synthesize thyroid hormone, which has been demonstrated in some groups to induce the nuclear thyroid hormone receptor (THR). Thyroid hormone may act in these phyla through interaction with a membrane integrin receptor. Thyroid hormone regulates inter alia metamorphosis but, unlike in vertebrates, this does not occur via receptor activation by the ligands triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). Instead, the unliganded nuclear receptor itself controls metamorphosis in mollusks, echinoderms, and tunicates, whereas the T3 derivative tri-iodothyroacetic acid (TRIAC) acts as a THR ligand in cephalochordates. In view of this, it may be possible to develop an invertebrate-based screen that is sensitive to vertebrate THADCs that interfere with thyroid hormone synthesis or metabolism along with interaction with membrane receptors. The review makes some recommendations for the need to develop an appropriate test method. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;19:63-82. © 2022 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henrik Holbech
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdense MDenmark
| | - Noémie De Crozé
- Laboratoire Recherche Environnementale, L'ORÉAL Recherche & InnovationAulnay‐sous‐BoisFrance
| | | | - Gerald A. LeBlanc
- Department of Biological SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
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Benedetti V, Lavecchia AM, Locatelli M, Brizi V, Corna D, Todeschini M, Novelli R, Benigni A, Zoja C, Remuzzi G, Xinaris C. Alteration of thyroid hormone signaling triggers the diabetes-induced pathological growth, remodeling, and dedifferentiation of podocytes. JCI Insight 2019; 4:130249. [PMID: 31534055 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.130249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) signaling is a universal regulator of metabolism, growth, and development. Here, we show that TH-TH receptor (TH-TR) axis alterations are critically involved in diabetic nephropathy-associated (DN-associated) podocyte pathology, and we identify TRα1 as a key regulator of the pathogenesis of DN. In ZSF1 diabetic rats, T3 levels progressively decreased during DN, and this was inversely correlated with metabolic and renal disease worsening. These phenomena were associated with the reexpression of the fetal isoform TRα1 in podocytes and parietal cells of both rats and patients with DN and with the increased glomerular expression of the TH-inactivating enzyme deiodinase 3 (DIO3). In diabetic rats, TRα1-positive cells also reexpressed several fetal mesenchymal and damage-related podocyte markers, while glomerular and podocyte hypertrophy was evident. In vitro, exposing human podocytes to diabetes milieu typical components markedly increased TRα1 and DIO3 expression and induced cytoskeleton rearrangements, adult podocyte marker downregulation and fetal kidney marker upregulation, the maladaptive cell cycle induction/arrest, and TRα1-ERK1/2-mediated hypertrophy. Strikingly, T3 treatment reduced TRα1 and DIO3 expression and completely reversed all these alterations. Our data show that diabetic stress induces the TH-TRα1 axis to adopt a fetal ligand/receptor relationship pattern that triggers the recapitulation of the fetal podocyte phenotype and subsequent pathological alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Benedetti
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Angelo Michele Lavecchia
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Monica Locatelli
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Valerio Brizi
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Daniela Corna
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Marta Todeschini
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Rubina Novelli
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Ariela Benigni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Carlamaria Zoja
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy.,L. Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Christodoulos Xinaris
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
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7
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Mourouzis I, Lavecchia AM, Xinaris C. Thyroid Hormone Signalling: From the Dawn of Life to the Bedside. J Mol Evol 2019; 88:88-103. [PMID: 31451837 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-019-09908-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) signalling is a key modulator of fundamental biological processes that has been evolutionarily conserved in both vertebrate and invertebrate species. TH may have initially emerged as a nutrient signal to convey environmental information to organisms to induce morpho-anatomical changes that could maximise the exploitation of environmental resources, and eventually integrated into the machinery of gene regulation and energy production to become a key regulator of development and metabolism. As such, TH signalling is particularly sensitive to environmental stimuli, and its alterations result in fundamental changes in homeostasis and physiology. Stressful stimuli of various origins lead to changes in the TH-TH receptor (TR) axis in different adult mammalian organs that are associated with phenotypical changes in terminally differentiated cells, the reactivation of foetal development programmes, structural remodelling and pathological growth. Here, we discuss the evolution of TH signalling, review evolutionarily conserved functions of THs in essential biological processes, such as metamorphosis and perinatal development, and analyse the role of TH signalling in the phenotypical and morphological changes that occur after injury, repair and regeneration in adult mammalian organs. Finally, we examine the potential of TH treatment as a therapeutic strategy for improving organ structure and functions following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iordanis Mourouzis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Ave., Goudi, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Angelo Michele Lavecchia
- Laboratory of Organ Regeneration, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Stezzano 87, 24126, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Christodoulos Xinaris
- Laboratory of Organ Regeneration, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Stezzano 87, 24126, Bergamo, Italy. .,University of Nicosia Medical School, 93 Agiou Nikolaou Street, Engomi, 2408, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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8
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Baumann L, Segner H, Ros A, Knapen D, Vergauwen L. Thyroid Hormone Disruptors Interfere with Molecular Pathways of Eye Development and Function in Zebrafish. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1543. [PMID: 30934780 PMCID: PMC6479403 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of thyroid hormone disrupting chemicals (THDCs) on eye development of zebrafish were investigated. We expected THDC exposure to cause transcriptional changes of vision-related genes, which find their phenotypic anchoring in eye malformations and dysfunction, as observed in our previous studies. Zebrafish were exposed from 0 to 5 days post fertilization (dpf) to either propylthiouracil (PTU), a thyroid hormone synthesis inhibitor, or tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA), which interacts with thyroid hormone receptors. Full genome microarray analyses of RNA isolated from eye tissue revealed that the number of affected transcripts was substantially higher in PTU- than in TBBPA-treated larvae. However, multiple components of phototransduction (e.g., phosphodiesterase, opsins) were responsive to both THDC exposures. Yet, the response pattern for the gene ontology (GO)-class "sensory perception" differed between treatments, with over 90% down-regulation in PTU-exposed fish, compared to over 80% up-regulation in TBBPA-exposed fish. Additionally, the reversibility of effects after recovery in clean water for three days was investigated. Transcriptional patterns in the eyes were still altered and partly overlapped between 5 and 8 dpf, showing that no full recovery occurred within the time period investigated. However, pathways involved in repair mechanisms were significantly upregulated, which indicates activation of regeneration processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Baumann
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Helmut Segner
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Albert Ros
- Fischereiforschungsstelle LAZBW, Argenweg 50/1, 88085 Langenargen, Germany.
| | - Dries Knapen
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Zebrafishlab, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2160 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Lucia Vergauwen
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Zebrafishlab, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2160 Wilrijk, Belgium.
- Department of Biology, Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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9
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Yang F, Ma H, Belcher J, Butler MR, Redmond TM, Boye SL, Hauswirth WW, Ding XQ. Targeting iodothyronine deiodinases locally in the retina is a therapeutic strategy for retinal degeneration. FASEB J 2016; 30:4313-4325. [PMID: 27623928 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600715r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have implicated thyroid hormone (TH) signaling in cone photoreceptor viability. Using mouse models of retinal degeneration, we found that antithyroid treatment preserves cones. This work investigates the significance of targeting intracellular TH components locally in the retina. The cellular TH level is mainly regulated by deiodinase iodothyronine (DIO)-2 and -3. DIO2 converts thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3), which binds to the TH receptor, whereas DIO3 degrades T3 and T4. We examined cone survival after overexpression of DIO3 and inhibition of DIO2 and demonstrated the benefits of these manipulations. Subretinal delivery of AAV5-IRBP/GNAT2-DIO3, which directs expression of human DIO3 specifically in cones, increased cone density by 30-40% in a Rpe65-/- mouse model of Lebers congenital amaurosis (LCA) and in a Cpfl1 mouse with Pde6c defect model of achromatopsia, compared with their respective untreated controls. Intravitreal and topical delivery of the DIO2 inhibitor iopanoic acid also significantly improved cone survival in the LCA model mice. Moreover, the expression levels of DIO2 and Slc16a2 were significantly higher in the diseased retinas, suggesting locally elevated TH signaling. We show that targeting DIOs protects cones, and intracellular inhibition of TH components locally in the retina may represent a novel strategy for retinal degeneration management.-Yang, F., Ma, H., Belcher, J., Butler, M. R., Redmond, T. M., Boye, S. L., Hauswirth, W. W., Ding, X.-Q. Targeting iodothyronine deiodinases locally in the retina is a therapeutic strategy for retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Hongwei Ma
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Joshua Belcher
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Michael R Butler
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - T Michael Redmond
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sanford L Boye
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; and.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - William W Hauswirth
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; and.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Xi-Qin Ding
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA;
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10
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Houbrechts AM, Delarue J, Gabriëls IJ, Sourbron J, Darras VM. Permanent Deiodinase Type 2 Deficiency Strongly Perturbs Zebrafish Development, Growth, and Fertility. Endocrinology 2016; 157:3668-81. [PMID: 27580812 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Iodothyronine deiodinases are selenocysteine-containing enzymes that activate or inactivate thyroid hormones (THs). Deiodinase type 2 (Dio2) catalyzes the conversion of the prohormone T4 into the transcriptionally active T3 and is the predominant activating deiodinase in zebrafish. Using zinc finger nucleases, we generated two different dio2(-/-) mutant zebrafish lines to investigate the physiological function of this TH activator. The first line contains a deletion of 9 bp, resulting in an in-frame elimination of three conserved amino acids. The other line is characterized by an insertion of 4 bp, leading to the introduction of a premature stop-codon. Both lines completely lack Dio2 activity, resulting in a strong reduction of T3 abundancy in all tissues tested. Early development is clearly perturbed in these animals, as shown by a diverse set of morphometric parameters, defects in swim bladder inflation, and disturbed locomotor activity tested between 1 and 7 days after fertilization. Permanent Dio2 deficiency also provokes long-term effects because growth and especially fertility are severely hampered. Possible compensatory mechanisms were investigated in adult dio2(-/-) mutants, revealing a down-regulation of the inactivating deiodinase Dio3 and TH receptor transcript levels. As the first nonmammalian model with permanent Dio2 deficiency, these mutant zebrafish lines provide evidence that Dio2 is essential to assure normal development and to obtain a normal adult phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Houbrechts
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology (A.M.H., J.D., I.J.G., V.M.D.), Department of Biology, Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, and Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery (J.S.), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julie Delarue
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology (A.M.H., J.D., I.J.G., V.M.D.), Department of Biology, Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, and Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery (J.S.), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabelle J Gabriëls
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology (A.M.H., J.D., I.J.G., V.M.D.), Department of Biology, Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, and Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery (J.S.), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jo Sourbron
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology (A.M.H., J.D., I.J.G., V.M.D.), Department of Biology, Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, and Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery (J.S.), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle M Darras
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology (A.M.H., J.D., I.J.G., V.M.D.), Department of Biology, Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, and Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery (J.S.), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
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11
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Macaulay LJ, Chen A, Rock KD, Dishaw LV, Dong W, Hinton DE, Stapleton HM. Developmental toxicity of the PBDE metabolite 6-OH-BDE-47 in zebrafish and the potential role of thyroid receptor β. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 168:38-47. [PMID: 26433919 PMCID: PMC4618599 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
6-hydroxy-2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (6-OH-BDE-47) is both a polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardant metabolite and a marine natural product. It has been identified both as a neurotoxicant in cell-based studies and as a developmental toxicant in zebrafish. However, hydroxylated PBDE metabolites are also considered thyroid hormone disruptors due to their structural similarity to endogenous thyroid hormones. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of 6-OH-BDE-47 on a developmental pathway regulated by thyroid hormones in zebrafish. Morphological measurements of development (head trunk angle, otic vesicle length, and eye pigmentation) were recorded in embryos at 30h post fertilization (hpf) and detailed craniofacial morphology was examined in 4 day old larvae using cartilage staining. Exposure to 6-OH-BDE-47 resulted in severe developmental delays. A 100nM concentration resulted in a 26% decrease in head trunk angle, a 54% increase in otic vesicle length, and a 42% decrease in eye pigmentation. Similarly, altered developmental morphology was observed following thyroid receptor β morpholino knockdown, exposure to the thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3) or to thyroid disrupting chemicals (TDC; iopanoic acid and propylthiouracil). The threshold for lower jaw deformities and craniofacial cartilage malformations was at doses greater than 50nM. Of interest, these developmental delays and effects were rescued by microinjection of TRβ mRNA during the 1-2 cell stage. These data indicate that OH-BDEs can adversely affect early life development of zebrafish and suggest they may be impacting thyroid hormone regulation in vivo through downregulation of the thyroid hormone receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Macaulay
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Albert Chen
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Kylie D Rock
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Laura V Dishaw
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Wu Dong
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - David E Hinton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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12
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Wang M, Chai L, Zhao H, Wu M, Wang H. Effects of nitrate on metamorphosis, thyroid and iodothyronine deiodinases expression in Bufo gargarizans larvae. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 139:402-9. [PMID: 26210189 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Chinese toad (Bufo gargarizans) tadpoles were exposed to nitrate (10, 50 and 100mg/L NO3-N) from the beginning of the larval period through metamorphic climax. We examined the effects of chronic nitrate exposure on metamorphosis, mortality, body size and thyroid gland. In addition, thyroid hormone (TH) levels, type II iodothyronine deiodinase (Dio2) and type III iodothyronine deiodinase (Dio3) mRNA levels were also measured to assess disruption of TH synthesis. Results showed that significant metamorphic delay and mortality increased were caused in larvae exposed to 100mg/L NO3-N. The larvae exposed to 100mg/L NO3-N clearly exhibited a greater reduction in thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) levels. Moreover, treatment with NO3-N induced down-regulation of Dio2 mRNA levels and up-regulation of Dio3 mRNA levels, reflecting the disruption of thyroid endocrine. It seems that increased mass and body size may be correlated with prolonged metamorphosis. Interestingly, we observed an exception that exposure to 100mg/L NO3-N did not exhibit remarkable alterations of thyroid gland size. Compared with control groups, 100mg/L NO3-N caused partial colloid depletion in the thyroid gland follicles. These results suggest that nitrate can act as a chemical stressor inducing retardation in development and metamorphosis. Therefore, we concluded that the presence of high concentrations nitrate can influence the growth, decline the survival, impair TH synthesis and induce metamorphosis retardation of B. gargarizans larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Lihong Chai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Hongfeng Zhao
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Minyao Wu
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Hongyuan Wang
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
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13
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Segev O, Polevikove A, Blank L, Goedbloed D, Küpfer E, Gershberg A, Koplovich A, Blaustein L. Effects of Tail Clipping on Larval Performance and Tail Regeneration Rates in the Near Eastern Fire Salamander, Salamandra infraimmaculata. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128077. [PMID: 26065683 PMCID: PMC4466261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tail-tip clipping is a common technique for collecting tissue samples from amphibian larvae and adults. Surprisingly, studies of this invasive sampling procedure or of natural tail clipping--i.e., bites inflicted by predators including conspecifics--on the performance and fitness of aquatic larval stages of urodeles are scarce. We conducted two studies in which we assessed the effects of posterior tail clipping (~30 percent of tail) on Near Eastern fire salamander (Salamandra infraimmaculata) larvae. In a laboratory study, we checked regeneration rates of posterior tail-tip clipping at different ages. Regeneration rates were hump-shaped, peaking at the age of ~30 days and then decreasing. This variation in tail regeneration rates suggests tradeoffs in resource allocation between regeneration and somatic growth during early and advanced development. In an outdoor artificial pond experiment, under constant larval densities, we assessed how tail clipping of newborn larvae affects survival to, time to, and size at metamorphosis. Repeated measures ANOVA on mean larval survival per pond revealed no effect of tail clipping. Tail clipping had correspondingly no effect on larval growth and development expressed in size (mass and snout-vent length) at, and time to, metamorphosis. We conclude that despite the given variation in tail regeneration rates throughout larval ontogeny, clipping of 30% percent of the posterior tail area seems to have no adverse effects on larval fitness and survival. We suggest that future use of this imperative tool for the study of amphibian should take into account larval developmental stage during the time of application and not just the relative size of the clipped tail sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ori Segev
- Institute of Evolution and Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
| | - Antonina Polevikove
- Institute of Evolution and Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
| | - Lior Blank
- Institute of Evolution and Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, ARO, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Daniel Goedbloed
- Technical University of Braunschweig, Zoological Institute, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
| | - Eliane Küpfer
- Technical University of Braunschweig, Zoological Institute, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
| | - Anna Gershberg
- Institute of Evolution and Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
| | - Avi Koplovich
- Institute of Evolution and Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
| | - Leon Blaustein
- Institute of Evolution and Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
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14
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Bhumika S, Lemmens K, Vancamp P, Moons L, Darras VM. Decreased thyroid hormone signaling accelerates the reinnervation of the optic tectum following optic nerve crush in adult zebrafish. Mol Cell Neurosci 2015; 68:92-102. [PMID: 25913150 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The regenerative capacity of the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) is poor and finding ways to stimulate long distance axonal regeneration in humans remains a challenge for neuroscientists. Thyroid hormones, well known for their key function in CNS development and maturation, more recently also emerged as molecules influencing regeneration. While several studies investigated their influence on peripheral nerve regeneration, in vivo studies on their role in adult CNS regeneration remain scarce. We therefore investigated the effect of lowering T3 signaling on the regeneration of the optic nerve (ON) following crush in zebrafish, a species where full recovery occurs spontaneously. Adult zebrafish were exposed to iopanoic acid (IOP), which lowered intracellular 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) availability, or to the thyroid hormone receptor β antagonist methylsulfonylnitrobenzoate (C1). Both treatments accelerated optic tectum (OT) reinnervation. At 7days post injury (7dpi) there was a clear increase in the biocytin labeled area in the OT following anterograde tracing as well as an increased immunostaining of Gap43, a protein expressed in outgrowing axons. This effect was attenuated by T3 supplementation to IOP-treated fish. ON crush induced very limited cell death and proliferation at the level of the retina in control, IOP- and C1-treated fish. The treatments also had no effect on the mRNA upregulation of the regeneration markers gap43, tub1a, and socs3b at the level of the retina at 4 and 7dpi. We did, however, find a correlation between the accelerated OT reinnervation and a more rapid resolution of microglia/macrophages in the ON and the OT of IOP-treated fish. Taken together these data indicate that lowering T3 signaling accelerates OT reinnervation following ON crush in zebrafish and that this is accompanied by a more rapid resolution of the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stitipragyan Bhumika
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Division Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kim Lemmens
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Division Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Vancamp
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Division Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Moons
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Division Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle M Darras
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Division Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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15
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Cheng Y, Ekker M, Chan HM. Relative developmental toxicities of pentachloroanisole and pentachlorophenol in a zebrafish model (Danio rerio). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 112:7-14. [PMID: 25463847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pentachloroanisole (PCA) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) are chlorinated aromatic compounds that have been found in the environment and in human populations. The objective of this study is to characterize the effects of PCA in comparison to those of PCP on development at environmental relevant levels using a fish model. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to 0.1, 1, 10, 100, 500, 1000 μg/L PCA and PCP respectively for 96 h. Malformation observation, LC50 testing for survival rate at 96 hours post fertilization (hpf) and EC50 testing for hatching rate at 72 hpf indicated that the developmental toxicity of PCP was about 15 times higher than that of PCA. PCP exposure at 10 μg/L resulted in elevated 3, 3', 5-triiodothyronine (T3) levels and decreased thyroxine (T4) levels, whereas PCA had no effects on T3 or T4 levels. PCP and PCA exposure at 1 and 10 μg/L showed possible hyperthyroid effects similar to that of T3, due to increased relative mRNA expression of synapsin I (SYN), iodothyronine deiodinase type III (Dio3), thyroid hormone receptor alpha a (THRαa) and thyroid hormone receptor beta (THRβ), and decreased expression of iodothyronine deiodinase type II (Dio2). The results indicate that both PCA and PCP exposure can cause morphological deformities, possibly affect the timing and coordination of development in the central nervous system, and alter thyroid hormone levels by disrupting thyroid hormone regulating pathways. However, the developmental toxicity of PCA is at least ten times lower than that of PCP. Our results on the relative developmental toxicities of PCA and PCP and the possible underlying mechanisms will be useful to support interpretation of envrionmental concentrations and body burden levels observed in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cheng
- Center for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Marc Ekker
- Center for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Hing Man Chan
- Center for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5.
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16
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Jarque S, Piña B. Deiodinases and thyroid metabolism disruption in teleost fish. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 135:361-375. [PMID: 25462686 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Many xenobiotic compounds with endocrine disrupting activity have been described since the late eighties. These compounds are able to interact with natural hormone systems and potentially induce deleterious effects in wildlife, notably piscine species. However, while the characterization of endocrine disruptors with "dioxin-like", estrogenic or androgenic activities is relatively well established, little is known about environmentally relevant pollutants that may act at thyroid system level. Iodothyronine deiodinases, the key enzymes in the activation and inactivation of thyroid hormones, have been suggested as suitable biomarkers for thyroid metabolism disruption. The present article reviews the biotic and abiotic factors that are able to modulate deiodinases in teleosts, a representative model organism for vertebrates. Data show that deiodinases are highly sensitive to several physiological and physical variables, so they should be taken into account to establish natural basal deiodination patterns to further understand responses under chemical exposure. Among xenobiotic compounds, brominated flame retardants are postulated as chemicals of major concern because of their similar structure shared with thyroid hormones. More ambiguous results are shown for the rest of compounds, i.e. polychlorinated biphenyls, perfluorinated chemicals, pesticides, metals and synthetic drugs, in part due to the limited information available. The different mechanisms of action still remain unknown for most of those compounds, although several hypothesis based on observed effects are discussed. Future tasks are also suggested with the aim of moving forward in the full characterization of chemical compounds with thyroid disrupting activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Jarque
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 5/753, CZ62500 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Benjamin Piña
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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17
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Abstract
Recent studies in Drosophila, Hydra, planarians, zebrafish, mice, indicate that cell death can open paths to regeneration in adult animals. Indeed injury can induce cell death, itself triggering regeneration following an immediate instructive mechanism, whereby the dying cells release signals that induce cellular responses over short and/or long-range distances. Cell death can also provoke a sustained derepressing response through the elimination of cells that suppress regeneration in homeostatic conditions. Whether common properties support what we name "regenerative cell death," is currently unclear. As key parameters, we review here the injury proapoptotic signals, the signals released by the dying cells, the cellular responses, and their respective timing. ROS appears as a common signal triggering cell death through MAPK and/or JNK pathway activation. But the modes of ROS production vary, from a brief pulse upon wounding, to repeated waves as observed in the zebrafish fin where ROS supports two peaks of cell death. Indeed regenerative cell death can be restricted to the injury phase, as in Hydra, Drosophila, or biphasic, immediate, and delayed, as in planarians and zebrafish. The dying cells release in a caspase-dependent manner a variety of signaling molecules, cytokines, growth factors, but also prostaglandins or ATP as recorded in Drosophila, Hydra, mice, and zebrafish, respectively. Interestingly, the ROS-producing cells often resist to cell death, implying a complex paracrine mode of signaling to launch regeneration, involving ROS-producing cells, ROS-sensing cells that release signaling molecules upon caspase activation, and effector cells that respond to these signals by proliferating, migrating, and/or differentiating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Vriz
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Paris, France; University Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Silke Reiter
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Brigitte Galliot
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
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18
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Guo C, Chen X, Song H, Maynard MA, Zhou Y, Lobanov AV, Gladyshev VN, Ganis JJ, Wiley D, Jugo RH, Lee NY, Castroneves LA, Zon LI, Scanlan TS, Feldman HA, Huang SA. Intrinsic expression of a multiexon type 3 deiodinase gene controls zebrafish embryo size. Endocrinology 2014; 155:4069-80. [PMID: 25004091 PMCID: PMC4164935 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-2029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone is a master regulator of differentiation and growth, and its action is terminated by the enzymatic removal of an inner-ring iodine catalyzed by the selenoenzyme type 3 deiodinase (dio3). Our studies of the zebrafish reveal that the dio3 gene is duplicated in this species and that embryonic deiodination is an important determinant of embryo size. Although both dio3 paralogs encode enzymatically active proteins with high affinity for thyroid hormones, their anatomic patterns of expression are markedly divergent and only embryos with knockdown of dio3b, a biallelically expressed selenoenzyme expressed in the developing central nervous system, manifest severe thyroid hormone-dependent growth restriction at 72 hours post fertilization. This indicates that the embryonic deficiency of dio3, once considered only a placental enzyme, causes microsomia independently of placental physiology and raises the intriguing possibility that fetal abnormalities in human deiodination may present as intrauterine growth retardation. By mapping the gene structures and enzymatic properties of all four zebrafish deiodinases, we also identify dio3b as the first multiexon dio3 gene, containing a large intron separating its open reading frame from its selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS) element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics (C.G., X.C., H.S.), Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China; Thyroid Program of the Division of Endocrinology (C.G., X.C., H.S., M.A.M., R.H.J., N.Y.L., L.A.C., S.A.H.) and Clinical Research Center (H.A.F.), Boston Children's Hospital; Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology (Y.Z., J.J.G., D.W., L.I.Z.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Department of Medicine (A.V.L., V.N.G., S.A.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; Dana Farber Cancer Institute (V.N.G., L.I.Z., S.A.H.), Boston, Massachusetts 02115; and Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (T.S.S.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
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19
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Bhumika S, Darras VM. Role of thyroid hormones in different aspects of nervous system regeneration in vertebrates. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 203:86-94. [PMID: 24681191 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous functional recovery from injury in the adult human nervous system is rare and trying to improve recovery remains a clinical challenge. Nervous system regeneration is a complicated sequence of events involving cell death or survival, cell proliferation, axon extension and remyelination, and finally reinnervation and functional recovery. Successful recovery depends on the cell-specific and time-dependent activation and repression of a wide variety of growth factors and guidance molecules. Thyroid hormones (THs), well known for their regulatory role in neurodevelopment, have recently emerged as important modulators of neuroregeneration. This review focuses on the endogenous changes in the proteins regulating TH availability and action in different cell types of the adult mammalian nervous system during regeneration as well as the impact of TH supplementation on the consecutive steps in this process. It also addresses possible differences in TH involvement between different vertebrate classes, early or late developmental stages and peripheral or central nervous system. The available data show that THs are able to stimulate many signaling pathways necessary for successful neurogeneration. They however also suggest that supplementation with T4 and/or T3 may have beneficial or detrimental influences depending on the dose and more importantly on the specific phase of the regeneration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stitipragyan Bhumika
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Division Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle M Darras
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Division Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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20
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Heijlen M, Houbrechts AM, Bagci E, Van Herck SLJ, Kersseboom S, Esguerra CV, Blust R, Visser TJ, Knapen D, Darras VM. Knockdown of type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase severely perturbs both embryonic and early larval development in zebrafish. Endocrinology 2014; 155:1547-59. [PMID: 24467742 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to appropriate levels of thyroid hormones (THs) at the right time is of key importance for normal development in all vertebrates. Type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase (D3) is the prime TH-inactivating enzyme, and its expression is highest in the early stages of vertebrate development, implying that it may be necessary to shield developing tissues from overexposure to THs. We used antisense morpholino knockdown to examine the role of D3 during early development in zebrafish. Zebrafish possess 2 D3 genes, dio3a and dio3b. Here, we show that both genes are expressed during development and both contribute to in vivo D3 activity. However, dio3b mRNA levels in embryos are higher, and the effects of dio3b knockdown on D3 activity and on the resulting phenotype are more severe. D3 knockdown induced an overall delay in development, as determined by measurements of otic vesicle length, eye and ear size, and body length. The time of hatching was also severely delayed in D3-knockdown embryos. Importantly, we also observed a severe disturbance of several aspects of development. Swim bladder development and inflation was aberrant as was the development of liver and intestine. Furthermore, D3-knockdown larvae spent significantly less time moving, and both embryos and larvae exhibited perturbed escape responses, suggesting that D3 knockdown affects muscle development and/or functioning. These data indicate that D3 is essential for normal zebrafish embryonic and early larval development and show the value of morpholino knockdown in this model to further elucidate the specific role of D3 in some aspects of vertebrate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein Heijlen
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology (M.H., A.M.H., S.L.J.V.H., V.M.D.), Department of Biology, Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, and Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery (C.V.E.), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (E.B., R.B., D.K.), Department of Biology, and Zebrafishlab (D.K.), Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; and University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine (S.K., T.J.V.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Gauron C, Rampon C, Bouzaffour M, Ipendey E, Teillon J, Volovitch M, Vriz S. Sustained production of ROS triggers compensatory proliferation and is required for regeneration to proceed. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2084. [PMID: 23803955 PMCID: PMC3694286 DOI: 10.1038/srep02084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A major issue in regenerative medicine is the role of injury in promoting cell plasticity. Here we explore the function of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced through lesions in adult zebrafish. We show that ROS production, following adult fin amputation, is tightly regulated in time and space for at least 24 hours, whereas ROS production remains transient (2 hours) in mere wound healing. In regenerative tissue, ROS signaling triggers two distinct parallel pathways: one pathway is responsible for apoptosis, and the other pathway is responsible for JNK activation. Both events are involved in the compensatory proliferation of stump epidermal cells and are necessary for the progression of regeneration. Both events impact the Wnt, SDF1 and IGF pathways, while apoptosis only impacts progenitor marker expression. These results implicate oxidative stress in regeneration and provide new insights into the differences between healing and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Gauron
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Biologie-CIRB, CNRS UMR 7241/INSERM U1050/Collège de France, Paris, France
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Little AG, Seebacher F. Thyroid hormone regulates muscle function during cold acclimation in zebrafish (Danio rerio). J Exp Biol 2013; 216:3514-21. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.089136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Thyroid hormone (TH) is a universal regulator of growth, development and metabolism during cold exposure in mammals. In zebrafish (Danio rerio), TH regulates locomotor performance and metabolism during cold acclimation. The influence of TH on locomotor performance may be via its effect on metabolism or, as has been shown in mammals, by modulating muscle phenotypes. Our aim was to determine whether TH influences muscle phenotypes in zebrafish, and whether this could explain changes in swimming capacity in response to thermal acclimation. We used propylthiouracil and iopanoic acid to induce hypothyroidism in zebrafish over a 3-week acclimation period to either 18 or 28°C. To verify that physiological changes following hypothyroid treatment were in fact due to the action of TH, we supplemented hypothyroid fish with 3,5-diiodothryronine (T2) or 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3). Cold-acclimated fish had significantly greater sustained swimming performance (Ucrit) but not burst speed. Greater Ucrit was accompanied by increased tail beat frequency, but there was no change in tail beat amplitude. Hypothyroidism significantly decreased Ucrit and burst performance, as well as tail beat frequency and SERCA activity in cold-acclimated fish. However, myofibrillar ATPase activity increased in cold-acclimated hypothyroid fish. Hypothyroid treatment also decreased mRNA concentrations of myosin heavy chain fast isoforms and SERCA 1 isoform in cold-acclimated fish. SERCA 1 mRNA increased in warm-acclimated hypothyroid fish, and SERCA 3 mRNA decreased in both cold- and warm-acclimated hypothyroid fish. Supplementation with either T2 or T3 restored Ucrit, burst speed, tail beat frequency, SERCA activity and myosin heavy chain and SERCA 1 and 3 mRNA levels of hypothyroid fish back to control levels. We show that in addition to regulating development and metabolism in vertebrates, TH also regulates muscle physiology in ways that affect locomotor performance in fish. We suggest that the role of TH in modulating SERCA1 expression during cold exposure may have predisposed it to regulate endothermic thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Little
- School of Biological Sciences, A08 University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Frank Seebacher
- School of Biological Sciences, A08 University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Heijlen M, Houbrechts AM, Darras VM. Zebrafish as a model to study peripheral thyroid hormone metabolism in vertebrate development. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 188:289-96. [PMID: 23603432 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To unravel the role of thyroid hormones (THs) in vertebrate development it is important to have suitable animal models to study the mechanisms regulating TH availability and activity. Zebrafish (Danio rerio), with its rapidly and externally developing transparent embryo has been a widely used model in developmental biology for some time. To date many of the components of the zebrafish thyroid axis have been identified, including the TH transporters MCT8, MCT10 and OATP1C1, the deiodinases D1, D2 and D3, and the receptors TRα and TRβ. Their structure and function closely resemble those of higher vertebrates. Interestingly, due to a whole genome duplication in the early evolution of ray-finned fishes, zebrafish possess two genes for D3 (dio3 and dio3a) and for TRα (thraa and thrab). Transcripts of all identified genes are present during embryonic development and several of them show dynamic spatio-temporal distribution patterns. Transient morpholino-knockdown of D2, D3 or MCT8 expression clearly disturbs embryonic development, confirming the importance of each of these regulators during early life stages. The recently available tools for targeted stable gene knockout will further increase the value of zebrafish to study the role of peripheral TH metabolism in pre- and post-hatch/post-natal vertebrate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein Heijlen
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Abstract
Teleosts are the largest and most diverse group of vertebrates, and many species undergo morphological, physiological, and behavioral transitions, "metamorphoses," as they progress between morphologically divergent life stages. The larval metamorphosis that generally occurs as teleosts mature from larva to juvenile involves the loss of embryo-specific features, the development of new adult features, major remodeling of different organ systems, and changes in physical proportions and overall phenotype. Yet, in contrast to anuran amphibians, for example, teleost metamorphosis can entail morphological change that is either sudden and profound, or relatively gradual and subtle. Here, we review the definition of metamorphosis in teleosts, the diversity of teleost metamorphic strategies and the transitions they involve, and what is known of their underlying endocrine and genetic bases. We suggest that teleost metamorphosis offers an outstanding opportunity for integrating our understanding of endocrine mechanisms, cellular processes of morphogenesis and differentiation, and the evolution of diverse morphologies and life histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. McMenamin
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David M. Parichy
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Vatine GD, Zada D, Lerer-Goldshtein T, Tovin A, Malkinson G, Yaniv K, Appelbaum L. Zebrafish as a model for monocarboxyl transporter 8-deficiency. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:169-80. [PMID: 23161551 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.413831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome (AHDS) is a severe psychomotor retardation characterized by neurological impairment and abnormal thyroid hormone (TH) levels. Mutations in the TH transporter, monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8), are associated with AHDS. MCT8 knock-out mice exhibit impaired TH levels; however, they lack neurological defects. Here, the zebrafish mct8 gene and promoter were isolated, and mct8 promoter-driven transgenic lines were used to show that, similar to humans, mct8 is primarily expressed in the nervous and vascular systems. Morpholino-based knockdown and rescue experiments revealed that MCT8 is strictly required for neural development in the brain and spinal cord. This study shows that MCT8 is a crucial regulator during embryonic development and establishes the first vertebrate model for MCT8 deficiency that exhibits a neurological phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gad David Vatine
- Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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Pantos C, Mourouzis I, Cokkinos DV. Thyroid hormone and cardiac repair/regeneration: from Prometheus myth to reality? Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2012; 90:977-87. [PMID: 22762197 DOI: 10.1139/y2012-031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nature's models of repair and (or) regeneration provide substantial evidence that a natural healing process may exist in the heart. The potential for repair and (or) regeneration has been evolutionarily conserved in mammals, and seems to be restricted to the early developmental stages. This window of regeneration is reactivated during the disease state in which fetal gene reprogramming occurs in response to stress. Analogies exist between the damaged and developing heart, indicating that a regulatory network that drives embryonic heart development may control aspects of heart repair and (or) regeneration. In this context, thyroid hormone (TH), which is a critical regulator of the maturation of the myocardium, appears to have a reparative role later in adult life. Changes in TH - thyroid hormone receptor (TR) homeostasis govern the return of the injured myocardium to the fetal phenotype. Accordingly, TH can induce cardiac repair and (or) regeneration by reactivating developmental gene programming. As a proof of concept in humans, TH is found to be an independent determinant of functional recovery and mortality after myocardial infarction. The potential of TH to regenerate and (or) repair the ischemic myocardium is now awaited to be tested in clinical trials.
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