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Siquenique S, Ackerman S, Schroeder A, Sarmento B. Bioengineering lipid-based synthetic cells for therapeutic protein delivery. Trends Biotechnol 2024:S0167-7799(24)00216-6. [PMID: 39209601 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2024.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic cells (SCs) offer a promising approach for therapeutic protein delivery, combining principles from synthetic biology and drug delivery. Engineered to mimic natural cells, SCs provide biocompatibility and versatility, with precise control over their architecture and composition. Protein production is essential in living cells, and SCs aim to replicate this process using compartmentalized cell-free protein synthesis systems within lipid bilayers. Lipid bilayers serve as favored membranes in SC design due to their similarity to the biological cell membrane. Moreover, engineering lipidic membranes enable tissue-specific targeting and immune evasion, while stimulus-responsive SCs allow for triggered protein production and release. This Review explores lipid-based SCs as platforms for therapeutic protein delivery, discussing their design principles, functional attributes, and translational challenges and potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Siquenique
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Shanny Ackerman
- The Louis Family Laboratory for Targeted Drug Delivery and Personalized Medicine Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Avi Schroeder
- The Louis Family Laboratory for Targeted Drug Delivery and Personalized Medicine Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IUCS-CESPU - Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Gandra, Portugal.
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2
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Osgerby A, Overton TW. Approaches for high-throughput quantification of periplasmic recombinant proteins. N Biotechnol 2023; 77:149-160. [PMID: 37708933 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The Gram-negative periplasm is a convenient location for the accumulation of many recombinant proteins including biopharmaceutical products. It is the site of disulphide bond formation, required by some proteins (such as antibody fragments) for correct folding and function. It also permits simpler protein release and downstream processing than cytoplasmic accumulation. As such, targeting of recombinant proteins to the E. coli periplasm is a key strategy in biologic manufacture. However, expression and translocation of each recombinant protein requires optimisation including selection of the best signal peptide and growth and production conditions. Traditional methods require separation and analysis of protein compositions of periplasmic and cytoplasmic fractions, a time- and labour-intensive method that is difficult to parallelise. Therefore, approaches for high throughput quantification of periplasmic protein accumulation offer advantages in rapid process development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Osgerby
- School of Chemical Engineering and Institute of Microbiology and Infection, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Tim W Overton
- School of Chemical Engineering and Institute of Microbiology and Infection, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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3
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Minich A, Šarkanová J, Levarski Z, Stuchlík S. Enhancement of solubility of recombinant alcohol dehydrogenase from Rhodococcus ruber using predictive tool. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:214. [PMID: 36053335 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03403-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Solubility is one of key factors influencing the heterologous production of recombinant proteins in biotechnology. Among many aggregation-prone proteins, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH-A) from Rhodococcus ruber (in this work abbreviated RrADH) shows a great potential in processes involved in the biotransformation of natural compounds. As ADH-A is a potentially high value asset in industrial biotransformation processes, improvement of its solubility would be of major commercial benefit. Predictive tools and in silico analysis provide a fast means for improving protein properties, for selecting appropriate changes, and ultimately for saving costs. We have therefore focused on enhancement of the solubility of RrADH using an online accesible predictive tool Aggrescan 3D 2.0. Selected mutations were introduced into the protein amino acid sequence by using site-directed PCR. This led to a 17% increase in the protein solubility of RrADHmut1 and a 98% increase for RrADHmut2. Moreover, the basic kinetics of the enzyme reaction were positively affected, further optimizing the overall performance of the production process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Minich
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 811 04, Bratislava, Karlova Ves, Slovak Republic
| | - Júlia Šarkanová
- Science Park, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 8, Bratislava, 811 04, Karlova Ves, Slovak Republic
| | - Zdenko Levarski
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 811 04, Bratislava, Karlova Ves, Slovak Republic.,Science Park, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 8, Bratislava, 811 04, Karlova Ves, Slovak Republic
| | - Stanislav Stuchlík
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 811 04, Bratislava, Karlova Ves, Slovak Republic. .,Science Park, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 8, Bratislava, 811 04, Karlova Ves, Slovak Republic.
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Li ZJ, Zhang ZX, Xu Y, Shi TQ, Ye C, Sun XM, Huang H. CRISPR-Based Construction of a BL21 (DE3)-Derived Variant Strain Library to Rapidly Improve Recombinant Protein Production. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:343-352. [PMID: 34919397 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) is the most widely used host for recombinant protein expression. However, not every protein can be highly expressed in BL21 (DE3), so individual optimization strategies are often required for different proteins, which is time-consuming and difficult to apply rapidly for industrial production. Constructing more hosts is a good choice to enrich protein expression selection. The expression level of T7 RNAP is the core control node of the pET expression system, so regulating its expression level is an effective way of improving the production of difficult-to-express proteins. Various BL21 (DE3)-derived variant hosts with different translation levels of T7 RNAP could be obtained by changing the ribosomal binding site (RBS) sequences of T7 RNAP in a genome. Here, a BL21 (DE3)-derived variant strain library with different RBS sequences of T7 RNAP was constructed using a base editor and CRISPR-Cas9. Notably, the CRISPR-Cas9 system combined with degenerate primers enabled the construction of an RBS library with 87.5% of the theoretical coverage in single editing, which is more convenient and efficient than the use of a base editor. The expression level of a target gene in the variant strain library ranged from 28 to 220% of the parental strain. Furthermore, a high-throughput host-screening platform for recombinant protein production was constructed, which enabled us to obtain the best expression host for certain target proteins in only 3 days. As a proof of concept, the production of all eight difficult-to-express proteins was greatly improved, including autolytic protein, membrane proteins, antimicrobial peptides, and hardly soluble proteins. Among them, the expression of glucose dehydrogenase in the best host exhibited a 298-fold increase compared to the parental strain. This strategy is simple and effective, requires no advanced equipment, and can be carried out in any laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Jia Li
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zi-Xu Zhang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Xu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tian-Qiong Shi
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Ye
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Man Sun
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - He Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People’s Republic of China
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Rashid MH. Full-length recombinant antibodies from Escherichia coli: production, characterization, effector function (Fc) engineering, and clinical evaluation. MAbs 2022; 14:2111748. [PMID: 36018829 PMCID: PMC9423848 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2111748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Although several antibody fragments and antibody fragment-fusion proteins produced in Escherichia coli (E. coli) are approved as therapeutics for various human diseases, a full-length monoclonal or a bispecific antibody produced in E. coli has not yet been approved. The past decade witnessed substantial progress in expression of full-length antibodies in the E. coli cytoplasm and periplasm, as well as in cell-free expression systems. The equivalency of E. coli-produced aglycosylated antibodies and their mammalian cell-produced counterparts, with respect to biochemical and biophysical properties, including antigen binding, in vitro and in vivo serum stability, pharmacokinetics, and in vivo serum half-life, has been demonstrated. Extensive engineering of the Fc domain of aglycosylated antibodies enables recruitment of various effector functions, despite the lack of N-linked glycans. This review summarizes recent research, preclinical advancements, and clinical development of E. coli-produced aglycosylated therapeutic antibodies as monoclonal, bispecific, and antibody-drug conjugates for use in autoimmune, oncology, and immuno-oncology areas.Abbreviations: ADA Anti-drug antibody; ADCC Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity; ADCP Antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis; ADC Antibody-drug conjugate; aFc Aglycosylated Fc; AMD Age-related macular degeneration aTTP Acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura; BCMA B-cell maturation antigen; BLA Biologics license application; BsAb Bispecific antibody; C1q Complement protein C1q; CDC Complement-dependent cytotoxicity; CDCC Complement-dependent cellular cytotoxicity; CDCP Complement-dependent cellular phagocytosis; CEX Cation exchange chromatography; CFPS Cell-free protein expression; CHO Chinese Hamster Ovary; CH1-3 Constant heavy chain 1-3; CL Constant light chain; DLBCL Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; DAR Drug antibody ratio; DC Dendritic cell; dsFv Disulfide-stabilized Fv; EU European Union; EGFR Epidermal growth factor receptor; E. coli Escherichia coli; EpCAM Epithelial cell adhesion molecule; Fab Fragment antigen binding; FACS Fluorescence activated cell sorting; Fc Fragment crystallizable; FcRn Neonatal Fc receptor; FcɣRs Fc gamma receptors; FDA Food and Drug Administration; FL-IgG Full-length immunoglobulin; Fv Fragment variable; FolRαa Folate receptor alpha; gFc Glycosylated Fc; GM-CSF Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor; GPx7 Human peroxidase 7; HCL Hairy cell leukemia; HIV Human immunodeficiency virusl; HER2 Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; HGF Hepatocyte growth factor; HIC Hydrophobic interaction chromatography; HLA Human leukocyte antigen; IBs Inclusion bodies; IgG1-4 Immunoglobulin 1-4; IP Intraperitoneal; ITC Isothermal titration calorimetry; ITP Immune thrombocytopenia; IV Intravenous; kDa Kilodalton; KiH Knob-into-Hole; mAb Monoclonal antibody; MAC Membrane-attack complex; mCRC Metastatic colorectal cancer; MM Multipl myeloma; MOA Mechanism of action; MS Mass spectrometry; MUC1 Mucin 1; MG Myasthenia gravis; NB Nanobody; NK Natural killer; nsAA Nonstandard amino acid; NSCLC Non-small cell lung cancer; P. aeruginosa Pseudomonas aeruginosa; PD-1 Programmed cell death 1; PD-L1 Programmed cell death-ligand 1; PDI Protein disulfide isomerase; PECS Periplasmic expression cytometric screening; PK Pharmacokinetics; P. pastoris Pichia pastoris; PTM Post-translational modification; Rg Radius of gyration; RA Rheumatoid arthritis; RT-PCR Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; SAXS Small angle X-ray scattering; scF Single chain Fv; SCLC Small cell lung cancer; SDS-PAGE Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; SEC Size exclusion chromatography; SEED Strand-exchange engineered domain; sRNA Small regulatory RNA; SRP Signal recognition particle; T1/2 Half-life; Tagg Aggregation temperature; TCR T cell receptor; TDB T cell-dependent bispecific; TF Tissue factor; TIR Translation initiation region; Tm Melting temperature; TNBC Triple-negative breast cancer; TNF Tumor necrosis factor; TPO Thrombopoietin; VEGF Vascular endothelial growth factor; vH Variable heavy chain; vL Variable light chain; vWF von Willebrand factor; WT Wild type.
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Karyolaimos A, de Gier JW. Strategies to Enhance Periplasmic Recombinant Protein Production Yields in Escherichia coli. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:797334. [PMID: 34970535 PMCID: PMC8712718 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.797334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Main reasons to produce recombinant proteins in the periplasm of E. coli rather than in its cytoplasm are to -i- enable disulfide bond formation, -ii- facilitate protein isolation, -iii- control the nature of the N-terminus of the mature protein, and -iv- minimize exposure to cytoplasmic proteases. However, hampered protein targeting, translocation and folding as well as protein instability can all negatively affect periplasmic protein production yields. Strategies to enhance periplasmic protein production yields have focused on harmonizing secretory recombinant protein production rates with the capacity of the secretory apparatus by transcriptional and translational tuning, signal peptide selection and engineering, increasing the targeting, translocation and periplasmic folding capacity of the production host, preventing proteolysis, and, finally, the natural and engineered adaptation of the production host to periplasmic protein production. Here, we discuss these strategies using notable examples as a thread.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan-Willem de Gier
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Mehta D, Chirmade T, Tungekar AA, Gani K, Bhambure R. Cloning and expression of antibody fragment (Fab) I: Effect of expression construct and induction strategies on light and heavy chain gene expression. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Montfort-Gardeazabal JM, Claudio PCMS, Casillas-Vega NG, Zarate X. Expression and Purification of the VpDef Defensin in Escherichia coli using the Small Metal-Binding Proteins CusF3H+ and SmbP. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 28:108-114. [PMID: 32520670 DOI: 10.2174/0929866527666200610133407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The heterologous production of antimicrobial peptides in bacterial models can produce insoluble proteins due to the lack of proper folding. Fusion proteins have been used to increase the expression and solubility of these types of proteins with varying degrees of success. OBJECTIVES Here, we demonstrate the use of the small metal-binding proteins CusF3H+ (9.9kDa) and SmbP (9.9kDa) as fusion partners for the soluble expression of the bioactive antimicrobial peptide VpDef(6.9 kDa) in Escherichia coli. METHODS The recombinant VpDef (rVpDef) peptide was expressed as a translational fusion with CusF3H+ and SmbP in Escherichia coli SHuffle under different small-scale culture conditions. The best conditions were applied to 1-liter cultures, with subsequent purification of the recombinant protein through IMAC chromatography. The recombinant protein was digested using enterokinase to liberate the peptide from the fusion protein, and a second IMAC chromatography step removed the fusion protein. The purified peptide was tested against two Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria. RESULTS The use either of CusF3H+ or of SmbP results in recombinant proteins that are found in the soluble fraction of the bacterial lysate; these recombinant proteins are easily purified through IMAC chromatography, and rVpDef is readily separated following enterokinase treatment. The purified rVpDef peptide exhibits antimicrobial properties against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative. CONCLUSION Use of the fusion proteins CusF3H+ and SmbP results in production of a soluble recombinant protein containing the antimicrobial peptide rVpDef that is correctly folded and that retains its antimicrobial properties once purified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pilar C Morales-San Claudio
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, San Nicolas de los Garza, NL 66455, Mexico
| | - Nestor G Casillas-Vega
- Departamento de Patologia Clinica, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Hospital Dr. Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez, Monterrey, NL 64460, Mexico
| | - Xristo Zarate
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, San Nicolas de los Garza, NL 66455, Mexico
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9
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Sangpheak K, Waraho-Zhmayev D, Haonoo K, Torpaiboon S, Teacharsripaiboon T, Rungrotmongkol T, Poo-Arporn RP. Investigation of interactions between binding residues and solubility of grafted humanized anti-VEGF IgG antibodies expressed as full-length format in the cytoplasm of a novel engineered E. coli SHuffle strain. RSC Adv 2021; 11:6035-6048. [PMID: 35423148 PMCID: PMC8694825 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08534k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are one of the fastest-growing areas of biopharmaceutical industry and have been widely used for a broad spectrum of diseases. Meanwhile, the immunogenicity of non-human derived antibodies can generate side effects by inducing the human immune response to produce human anti-mouse-immunoglobulin antibody (HAMA). In this work, we aim to reduce the immunogenicity of muMAb A.4.6.1 by substitute human sequences for murine sequences. Humanized antibodies are constructed by grafting, specificity determining residues (SDR), complementary determining regions (CDR), and chimeric region of muMAb A.4.6.1, onto variable domain of Trastuzumab (Herceptin). The interactions between grafted antibodies and their target, Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), were theoretically investigated by molecular dynamics simulation in order to evaluate the antibodies-antigen binding behavior. The obtained protein-protein interactions and calculated binding free energy suggested that the SDR-VEGF complex presented a significantly greater binding affinity, number of contact and total number of H-bonds compared to CDR and chimeric mAbs, significantly. Moreover, the Camsol program predicted that the solubility of SDR mAb exhibits the greatest solubility. This result was supported by performing a western blot analysis of the grafted mAbs with soluble and insoluble fractions in order to evaluate their solubility, in which SDR was found to have a much lower amount of insoluble proteins. Consequently, the enhanced binding affinity and solubility of the designed SDR was achieved by the single S106D mutation using computational methods. With the aim of low immunogenicity, high solubility, and high affinity, this SDR humanized antibody was expected to have greater efficacy than murine or chimeric antibodies for future use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanyani Sangpheak
- Biological Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi 10140 Bangkok Thailand
| | - Dujduan Waraho-Zhmayev
- Biological Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi 10140 Bangkok Thailand
| | - Korakod Haonoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi 10140 Bangkok Thailand
| | - Sarun Torpaiboon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi 10140 Bangkok Thailand
| | - Tarin Teacharsripaiboon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi 10140 Bangkok Thailand
| | - Thanyada Rungrotmongkol
- Biocatalyst and Environmental Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University 10330 Bangkok Thailand.,Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University 10330 Bangkok Thailand
| | - Rungtiva P Poo-Arporn
- Biological Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi 10140 Bangkok Thailand
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Skretas G, Ventura S. Editorial: Protein Aggregation and Solubility in Microorganisms (Archaea, Bacteria and Unicellular Eukaryotes): Implications and Applications. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:620239. [PMID: 33329506 PMCID: PMC7734127 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.620239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Skretas
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Salvador Ventura
- Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Kang TH, Seong BL. Solubility, Stability, and Avidity of Recombinant Antibody Fragments Expressed in Microorganisms. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1927. [PMID: 33101218 PMCID: PMC7546209 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Solubility of recombinant proteins (i.e., the extent of soluble versus insoluble expression in heterogeneous hosts) is the first checkpoint criterion for determining recombinant protein quality. However, even soluble proteins often fail to represent functional activity because of the involvement of non-functional, misfolded, soluble aggregates, which compromise recombinant protein quality. Therefore, screening of solubility and folding competence is crucial for improving the quality of recombinant proteins, especially for therapeutic applications. The issue is often highlighted especially in bacterial recombinant hosts, since bacterial cytoplasm does not provide an optimal environment for the folding of target proteins of mammalian origin. Antibody fragments, such as single-chain variable fragment (scFv), single-chain antibody (scAb), and fragment antigen binding (Fab), have been utilized for numerous applications such as diagnostics, research reagents, or therapeutics. Antibody fragments can be efficiently expressed in microorganisms so that they offer several advantages for diagnostic applications such as low cost and high yield. However, scFv and scAb fragments have generally lower stability to thermal stress than full-length antibodies, necessitating a judicious combination of designer antibodies, and bacterial hosts harnessed with robust chaperone function. In this review, we discuss efforts on not only the production of antibodies or antibody fragments in microorganisms but also scFv stabilization via (i) directed evolution of variants with increased stability using display systems, (ii) stabilization of the interface between variable regions of heavy (VH) and light (VL) chains through the introduction of a non-native covalent bond between the two chains, (iii) rational engineering of VH-VL pair, based on the structure, and (iv) computational approaches. We also review recent advances in stability design, increase in avidity by multimerization, and maintaining the functional competence of chimeric proteins prompted by various types of chaperones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hyun Kang
- Biopharmaceutical Chemistry Major, School of Applied Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Baik Lin Seong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.,Vaccine Innovative Technology ALliance (VITAL)-Korea, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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12
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Zhang J, Zhao Y, Cao Y, Yu Z, Wang G, Li Y, Ye X, Li C, Lin X, Song H. sRNA-Based Screening Chromosomal Gene Targets and Modular Designing Escherichia coli for High-Titer Production of Aglycosylated Immunoglobulin G. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:1385-1394. [PMID: 32396719 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The production of the aglycosylated immunoglobulin G (IgG) in Escherichia coli has received wide interest for its analytical and therapeutic applications. To enhance the production titer of IgG, we first used synthetic sRNAs to perform a systematical analysis of the gene expression in the translational level in the glycolytic pathway (module 1) and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (module 2) to reveal the critical genes for the efficient IgG production. Second, to provide sufficient amino acid precursors for the protein biosynthesis, amino acid biosynthesis pathways (module 3) were enhanced to facilitate the IgG production. Upon integrated engineering of these genes in the three modules (module 1, aceF; module 2, gltA and acnA; module 3, serB) and optimization of fermentation conditions, the recombinant E. coli enabled a titer of the full-assembled IgG of 4.5 ± 0.6 mg/L in flask cultures and 184 ± 9.2 mg/L in the 5 L high cell density fed-batch fermenter, which is, as far as we know, the highest reported titer of IgG production in recombinant E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Zhang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), and School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yanshu Zhao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), and School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yingxiu Cao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), and School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Zhenpeng Yu
- Yangzhou Lianao Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd. and Yangzhou Aurisco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Wanmei Road No. 5, Hanjiang Economic Development Zone, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province 225100, P. R. China
| | - Guoping Wang
- Yangzhou Lianao Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd. and Yangzhou Aurisco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Wanmei Road No. 5, Hanjiang Economic Development Zone, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province 225100, P. R. China
| | - Yiqun Li
- Yangzhou Lianao Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd. and Yangzhou Aurisco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Wanmei Road No. 5, Hanjiang Economic Development Zone, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province 225100, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqiong Ye
- Yangzhou Lianao Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd. and Yangzhou Aurisco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Wanmei Road No. 5, Hanjiang Economic Development Zone, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province 225100, P. R. China
| | - Congfa Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Xue Lin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Hao Song
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), and School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
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13
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Zhang J, Zhao Y, Cao Y, Yu Z, Wang G, Li Y, Ye X, Li C, Lin X, Song H. Synthetic sRNA-Based Engineering of Escherichia coli for Enhanced Production of Full-Length Immunoglobulin G. Biotechnol J 2020; 15:e1900363. [PMID: 32034883 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201900363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Production of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) receives considerable attention in the pharmaceutical industry. There has been an increasing interest in the expression of mAbs in Escherichia coli for analytical and therapeutic applications in recent years. Here, a modular synthetic biology approach is developed to rationally engineer E. coli by designing three functional modules to facilitate high-titer production of immunoglobulin G (IgG). First, a bicistronic expression system is constructed and the expression of the key genes in the pyruvate metabolism is tuned by the technologies of synthetic sRNA translational repression and gene overexpression, thus enhancing the cellular material and energy metabolism of E. coli for IgG biosynthesis (module 1). Second, to prevent the IgG biodegradation by proteases, the expression of a number of key proteases is identified and inhibited via synthetic sRNAs (module 2). Third, molecular chaperones are co-expressed to promote the secretion and folding of IgG (module 3). Synergistic integration of the three modules into the resulting recombinant E. coli results in a yield of the full-length IgG ≈150 mg L-1 in a 5L fed-batch bioreactor. The modular synthetic biology approach could be of general use in the production of recombinant mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Zhang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE) , School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yanshu Zhao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE) , School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yingxiu Cao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE) , School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Zhenpeng Yu
- Yangzhou Lianao Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd., and Yangzhou Aurisco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Wanmei Road No. 5, Hanjiang Economic Development Zone, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225100, P. R. China
| | - Guoping Wang
- Yangzhou Lianao Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd., and Yangzhou Aurisco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Wanmei Road No. 5, Hanjiang Economic Development Zone, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225100, P. R. China
| | - Yiqun Li
- Yangzhou Lianao Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd., and Yangzhou Aurisco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Wanmei Road No. 5, Hanjiang Economic Development Zone, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225100, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqiong Ye
- Yangzhou Lianao Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd., and Yangzhou Aurisco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Wanmei Road No. 5, Hanjiang Economic Development Zone, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225100, P. R. China
| | - Congfa Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, P. R. China
| | - Xue Lin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, P. R. China
| | - Hao Song
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE) , School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
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14
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Leith EM, O'Dell WB, Ke N, McClung C, Berkmen M, Bergonzo C, Brinson RG, Kelman Z. Characterization of the internal translation initiation region in monoclonal antibodies expressed in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:18046-18056. [PMID: 31604819 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) represent an important platform for the development of biotherapeutic products. Most mAbs are produced in mammalian cells, but several mAbs are made in Escherichia coli, including therapeutic fragments. The NISTmAb is a well-characterized reference material made widely available to facilitate the development of both originator biologics and biosimilars. Here, when expressing NISTmAb from codon-optimized constructs in E. coli (eNISTmAb), a truncated variant of its heavy chain was observed. N-terminal protein sequencing and mutagenesis analyses indicated that the truncation resulted from an internal translation initiation from a GTG codon (encoding Val) within eNISTmAb. Using computational and biochemical approaches, we demonstrate that this translation initiates from a weak Shine-Dalgarno sequence and is facilitated by a putative ribosomal protein S1-binding site. We also observed similar internal initiation in the mAb adalimumab (the amino acid sequence of the drug Humira) when expressed in E. coli Of note, these internal initiation regions were likely an unintended result of the codon optimization for E. coli expression, and the amino acid pattern from which it is derived was identified as a Pro-Ser-X-X-X-Val motif. We discuss the implications of our findings for E. coli protein expression and codon optimization and outline possible strategies for reducing the likelihood of internal translation initiation and truncated product formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik M Leith
- Biomolecular Labeling Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - William B O'Dell
- Biomolecular Labeling Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850; National Institute of Standards and Technology, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Na Ke
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts 01938
| | | | | | - Christina Bergonzo
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Robert G Brinson
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Zvi Kelman
- Biomolecular Labeling Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850; National Institute of Standards and Technology, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850.
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15
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McKenna R, Lombana TN, Yamada M, Mukhyala K, Veeravalli K. Engineered sigma factors increase full-length antibody expression in Escherichia coli. Metab Eng 2019; 52:315-323. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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16
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Reddy PT, Brinson RG, Hoopes JT, McClung C, Ke N, Kashi L, Berkmen M, Kelman Z. Platform development for expression and purification of stable isotope labeled monoclonal antibodies in Escherichia coli. MAbs 2018; 10:992-1002. [PMID: 30060704 PMCID: PMC6204800 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1496879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as a platform for therapeutic drug development in the pharmaceutical industry has led to an increased interest in robust experimental approaches for assessment of mAb structure, stability and dynamics. The ability to enrich proteins with stable isotopes is a prerequisite for the in-depth application of many structural and biophysical methods, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), small angle neutron scattering, neutron reflectometry, and quantitative mass spectrometry. While mAbs can typically be produced with very high yields using mammalian cell expression, stable isotope labeling using cell culture is expensive and often impractical. The most common and cost-efficient approach to label proteins is to express proteins in Escherichia coli grown in minimal media; however, such methods for mAbs have not been reported to date. Here we present, for the first time, the expression and purification of a stable isotope labeled mAb from a genetically engineered E. coli strain capable of forming disulfide bonds in its cytoplasm. It is shown using two-dimensional NMR spectral fingerprinting that the unlabeled mAb and the mAb singly or triply labeled with 13C, 15N, 2H are well folded, with only minor structural differences relative to the mammalian cell-produced mAb that are attributed to the lack of glycosylation in the Fc domain. This advancement of an E. coli-based mAb expression platform will facilitate the production of mAbs for in-depth structural characterization, including the high resolution investigation of mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad T Reddy
- a Biomolecular Labeling Laboratory, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research , National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland , Rockville , MD , USA
| | - Robert G Brinson
- b Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research , National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland , Rockville , MD , USA
| | - J Todd Hoopes
- a Biomolecular Labeling Laboratory, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research , National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland , Rockville , MD , USA
| | | | - Na Ke
- c New England Biolabs , Ipswich , MA , USA
| | - Lila Kashi
- a Biomolecular Labeling Laboratory, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research , National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland , Rockville , MD , USA
| | | | - Zvi Kelman
- a Biomolecular Labeling Laboratory, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research , National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland , Rockville , MD , USA
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Jimenez-Sandoval P, Madrigal-Carrillo EA, Santamaría-Suárez HA, Maturana D, Rentería-González I, Benitez-Cardoza CG, Torres-Larios A, Brieba LG. Mimicking a p53-MDM2 interaction based on a stable immunoglobulin-like domain scaffold. Proteins 2018; 86:802-812. [PMID: 29696695 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies recognize protein targets with great affinity and specificity. However, posttranslational modifications and the presence of intrinsic disulfide-bonds pose difficulties for their industrial use. The immunoglobulin fold is one of the most ubiquitous folds in nature and it is found in many proteins besides antibodies. An example of a protein family with an immunoglobulin-like fold is the Cysteine Protease Inhibitors (ICP) family I42 of the MEROPs database for protease and protease inhibitors. Members of this protein family are thermostable and do not present internal disulfide bonds. Crystal structures of several ICPs indicate that they resemble the Ig-like domain of the human T cell co-receptor CD8α As ICPs present 2 flexible recognition loops that vary accordingly to their targeted protease, we hypothesize that members of this protein family would be ideal to design peptide aptamers that mimic protein-protein interactions. Herein, we use an ICP variant from Entamoeba histolytica (EhICP1) to mimic the interaction between p53 and MDM2. We found that a 13 amino-acid peptide derived from p53 can be introduced in 2 variable loops (DE, FG) but not the third (BC). Chimeric EhICP1-p53 form a stable complex with MDM2 at a micromolar range. Crystal structure of the EhICP1-p53(FG)-loop variant in complex with MDM2 reveals a swapping subdomain between 2 chimeric molecules, however, the p53 peptide interacts with MDM2 as in previous crystal structures. The structural details of the EhICP1-p53(FG) interaction with MDM2 resemble the interaction between an antibody and MDM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Jimenez-Sandoval
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Apartado Postal 629, Irapuato, Guanajuato, CP 36821, México
| | - Ezequiel A Madrigal-Carrillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70-243, Mexico City, 04510, México
| | - Hugo A Santamaría-Suárez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70-243, Mexico City, 04510, México
| | - Daniel Maturana
- NanoTemper Technologies GmbH, Floessergasse 4, Munich, 81369, Germany
| | - Itzel Rentería-González
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Apartado Postal 629, Irapuato, Guanajuato, CP 36821, México
| | - Claudia G Benitez-Cardoza
- Laboratorio de Investigación Bioquímica, Programa Institucional en Biomedicina Molecular ENMyH-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Guillermo Massieu Helguera No. 239, La Escalera Ticoman, D.F, Mexico City, 07320, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Torres-Larios
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70-243, Mexico City, 04510, México
| | - Luis G Brieba
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Apartado Postal 629, Irapuato, Guanajuato, CP 36821, México
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18
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Farasat A, Rahbarizadeh F, Ahmadvand D, Ranjbar S, Khoshtinat Nikkhoi S. Effective suppression of tumour cells by oligoclonal HER2-targeted delivery of liposomal doxorubicin. J Liposome Res 2018; 29:53-65. [DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2018.1430829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Farasat
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahbarizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davoud Ahmadvand
- School of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Ranjbar
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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19
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Toufiq N, Tabassum B, Bhatti MU, Khan A, Tariq M, Shahid N, Nasir IA, Husnain T. Improved antifungal activity of barley derived chitinase I gene that overexpress a 32kDa recombinant chitinase in Escherichia coli host. Braz J Microbiol 2018; 49:414-421. [PMID: 29146152 PMCID: PMC5913832 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Agricultural crops suffer many diseases, including fungal and bacterial infections, causing significant yield losses. The identification and characterisation of pathogenesis-related protein genes, such as chitinases, can lead to reduction in pathogen growth, thereby increasing tolerance against fungal pathogens. In the present study, the chitinase I gene was isolated from the genomic DNA of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar, Haider-93. The isolated DNA was used as template for the amplification of the ∼935bp full-length chitinase I gene. Based on the sequence of the amplified gene fragment, class I barley chitinase shares 93% amino acid sequence homology with class II wheat chitinase. Interestingly, barley class I chitinase and class II chitinase do not share sequence homology. Furthermore, the amplified fragment was expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta strain under the control of T7 promoter in pET 30a vector. Recombinant chitinase protein of 35kDa exhibited highest expression at 0.5mM concentration of IPTG. Expressed recombinant protein of 35kDa was purified to homogeneity with affinity chromatography. Following purification, a Western blot assay for recombinant chitinase protein measuring 35kDa was developed with His-tag specific antibodies. The purified recombinant chitinase protein was demonstrated to inhibit significantly the important phytopathogenic fungi Alternaria solani, Fusarium spp, Rhizoctonia solani and Verticillium dahliae compared to the control at concentrations of 80μg and 200μg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Toufiq
- University of the Punjab, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, Baig Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Tabassum
- University of the Punjab, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, Baig Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Umar Bhatti
- University of the Punjab, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, Baig Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Anwar Khan
- University of the Punjab, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, Baig Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tariq
- University of the Punjab, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, Baig Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Naila Shahid
- University of the Punjab, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, Baig Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Idrees Ahmad Nasir
- University of the Punjab, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, Baig Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tayyab Husnain
- University of the Punjab, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, Baig Lahore, Pakistan
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20
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Rodriguez C, Nam DH, Kruchowy E, Ge X. Efficient Antibody Assembly in E. coli Periplasm by Disulfide Bond Folding Factor Co-expression and Culture Optimization. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 183:520-529. [PMID: 28488120 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2502-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones and protein folding factors of bacterial periplasmic space play important roles in assisting disulfide bond formation and proper protein folding. In this study, effects of disulfide bond protein (Dsb) families were investigated on assembly of 3F3 Fab, an antibody inhibitor targeting matrix metalloproteinase-14 (MMP-14). By optimizing DsbA/C co-expression, promoter for 3F3 Fab, host strains, and culture media and conditions, a high yield of 30-mg purified 3F3 Fab per liter culture was achieved. Produced 3F3 Fab exhibited binding affinity of 34 nM and inhibition potency of 970 nM. This established method of DsbA/C co-expression can be applied to produce other important disulfide bond-dependent recombinant proteins in E. coli periplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rodriguez
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St., Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Dong Hyun Nam
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.,Xencor Inc., 111 W Lemon Ave., Monrovia, CA, 91016, USA
| | - Evan Kruchowy
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Xin Ge
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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21
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Schlegel S, Genevaux P, de Gier JW. Isolating Escherichia coli strains for recombinant protein production. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 74:891-908. [PMID: 27730255 PMCID: PMC5306230 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2371-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli has been widely used for the production of recombinant proteins. To improve protein production yields in E. coli, directed engineering approaches have been commonly used. However, there are only few reported examples of the isolation of E. coli protein production strains using evolutionary approaches. Here, we first give an introduction to bacterial evolution and mutagenesis to set the stage for discussing how so far selection- and screening-based approaches have been used to isolate E. coli protein production strains. Finally, we discuss how evolutionary approaches may be used in the future to isolate E. coli strains with improved protein production characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Schlegel
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Genevaux
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Génétique Moléculaires, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jan-Willem de Gier
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 16C, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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22
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Espah Borujeni A, Salis HM. Translation Initiation is Controlled by RNA Folding Kinetics via a Ribosome Drafting Mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:7016-23. [PMID: 27199273 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b01453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
RNA folding plays an important role in controlling protein synthesis as well as other cellular processes. Existing models have focused on how RNA folding energetics control translation initiation rate under equilibrium conditions but have largely ignored the effects of nonequilibrium RNA folding. We introduce a new mechanism, called "ribosome drafting", that explains how a mRNA's folding kinetics and the ribosome's binding rate collectively control its translation initiation rate. During cycles of translation, ribosome drafting emerges whenever successive ribosomes bind to a mRNA faster than the mRNA can refold, maintaining it in a nonequilibrium state with an acceleration of protein synthesis. Using computational design, time-correlated single photon counting, and expression measurements, we demonstrate that slow-folding and fast-folding RNA structures with equivalent folding energetics can vary protein synthesis rates by 1000-fold. We determine the necessary conditions for ribosome drafting by characterizing mRNAs with rationally designed ribosome binding rates, folding kinetics, and folding energetics, confirming the predictions of a nonequilibrium Markov model of translation. Our results have widespread implications, illustrating how competitive folding and assembly kinetics can shape the gene expression machinery's sequence-structure-function relationship inside cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Espah Borujeni
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Howard M Salis
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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23
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Lee YJ, Lee R, Lee SH, Yim SS, Jeong KJ. Enhanced secretion of recombinant proteins via signal recognition particle (SRP)-dependent secretion pathway by deletion of rrsE in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:2453-61. [PMID: 27111103 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Although signal recognition particle (SRP)-dependent secretion pathway, which is characterized by co-translational translocation, helps prevent cytoplasmic aggregation of proteins before secretion, its limited capacity for the protein secretion is a major hurdle for utilizing the pathway as an attractive route for secretory production of recombinant proteins. Therefore, we developed an Escherichia coli mutant, whose efficiency of secretion via the SRP pathway was dramatically increased. First, we developed a novel FACS-based screening system by combining a periplasmic display system (PECS) and direct fluorescent labeling with the organoarsenic compound, FlAsH-EDT2 . With this screening system, transposon-insertion library of E. coli was screened, and then we isolated mutants which exhibited higher protein production through the SRP pathway than the parental strain. From the genetic analysis, we found that all isolated mutants had the same mutation-disruption of the 16S rRNA gene (rrsE). The positive effect of rrsE deficiency on protein secretion via the SRP pathway was successfully demonstrated using various model proteins including endogenous SRP-dependent proteins, antibodies, and G protein-coupled receptor. For the large-scale production of IgG and GPCR, we performed fed-batch cultivation with the rrsE-deficient mutant, and very high yields of IgG (0.4 g/L) and GPCR (1.4 g/L) were obtained. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 2453-2461. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jae Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Program), KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Roojin Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Program), KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hwa Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Program), KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Sun Yim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Program), KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Jun Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Program), KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea. .,KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Ojima-Kato T, Fukui K, Yamamoto H, Hashimura D, Miyake S, Hirakawa Y, Yamasaki T, Kojima T, Nakano H. 'Zipbody' leucine zipper-fused Fab in E. coli in vitro and in vivo expression systems. Protein Eng Des Sel 2016; 29:149-57. [PMID: 26902097 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzw001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A small antibody fragment, fragment of antigen binding (Fab), is favorable for various immunological assays. However, production efficiency of active Fab in microorganisms depends considerably on the clones. In this study, leucine zipper-peptide pairs that dimerize in parallel (ACID-p1 (LZA)/BASE-p1 (LZB) or c-Jun/c-Fos) were fused to the C-terminus of heavy chain (Hc, VH-CH1) and light chain (Lc, VL-CL), respectively, to accelerate the association of Hc and Lc to form Fab in Escherichia coli in vivo and in vitro expression systems. The leucine zipper-fused Fab named 'Zipbody' was constructed using anti-E. coli O157 monoclonal antibody obtained from mouse hybridoma and produced in both in vitro and in vivo expression systems in an active form, whereas Fab without the leucine zipper fusion was not. Similarly, Zipbody of rabbit monoclonal antibody produced in in vitro expression showed significant activity. The purified, mouse Zipbody produced in the E. coli strain Shuffle T7 Express had specificity toward the antigen; in bio-layer interferometry analysis, the KD value was measured to be 1.5-2.0 × 10(-8) M. These results indicate that leucine zipper fusion to Fab C-termini markedly enhances active Fab formation in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruyo Ojima-Kato
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan Knowledge Hub Aichi, Aichi Science and Technology Foundation, Yakusa-cho, Toyota 470-0356, Japan
| | - Kansuke Fukui
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Dai Hashimura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shiro Miyake
- Advanced Scientific Technology and Management Research Institute of Kyoto, Chudoji Minamimachi, Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto 600-8813, Japan
| | - Yuki Hirakawa
- Advanced Scientific Technology and Management Research Institute of Kyoto, Chudoji Minamimachi, Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto 600-8813, Japan
| | - Tomomi Yamasaki
- Advanced Scientific Technology and Management Research Institute of Kyoto, Chudoji Minamimachi, Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto 600-8813, Japan
| | - Takaaki Kojima
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hideo Nakano
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Chen L, Yang X, Luo D, Yu W. Efficient Production of a Bioactive Bevacizumab Monoclonal Antibody Using the 2A Self-cleavage Peptide in Transgenic Rice Callus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1156. [PMID: 27555853 PMCID: PMC4977302 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Bevacizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody (mAb) targeting to the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), has been widely used in clinical practice for the treatment of multiple cancers. Bevacizumab was mostly produced by the mammalian cell expression system. We here reported the first plant-derived Bevacizumab by using transgenic rice callus as an alternative gene expression system. Codon-optimized Bevacizumab light chain (BLC) and Bevacizumab heavy chain (BHC) genes were designed, synthesized as a polyprotein with a 2A self-cleavage linker peptide from the Foot-and-mouth disease virus, cloned into a plant binary vector under a constitutive maize ubiquitin promoter, and transformed into rice nuclear genome through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Southern blot and western blot analyses confirmed the integration and expression of BLC and BHC genes in transgenic rice callus. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis indicated that the rice-derived Bevacizumab mAb was biologically active and the recombinant mAb was expressed at high levels (160.7-242.8 mg/Kg) in transgenic rice callus. The mAb was purified by using protein A affinity chromatography and the purified antibody was tested for its binding affinity with its target human VEGF (hVEGF) antigen by ELISA. Rice callus produced Bevacizumab and a commercial Bevacizumab (Avastin) were shown to have similar binding affinity to hVEGF. These results indicated that rice callus produced Bevacizumab could have similar biological activity and might potentially be used as a cost-effective biosimilar molecule in future cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen, China
| | - Da Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Weichang Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Weichang Yu,
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Lombana TN, Dillon M, Bevers J, Spiess C. Optimizing antibody expression by using the naturally occurring framework diversity in a live bacterial antibody display system. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17488. [PMID: 26631978 PMCID: PMC4668361 DOI: 10.1038/srep17488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid identification of residues that influence antibody expression and thermostability is often needed to move promising therapeutics into the clinic. To establish a method that can assess small expression differences, we developed a Bacterial Antibody Display (BAD) system that overcomes previous limitations, enabling the use of full-length formats for antibody and antigen in a live cell setting. We designed a unique library of individual framework variants using natural diversity introduced by somatic hypermutation, and screened half-antibodies for increased expression using BAD. We successfully identify variants that dramatically improve expression yields and in vitro thermostability of two therapeutically relevant antibodies in E. coli and mammalian cells. While we study antibody expression, bacterial display can now be expanded to examine the processes of protein folding and translocation. Additionally, our natural library design strategy could be applied during antibody humanization and library design for in vitro display methods to maintain expression and formulation stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Noelle Lombana
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Research and Early Development, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Michael Dillon
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Research and Early Development, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Jack Bevers
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Research and Early Development, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Christoph Spiess
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Research and Early Development, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
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27
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Challenges to production of antibodies in bacteria and yeast. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 120:483-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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28
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Nam DH, Ge X. Direct production of functional matrix metalloproteinase--14 without refolding or activation and its application for in vitro inhibition assays. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 113:717-23. [PMID: 26416249 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-14, a membrane-bound zinc endopeptidase, is one of the most important cancer targets because it plays central roles in tumor growth and invasion. Large amounts of active MMP-14 are required for cancer research and the development of chemical or biological MMP-14 inhibitors. Current methods of MMP-14 production through refolding and activation are labor-intensive, time-consuming, and often associated with low recovery rates, lot-to-lot variation and heterogeneous products. Here, we report direct production of the catalytic domain of MMP-14 in the periplasmic space of Escherichia coli. 0.5 mg/L of functional MMP-14 was produced without tedious refolding or problematic activation process. MMP-14 prepared by simple periplasmic treatment can be readily utilized to evaluate the potencies of chemical and antibody-based inhibitors. Furthermore, co-expression of both MMP-14 and antibody Fab fragments in the periplasm facilitated inhibitory antibody screening by avoiding purification of MMP-14 or Fabs. We expect this MMP-14 expression strategy can expedite the development of therapeutic drugs targeting MMPs with biological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyun Nam
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, 900 University Ave Riverside, Riverside, 92521, California
| | - Xin Ge
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, 900 University Ave Riverside, Riverside, 92521, California.
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29
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de Marco A. Recombinant antibody production evolves into multiple options aimed at yielding reagents suitable for application-specific needs. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:125. [PMID: 26330219 PMCID: PMC4557595 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0320-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibodies have been a pillar of basic research, while their relevance in clinical diagnostics and therapy is constantly growing. Consequently, the production of both conventional and fragment antibodies constantly faces more demanding challenges for the improvement of their quantity and quality. The answer to such an increasing need has been the development of a wide array of formats and alternative production platforms. This review offers a critical comparison and evaluation of the different options to help the researchers interested in expressing recombinant antibodies in their choice. RESULTS Rather than the compilation of an exhaustive list of the recent publications in the field, this review intendeds to analyze the development of the most innovative or fast-growing strategies. These have been illustrated with some significant examples and, when possible, compared with the existing alternatives. Space has also been given to those solutions that might represent interesting opportunities or that investigate critical aspects of the production optimization but for which the available data as yet do not allow for a definitive judgment. CONCLUSIONS The take-home message is that there is a clear process of progressive diversification concerning the antibody expression platforms and an effort to yield directly application-adapted immune-reagents rather than generic naked antibodies that need further in vitro modification steps before becoming usable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ario de Marco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Nova Gorica, Glavni Trg 9, 5261, Vipava, Slovenia.
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30
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Efficient expression of full-length antibodies in the cytoplasm of engineered bacteria. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8072. [PMID: 26311203 PMCID: PMC4560801 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Current methods for producing immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in engineered cells often require refolding steps or secretion across one or more biological membranes. Here, we describe a robust expression platform for biosynthesis of full-length IgG antibodies in the Escherichia coli cytoplasm. Synthetic heavy and light chains, both lacking canonical export signals, are expressed in specially engineered E. coli strains that permit formation of stable disulfide bonds within the cytoplasm. IgGs with clinically relevant antigen- and effector-binding activities are readily produced in the E. coli cytoplasm by grafting antigen-specific variable heavy and light domains into a cytoplasmically stable framework and remodelling the fragment crystallizable domain with amino-acid substitutions that promote binding to Fcγ receptors. The resulting cytoplasmic IgGs—named ‘cyclonals'—effectively bypass the potentially rate-limiting steps of membrane translocation and glycosylation. Current methods for production of monoclonal antibodies often require refolding steps or secretion across biological membranes. Here, Robinson et al. describe engineered E. coli strains for efficient production of functional immunoglobulin G antibodies in the bacterial cytoplasm.
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Spooner J, Keen J, Nayyar K, Birkett N, Bond N, Bannister D, Tigue N, Higazi D, Kemp B, Vaughan T, Kippen A, Buchanan A. Evaluation of strategies to control Fab light chain dimer during mammalian expression and purification: A universal one-step process for purification of correctly assembled Fab. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:1472-7. [PMID: 25619171 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Fabs are an important class of antibody fragment as both research reagents and therapeutic agents. There are a plethora of methods described for their recombinant expression and purification. However, these do not address the issue of excessive light chain production that forms light chain dimers nor do they describe a universal purification strategy. Light chain dimer impurities and the absence of a universal Fab purification strategy present persistent challenges for biotechnology applications using Fabs, particularly around the need for bespoke purification strategies. This study describes methods to address light chain dimer formation during Fab expression and identifies a novel CH 1 affinity resin as a simple and efficient one-step purification for correctly assembled Fab.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenny Keen
- MedImmune, Granta Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Neil Birkett
- MedImmune, Granta Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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De-convoluting the Genetic Adaptations of E. coli C41(DE3) in Real Time Reveals How Alleviating Protein Production Stress Improves Yields. Cell Rep 2015; 10:1758-1766. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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33
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Yi L, Taft JM, Li Q, Gebhard MC, Georgiou G, Iverson BL. Yeast Endoplasmic Reticulum Sequestration Screening for the Engineering of Proteases from Libraries Expressed in Yeast. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1319:81-93. [PMID: 26060071 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2748-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
There is significant interest in engineering proteases with desired proteolytic properties. We describe a high-throughput fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) assay for detecting altered proteolytic activity of protease in yeast, at the single cell level. This assay relies on coupling yeast endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention, yeast surface display, and FACS analysis. The method described here allows facile screening of large libraries, and of either protease or substrate variants, including the screening of protease libraries against substrate libraries. We demonstrate the application of this technique in the screening of libraries of Tobacco Etch Virus protease (TEV-P) for altered proteolytic activities. In addition, the generality of this method is also validated by other proteases such as human granzyme K and the hepatitis C virus protease, and the human Abelson tyrosine kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA,
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34
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Djender S, Schneider A, Beugnet A, Crepin R, Desrumeaux KE, Romani C, Moutel S, Perez F, de Marco A. Bacterial cytoplasm as an effective cell compartment for producing functional VHH-based affinity reagents and Camelidae IgG-like recombinant antibodies. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:140. [PMID: 25223348 PMCID: PMC4172947 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-014-0140-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The isolation of recombinant antibody fragments from displayed libraries represents a powerful alternative to the generation of IgGs using hybridoma technology. The selected antibody fragments can then be easily engineered into (multi)-tagged constructs of variable mass and complexity as well as reconstituted into Camelidae IgG-like molecules when expressed fused to Fc domains. Nevertheless, all antibody constructs depend on an oxidizing environment for correct folding and consequently still belong to the proteins difficult to express in bacteria. In such organisms they are mostly produced at low yields in the periplasmic space. RESULTS We demonstrate that fusion constructs of recombinant antibodies in combination with multiple tags can be produced at high yields and totally functional in the cytoplasm of bacteria expressing sulfhydryl oxidase. The method was applied to structurally demanding molecules such as VHHs fused to SNAP and Fc domains and was validated using the antibody-derived reagents in a variety of immune techniques (FACS, ELISA, WB, IP, SPR, and IF). CONCLUSIONS The collected data demonstrate the feasibility of a method that establishes a totally new approach for producing rapidly and inexpensively functional Camelidae IgG-like monoclonal antibodies and antibody-based reagents containing multiple disulfide bonds and suitable for both basic research and clinical applications.
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Production of therapeutic proteins in the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. AMB Express 2014; 4:57. [PMID: 25136510 PMCID: PMC4131161 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-014-0057-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloroplast transformation in the photosynthetic alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has been used to explore the potential to use it as an inexpensive and easily scalable system for the production of therapeutic recombinant proteins. Diverse proteins, such as bacterial and viral antigens, antibodies and, immunotoxins have been successfully expressed in the chloroplast using endogenous and chimeric promoter sequences. In some cases, proteins have accumulated to high level, demonstrating that this technology could compete with current production platforms. This review focuses on the works that have engineered the chloroplast of C. reinhardtii with the aim of producing recombinant proteins intended for therapeutical use in humans or animals.
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36
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Ju MS, Jung ST. Aglycosylated full-length IgG antibodies: steps toward next-generation immunotherapeutics. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2014; 30:128-39. [PMID: 25035939 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Albeit the removal of Asn297 glycans of IgG perturbs the overall conformation and flexibility of the IgG CH2 domain, resulting in the loss of Fc-ligand interactions and therapeutically critical immune effector functions, aglycosylated full-length IgG antibodies are nearly identical to the glycosylated counterparts in terms of antigen binding, stability at physiological or low temperature conditions, pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution. To bypass the drawbacks of glycosylated antibodies that include glycan heterogeneity and requirement of high capital investment for biomanufacturing, aglycosylated antibodies have been developed and several are under clinical trials. Comprehensive cellular and bioprocess engineering has enabled to produce highly complex aglycosylated IgGs in a simple bacterial cultivation with comparable production level as that of mammalian cells. Moreover, extensive engineering of aglycosylated Fc has converted the aglycosylated IgG antibodies into a new class of effector functional human immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Seok Ju
- Department of Bio and Nano Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 136-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Taek Jung
- Department of Bio and Nano Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 136-702, Republic of Korea.
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37
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Wals K, Ovaa H. Unnatural amino acid incorporation in E. coli: current and future applications in the design of therapeutic proteins. Front Chem 2014; 2:15. [PMID: 24790983 PMCID: PMC3982533 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2014.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Unnatural amino acid (UAA) incorporation by amber codon suppression offers scientists a powerful tool to modify the properties of proteins at will. UAA incorporation has been used for a plethora of fundamental research applications and, more recently, also for the selective modification of therapeutic proteins. In this review most recent developments in Escherichia coli codon expansion and, unnatural amino acid incorporation are discussed together with some remarkable recent developments in improved efficient UAA incorporation. We focus on the generation of proteins that hold promise for future therapeutic applications that would be impossible to obtain without unnatural amino acid incorporation, including the generation of bi-specific antibodies and antibody drug conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huib Ovaa
- Division of Cell Biology, Chemical Biology and Drug Innovation, The Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdam, Netherlands
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38
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Groff D, Armstrong S, Rivers PJ, Zhang J, Yang J, Green E, Rozzelle J, Liang S, Kittle JD, Steiner AR, Baliga R, Thanos CD, Hallam TJ, Sato AK, Yam AY. Engineering toward a bacterial "endoplasmic reticulum" for the rapid expression of immunoglobulin proteins. MAbs 2014; 6:671-8. [PMID: 24517929 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.28172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are well-established as therapeutics, and the preclinical and clinical pipeline of these important biologics is growing rapidly. Consequently, there is considerable interest in technologies to engineer and manufacture them. Mammalian cell culture is commonly used for production because eukaryotic expression systems have evolved complex and efficient chaperone systems for the folding of antibodies. However, given the ease and manipulability of bacteria, antibody discovery efforts often employ bacterial expression systems despite their limitations in generating high titers of functional antibody. Open-Cell Free Synthesis (OCFS) is a coupled transcription-translation system that has the advantages of prokaryotic systems while achieving high titers of antibody expression. Due to the open nature of OCFS, it is easily modified by chemical or protein additives to improve the folding of select proteins. As such, we undertook a protein additive screen to identify chaperone proteins that improve the folding and assembly of trastuzumab in OCFS. From the screen, we identified the disulfide isomerase DsbC and the prolyl isomerase FkpA as important positive effectors of IgG folding. These periplasmic chaperones function synergistically for the folding and assembly of IgG, and, when present in sufficient quantities, gram per liter IgG titers can be produced. This technological advancement allows the rapid development and manufacturing of immunoglobulin proteins and pushes OCFS to the forefront of production technologies for biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Groff
- Sutro Biopharma; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | | | | | - Juan Zhang
- Sutro Biopharma; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Junhao Yang
- Sutro Biopharma; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Evan Green
- Sutro Biopharma; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | | | - Shengwen Liang
- Molecular Technologies Laboratories LLC; Ohio University Innovation Center; Athens, OH USA
| | - Joseph D Kittle
- Molecular Technologies Laboratories LLC; Ohio University Innovation Center; Athens, OH USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alice Y Yam
- Sutro Biopharma; South San Francisco, CA USA
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39
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Lee YJ, Lee DH, Jeong KJ. Enhanced production of human full-length immunoglobulin G1 in the periplasm of Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:1237-46. [PMID: 24270917 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5390-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are currently the most important pharmaceutical proteins, and the economic production of functional immunoglobulin G (IgG) is an important issue in biotechnology. Recent successes in the development of aglycosylated IgG variants that do not require glycosylation for effector functions have increased the use of Escherichia coli as an alternative host for economic production of IgG, instead of traditional mammalian host expression systems. Here, we have developed a new E. coli host-vector system for the high-level production of full-length IgG1 by examining (1) E. coli strains, (2) modification of 5' untranslated region sequences, and (3) co-expression of periplasmic foldase. With the engineered host-vector system, fed-batch cultivations were conducted at two different conditions, and under optimized conditions, up to 362 mg/L of full-length IgG1 could be produced in a relatively short-time (22 h) cultivation. The fully assembled IgG1 from fed-batch cultivation was purified with high purity and yield. With the purified IgG1, the specific bindings to an antigen, anthrax toxin PA, and to human neonatal Fc receptor were successfully demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jae Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
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40
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Recombinant polypeptide production in E. coli: towards a rational approach to improve the yields of functional proteins. Microb Cell Fact 2013; 12:101. [PMID: 24176192 PMCID: PMC3832250 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-12-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of complementary technologies enabled the successful production of recombinant polypeptides in bacteria and opened to biology researchers new avenues as obtaining suitable amounts of proteins necessary for their experimental work became easy, fast, and inexpensive. Nevertheless, the recombinant approach remained somehow unpredictable, since many constructs resisted to apparent production or accumulated as aggregates. Several factors and physical/chemical conditions that could improve the accumulation of native-like protein were identified. At the same time, it was acknowledged that the outcome of most of them was erratic and that almost any protein required its own specific optimized set of conditions to achieve its correct folding. The attempt to understand the critical points specific for recombinant protein production missed the goal of setting universally useful protocols, but contributed to the increase of the rate of success by proposing always new empiric combinations. Nevertheless, the results published in the recent literature allow for a better comprehension of some key mechanisms controlling protein production in E. coli and could enable the elaboration of rational methodologies for improving the quantitative and qualitative features of the produced polypeptides. This result will be achieved when the identification of the limiting step that impairs the accomplishment of the native folding for any single construct will become straightforward. This minireview will discuss how factors such as the expression rate, the folding machinery, and the secretion efficiency may impact the final protein yields.
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41
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Spiess C, Merchant M, Huang A, Zheng Z, Yang NY, Peng J, Ellerman D, Shatz W, Reilly D, Yansura DG, Scheer JM. Bispecific antibodies with natural architecture produced by co-culture of bacteria expressing two distinct half-antibodies. Nat Biotechnol 2013; 31:753-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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Lee YJ, Kim HS, Ryu AJ, Jeong KJ. Enhanced production of full-length immunoglobulin G via the signal recognition particle (SRP)-dependent pathway in Escherichia coli. J Biotechnol 2013; 165:102-8. [PMID: 23528343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Because of the lack of post-translational glycosylation, Escherichia coli is not a preferable host for immunoglobulin G (IgG) production. However, recent successes in the developments of aglycosylated IgG variants that do not require glycosylation for effector functions have increased the likelihood of using E. coli for IgG production. Here, we have developed a new E. coli host-vector system for enhanced production of recombinant IgG using: (i) a combination of SRP/Sec-dependent pathways for the efficient secretion of heavy and light chains in the periplasm; (ii) co-expression of periplasmic foldase (DsbC) for efficient assembly of IgG in the periplasm; and (iii) co-expression of Ffh for enhancing the SRP machinery. Finally, with engineered host-vector system, fed-batch cultivations were conducted at four different conditions, and under an optimized condition, up to 62 mg/L of active full-length IgG was produced during a 28-h cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jae Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology-KAIST, Republic of Korea
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43
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Skretas G, Kolisis FN. Combinatorial approaches for inverse metabolic engineering applications. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2013; 3:e201210021. [PMID: 24688681 PMCID: PMC3962077 DOI: 10.5936/csbj.201210021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional metabolic engineering analyzes biosynthetic and physiological pathways, identifies bottlenecks, and makes targeted genetic modifications with the ultimate goal of increasing the production of high-value products in living cells. Such efforts have led to the development of a variety of organisms with industrially relevant properties. However, there are a number of cellular phenotypes important for research and the industry for which the rational selection of cellular targets for modification is not easy or possible. In these cases, strain engineering can be alternatively carried out using “inverse metabolic engineering”, an approach that first generates genetic diversity by subjecting a population of cells to a particular mutagenic process, and then utilizes genetic screens or selections to identify the clones exhibiting the desired phenotype. Given the availability of an appropriate screen for a particular property, the success of inverse metabolic engineering efforts usually depends on the level and quality of genetic diversity which can be generated. Here, we review classic and recently developed combinatorial approaches for creating such genetic diversity and discuss the use of these methodologies in inverse metabolic engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Skretas
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Fragiskos N Kolisis
- Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens - Zografou Campus, Athens, Greece
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Bodelón G, Palomino C, Fernández LÁ. Immunoglobulin domains inEscherichia coliand other enterobacteria: from pathogenesis to applications in antibody technologies. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2013; 37:204-50. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.00347.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Seo SW, Yang JS, Kim I, Yang J, Min BE, Kim S, Jung GY. Predictive design of mRNA translation initiation region to control prokaryotic translation efficiency. Metab Eng 2013; 15:67-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Teo CY, Shave S, Chor ALT, Salleh AB, Rahman MBBA, Walkinshaw MD, Tejo BA. Discovery of a new class of inhibitors for the protein arginine deiminase type 4 (PAD4) by structure-based virtual screening. BMC Bioinformatics 2012; 13 Suppl 17:S4. [PMID: 23282142 PMCID: PMC3521205 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-13-s17-s4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease with unknown etiology. Anticitrullinated protein autoantibody has been documented as a highly specific autoantibody associated with RA. Protein arginine deiminase type 4 (PAD4) is the enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of peptidylarginine into peptidylcitrulline. PAD4 is a new therapeutic target for RA treatment. In order to search for inhibitors of PAD4, structure-based virtual screening was performed using LIDAEUS (Ligand discovery at Edinburgh university). Potential inhibitors were screened experimentally by inhibition assays. RESULTS Twenty two of the top-ranked water-soluble compounds were selected for inhibitory screening against PAD4. Three compounds showed significant inhibition of PAD4 and their IC50 values were investigated. The structures of the three compounds show no resemblance with previously discovered PAD4 inhibitors, nor with existing drugs for RA treatment. CONCLUSION Three compounds were discovered as potential inhibitors of PAD4 by virtual screening. The compounds are commercially available and can be used as scaffolds to design more potent inhibitors against PAD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chian Ying Teo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Malaysia
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Lamppa JW, Tanyos SA, Griswold KE. Engineering Escherichia coli for soluble expression and single step purification of active human lysozyme. J Biotechnol 2012; 164:1-8. [PMID: 23220215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered variants of human lysozyme represent promising leads in the battle against drug-resistant bacterial pathogens, but early stage development and testing of novel lysozyme variants is constrained by the lack of a robust, scalable and facile expression system. While wild type human lysozyme is reportedly produced at 50–80 kg per hectare of land in recombinant rice, this plant-based system is not readily scaled down to bench top production, and it is therefore not suitable for development and characterization of novel lysozyme variants. Here, we describe a novel and efficient expression system capable of producing folded, soluble and functional human lysozyme in Escherichia coli cells. To achieve this goal, we simultaneously co-express multiple protein folding chaperones as well as harness the lysozyme inhibitory protein, Ivy. Our strategy exploits E. coli's ease of culture, short doubling time, and facile genetics to yield upwards of 30 mg/l of soluble lysozyme in a bioreactor system, a 3000-fold improvement over prior efforts in E. coli. Additionally, molecular interactions between lysozyme and a his-tagged Ivy allows for one-step purification by IMAC, yielding as much as 21 mg/l of purified enzyme. We anticipate that our expression and purification platform will facilitate further development of engineered lysozymes having utility in disease treatment and other practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Lamppa
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Bacterial expression systems for recombinant protein production: E. coli and beyond. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:1102-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Schaefer JV, Plückthun A. Transfer of engineered biophysical properties between different antibody formats and expression systems. Protein Eng Des Sel 2012; 25:485-506. [PMID: 22763265 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzs039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant antibodies and their derivatives are receiving ever increasing attention for many applications. Nevertheless, they differ widely in biophysical properties, from stable monomers to metastable aggregation-prone mixtures of oligomers. Previous work from our laboratory presented the combination of structure-based analysis with family consensus alignments as being able to improve the properties of immunoglobulin variable domains. We had identified a series of mutations in the variable domains that greatly influenced both the stability and the expression level of single-chain Fv (scFv) fragments produced in the periplasm of Escherichia coli. We now investigated whether these effects are transferable to Fab fragments and immunoglobulin G (IgG) produced in bacteria, Pichia pastoris, and mammalian cells. Taken together, our data indicate that engineered mutations can increase functional expression levels only for periplasmic expression in prokaryotes. In contrast, stability against thermal and denaturant-induced unfolding is improved by the same mutations in all formats tested, including scFv, Fab and IgG, independent of the expression system. The mutations in V(H) also influenced the structural homogeneity of full-length IgG, and the reducibility of the distant C(H)1-C(L) inter-chain disulfide bond. These results confirm the potential of structure-based protein engineering in the context of full-length IgGs and the transferability of stability improvements discovered with smaller antibody fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas V Schaefer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Ducancel F, Muller BH. Molecular engineering of antibodies for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. MAbs 2012; 4:445-57. [PMID: 22684311 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.20776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past ten years, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have taken center stage in the field of targeted therapy and diagnosis. This increased interest in mAbs is due to their binding accuracy (affinity and specificity) together with the original molecular and structural rules that govern interactions with their cognate antigen. In addition, the effector properties of antibodies constitute a second major advantage associated with their clinical use. The development of molecular and structural engineering and more recently of in vitro evolution of antibodies has opened up new perspectives in the de novo design of antibodies more adapted to clinical and diagnostic use. Thus, efforts are regularly made by researchers to improve or modulate antibody recognition properties, to adapt their pharmacokinetics, engineer their stability, and control their immunogenicity. This review presents the latest molecular engineering results on mAbs with therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Ducancel
- CEA, iBiTec-S, Department of Pharmacology and Immunoanalysis, Laboratory of Antibody Engineering for Health, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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