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Jia L, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Luo W, Nambeesan SU, Li Q, Qiao X, Yang B, Wang L, Zhang S. PbrbZIP15 promotes sugar accumulation in pear via activating the transcription of the glucose isomerase gene PbrXylA1. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:1392-1412. [PMID: 38044792 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The composition and abundance of soluble sugars in mature pear (Pyrus) fruit are important for its acceptance by consumers. However, our understanding of the genes responsible for soluble sugar accumulation remains limited. In this study, a S1-group member of bZIP gene family, PbrbZIP15, was characterized from pear genome through the combined analyses of metabolite and transcriptome data followed by experimental validation. PbrbZIP15, located in nucleus, was found to function in fructose, sucrose, and total soluble sugar accumulation in pear fruit and calli. After analyzing the expression profiles of sugar-metabolism-related genes and the distribution of cis-acting elements in their promoters, the glucose isomerase 1 gene (PbrXylA1), whose corresponding protein catalyzed the isomerization of glucose and fructose in vitro, was identified as a downstream target gene of PbrbZIP15. PbrbZIP15 could directly bind to the G-box element in PbrXylA1 promoter and activate its transcription, as evidenced by chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR, yeast one-hybrid, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and dual-luciferase assay. PbrXylA1, featuring a leucine-rich signal peptide in its N-terminal, was localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. It was validated to play a significant role in fructose, sucrose, and total soluble sugar accumulation in pear fruit and calli, which was associated with the upregulated fructose/glucose ratio. Further studies revealed a positive correlation between the sucrose content and the expression levels of several sucrose-biosynthesis-related genes (PbrFRK3/8, PbrSPS1/3/4/8, and PbrSPP1) in PbrbZIP15-/PbrXylA1-transgenic fruit/calli. In conclusion, our results suggest that PbrbZIP15-induced soluble sugar accumulation during pear development is at least partly attributed to the activation of PbrXylA1 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luting Jia
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Zan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Weiqi Luo
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, ARS-USDA, Ft. Pierce, Florida, 34945, USA
- CIPM, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27606, USA
| | | | - Qionghou Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Xin Qiao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Bing Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Libin Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Shaoling Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
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2
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Zhang X, Zhu L, Qian M, Jiang L, Gu P, Jia L, Qian C, Luo W, Ma M, Wu Z, Qiao X, Wang L, Zhang S. PbrWRKY62-PbrADC1 module involves in superficial scald development of Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.fruit via regulating putrescine biosynthesis. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2024; 4:6. [PMID: 38373989 PMCID: PMC10877817 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-024-00081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Putrescine plays a role in superficial scald development during the cold storage of pear fruit. However, the molecular mechanism behind this phenomenon has not been un-fully clarified until recently. In this study, a conjoint analysis of metabolites and gene expression profiles in the putrescine-metabolic pathway of P. bretschneideri Rehd. fruit followed by experimental validation revealed that PbrADC1, forming a homodimer in the chloroplast, was involved in putrescine biosynthesis and thus fruit chilling resistance. Additionally, the substrate-binding residue Cys546 in PbrADC1, whose activity was modified by H2O2, played a crucial role in arginine decarboxylation into agmatine. Through a combined analysis of the distribution of cis-acting elements in the PbrADC1 promoter as well as the expression profiles of related transcription factors (TFs), several TFs were identified as upstream regulators of PbrADC1 gene. Further investigation revealed that the nuclear PbrWRKY62 could directly bind to the W-box elements in the PbrADC1 promoter, activate its expression, enhance putrescine accumulation, and thus increase fruit chilling tolerance. In conclusion, our results suggest that the PbrWRKY62-PbrADC1 module is involved in the development of superficial scald in P. bretschneideri Rehd. fruit via regulating putrescine biosynthesis. Consequently, these findings could serve as valuable genetic resources for breeding scald-resistant pear fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lijuan Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ming Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Jiang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Luting Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunlu Qian
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weiqi Luo
- Center for Integrated Pest Management, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Min Ma
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhangfei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Libin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Shaoling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
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3
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Zhu R, Cao B, Sun M, Wu J, Li J. Genome-Wide Identification and Evolution of the GRF Gene Family and Functional Characterization of PbGRF18 in Pear. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14690. [PMID: 37834136 PMCID: PMC10572701 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins encoded by the G-box regulating factor (GRF, also called 14-3-3) gene family are involved in protein-protein interactions and mediate signaling transduction, which play important roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. However, there were no detailed investigations of the GRF gene family in pear at present. In this study, we identified 25 GRF family members in the pear genome. Based on a phylogenetic analysis, the 25 GRF genes were clustered into two groups; the ε group and the non-ε group. Analyses of the exon-intron structures and motifs showed that the gene structures were conserved within each of the ε and non-ε groups. Gene duplication analysis indicated that most of the PbGRF gene expansion that occurred in both groups was due to WGD/segmental duplication. Phosphorylation sites analysis showed that the main phosphorylation sites of PbGRF proteins were serine residues. For gene expression, five PbGRF genes (PbGRF7, PbGRF11, PbGRF16, PbGRF21, and PbGRF23) were highly expressed in fruits, and PbGRF18 was highly expressed in all tissues. Further analysis revealed that eight PbGRF genes were significantly differentially expressed after treatment with different sugars; the expression of PbGRF7, PbGRF8, and PbGRF11 significantly increased, implying the involvement of these genes in sugar signaling. In addition, subcellular localization studies showed that the tested GRF proteins localize to the plasma membrane, and transgenic analysis showed that PbGRF18 can increase the sugar content in tomato leaves and fruit. The results of our research establish a foundation for functional determination of PbGRF proteins, and will help to promote a further understanding of the regulatory network in pear fruit development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongxiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (M.S.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Phytochemicals and Sustainable Utilization, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin 541006, China
| | - Beibei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (M.S.)
| | - Manyi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (M.S.)
| | - Jun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (M.S.)
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jiaming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (M.S.)
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Yang X, Zhao T, Rao P, Yang N, Li G, Jia L, An X, Chen Z. Morphology, sucrose metabolism and gene network reveal the molecular mechanism of seed fiber development in poplar. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 246:125633. [PMID: 37406903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Poplar is an important tree species for ecological protection, wood production, bioenergy and urban greening; it has been widely planted worldwide. However, the catkin fibers produced by female poplars can cause environmental pollution and safety hazards during spring. This study focused on Populus tomentosa, and revealed the sucrose metabolism regulatory mechanism of catkin fibers development from morphological, physiological and molecular aspects. Paraffin section suggested that poplar catkin fibers were not seed hairs and produced from the epidermal cells of funicle and placenta. Sucrose degradation via invertase and sucrose synthase played the dominant role during poplar catkin fibers development. The expression patterns revealed that sucrose metabolism-related genes played important roles during catkin fibers development. Y1H analysis indicated that there was a potential interaction between sucrose synthase 2 (PtoSUS2)/vacuolar invertase 3 (PtoVIN3) and trichome-regulating MYB transcription factors in poplar. Finally, the two key genes, PtoSUS2 and PtoVIN3, had roles in Arabidopsis trichome density, indicating that sucrose metabolism is important in poplar catkin fibers development. This study is not only helpful for clarifying the mechanism of sucrose regulation during trichome development in perennial woody plants, but also establishes a foundation to solve poplar catkin fibers pollution through genetic engineering methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, National Energy R&D Center for Non-food Biomass, Engineering Research Center for Carbon Sequestration and Sink Enhancement by Forestry and Grass of the Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tianyun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, National Energy R&D Center for Non-food Biomass, Engineering Research Center for Carbon Sequestration and Sink Enhancement by Forestry and Grass of the Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Pian Rao
- State Key Laboratory for Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, National Energy R&D Center for Non-food Biomass, Engineering Research Center for Carbon Sequestration and Sink Enhancement by Forestry and Grass of the Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ning Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, National Energy R&D Center for Non-food Biomass, Engineering Research Center for Carbon Sequestration and Sink Enhancement by Forestry and Grass of the Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Guolei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, National Energy R&D Center for Non-food Biomass, Engineering Research Center for Carbon Sequestration and Sink Enhancement by Forestry and Grass of the Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Liming Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, National Energy R&D Center for Non-food Biomass, Engineering Research Center for Carbon Sequestration and Sink Enhancement by Forestry and Grass of the Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xinmin An
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, National Energy R&D Center for Non-food Biomass, Engineering Research Center for Carbon Sequestration and Sink Enhancement by Forestry and Grass of the Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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5
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Wu X, Wu Z, Ju X, Fan Y, Yang C, Han Y, Chen W, Tang D, Lv C, Cao Q, Wang J, Zhang K. IbInvInh2, a novel invertase inhibitor in sweet potato, regulates starch content through post-translational regulation of vacuolar invertase IbβFRUCT2. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 201:107815. [PMID: 37301188 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As a key enzyme in the starch and sugar metabolic pathways in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.), the vacuolar invertase (EC 3.2.1.26) IbβFRUCT2 is involved in partitioning and modulating the starch and sugar components of the storage root. However, the post-translational regulation of its invertase activity remains unclear. In this study, we identified three invertase inhibitors, IbInvInh1, IbInvInh2, and IbInvInh3, as potential interaction partners of IbβFRUCT2. All were found to act as vacuolar invertase inhibitors (VIFs) and belonged to the plant invertase/pectin methyl esterase inhibitor superfamily. Among the three VIFs, IbInvInh2 is a novel VIF in sweet potato and was confirmed to be an inhibitor of IbβFRUCT2. The N-terminal domain of IbβFRUCT2 and the Thr39 and Leu198 sites of IbInvInh2 were predicted to be engaged in their interactions. The transgenic expression of IbInvInh2 in Arabidopsis thaliana plants reduced the starch content of leaves, while its expression in the Ibβfruct2-expressing Arabidopsis plants increased the starch content of leaves, suggesting that the post-translational inhibition of IbβFRUCT2 activity by IbInvInh2 contributes to the regulation of the plant starch content. Taken together, our findings reveal a novel VIF in sweet potato and provide insights into the potential regulatory roles of the VIFs and invertase-VIF interaction in starch metabolism. These insights lay the foundation for using VIFs to improve the starch properties of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuli Wu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding for Tuber and Root Crops in Chongqing, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Zhengdan Wu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China; Cash Crops Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Xisan Ju
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding for Tuber and Root Crops in Chongqing, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yonghai Fan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Chaobin Yang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding for Tuber and Root Crops in Chongqing, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yonghui Han
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding for Tuber and Root Crops in Chongqing, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Wanxia Chen
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding for Tuber and Root Crops in Chongqing, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Daobin Tang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding for Tuber and Root Crops in Chongqing, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China; State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Changwen Lv
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding for Tuber and Root Crops in Chongqing, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China; State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Qinghe Cao
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District, Xuzhou, 221131, China
| | - Jichun Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding for Tuber and Root Crops in Chongqing, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China; State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding for Tuber and Root Crops in Chongqing, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China; State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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Feng L, Wang C, Yang X, Jiao Q, Yin Y. Transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses identified key genes associated with sugar and acid metabolism in sweet and sour pomegranate cultivars during the developmental period. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 181:12-22. [PMID: 35421745 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pomegranate (Punica granatum), an important fruit tree in the world, is rich in bioactive substances and has broad prospects for development. In this study, gene expression levels and the concentrations of metabolites involved in the metabolism of soluble sugars and organic acids were investigated in sweet and sour pomegranate cultivars at the S1 (July 25) stage, S2 (August 26) stage, and S3 (September 24) stage. The results showed that glucose, fructose, citric acid, and malic acid were predominantly present in pomegranate. The expression of invertase 2 (INV2), INV1, FRK2, FRK7, PFK2, PFK7, and HK1 was closely correlated with the fructose and glucose contents during different developmental stages, whereas the expression of sucrose synthase 3 (SUS3) and INV1 was negatively correlated with the sucrose content. The expression of MDH (c28468_g3) and WRKY42 (c20711_g1) genes were closely related to the content of sucrose, malic acid, citric acid, and succinic acid during different developmental stages. Gene expression and metabolite concentrations varied between the two cultivars. The results provide valuable information for gene discovery, marker-assisted selection, and investigation of metabolism mechanisms in pomegranate fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Feng
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, 66 Longtan Rd., Tai'an, 271000, China.
| | - Chuanzeng Wang
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 202Gongye North Rd., Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Xuemei Yang
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, 66 Longtan Rd., Tai'an, 271000, China
| | - Qiqing Jiao
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 202Gongye North Rd., Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yanlei Yin
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, 66 Longtan Rd., Tai'an, 271000, China
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