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Nourmohammadi K, Bayrami A, Naderi R, Shirpoor A, Soraya H. Moderate exercise mitigates cardiac dysfunction and injury induced by cyclosporine A through activation of the PGI 2 / PPAR-γ signaling pathway. Res Pharm Sci 2023; 18:696-707. [PMID: 39005570 PMCID: PMC11246107 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.389958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose The present study investigated the role of the prostaglandin I2/peroxisome proliferator activator receptor (PGI2/PPAR) signaling pathway in cardiac cell proliferation, apoptosis, and systemic hemodynamic variables under cyclosporine A (CsA) exposure alone or combined with moderate exercises. Experimental approach Twenty-four male Wistar rats were classified into three groups, namely, control, CsA, and CsA + exercise. Findings/Results After 42 days of treatment, the findings showed a significant enhancement in the expression of the β-MHC gene, enhancement in protein expression of Bax and caspase-3, and a significant decline in the protein expression of Bcl-2 expression, as well as increased proliferation intensity in the heart tissue of the CsA group compared to the control group. Systolic pressure, pulse pressure, mean arterial pressure (MAP), QT and QRS duration, and T wave amplitude, as well as QTc amount in the CsA group, showed a significant increase compared to the control group. PPAR-γ and PGI2 showed no significant changes compared to the control group. Moderate exercise along with CsA significantly enhanced the protein expression of PPAR-γ and PGI2 and declined protein expression of Bax, and caspase-3 compared to those in the CsA group. In the CsA + exercise group, systolic pressure, MAP, and Twave showed a significant decrease compared to the CsA group. Moderate exercises along CsA improved heart cell proliferation intensity and significantly reduced β- MHC gene expression compared to the CsA group. Conclusions and implications The results showed moderate exercise alleviated CsA-induced heart tissue apoptosis and proliferation with the corresponding activation of the PGI2/PPAR-γ pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khatereh Nourmohammadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Bayrami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Roya Naderi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplant Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Alireza Shirpoor
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplant Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Hamid Soraya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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2
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Patanè GT, Putaggio S, Tellone E, Barreca D, Ficarra S, Maffei C, Calderaro A, Laganà G. Catechins and Proanthocyanidins Involvement in Metabolic Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119228. [PMID: 37298181 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies on natural antioxidant compounds have highlighted their potentiality against various pathological conditions. The present review aims to selectively evaluate the benefits of catechins and their polymeric structure on metabolic syndrome, a common disorder characterized by a cluster of three main risk factors: obesity, hypertension, and hyperglycemia. Patients with metabolic syndrome suffer chronic low inflammation state and oxidative stress both conditions effectively countered by flavanols and their polymers. The mechanism behind the activity of these molecules has been highlighted and correlated with the characteristic features present on their basic flavonoidic skelethon, as well as the efficient doses needed to perform their activity in both in vitro and in vivo studies. The amount of evidence provided in this review offers a starting point for flavanol dietary supplementation as a potential strategy to counteract several metabolic targets associated with metabolic syndrome and suggests a key role of albumin as flavanol-delivery system to the different target of action inside the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Tancredi Patanè
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Stefano Putaggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Ester Tellone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Davide Barreca
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Silvana Ficarra
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Carlo Maffei
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonella Calderaro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Laganà
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
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3
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Yang K, Cao F, Wang W, Tian Z, Yang L. The relationship between HMGB1 and autophagy in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1141516. [PMID: 37065747 PMCID: PMC10090453 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1141516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels and has become the third leading threat to human health after cancer and cardiovascular disease. Recent studies have shown that autophagy is closely associated with diabetes. Under normal physiological conditions, autophagy promotes cellular homeostasis, reduces damage to healthy tissues and has bidirectional effects on regulating diabetes. However, under pathological conditions, unregulated autophagy activation leads to cell death and may contribute to the progression of diabetes. Therefore, restoring normal autophagy may be a key strategy to treat diabetes. High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) is a chromatin protein that is mainly present in the nucleus and can be actively secreted or passively released from necrotic, apoptotic, and inflammatory cells. HMGB1 can induce autophagy by activating various pathways. Studies have shown that HMGB1 plays an important role in insulin resistance and diabetes. In this review, we will introduce the biological and structural characteristics of HMGB1 and summarize the existing knowledge on the relationship between HMGB1, autophagy, diabetes, and diabetic complications. We will also summarize potential therapeutic strategies that may be useful for the prevention and treatment of diabetes and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Cao
- College of Acupuncture and Massage, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Acupuncture, Haidian District Shuangyushu Community Health Service Center, Beijing, China
| | - Weili Wang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyu Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Lu Yang, ; Zhenyu Tian,
| | - Lu Yang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Lu Yang, ; Zhenyu Tian,
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4
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Chen B, Zhang W, Lin C, Zhang L. A Comprehensive Review on Beneficial Effects of Catechins on Secondary Mitochondrial Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911569. [PMID: 36232871 PMCID: PMC9569714 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the main sites for oxidative phosphorylation and synthesis of adenosine triphosphate in cells, and are known as cellular power factories. The phrase "secondary mitochondrial diseases" essentially refers to any abnormal mitochondrial function other than primary mitochondrial diseases, i.e., the process caused by the genes encoding the electron transport chain (ETC) proteins directly or impacting the production of the machinery needed for ETC. Mitochondrial diseases can cause adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis disorder, an increase in oxygen free radicals, and intracellular redox imbalance. It can also induce apoptosis and, eventually, multi-system damage, which leads to neurodegenerative disease. The catechin compounds rich in tea have attracted much attention due to their effective antioxidant activity. Catechins, especially acetylated catechins such as epicatechin gallate (ECG) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), are able to protect mitochondria from reactive oxygen species. This review focuses on the role of catechins in regulating cell homeostasis, in which catechins act as a free radical scavenger and metal ion chelator, their protective mechanism on mitochondria, and the protective effect of catechins on mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). This review highlights catechins and their effects on mitochondrial functional metabolic networks: regulating mitochondrial function and biogenesis, improving insulin resistance, regulating intracellular calcium homeostasis, and regulating epigenetic processes. Finally, the indirect beneficial effects of catechins on mitochondrial diseases are also illustrated by the warburg and the apoptosis effect. Some possible mechanisms are shown graphically. In addition, the bioavailability of catechins and peracetylated-catechins, free radical scavenging activity, mitochondrial activation ability of the high-molecular-weight polyphenol, and the mitochondrial activation factor were also discussed.
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5
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Zemljic-Harpf AE, Hoe LES, Schilling JM, Zuniga-Hertz JP, Nguyen A, Vaishnav YJ, Belza GJ, Budiono BP, Patel PM, Head BP, Dillmann WH, Mahata SK, Peart JN, Roth DM, Headrick JP, Patel HH. Morphine induces physiological, structural, and molecular benefits in the diabetic myocardium. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21407. [PMID: 33583084 PMCID: PMC10843897 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201903233r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The obesity epidemic has increased type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) across developed countries. Cardiac T2DM risks include ischemic heart disease, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, intolerance to ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury, and refractoriness to cardioprotection. While opioids are cardioprotective, T2DM causes opioid receptor signaling dysfunction. We tested the hypothesis that sustained opioid receptor stimulus may overcome diabetes mellitus-induced cardiac dysfunction via membrane/mitochondrial-dependent protection. In a murine T2DM model, we investigated effects of morphine on cardiac function, I-R tolerance, ultrastructure, subcellular cholesterol expression, mitochondrial protein abundance, and mitochondrial function. T2DM induced 25% weight gain, hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, cardiac hypertrophy, moderate cardiac depression, exaggerated postischemic myocardial dysfunction, abnormalities in mitochondrial respiration, ultrastructure and Ca2+ -induced swelling, and cell death were all evident. Morphine administration for 5 days: (1) improved glucose homeostasis; (2) reversed cardiac depression; (3) enhanced I-R tolerance; (4) restored mitochondrial ultrastructure; (5) improved mitochondrial function; (6) upregulated Stat3 protein; and (7) preserved membrane cholesterol homeostasis. These data show that morphine treatment restores contractile function, ischemic tolerance, mitochondrial structure and function, and membrane dynamics in type II diabetic hearts. These findings suggest potential translational value for short-term, but high-dose morphine administration in diabetic patients undergoing or recovering from acute ischemic cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice E. Zemljic-Harpf
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Louise E. See Hoe
- Department of Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jan M. Schilling
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Juan P. Zuniga-Hertz
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Nguyen
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yash J. Vaishnav
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gianna J. Belza
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Boris P. Budiono
- Heart Foundation Research Centre, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Piyush M. Patel
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brian P. Head
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wolfgang H. Dillmann
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sushil K. Mahata
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jason N. Peart
- Heart Foundation Research Centre, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - David M. Roth
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John P. Headrick
- Heart Foundation Research Centre, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Hemal H. Patel
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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6
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Alam MR, Kim DK. Alterations in telomere length and mitochondrial DNA copy number in human lymphocytes on short-term exposure to moderate hypoxia. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:1443-1447. [PMID: 33163366 PMCID: PMC7600389 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to moderate hypoxia for 24 h significantly increased telomere length. Telomere elongation is related to the duration of hypoxia exposure. Mitochondrial DNA copy number was unaffected by hypoxia exposure. Mitochondrial DNA copy number is a more stable marker than telomere length alteration under hypoxia.
Hypoxia is related to a variety of diseases, such as cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases and various cancers. Telomere length (TL) may vary according to the hypoxia level and cell types. To the best of our knowledge, no study has investigated the effect of moderate hypoxia on TL and mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn) in human lymphocytes. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the effect of moderate hypoxia on TL in correlation with mtDNAcn. This study included 32 healthy male nonsmoker’s subjects; in this cohort, we had previously studied sister chromatid exchange and microsatellite instability. Blood samples from each subject were divided into three groups: a control group and two experimental groups exposed to moderate hypoxia for 12 or 24 h. Relative TL and mtDNAcn were measured by a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The TL in the control group did not significantly differ from that in the experimental group subjected to hypoxia for 12 h; however, the TL in the 24 h hypoxia–treated experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group. The correlation between TL and mtDNAcn was not statistically significant in the two hypoxic states. The increase in TL was observed on exposure to hypoxia for 24 h and not for 12 h; thus, the findings suggest that telomere elongation is related to hypoxia exposure duration. The mtDNAcn in the two experimental groups did not significantly differ from that in the control group. These observations suggest that mtDNAcn alterations show more genetic stability than TL alterations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first in vitro study on human lymphocytes reporting an increase in TL and no alteration in mtDNAcn after short-time exposure to moderate hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rizwan Alam
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Kwang Kim
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Hanvit Institute for Medical Genetics, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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7
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He J, Cheng J, Wang T. SUMOylation-Mediated Response to Mitochondrial Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165657. [PMID: 32781782 PMCID: PMC7460625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial stress is considered as a factor that reprograms the mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolism. As known, SUMOylation occurs through a series of stress-induced biochemical reactions. During the process of SUMOylation, the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) and its specific proteases (SENPs) are key signal molecules. Furthermore, they are considered as novel mitochondrial stress sensors that respond to the signals produced by various stresses. The responses are critical for mitochondrial homeostasis. The scope of this review is to provide an overview of the function of SUMOylation in the mitochondrial stress response, to delineate a SUMOylation-involved signal network diagram, and to highlight a number of key questions that remain answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China;
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jinke Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China;
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (T.W.); Tel.: +86-(21)-6384-6590-776327 (J.C.); +86-(21)-6384-6590-778026 (T.W.)
| | - Tianshi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China;
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (T.W.); Tel.: +86-(21)-6384-6590-776327 (J.C.); +86-(21)-6384-6590-778026 (T.W.)
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Zeng Z, Liu HM, Zhang YY, Chen R, Sun T, Li W, Sun Q, Xia ZY, Meng QT. Aggravated intestinal ischemia‑reperfusion injury is associated with activated mitochondrial autophagy in a mouse model of diabetes. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:1892-1900. [PMID: 32582983 PMCID: PMC7411361 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have reported that diabetes is associated with an increased susceptibility to cardiac ischemia- reperfusion injury; however, the mechanism underlying the role of diabetes during intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IIR) has yet to be elucidated. The present study evaluated the intestinal pathological alterations and possible underlying mechanisms in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes mellitus with IIR. The effects of diabetes were investigated by assessing the histopathology, oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokine levels in intestine tissues and blood plasma, and protein expression levels of phosphatase and tensin homolog-induced putative kinase (PINK1), Parkin and the ratio of light chain 3B (LC3B) II/I. The results demonstrated that diabetes increased the Chiu's intestinal injury score, concentration of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and levels of oxidative stress. Furthermore, the alterations were more pronounced in the diabetes with IIR group. The expression levels of PINK1 and Parkin, as well as the ratio of LC3BII/I, were significantly upregulated in the IIR group compared with the Sham group. Diabetes activated PINK1 and Parkin, and increased the expression of LC3BII. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy revealed that mitochondrial destruction and the number of autophagosomes was increased in the diabetic groups compared with the non-diabetic groups. Collectively, the results of the present study suggest that diabetes increased intestinal vulnerability to IIR by enhancing inflammation and oxidative stress. Furthermore, IIR was associated with overactivation of mitochondrial autophagy; therefore, the increased vulnerability to IIR-induced intestine damage due to diabetes may be associated with PINK1/Parkin-regulated mitochondrial autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Zeng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Min Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Yan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Qian Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Tao Meng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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9
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Pahima H, Reina S, Tadmor N, Dadon-Klein D, Shteinfer-Kuzmine A, Mazure NM, De Pinto V, Shoshan-Barmatz V. Hypoxic-induced truncation of voltage-dependent anion channel 1 is mediated by both asparagine endopeptidase and calpain 1 activities. Oncotarget 2018; 9:12825-12841. [PMID: 29560113 PMCID: PMC5849177 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1), an outer mitochondria membrane (OMM)
protein, serves as a mitochondrial gatekeeper, mediating the transport of
nucleotides, Ca2+ and other metabolites across the OMM. VDAC1 also
plays a central role in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis by facilitating the release
of apoptotic proteins and by association with both pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins.
Tumor cells, which are constantly exposed to hypoxic conditions, affect the cell via
the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) that induces transcriptional
activity. In cultured cells and in lung cancer patients, hypoxia induces VDAC1
truncation at the C-terminus (VDAC1-ΔC). However, the molecular mechanisms
involved in VDAC1-ΔC formation are unknown. Here, we show that hypoxia-induced
VDAC1-ΔC formation is inhibited by the Ca2+ chelator
BAPTA-AM, by calpain inhibitor-1, by inhibitor of the asparagine endopeptidase (AEP)
and by si-RNA targeting HIF1-α or Ca2+-activated protease
calpain-1 expression but not that of calpain-2. Finally, VDAC1-ΔC expressed in
bacteria and reconstituted into a planar lipid bilayer exhibited decreased channel
conductance relative to the full-length protein, yet retained voltage-dependent
conductance. These findings suggest that hypoxia, acting via HIF-1α
expression, leads to VDAC1 cleavage involving the activation of calpain 1 and
AEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadas Pahima
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Simona Reina
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Catania and National Institute for Biomembranes and Biosystems, Section of Catania, Catania 95125, Italy.,Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Catania 95125, Italy
| | - Noa Tadmor
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Daniella Dadon-Klein
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Anna Shteinfer-Kuzmine
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Nathalie M Mazure
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice, University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice 06189, France.,Present address: INSERM U1065, C3M, Nice 06204, France
| | - Vito De Pinto
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Catania and National Institute for Biomembranes and Biosystems, Section of Catania, Catania 95125, Italy
| | - Varda Shoshan-Barmatz
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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10
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Sack MN, Fyhrquist FY, Saijonmaa OJ, Fuster V, Kovacic JC. Basic Biology of Oxidative Stress and the Cardiovascular System: Part 1 of a 3-Part Series. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 70:196-211. [PMID: 28683968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a fundamental aspect of normal human biology. However, when ROS generation exceeds endogenous antioxidant capacity, oxidative stress arises. If unchecked, ROS production and oxidative stress mediate tissue and cell damage that can spiral in a cycle of inflammation and more oxidative stress. This article is part 1 of a 3-part series covering the role of oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease. The broad theme of this first paper is the mechanisms and biology of oxidative stress. Specifically, the authors review the basic biology of oxidative stress, relevant aspects of mitochondrial function, and stress-related cell death pathways (apoptosis and necrosis) as they relate to the heart and cardiovascular system. They then explore telomere biology and cell senescence. As important regulators and sensors of oxidative stress, telomeres are segments of repetitive nucleotide sequence at each end of a chromosome that protect the chromosome ends from deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Sack
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | | | | | - Valentin Fuster
- Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Cardiovascular Health Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jason C Kovacic
- Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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11
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Dludla PV, Joubert E, Muller CJF, Louw J, Johnson R. Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and heart disease-cardioprotective effects of rooibos flavonoids and phenylpyruvic acid-2- O-β-D-glucoside. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2017; 14:45. [PMID: 28702068 PMCID: PMC5504778 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-017-0200-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic patients are at an increased risk of developing heart failure when compared to their non-diabetic counter parts. Accumulative evidence suggests chronic hyperglycemia to be central in the development of myocardial infarction in these patients. At present, there are limited therapies aimed at specifically protecting the diabetic heart at risk from hyperglycemia-induced injury. Oxidative stress, through over production of free radical species, has been hypothesized to alter mitochondrial function and abnormally augment the activity of the NADPH oxidase enzyme system resulting in accelerated myocardial injury within a diabetic state. This has led to a dramatic increase in the exploration of plant-derived materials known to possess antioxidative properties. Several edible plants contain various natural constituents, including polyphenols that may counteract oxidative-induced tissue damage through their modulatory effects of intracellular signaling pathways. Rooibos, an indigenous South African plant, well-known for its use as herbal tea, is increasingly studied for its metabolic benefits. Prospective studies linking diet rich in polyphenols from rooibos to reduced diabetes associated cardiovascular complications have not been extensively assessed. Aspalathin, a flavonoid, and phenylpyruvic acid-2-O-β-D-glucoside, a phenolic precursor, are some of the major compounds found in rooibos that can ameliorate hyperglycemia-induced cardiomyocyte damage in vitro. While the latter has demonstrated potential to protect against cell apoptosis, the proposed mechanism of action of aspalathin is linked to its capacity to enhance the expression of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) expression, an intracellular antioxidant response element. Thus, here we review literature on the potential cardioprotective properties of flavonoids and a phenylpropenoic acid found in rooibos against diabetes-induced oxidative injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phiwayinkosi V Dludla
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505 South Africa.,Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth Joubert
- Plant Bioactives Group, Post-Harvest and Wine Technology Division, Agricultural Research Council (ARC) Infruitec- Nietvoorbij, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Christo J F Muller
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505 South Africa.,Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa
| | - Johan Louw
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505 South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa
| | - Rabia Johnson
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505 South Africa.,Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
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12
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Upadhyaya B, Larsen T, Barwari S, Louwagie EJ, Baack ML, Dey M. Prenatal Exposure to a Maternal High-Fat Diet Affects Histone Modification of Cardiometabolic Genes in Newborn Rats. Nutrients 2017; 9:E407. [PMID: 28425976 PMCID: PMC5409746 DOI: 10.3390/nu9040407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infants born to women with diabetes or obesity are exposed to excess circulating fuels during fetal heart development and are at higher risk of cardiac diseases. We have previously shown that late-gestation diabetes, especially in conjunction with a maternal high-fat (HF) diet, impairs cardiac functions in rat-offspring. This study investigated changes in genome-wide histone modifications in newborn hearts from rat-pups exposed to maternal diabetes and HF-diet. Chromatin-immunoprecipitation-sequencing revealed a differential peak distribution on gene promoters in exposed pups with respect to acetylation of lysines 9 and 14 and to trimethylation of lysines 4 and 27 in histone H3 (all, false discovery rate, FDR < 0.1). In the HF-diet exposed offspring, 54% of the annotated genes showed the gene-activating mark trimethylated lysine 4. Many of these genes (1) are associated with the "metabolic process" in general and particularly with "positive regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis" (FDR = 0.03); (2) overlap with 455 quantitative trait loci for blood pressure, body weight, serum cholesterol (all, FDR < 0.1); and (3) are linked to cardiac disease susceptibility/progression, based on disease ontology analyses and scientific literature. These results indicate that maternal HF-diet changes the cardiac histone signature in offspring suggesting a fuel-mediated epigenetic reprogramming of cardiac tissue in utero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijaya Upadhyaya
- Department of Health and Nutritional Sciences, Box 2203, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Tricia Larsen
- Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA.
| | - Shivon Barwari
- Department of Health and Nutritional Sciences, Box 2203, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Eli J Louwagie
- Sanford School of Medicine-University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA.
| | - Michelle L Baack
- Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA.
- Sanford School of Medicine-University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA.
- Children's Health Specialty Clinic, Sanford Children's Hospital, Sioux Falls, SD 57117, USA.
| | - Moul Dey
- Department of Health and Nutritional Sciences, Box 2203, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
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13
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Ali TM, Mehanna OM, Elsaid AG, Askary AE. Effect of Combination of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Vitamin D Receptor Activators on Cardiac Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Rats. Am J Med Sci 2016; 352:208-14. [PMID: 27524220 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The principle mediator of diabetic myocardial injury is oxidative stress. The aim was to compare the effect of monotherapy with enalapril, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and paricalcitol (vitamin D receptor activator), to the combined therapy with both drugs on the cardiac oxidant-antioxidant balance in the type 2 diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 50 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups, namely the normal control and diabetic, vehicle, enalapril, paricalcitol and paricalcitol and enalapril-treated groups. Enalapril was given at a dose of (25mg/L) in drinking water once daily and paricalcitol was given intraperitoneally (0.8μg/kg/3 × week) for 3 months. Glycemic status, cardiac oxidant-antioxidant parameters and histologic examination were determined. RESULTS Paricalcitol and combined treatment significantly (P < 0.01) reduced the level of fasting, postprandial blood glucose, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance, cardiac malondialdehyde and nitric oxide. Moreover, they significantly (P < 0.01) increased the levels of insulin and c-peptide compared to diabetic control rats. Combined treatment significantly (P < 0.01) raised the level of glutathione, glutathione S-transferase and catalase more than monotherapy. CONCLUSION The combination of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and vitamin D receptor activators has a superior effect on reducing cardiac oxidative stress by raising antioxidant activity than monotherapy in diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Mohamed Ali
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt.
| | - Osama Mahmoud Mehanna
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amgad Gaber Elsaid
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia; Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmad El Askary
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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14
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Lejay A, Fang F, John R, Van JA, Barr M, Thaveau F, Chakfe N, Geny B, Scholey JW. Ischemia reperfusion injury, ischemic conditioning and diabetes mellitus. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 91:11-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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The Role of Cardiolipin in Cardiovascular Health. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:891707. [PMID: 26301254 PMCID: PMC4537736 DOI: 10.1155/2015/891707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL), the signature phospholipid of mitochondrial membranes, is crucial for both mitochondrial function and cellular processes outside of the mitochondria. The importance of CL in cardiovascular health is underscored by the life-threatening genetic disorder Barth syndrome (BTHS), which manifests clinically as cardiomyopathy, skeletal myopathy, neutropenia, and growth retardation. BTHS is caused by mutations in the gene encoding tafazzin, the transacylase that carries out the second CL remodeling step. In addition to BTHS, CL is linked to other cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including cardiomyopathy, atherosclerosis, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, heart failure, and Tangier disease. The link between CL and CVD may possibly be explained by the physiological roles of CL in pathways that are cardioprotective, including mitochondrial bioenergetics, autophagy/mitophagy, and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. In this review, we focus on the role of CL in the pathogenesis of CVD as well as the molecular mechanisms that may link CL functions to cardiovascular health.
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16
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Tang Y, Liu J, Long J. Phosphatase and tensin homolog-induced putative kinase 1 and Parkin in diabetic heart: Role of mitophagy. J Diabetes Investig 2014; 6:250-5. [PMID: 25969707 PMCID: PMC4420554 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Revised: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Diabetes-associated cardiac pathophysiology is recognized to be due to reasons including metabolic consequences on the myocardium. The heart is a highly energy-demanding tissue, with mitochondria supplying over 90% of adenosine triphosphate. The involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetes-related cardiac pathogenesis has been studied. Phosphatase and tensin homolog-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and Parkin, initially identified to be associated with the pathogenesis of a familiar form of Parkinson's disease, have recently been recognized to play a critical role in mediating cardiomyocytes’ adaption to stresses. Extensive studies have suggested PINK1 and Parkin as key regulators of mitophagy. In the present review article, we will first summarize the new findings on PINK1/Parkin acting in cardioprotection, and then discuss the potential role of PINK1/Parkin in diabetic heart by mediating mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tang
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Life Science, FIST, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, China
| | - Jiankang Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Life Science, FIST, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, China
| | - Jiangang Long
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Life Science, FIST, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, China
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17
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Lu Z, Chen Y, Aponte AM, Battaglia V, Gucek M, Sack MN. Prolonged fasting identifies heat shock protein 10 as a Sirtuin 3 substrate: elucidating a new mechanism linking mitochondrial protein acetylation to fatty acid oxidation enzyme folding and function. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:2466-76. [PMID: 25505263 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.606228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), a mitochondrially enriched deacetylase and activator of fat oxidation, is down-regulated in response to high fat feeding, the rate of fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial protein acetylation are invariably enhanced in this dietary milieu. These paradoxical data implicate that additional acetylation modification-dependent levels of regulation may be operational under nutrient excess conditions. Because the heat shock protein (Hsp) Hsp10-Hsp60 chaperone complex mediates folding of the fatty acid oxidation enzyme medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, we tested whether acetylation-dependent mitochondrial protein folding contributes to this regulatory discrepancy. We demonstrate that Hsp10 is a functional SIRT3 substrate and that, in response to prolonged fasting, SIRT3 levels modulate mitochondrial protein folding. Acetyl mutagenesis of Hsp10 lysine 56 alters Hsp10-Hsp60 binding, conformation, and protein folding. Consistent with Hsp10-Hsp60 regulation of fatty acid oxidation enzyme integrity, medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity and fat oxidation are elevated by Hsp10 acetylation. These data identify acetyl modification of Hsp10 as a nutrient-sensing regulatory node controlling mitochondrial protein folding and metabolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongping Lu
- From the Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, D. C. 20052, and the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, D. C. 20422
| | - Yong Chen
- Proteomic Core Facility, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Angel M Aponte
- Proteomic Core Facility, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Valentina Battaglia
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, D. C. 20052, and the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, D. C. 20422
| | - Marjan Gucek
- Proteomic Core Facility, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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18
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The efficacy and tolerability of azilsartan in obese insulin-resistant mice with left ventricular pressure overload. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2014; 62:381-7. [PMID: 23921308 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e31829f0c1b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are used widely for the treatment of heart failure. However, their use in obese and insulin-resistant patients remains controversial. To clarify their potential efficacy in these conditions, we administered azilsartan medoxomil (azilsartan), a prodrug of an angiotensin II receptor blocker to mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) with left ventricular (LV) pressure overload (aortic banding). LV fibrosis (hydroxyproline), cardiac plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1; a marker of profibrosis), and creatine kinase (a marker of myocardial viability and energetics) were assessed. LV wall thickness and cardiac function were assessed echocardiographically. Mice given a HFD were obese and insulin resistant. Their LV hypertrophy was accompanied by greater LV PAI-1 and reduced LV creatine kinase compared with normal diet controls. Drug treatment reduced LV wall thickness, hypertrophy, and PAI-1 and increased cardiac output after aortic banding compared with results in HFD vehicle controls. Thus, azilsartan exerted favorable biological effects on the hearts of obese insulin-resistant mice subjected to LV pressure overload consistent with its potential utility in patients with analogous conditions.
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19
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Buchholz B, Donato M, D’Annunzio V, Gelpi RJ. Ischemic postconditioning: mechanisms, comorbidities, and clinical application. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 392:1-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2014-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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20
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Li H, Wang X, Mao Y, Hu R, Xu W, Lei Z, Zhou N, Jin L, Guo T, Li Z, Irwin DM, Niu G, Tan H. Long term liver specific glucokinase gene defect induced diabetic cardiomyopathy by up regulating NADPH oxidase and down regulating insulin receptor and p-AMPK. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2014; 13:24. [PMID: 24447392 PMCID: PMC3901845 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-13-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The liver-specific glucokinase knockout (gckw/–) mouse experiences long-term hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. This study was designed to evaluate the functional and structural changes in the myocardium of 60 week-old gckw/– mice, and to investigate the effect of rosiglitazone on the myocardium in this model. Methods 60 week-old gckw/– mice were randomly divided into 3 groups: gckw/–, gckw/– mice treated with insulin (1 U/kg) and gckw/– mice treated with rosiglitazone (18 mg/kg). Insulin or rosiglitazone treatment was for 4 weeks. Gckw/w litermates were used as controls. Echocardiography, electrocardiogram, biochemical, histopathological, ultrastructural, real time PCR and Western blot studies were performed to examine for structural and functional changes. Results Long-term liver-specific gck knockout in mice elicits hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance. Compared to age matched gckw/w mice, 60 week-old gckw/– mice showed decreased LV internal dimension, increased posterior wall thickness, lengthened PR and QRS intervals, up-regulated MLC2 protein expression, decreased SOD activity, increased MDA levels and up-regulated Cyba mRNA. Morphological studies revealed that there was an increase in the amount of PAS and Masson positively stained material, as did the number and proportion of the cell occupied by mitochondria in the gckw/– mice. Western blot analysis revealed that the levels of the insulin receptor, Akt, phosphorylated AMPK beta and phosphorylated ACC were reduced in gckw/– mice. These effects were partly attenuated or ablated by treatment with rosiglitazone. Conclusions Our results indicate that changes in the myocardium occur in the liver-specific glucokinase knockout mouse and suggest that reduced glucokinase expression in the liver may induce diabetic cardiomyopathy by up regulating NADPH oxidase and down regulating insulin receptor and p-AMPK protein levels. Rosiglitazone treatment may protect against diabetic cardiomyopathy by altering the levels of a set of proteins involved in cardiac damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gang Niu
- Department of Pharmacology, Health Science Center, Peking University, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
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21
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Jia G, Aroor AR, Sowers JR. Estrogen and mitochondria function in cardiorenal metabolic syndrome. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 127:229-49. [PMID: 25149220 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394625-6.00009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cardiorenal metabolic syndrome (CRS) consists of a constellation of cardiac, renal, and metabolic disorders including insulin resistance (IR), obesity, metabolic dyslipidemia, high-blood pressure, and evidence of early cardiac and renal disease. Mitochondria dysfunction often occurs in the CRS, and this dysfunction is promoted by excess reactive oxygen species, genetic factors, IR, aging, and altered mitochondrial biogenesis. Recently, it has been shown that there are important sex-related differences in mitochondria function and metabolic, cardiovascular, and renal components. Sex differences in the CRS have mainly been attributed to the estrogen's effects that are mainly mediated by estrogen receptor (ER) α, ERβ, and G-protein coupled receptor 30. In this review, we discuss the effects of estrogen on the mitochondrial function, insulin metabolic signaling, glucose transport, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory responses from liver, pancreatic β cells, adipocytes, skeletal muscle, and cardiovascular tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghong Jia
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Diabetes Cardiovascular Center, Columbia, Missouri, USA; Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Annayya R Aroor
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Diabetes Cardiovascular Center, Columbia, Missouri, USA; Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - James R Sowers
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Diabetes Cardiovascular Center, Columbia, Missouri, USA; Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, USA; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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22
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SIRT3 deacetylates and activates OPA1 to regulate mitochondrial dynamics during stress. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 34:807-19. [PMID: 24344202 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01483-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial morphology is regulated by the balance between two counteracting mitochondrial processes of fusion and fission. There is significant evidence suggesting a stringent association between morphology and bioenergetics of mitochondria. Morphological alterations in mitochondria are linked to several pathological disorders, including cardiovascular diseases. The consequences of stress-induced acetylation of mitochondrial proteins on the organelle morphology remain largely unexplored. Here we report that OPA1, a mitochondrial fusion protein, was hyperacetylated in hearts under pathological stress and this posttranslational modification reduced the GTPase activity of the protein. The mitochondrial deacetylase SIRT3 was capable of deacetylating OPA1 and elevating its GTPase activity. Mass spectrometry and mutagenesis analyses indicated that in SIRT3-deficient cells OPA1 was acetylated at lysine 926 and 931 residues. Overexpression of a deacetylation-mimetic version of OPA1 recovered the mitochondrial functions of OPA1-null cells, thus demonstrating the functional significance of K926/931 acetylation in regulating OPA1 activity. Moreover, SIRT3-dependent activation of OPA1 contributed to the preservation of mitochondrial networking and protection of cardiomyocytes from doxorubicin-mediated cell death. In summary, these data indicated that SIRT3 promotes mitochondrial function not only by regulating activity of metabolic enzymes, as previously reported, but also by regulating mitochondrial dynamics by targeting OPA1.
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Joshi M, Kotha SR, Malireddy S, Selvaraju V, Satoskar AR, Palesty A, McFadden DW, Parinandi NL, Maulik N. Conundrum of pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy: role of vascular endothelial dysfunction, reactive oxygen species, and mitochondria. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 386:233-49. [PMID: 24307101 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1861-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy and heart failure have been recognized as the leading causes of mortality among diabetics. Diabetic cardiomyopathy has been characterized primarily by the manifestation of left ventricular dysfunction that is independent of coronary artery disease and hypertension among the patients affected by diabetes mellitus. A complex array of contributing factors including the hypertrophy of left ventricle, alterations of metabolism, microvascular pathology, insulin resistance, fibrosis, apoptotic cell death, and oxidative stress have been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy are yet to be established. The critical involvement of multifarious factors including the vascular endothelial dysfunction, microangiopathy, reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction has been identified in the mechanism of pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Although it is difficult to establish how each factor contributes to disease, the involvement of ROS and mitochondrial dysfunction are emerging as front-runners in the mechanism of pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy. This review highlights the role of vascular endothelial dysfunction, ROS, oxidative stress, and mitochondriopathy in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Furthermore, the review emphasizes that the puzzle has to be solved to firmly establish the mitochondrial and/or ROS mechanism(s) by identifying their most critical molecular players involved at both spatial and temporal levels in diabetic cardiomyopathy as targets for specific and effective pharmacological/therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandip Joshi
- Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
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Sack MN. Obesity and Cardiac Function - The Role of Caloric Excess and its Reversal. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. DISEASE MECHANISMS 2013; 10:e41-e46. [PMID: 24039623 PMCID: PMC3768162 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmec.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is recognized as an independent and increasingly prevalent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This stems in part from the contribution of obesity towards insulin resistance and diabetes, which associate with premature atherosclerosis, enhanced thrombogenicity and activation of systemic inflammatory programs with resultant cardiovascular dysfunction. This review will focus on the more direct mechanisms underpinning obesity-associated cardiac pathophysiology including the metabolic consequences of lipid accumulation in the myocardium and the consequences of direct systemic effects of lipid toxicity. Furthermore, there is growing recognition that metabolic intermediates, which may be perturbed with caloric excess, may play an important role in intracellular signal transduction and on the post-translational control of metabolic functioning within the heart. As strategies to reverse obesity appear to have ameliorative cardiac effects, surgical and therapeutic approaches to facilitate weight reduction this will also be discussed.
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25
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Ansley DM, Wang B. Oxidative stress and myocardial injury in the diabetic heart. J Pathol 2013; 229:232-41. [PMID: 23011912 DOI: 10.1002/path.4113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen or nitrogen species play an integral role in both myocardial injury and repair. This dichotomy is differentiated at the level of species type, amount and duration of free radical generated. Homeostatic mechanisms designed to prevent free radical generation in the first instance, scavenge, or enzymatically convert them to less toxic forms and water, playing crucial roles in the maintenance of cellular structure and function. The outcome between functional recovery and dysfunction is dependent upon the inherent ability of these homeostatic antioxidant defences to withstand acute free radical generation, in the order of seconds to minutes. Alternatively, pre-existent antioxidant capacity (from intracellular and extracellular sources) may regulate the degree of free radical generation. This converts reactive oxygen and nitrogen species to the role of second messenger involved in cell signalling. The adaptive capacity of the cell is altered by the balance between death or survival signal converging at the level of the mitochondria, with distinct pathophysiological consequences that extends the period of injury from hours to days and weeks. Hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia and insulin resistance enhance oxidative stress in the diabetic myocardium that cannot adapt to ischaemia-reperfusion. Altered glucose flux, mitochondrial derangements and nitric oxide synthase uncoupling in the presence of decreased antioxidant defence and impaired prosurvival cell signalling may render the diabetic myocardium more vulnerable to injury, remodelling and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ansley
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Lei S, Liu Y, Liu H, Yu H, Wang H, Xia Z. Effects of N-acetylcysteine on nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activation and antioxidant status in heart, lung, liver and kidney in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Yonsei Med J 2012; 53:294-303. [PMID: 22318816 PMCID: PMC3282981 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2012.53.2.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Hyperglycemia increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the resulting oxidative stress plays a key role in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. Nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase is one of the major sources of ROS production in diabetes. We, therefore, examined the possibility that NADPH oxidase activation is increased in various tissues, and that the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) may have tissue specific effects on NADPH oxidase and tissue antioxidant status in diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Control (C) and streptozotocin-induced diabetic (D) rats were treated either with NAC (1.5 g/kg/day) orally or placebo for 4 weeks. The plasma, heart, lung, liver, kidney were harvested immediately and stored for biochemical or immunoblot analysis. RESULTS levels of free 15-F(2t)-isoprostane were increased in plasma, heart, lung, liver and kidney tissues in diabetic rats, accompanied with significantly increased membrane translocation of the NADPH oxidase subunit p67phox in all tissues and increased expression of the membrane-bound subunit p22phox in heart, lung and kidney. The tissue antioxidant activity in lung, liver and kidney was decreased in diabetic rats, while it was increased in heart tissue. NAC reduced the expression of p22phox and p67phox, suppressed p67phox membrane translocation, and reduced free 15-F(2t)-isoprostane levels in all tissues. NAC increased antioxidant activity in liver and lung, but did not significantly affect antioxidant activity in heart and kidney. CONCLUSION The current study shows that NAC inhibits NADPH oxidase activation in diabetes and attenuates tissue oxidative damage in all organs, even though its effects on antioxidant activity are tissue specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqing Lei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Huimin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengyuan Xia
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Sack MN. Emerging characterization of the role of SIRT3-mediated mitochondrial protein deacetylation in the heart. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 301:H2191-7. [PMID: 21984547 PMCID: PMC3233806 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00199.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Studies to quantify the protein acetylome show that lysine-residue acetylation rivals phosphorylation in prevalence as a posttranslational modification. Interesting, this posttranslational modification is modified by nutrient flux and by redox stress and targets the vast majority of metabolic pathway proteins in the mitochondria. Furthermore, the mitochondrial deacetylase enzyme SIRT3 appears to be regulated by exercise in skeletal muscle and in response to pressure overload in the heart. The alteration of protein lysine residues by acetylation and the enzymes controlling deacetylation are beginning to be explored as important regulatory events in the control of mitochondrial function and homeostasis. This review focuses on the mitochondrial targets of SIRT3 that are functionally implicated in heart biology and pathology and on the direct cardiac consequences of the genetic manipulation of SIRT3. As therapeutic modulators of other SIRT isoforms have been identified, the longer-term objective of our understanding of this biology would be to identify SIRT3 modulators as putative cardiac therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Sack
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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The role of SIRT3 in mitochondrial homeostasis and cardiac adaptation to hypertrophy and aging. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011; 52:520-5. [PMID: 22119802 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although acetyl-modification of protein lysine residues has been recognized for many decades, the appreciation that this post-translational modification is highly prevalent in mitochondria and plays a pivotal regulatory role in mitochondrial function has only become apparent since 2006. The classical biological stressors that modulate mitochondrial protein acetylation include alterations in caloric levels and redox signaling and the major enzyme orchestrating deacetylation is the mitochondrial enriched sirtuin SIRT3. Overall the action of SIRT3 modulates mitochondrial homeostasis and SIRT3 target proteins include mediators of energy metabolism and mitochondrial redox stress adaptive program proteins. Given these effects, it is not surprising that the role of SIRT3 has begun to be implicated in cardiac biology. This review gives a brief overview of sirtuin biology and then focuses on the role of the SIRT3 regulatory program in the control of cardiac hypertrophy and aging. This article is part of a Special Section entitled "Post-translational Modification."
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Abstract
Cardioprotective strategies such as pre- and postconditioning result in a robust reduction in infarct size in young, healthy male animals. However, there are data suggesting that the protection is diminished in animals with comorbidities such as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes. It is important to understand at a mechanistic level the reasons for these differences. The effects of sex and diseases need to be considered in design of cardioprotective interventions in animal studies and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Sack
- Center for Molecular Medicine, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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30
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Randall DC, Speakman RO, Silcox DL, Brown LV, Brown DR, Gong MC, Patwardhan A, Reynolds LR, Karounos DG, Burgess DE, Anigbogu CN. Longitudinal analysis of arterial blood pressure and heart rate response to acute behavioral stress in rats with type 1 diabetes mellitus and in age-matched controls. Front Physiol 2011; 2:53. [PMID: 21904530 PMCID: PMC3163305 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2011.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We recorded via telemetry the arterial blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) response to classical conditioning following the spontaneous onset of autoimmune diabetes in BBDP/Wor rats vs. age-matched, diabetes-resistant control (BBDR/Wor) rats. Our purpose was to evaluate the autonomic regulatory responses to an acute stress in a diabetic state of up to 12 months duration. The stress was a 15-s pulsed tone (CS+) followed by a 0.5-s tail shock. The initial, transient increase in BP (i.e., the "first component," or C(1)), known to be derived from an orienting response and produced by a sympathetic increase in peripheral resistance, was similar in diabetic and control rats through ∼9 months of diabetes; it was smaller in diabetic rats 10 months after diabetes onset. Weakening of the C(1) BP increase in rats that were diabetic for >10 months is consistent with the effects of sympathetic neuropathy. A longer-latency, smaller, but sustained "second component" (C(2)) conditional increase in BP, that is acquired as a rat learns the association between CS+ and the shock, and which results from an increase in cardiac output, was smaller in the diabetic vs. control rats starting from the first month of diabetes. A concomitant HR slowing was also smaller in diabetic rats. The difference in the C(2) BP increase, as observed already during the first month of diabetes, is probably secondary to the effects of hyperglycemia upon myocardial metabolism and contractile function, but it may also result from effects on cognition. The small HR slowing concomitant with the C(2) pressor event is probably secondary to differences in baroreflex activation or function, though parasympathetic dysfunction may contribute later in the duration of diabetes. The nearly immediate deficit after disease onset in the C(2) response indicates that diabetes alters BP and HR responses to external challenges prior to the development of structural changes in the vasculature or autonomic nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Randall
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine Lexington, KY, USA
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31
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Sack MN. Caloric excess or restriction mediated modulation of metabolic enzyme acetylation-proposed effects on cardiac growth and function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2011; 1813:1279-85. [PMID: 21295620 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Caloric excess has been postulated to disrupt cardiac function via (i) the generation of toxic intermediates, (ii) via protein glycosylation and (iii) through the generation of reactive oxygen species. It is now increasingly being recognized that the nutrient intermediates themselves may modulate metabolic pathways through the post-translational modifications of metabolic enzymes. In light of the high energy demand of the heart, these nutrient mediated modulations in metabolic pathway functioning may play an important role in cardiac function and in the capacity of the heart to adapt to biomechanical stressors. In this review the role of protein acetylation and deacetylation in the control of metabolic programs is explored. Although not extensively investigated directly in the heart, the emerging data support that these nutrient mediated post-translational regulatory events (i) modulate cardiac metabolic pathways, (ii) integrate nutrient flux mediated post-translational effects with cardiac function and (iii) may be important in the development of cardiac pathology. Areas of investigation that need to be explored are highlighted. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mitochondria and Cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Sack
- Translational Medicine Branch, NHLBI, NIH, Bld 10-CRC, Room 5–3150, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1454, USA.
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Shen GX. Oxidative stress and diabetic cardiovascular disorders: roles of mitochondria and NADPH oxidase. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2011; 88:241-8. [PMID: 20393589 DOI: 10.1139/y10-018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the predominant cause of death in patients with diabetes mellitus. Underlying mechanism for the susceptibility of diabetic patients to cardiovascular diseases remains unclear. Elevated oxidative stress was detected in diabetic patients and in animal models of diabetes. Hyperglycemia, oxidatively modified atherogenic lipoproteins, and advanced glycation end products are linked to oxidative stress in diabetes. Mitochondria are one of major sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells. Mitochondrial dysfunction increases electron leak and the generation of ROS from the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC). High levels of glucose and lipids impair the activities of MRC complex enzymes. NADPH oxidase (NOX) generates superoxide from NADPH in cells. Increased NOX activity was detected in diabetic patients. Hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia increased the expression of NOX in vascular endothelial cells. Accumulated lines of evidence indicate that oxidative stress induced by excessive ROS production is linked to many processes associated with diabetic cardiovascular complications. Overproduction of ROS resulting from mitochondrial dysfunction or NOX activation is associated with uncoupling of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, which leads to reduced production of nitric oxide and endothelial-dependent vasodilation. Gene silence or inhibitor of NOX reduced oxidized or glycated LDL-induced expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in endothelial cells. Statins, hypoglycemic agents, and exercise may reduce oxidative stress in diabetic patients through the reduction of NOX activity or the improvement of mitochondrial function, which may prevent or postpone the development of cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry X Shen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, 835-715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg MB R3E 3P4, Canada.
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Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that mitochondrial abnormalities are involved in diabetes and associated complications. This chapter gives an overview about the effects of diabetes in mitochondrial function of several tissues including the pancreas, skeletal and cardiac muscle, liver, and brain. The realization that mitochondria are at the intersection of cells' life and death has made them a promising target for drug discovery and therapeutic interventions. Here, we also discuss literature that examined the potential protective effect of insulin, insulin-sensitizing drugs, and mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula I Moreira
- Faculty of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Sack MN. Rab4a signaling unmasks a pivotal link between myocardial homeostasis and metabolic remodeling in the diabetic heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2010; 49:908-10. [PMID: 20840849 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Solaini G, Baracca A, Lenaz G, Sgarbi G. Hypoxia and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2010; 1797:1171-7. [PMID: 20153717 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It is now clear that mitochondrial defects are associated with a large variety of clinical phenotypes. This is the result of the mitochondria's central role in energy production, reactive oxygen species homeostasis, and cell death. These processes are interdependent and may occur under various stressing conditions, among which low oxygen levels (hypoxia) are certainly prominent. Cells exposed to hypoxia respond acutely with endogenous metabolites and proteins promptly regulating metabolic pathways, but if low oxygen levels are prolonged, cells activate adapting mechanisms, the master switch being the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1). Activation of this factor is strictly bound to the mitochondrial function, which in turn is related with the oxygen level. Therefore in hypoxia, mitochondria act as [O2] sensors, convey signals to HIF-1 directly or indirectly, and contribute to the cell redox potential, ion homeostasis, and energy production. Although over the last two decades cellular responses to low oxygen tension have been studied extensively, mechanisms underlying these functions are still indefinite. Here we review current knowledge of the mitochondrial role in hypoxia, focusing mainly on their role in cellular energy and reactive oxygen species homeostasis in relation with HIF-1 stabilization. In addition, we address the involvement of HIF-1 and the inhibitor protein of F1F0 ATPase in the hypoxia-induced mitochondrial autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Solaini
- Department of Biochemistry G. Moruzzi, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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36
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Carbonylation of myosin heavy chains in rat heart during diabetes. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:205-17. [PMID: 20359464 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Revised: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac inotropy progressively declines during diabetes mellitus. To date, the molecular mechanisms underlying this defect remain incompletely characterized. This study tests the hypothesis that ventricular myosin heavy chains (MHC) undergo carbonylation by reactive carbonyl species (RCS) during diabetes and these modifications contribute to the inotropic decline. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with streptozotocin (STZ). Fourteen days later the animals were divided into two groups: one group was treated with the RCS blocker aminoguanidine for 6 weeks, while the other group received no treatment. After 8 weeks of diabetes, cardiac ejection fraction, fractional shortening, left ventricular pressure development (+dP/dt) and myocyte shortening were decreased by 9%, 16%, 34% and 18%, respectively. Ca(2+)- and Mg(2+)-actomyosin ATPase activities and peak actomyosin syneresis were also reduced by 35%, 28%, and 72%. MHC-alpha to MHC-beta ratio was 12:88. Mass spectrometry and Western blots revealed the presence of carbonyl adducts on MHC-alpha and MHC-beta. Aminoguanidine treatment did not alter MHC composition, but it blunted formation of carbonyl adducts and decreases in actomyosin Ca(2+)-sensitive ATPase activity, syneresis, myocyte shortening, cardiac ejection fraction, fractional shortening and +dP/dt induced by diabetes. From these new data it can be concluded that in addition to isozyme switching, modification of MHC by RCS also contributes to the inotropic decline seen during diabetes.
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Lu H, Buchan RJ, Cook SA. MicroRNA-223 regulates Glut4 expression and cardiomyocyte glucose metabolism. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 86:410-20. [PMID: 20080987 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important for cardiac function and tissue metabolism. The aim of the present study is to investigate the role(s) of miRNAs in the insulin-resistant heart. METHODS AND RESULTS Left ventricular biopsies were collected from patients with or without type 2 diabetes and from patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Quantitative miRNA expression analyses of 155 miRNAs revealed that miR-223 was consistently upregulated in the insulin-resistant heart. We assessed the effects of miR-223 on glucose metabolism in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes where adenoviral-mediated overexpression of miR-223 increased glucose uptake. Using in silico miRNA target prediction programs, we prioritized candidate miR-223 target genes, but observed no effect of miR-223 on myocyte enhancer factor 2c or insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor, and an unexpected miR-223-induced increase in nuclear factor IA. We next examined the effects of miR-223 on insulin signalling and glucose transport proteins. Neither phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signalling nor AMP kinase activity was affected by miR-223 overexpression, whereas glucose transporter 4 (Glut4) protein expression was increased. miR-223 overexpression-induced Glut4 protein expression in cardiomyocytes was necessary and sufficient for increased glucose uptake as demonstrated by siRNA knockdown of Glut4. Loss-of-function studies in vivo, using a synthetic miR-223 inhibitor, confirmed the effect of miR-223 on Glut4. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate a role for miR-223 in Glut4 regulation and glucose metabolism in the heart, reveal the pleiotropic effects of miRNAs across tissues, and show that miRNAs can upregulate target genes in terminally differentiated cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Lu
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, UK
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Lu Z, Scott I, Webster BR, Sack MN. The emerging characterization of lysine residue deacetylation on the modulation of mitochondrial function and cardiovascular biology. Circ Res 2009; 105:830-41. [PMID: 19850949 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.109.204974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is emerging recognition of a novel fuel and redox sensing regulatory program that controls cellular adaptation via nonhistone protein lysine residue acetyl posttranslation modifications. This program functions in tissues with high energy demand and oxidative capacity and is highly enriched in the heart. Deacetylation is regulated by NAD(+)-dependent activation of the sirtuin family of proteins, whereas acetyltransferase modifications are controlled by less clearly delineated acetyltransferases. Subcellular localization specific protein targets of lysine-acetyl modification have been identified in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondria. Despite distinct subcellular localizations, these modifications appear, in large part, to modify mitochondrial properties including respiration, energy production, apoptosis, and antioxidant defenses. These mitochondrial regulatory programs are important in cardiovascular biology, although how protein acetyl modifications effects cardiovascular pathophysiology has not been extensively explored. This review will introduce the role of nonhistone protein lysine residue acetyl modifications, discuss their regulation and biochemistry and present the direct and indirect data implicating their involvement in the heart and vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongping Lu
- Translational Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Murphy E, Bers D, Rizzuto R. Mitochondria: from basic biology to cardiovascular disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2009; 46:765-6. [PMID: 19289126 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2009.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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