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Mandino F, Vujic S, Grandjean J, Lake EMR. Where do we stand on fMRI in awake mice? Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhad478. [PMID: 38100331 PMCID: PMC10793583 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Imaging awake animals is quickly gaining traction in neuroscience as it offers a means to eliminate the confounding effects of anesthesia, difficulties of inter-species translation (when humans are typically imaged while awake), and the inability to investigate the full range of brain and behavioral states in unconscious animals. In this systematic review, we focus on the development of awake mouse blood oxygen level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Mice are widely used in research due to their fast-breeding cycle, genetic malleability, and low cost. Functional MRI yields whole-brain coverage and can be performed on both humans and animal models making it an ideal modality for comparing study findings across species. We provide an analysis of 30 articles (years 2011-2022) identified through a systematic literature search. Our conclusions include that head-posts are favorable, acclimation training for 10-14 d is likely ample under certain conditions, stress has been poorly characterized, and more standardization is needed to accelerate progress. For context, an overview of awake rat fMRI studies is also included. We make recommendations that will benefit a wide range of neuroscience applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Mandino
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Stella Vujic
- Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Joanes Grandjean
- Donders Institute for Brain, Behaviour, and Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department for Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Evelyn M R Lake
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
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2
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Ferris CF. Applications in Awake Animal Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:854377. [PMID: 35450017 PMCID: PMC9017993 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.854377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There are numerous publications on methods and applications for awake functional MRI across different species, e.g., voles, rabbits, cats, dogs, and rhesus macaques. Each of these species, most obviously rhesus monkey, have general or unique attributes that provide a better understanding of the human condition. However, much of the work today is done on rodents. The growing number of small bore (≤30 cm) high field systems 7T- 11.7T favor the use of small animals. To that point, this review is primarily focused on rodents and their many applications in awake function MRI. Applications include, pharmacological MRI, drugs of abuse, sensory evoked stimuli, brain disorders, pain, social behavior, and fear.
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The role of orphan receptor GPR139 in neuropsychiatric behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:902-913. [PMID: 33479510 PMCID: PMC8882194 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-00962-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Orphan G protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) present attractive targets both for understanding neuropsychiatric diseases and for development of novel therapeutics. GPR139 is an orphan GPCR expressed in select brain circuits involved in controlling movement, motivation and reward. It has been linked to the opioid and dopamine neuromodulatory systems; however, its role in animal behavior and neuropsychiatric processes is poorly understood. Here we present a comprehensive behavioral characterization of a mouse model with a GPR139 null mutation. We show that loss of GPR139 in mice results in delayed onset hyperactivity and prominent neuropsychiatric manifestations including elevated stereotypy, increased anxiety-related traits, delayed acquisition of operant responsiveness, disruption of cued fear conditioning and social interaction deficits. Furthermore, mice lacking GPR139 exhibited complete loss of pre-pulse inhibition and developed spontaneous 'hallucinogenic' head-twitches, altogether suggesting schizophrenia-like symptomatology. Remarkably, a number of these behavioral deficits could be rescued by the administration of μ-opioid and D2 dopamine receptor (D2R) antagonists: naltrexone and haloperidol, respectively, suggesting that loss of neuropsychiatric manifestations in mice lacking GPR139 are driven by opioidergic and dopaminergic hyper-functionality. The inhibitory influence of GPR139 on D2R signaling was confirmed in cell-based functional assays. These observations define the role of GPR139 in controlling behavior and implicate in vivo actions of this receptor in the neuropsychiatric process with schizophrenia-like pathology.
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Sadaka AH, Ozuna AG, Ortiz RJ, Kulkarni P, Johnson CT, Bradshaw HB, Cushing BS, Li AL, Hohmann AG, Ferris CF. Cannabidiol has a unique effect on global brain activity: a pharmacological, functional MRI study in awake mice. J Transl Med 2021; 19:220. [PMID: 34030718 PMCID: PMC8142641 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02891-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The phytocannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) exhibits anxiolytic activity and has been promoted as a potential treatment for post-traumatic stress disorders. How does CBD interact with the brain to alter behavior? We hypothesized that CBD would produce a dose-dependent reduction in brain activity and functional coupling in neural circuitry associated with fear and defense. Methods During the scanning session awake mice were given vehicle or CBD (3, 10, or 30 mg/kg I.P.) and imaged for 10 min post treatment. Mice were also treated with the 10 mg/kg dose of CBD and imaged 1 h later for resting state BOLD functional connectivity (rsFC). Imaging data were registered to a 3D MRI mouse atlas providing site-specific information on 138 different brain areas. Blood samples were collected for CBD measurements. Results CBD produced a dose-dependent polarization of activation along the rostral-caudal axis of the brain. The olfactory bulb and prefrontal cortex showed an increase in positive BOLD whereas the brainstem and cerebellum showed a decrease in BOLD signal. This negative BOLD affected many areas connected to the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS). The ARAS was decoupled to much of the brain but was hyperconnected to the olfactory system and prefrontal cortex. Conclusion The CBD-induced decrease in ARAS activity is consistent with an emerging literature suggesting that CBD reduces autonomic arousal under conditions of emotional and physical stress. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-021-02891-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymen H Sadaka
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ana G Ozuna
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard J Ortiz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas At El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Praveen Kulkarni
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clare T Johnson
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Heather B Bradshaw
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Bruce S Cushing
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas At El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Ai-Ling Li
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Andrea G Hohmann
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.,Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Craig F Ferris
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA. .,Psychology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, 125 NI Hall, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115-5000, USA.
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5
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Hu H, Cui Y, Yang Y. Circuits and functions of the lateral habenula in health and in disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 21:277-295. [PMID: 32269316 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-020-0292-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed exponentially growing interest in the lateral habenula (LHb) owing to new discoveries relating to its critical role in regulating negatively motivated behaviour and its implication in major depression. The LHb, sometimes referred to as the brain's 'antireward centre', receives inputs from diverse limbic forebrain and basal ganglia structures, and targets essentially all midbrain neuromodulatory systems, including the noradrenergic, serotonergic and dopaminergic systems. Its unique anatomical position enables the LHb to act as a hub that integrates value-based, sensory and experience-dependent information to regulate various motivational, cognitive and motor processes. Dysfunction of the LHb may contribute to the pathophysiology of several psychiatric disorders, especially major depression. Recently, exciting progress has been made in identifying the molecular and cellular mechanisms in the LHb that underlie negative emotional state in animal models of drug withdrawal and major depression. A future challenge is to translate these advances into effective clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailan Hu
- Department of Psychiatry of First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. .,The MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Hangzhou, China. .,NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Mental Health Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, China. .,Fountain-Valley Institute for Life Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yihui Cui
- The MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Yang
- The MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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6
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Antipsychotic-evoked dopamine supersensitivity. Neuropharmacology 2020; 163:107630. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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7
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Cai X, Qiao J, Knox T, Iriah S, Kulkarni P, Madularu D, Morrison T, Waszczak B, Hartner JC, Ferris CF. In search of early neuroradiological biomarkers for Parkinson’s Disease: Alterations in resting state functional connectivity and gray matter microarchitecture in PINK1 −/− rats. Brain Res 2019; 1706:58-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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8
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Han Z, Chen W, Chen X, Zhang K, Tong C, Zhang X, Li CT, Liang Z. Awake and behaving mouse fMRI during Go/No-Go task. Neuroimage 2019; 188:733-742. [PMID: 30611875 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional magnetic imaging (fMRI) has been widely used to examine the functional neural networks in both the evoked and resting states. However, most fMRI studies in rodents are performed under anesthesia, which greatly limits the scope of their application, and behavioral relevance. Efforts have been made to image rodents in the awake condition, either in the resting state or in response to sensory or optogenetic stimulation. However, fMRI in awake behaving rodents has not yet been achieved. In the current study, a novel fMRI paradigm for awake and behaving mice was developed, allowing functional imaging of the mouse brain in an olfaction-based go/no-go task. High resolution functional imaging with limited motion and image distortion were achieved at 9.4T with a cryogenic coil in awake and behaving mice. Distributed whole-brain spatiotemporal patterns were revealed, with drastically different activity profiles for go versus no-go trials. Therefore, we have demonstrated the feasibility of functional imaging of an olfactory behavior in awake mice. This fMRI paradigm in awake behaving mice could lead to novel insights into neural mechanisms underlying behaviors at a whole-brain level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Han
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Sciences and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjing Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Sciences and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xifan Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Sciences and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaiwei Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Sciences and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanjun Tong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxing Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Sciences and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengyu T Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Sciences and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhifeng Liang
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Sciences and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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Iriah SC, Trivedi M, Kenkel W, Grant SE, Moore K, Yee JR, Madularu D, Kulkarni P, Ferris CF. Oxycodone Exposure: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study in Response to Acute and Chronic Oxycodone Treatment in Rats. Neuroscience 2018; 398:88-101. [PMID: 30550747 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to use blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) imaging to "fingerprint" the change in activity in response to oxycodone (OXY) in drug naïve rats before and after repeated exposure to OXY. It was hypothesized that repeated exposure to OXY would initiate adaptive changes in brain organization that would be reflected in an altered response to opioid exposure. Male rats exposed to OXY repeatedly showed conditioned place preference, evidence of drug-seeking behavior and putative neuroadaptation. As these studies were done on awake rats we discovered it was not possible to image rats continuously exposed to OXY due to motion artifact judged to be withdrawal while in the scanner. To circumvent this problem manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI) was used to map the distributed integrated activity pattern resulting from continuous OXY exposure. Rats were administered OXY (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) during image acquisition and changes in BOLD signal intensity were recorded and the activation and deactivation of integrated neural circuits involved in olfaction and motivation were identified. Interestingly, the circuitry of the mesencephalic dopaminergic system showed little activity to the first exposure of OXY. In the MEMRI study, rats received OXY treatments (2.5 mg/kg, twice daily) for four consecutive days following intraventricular MnCl2. Under isoflurane anesthesia, T1-weighted images were acquired and subsequently analyzed showing activity in the forebrain limbic system, ventral striatum, accumbens, amygdala and hippocampus. These results show brain activity is markedly different when OXY is presented to drug naïve rats versus rats with prior, repeated exposure to drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sade C Iriah
- Northeastern Univ., Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Malav Trivedi
- NOVA Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - William Kenkel
- The Kinsey Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Simone E Grant
- Northeastern Univ., Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kelsey Moore
- Northeastern Univ., Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason R Yee
- Northeastern Univ., Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dan Madularu
- Northeastern Univ., Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Boston, MA, USA; Douglas Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Praveen Kulkarni
- Northeastern Univ., Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Craig F Ferris
- Northeastern Univ., Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Boston, MA, USA.
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10
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Madularu D, Yee JR, Kulkarni P, Ferris CF. System-specific activity in response to Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study in awake male rats. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 46:2893-2900. [PMID: 29057576 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effects of two doses of Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, cannabis' main psychoactive agent) and vehicle on blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) activity in drug-naïve, awake rats, in an effort to obtain a THC-specific map of activation in clinically-relevant regions and systems. Intraperitoneal injections of low dose of THC resulted in increased positive and negative BOLD signals compared to vehicle and high dose in areas rich in cannabinoid receptor 1, as well as throughout the pain and hippocampal neural systems. These results offer unique maps of activity, or 'fingerprints', associated with systemic THC administration, allowing for further comparisons with either additional doses or compounds, or between THC administration modalities (i.e. systemic vs. ingested vs. inhaled), which ultimately adds to the translatability assessment of THC-induced BOLD between animal and human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Madularu
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Brain Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, 6875 Lasalle Blvd., Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada.,Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason R Yee
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Praveen Kulkarni
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Craig F Ferris
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Vandegrift BJ, You C, Satta R, Brodie MS, Lasek AW. Estradiol increases the sensitivity of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons to dopamine and ethanol. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187698. [PMID: 29107956 PMCID: PMC5673180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gender differences in psychiatric disorders such as addiction may be modulated by the steroid hormone estrogen. For instance, 17β-estradiol (E2), the predominant form of circulating estrogen in pre-menopausal females, increases ethanol consumption, suggesting that E2 may affect the rewarding properties of ethanol and thus the development of alcohol use disorder in females. The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is critically involved in the rewarding and reinforcing effects of ethanol. In order to determine the role of E2 in VTA physiology, gonadally intact female mice were sacrificed during diestrus II (high E2) or estrus (low E2) for electrophysiology recordings. We measured the excitation by ethanol and inhibition by dopamine (DA) of VTA DA neurons and found that both excitation by ethanol and inhibition by dopamine were greater in diestrus II compared with estrus. Treatment of VTA slices from mice in diestrus II with an estrogen receptor antagonist (ICI 182,780) reduced ethanol-stimulated neuronal firing, but had no effect on ethanol-stimulated firing of neurons in slices from mice in estrus. Surprisingly, ICI 182,780 did not affect the inhibition by DA, indicating different mechanisms of action of estrogen receptors in altering ethanol and DA responses. We also examined the responses of VTA DA neurons to ethanol and DA in ovariectomized mice treated with E2 and found that E2 treatment enhanced the responses to ethanol and DA in a manner similar to what we observed in mice in diestrus II. Our data indicate that E2 modulates VTA neuron physiology, which may contribute to both the enhanced reinforcing and rewarding effects of alcohol and the development of other psychiatric disorders in females that involve alterations in DA neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertha J. Vandegrift
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Chang You
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Rosalba Satta
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mark S. Brodie
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Amy W. Lasek
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Madularu D, Mathieu AP, Kumaragamage C, Reynolds LM, Near J, Flores C, Rajah MN. A non-invasive restraining system for awake mouse imaging. J Neurosci Methods 2017. [PMID: 28634149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical neuroimaging allows for the assessment of brain anatomy, connectivity and function in laboratory animals, such as mice and rats. Most of these studies are performed under anesthesia to avoid movement during the scanning sessions. METHOD Due to the limitations associated with anesthetized imaging, recent efforts have been made to conduct rodent imaging studies in awake animals, habituated to the restraint systems used in these instances. As of now, only one such system is commercially available for mouse scanning (Animal Imaging Research, Boston, MA, USA) integrating the radiofrequency coil electronics with the restraining element, an approach which, although effective in reducing head motion during awake imaging, has some limitations. In the current report, we present a novel mouse restraining system that addresses some of these limitations. RESULTS/COMPARISON TO OTHER METHODS The effectiveness of the restraining system was evaluated in terms of three-dimensional linear head movement across two consecutive functional MRI scans (total 20min) in 33 awake mice. Head movement was minimal, recorded in roughly 12% of the time-series. Respiration rate during the acclimation procedure dropped while the bolus count remained unchanged. Body movement during functional acquisitions did not have a significant effect on magnetic field (B0) homogeneity. CONCLUSION/NOVELTY Compared to the commercially available system, the benefit of the current design is two-fold: 1) it is compatible with a range of commercially-available coils, and 2) it allows for the pairing of neuroimaging with other established techniques involving intracranial cannulation (i.e. microinfusion and optogenetics).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Madularu
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Brain Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Axel P Mathieu
- Brain Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Chathura Kumaragamage
- Brain Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lauren M Reynolds
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jamie Near
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cecilia Flores
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - M Natasha Rajah
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Brain Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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The habenula in psychiatric disorders: More than three decades of translational investigation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 83:721-735. [PMID: 28223096 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The habenula is an epithalamic structure located at the center of the dorsal diencephalic conduction system, a pathway involved in linking forebrain to midbrain regions. Composed of a medial and lateral subdivisions, the habenula receives inputs from the limbic system and basal ganglia mainly through the stria medullaris (SM), and projects to midbrain regions through the fasciculus retroflexus (FR). An increasing number of studies have implicated this structure in psychiatric disorders associated with dysregulated reward circuitry function, notably mood disorders, schizophrenia, and substance use disorder. However, despite significant progress in research, the mechanisms underlying the relationship between the habenula and the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders are far from being fully understood, and still need further investigation. This review provides a closer look at key findings from animal and human studies illustrating the role of the habenula in mood disorders, schizophrenia, and substance use disorder, and discusses the clinical potential of using this structure as a therapeutic target.
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Ganesana M, Lee ST, Wang Y, Venton BJ. Analytical Techniques in Neuroscience: Recent Advances in Imaging, Separation, and Electrochemical Methods. Anal Chem 2017; 89:314-341. [PMID: 28105819 PMCID: PMC5260807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - B. Jill Venton
- Department of Chemistry, PO Box 400319, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904
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