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Ye C, Li M, Gao J, Zuo Y, Xiao F, Jiang X, Cheng J, Huang L, Xu Z, Lian J. Metabolic engineering of Pichia pastoris for overproduction of cis-trans nepetalactol. Metab Eng 2024; 84:83-94. [PMID: 38897449 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2024.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) are a group of plant-derived natural products with high-value medicinal properties. However, their availability for clinical application is limited due to challenges in plant extraction. Microbial production has emerged as a promising strategy to meet the clinical demands for MIAs. The biosynthetic pathway of cis-trans nepetalactol, which serves as the universal iridoid scaffold for all MIAs, has been successfully identified and reconstituted. However, bottlenecks and challenges remain to construct a high-yielding platform strain for cis-trans nepetalactol production, which is vital for subsequent MIAs biosynthesis. In the present study, we focused on engineering of Pichia pastoris cell factories to enhance the production of geraniol, 8-hydroxygeraniol, and cis-trans nepetalactol. By targeting the biosynthetic pathway from acetyl-CoA to geraniol in both peroxisomes and cytoplasm, we achieved comparable geraniol titers in both compartments. Through protein engineering, we found that either G8H or CPR truncation increased the production of 8-hydroxygeraniol, with a 47.8-fold and 14.0-fold increase in the peroxisomal and cytosolic pathway strain, respectively. Furthermore, through a combination of dynamical control of ERG20, precursor and cofactor supply engineering, diploid engineering, and dual subcellular compartmentalization engineering, we achieved the highest ever reported production of cis-trans nepetalactol, with a titer of 4429.4 mg/L using fed-batch fermentation in a 5-L bioreactor. We anticipate our systematic metabolic engineering strategies to facilitate the development of P. pastoris cell factories for sustainable production of MIAs and other plant natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuifang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education & National Key Laboratory of Biobased Transportation Fuel Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Mengxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education & National Key Laboratory of Biobased Transportation Fuel Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jucan Gao
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Yimeng Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education & National Key Laboratory of Biobased Transportation Fuel Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Feng Xiao
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Xiaojing Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education & National Key Laboratory of Biobased Transportation Fuel Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jintao Cheng
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education & National Key Laboratory of Biobased Transportation Fuel Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Zhinan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education & National Key Laboratory of Biobased Transportation Fuel Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jiazhang Lian
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education & National Key Laboratory of Biobased Transportation Fuel Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
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Liu H, Liang S, Zhu M, Shi W, Xu C, Wei W, Zhan R, Ma D. A fused hybrid enzyme of 8-hydroxygeraniol oxidoreductase (8HGO) from Gardenia jasminoides and iridoid synthase (ISY) from Catharanthus roseus significantly enhances nepetalactol and iridoid production. PLANTA 2024; 259:62. [PMID: 38319463 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04287-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The operation of 8HGO-ISY fusion enzymes can increase nepetalactol flux to iridoid biosynthesis, and the Gj8HGO-CrISY expression in Gardenia jasminoides indicates that seco-iridoids and closed-ring iridoids share a nepetalactol pool. Nepetalactol is a common precursor of (seco)iridoids and their derivatives, which are a group of noncanonical monoterpenes. Functional characterization of an 8HGO (8-hydroxygeraniol oxidoreductase) from Catharanthus roseus, a seco-iridoids producing plant, has been reported; however, the 8HGO from G. jasminoides with plenty of closed-ring iridoids remains uninvestigated. In this work, a Gj8HGO was cloned and biochemically characterized. In addition, the relatively low production of nepetalactol in plants and engineered microbial host is likely to be attributed to the fact that Cr8HGO and CrISY (iridoid synthase) are substrate-promiscuous enzymes catalyzing unexpected substrates to the undesired products. Herein, a bifunctional enzyme consisting of an 8HGO fused to an ISY was designed for the proximity to the substrate and recycling of NADP+ and NADPH cofactor to reduce the undesired intermediate in the synthesis of nepetalactol. Of four fusion enzymes (i.e., Gj8HGO-GjISY, Gj8HGO-GjISY2, Gj8HGO-GjISY4, and Gj8HGO-CrISY), interestingly, only the last one can enable cascade reaction to form cis-trans-nepetalactol. Furthermore, we establish a reliable Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system. The expression of Gj8HGO-CrISY in G. jasminoides led to a significant enhancement of nepetalactol production, about 19-fold higher than that in wild-type plants, which further resulted in the twofold to fivefold increase of total iridoids and representative iridoid such as geniposide, indicating that seco-iridoids in C. roseus and closed-ring iridoids in G. jasminoides share a nepetalactol pool. All results suggest that 8HGO and ISY can be manipulated to maximize metabolic flux for nepetalactol and iridoid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shuangcheng Liang
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Meixian Zhu
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wenjing Shi
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chong Xu
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wuke Wei
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ruoting Zhan
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Dongming Ma
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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3
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Dror MJ, Misa J, Yee DA, Chu AM, Yu RK, Chan BB, Aoyama LS, Chaparala AP, O'Connor SE, Tang Y. Engineered biosynthesis of plant heteroyohimbine and corynantheine alkaloids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 51:kuad047. [PMID: 38140980 PMCID: PMC10995622 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuad047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) are a class of natural products comprised of thousands of structurally unique bioactive compounds with significant therapeutic values. Due to difficulties associated with isolation from native plant species and organic synthesis of these structurally complex molecules, microbial production of MIAs using engineered hosts are highly desired. In this work, we report the engineering of fully integrated Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains that allow de novo access to strictosidine, the universal precursor to thousands of MIAs at 30-40 mg/L. The optimization efforts were based on a previously reported yeast strain that is engineered to produce high titers of the monoterpene precursor geraniol through compartmentalization of mevalonate pathway in the mitochondria. Our approaches here included the use of CRISPR-dCas9 interference to identify mitochondria diphosphate transporters that negatively impact the titer of the monoterpene, followed by genetic inactivation; the overexpression of transcriptional regulators that increase cellular respiration and mitochondria biogenesis. Strain construction included the strategic integration of genes encoding both MIA biosynthetic and accessory enzymes into the genome under a variety of constitutive and inducible promoters. Following successful de novo production of strictosidine, complex alkaloids belonging to heteroyohimbine and corynantheine families were reconstituted in the host with introduction of additional downstream enzymes. We demonstrate that the serpentine/alstonine pair can be produced at ∼5 mg/L titer, while corynantheidine, the precursor to mitragynine can be produced at ∼1 mg/L titer. Feeding of halogenated tryptamine led to the biosynthesis of analogs of alkaloids in both families. Collectively, our yeast strain represents an excellent starting point to further engineer biosynthetic bottlenecks in this pathway and to access additional MIAs and analogs through microbial fermentation. ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY An Saccharomyces cerevisiae-based microbial platform was developed for the biosynthesis of monoterpene indole alkaloids, including the universal precursor strictosidine and further modified heteroyohimbine and corynantheidine alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moriel J Dror
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Joshua Misa
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Danielle A Yee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Angela M Chu
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rachel K Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Bradley B Chan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lauren S Aoyama
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Anjali P Chaparala
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sarah E O'Connor
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Salim V, Jarecki SA, Vick M, Miller R. Advances in Metabolic Engineering of Plant Monoterpene Indole Alkaloids. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1056. [PMID: 37626942 PMCID: PMC10452178 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) encompass a diverse family of over 3000 plant natural products with a wide range of medical applications. Further utilizations of these compounds, however, are hampered due to low levels of abundance in their natural sources, causing difficult isolation and complex multi-steps in uneconomical chemical syntheses. Metabolic engineering of MIA biosynthesis in heterologous hosts is attractive, particularly for increasing the yield of natural products of interest and expanding their chemical diversity. Here, we review recent advances and strategies which have been adopted to engineer microbial and plant systems for the purpose of generating MIAs and discuss the current issues and future developments of manufacturing MIAs by synthetic biology approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vonny Salim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71115, USA; (S.-A.J.); (M.V.)
| | - Sara-Alexis Jarecki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71115, USA; (S.-A.J.); (M.V.)
| | - Marshall Vick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71115, USA; (S.-A.J.); (M.V.)
| | - Ryan Miller
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
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Kulhar N, Rajakumara E. Binding order and apparent binding affinity in the bisubstrate activity of strictosidine synthase. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:15634-15646. [PMID: 36943789 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2193643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The Rauvolfia serpentina strictosidine synthase (RsSTR) enzyme with a bisubstrate activity is central to monoterpenoid indole alkaloid (MIA) biosynthesis pathways, as it stereoselectively condenses the terpenoid and indole metabolites, secologanin and tryptamine, respectively, into strictosidine. Here, cooperativity was aimed to be deciphered by proxy with help of a non-substrate tryptamine analog (decoy compound) to allow a bisubstrate binding without reaction, facilitating an isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC)-based analysis of the effect of the presence of one substrate on the binding of the other. Tryptamine and tryptamine analog bound to RsSTR with similar binding affinities (Kd). On the contrary, ITC revealed an exothermic titration of secologanin to RsSTR but could not fully quantify it because of weak binding. Interestingly, secologanin bound to RsSTR with an apparent binding affinity (Kd,app) of 212.1 μM in the presence of the decoy compound, as opposed to a lack of binding to RsSTR alone, strongly suggesting a "tryptamine-first" mode of binding. Conversely, binding of tryptamine analog in the presence of secologanin was enhanced >3-fold. Further, molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) analyses revealed the conformational flexibility needed for such cooperativity. Our binding studies complemented with the computational analyses suggested cooperativity in the ordered bisubstrate binding to RsSTR. Therefore, understanding thermodynamics and cooperativity in the binding of substrates or ligands would help to unravel the mechanism of enzyme catalysis and ligand-receptor interactions, and would guide the redesign of enzymes for enhanced properties and the design of inhibitors against enzymes and receptors.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Kulhar
- Macromolecular Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IITH), Sangareddy, Telangana, India
| | - Eerappa Rajakumara
- Macromolecular Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IITH), Sangareddy, Telangana, India
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6
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Wang H, Jiang G, Liang N, Dong T, Shan M, Yao M, Wang Y, Xiao W, Yuan Y. Systematic Engineering to Enhance 8-Hydroxygeraniol Production in Yeast. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:4319-4327. [PMID: 36857414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c09028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
8-Hydroxygeraniol, an important component of insect sex pheromones and defensive secretions, can be used as a potential biological insect repellent in agriculture. Microbial production provides sustainable and green means to efficiently gain 8-hydroxygeraniol. The conversion of geraniol to 8-hydroxygeraniol by P450 geraniol-8-hydroxylase (G8H) was regarded as the bottleneck for 8-hydroxygeraniol production. Herein, an integrated strategy consisting of the fitness between G8H and cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) engineering, and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) supply is implemented to enhance the production of 8-hydroxygeraniol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The titer of 8-hydroxygeraniol was gradually increased by 2.1-fold (up to 158.1 mg/L). Moreover, dehydrogenase ADH6 and reductase ARI1 responsible for the reduction of 8-hydroxygeraniol toward shunt products were also deleted, elevating 8-hydroxygeraniol production to 238.9 mg/L at the shake flask level. Consequently, more than 1.0 g/L 8-hydroxygeraniol in S. cerevisiae was achieved in 5.0 L fed-batch fermentation by a carbon restriction strategy, which was the highest-reported titer in microbes so far. Our work not only provides a sustainable way for de novo biosynthesis of 8-hydroxygeraniol but also sets a good reference in P450 engineering in microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herong Wang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Guozhen Jiang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Nan Liang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Tianyu Dong
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Mengying Shan
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Mingdong Yao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wenhai Xiao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Georgia Tech Shenzhen Institute, Tianjin University, Shenzhen 518071, China
| | - Yingjin Yuan
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Reconstitution of monoterpene indole alkaloid biosynthesis in genome engineered Nicotiana benthamiana. Commun Biol 2022; 5:949. [PMID: 36088516 PMCID: PMC9464250 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03904-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) are a diverse class of plant natural products that include a number of medicinally important compounds. We set out to reconstitute the pathway for strictosidine, a key intermediate of all MIAs, from central metabolism in Nicotiana benthamiana. A disadvantage of this host is that its rich background metabolism results in the derivatization of some heterologously produced molecules. Here we use transcriptomic analysis to identify glycosyltransferases that are upregulated in response to biosynthetic intermediates and produce plant lines with targeted mutations in the genes encoding them. Expression of the early MIA pathway in these lines produces a more favorable product profile. Strictosidine biosynthesis was successfully reconstituted, with the best yields obtained by the co-expression of 14 enzymes, of which a major latex protein-like enzyme (MLPL) from Nepeta (catmint) is critical for improving flux through the iridoid pathway. The removal of endogenous glycosyltransferases does not impact the yields of strictosidine, highlighting that the metabolic flux of the pathway enzymes to a stable biosynthetic intermediate minimizes the need to engineer the endogenous metabolism of the host. The production of strictosidine in planta expands the range of MIA products amenable to biological synthesis. The biosynthesis of strictosidine, a key intermediate of monoterpene indole alkaloids, was successfully reconstructed in Nicotiana benthamiana, demonstrating the potential of Nicotiana benthamiana as a bioproduction chassis for small molecules.
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A microbial supply chain for production of the anti-cancer drug vinblastine. Nature 2022; 609:341-347. [PMID: 36045295 PMCID: PMC9452304 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05157-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) are a diverse family of complex plant secondary metabolites with many medicinal properties, including the essential anti-cancer therapeutics vinblastine and vincristine1. As MIAs are difficult to chemically synthesize, the world’s supply chain for vinblastine relies on low-yielding extraction and purification of the precursors vindoline and catharanthine from the plant Catharanthus roseus, which is then followed by simple in vitro chemical coupling and reduction to form vinblastine at an industrial scale2,3. Here, we demonstrate the de novo microbial biosynthesis of vindoline and catharanthine using a highly engineered yeast, and in vitro chemical coupling to vinblastine. The study showcases a very long biosynthetic pathway refactored into a microbial cell factory, including 30 enzymatic steps beyond the yeast native metabolites geranyl pyrophosphate and tryptophan to catharanthine and vindoline. In total, 56 genetic edits were performed, including expression of 34 heterologous genes from plants, as well as deletions, knock-downs and overexpression of ten yeast genes to improve precursor supplies towards de novo production of catharanthine and vindoline, from which semisynthesis to vinblastine occurs. As the vinblastine pathway is one of the longest MIA biosynthetic pathways, this study positions yeast as a scalable platform to produce more than 3,000 natural MIAs and a virtually infinite number of new-to-nature analogues. De novo microbial biosynthesis of vindoline and catharanthine using a highly engineered yeast and in vitro chemical coupling to vinblastine is carried out, positioning yeast as a scalable platform to produce many monoterpene indole alkaloids.
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Misa J, Billingsley JM, Niwa K, Yu RK, Tang Y. Engineered Production of Strictosidine and Analogues in Yeast. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:1639-1649. [PMID: 35294193 PMCID: PMC9171786 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) are an expansive class of plant natural products, many of which have been named on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Low production from native plant hosts necessitates a more reliable source of these drugs to meet global demand. Here, we report the development of a yeast-based platform for high-titer production of the universal MIA precursor, strictosidine. Our fed-batch platform produces ∼50 mg/L strictosidine, starting from the commodity chemicals geraniol and tryptamine. The microbially produced strictosidine was purified to homogeneity and characterized by NMR. Additionally, our approach enables the production of halogenated strictosidine analogues through the feeding of modified tryptamines. The MIA platform strain enables rapid access to strictosidine for reconstitution and production of downstream MIA natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Misa
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - John M. Billingsley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Kanji Niwa
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Rachel K. Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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10
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Xu C, Ye P, Wu Q, Liang S, Wei W, Yang J, Chen W, Zhan R, Ma D. Identification and functional characterization of three iridoid synthases in Gardenia jasminoides. PLANTA 2022; 255:58. [PMID: 35118554 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03824-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of three iridoid synthases (GjISY, GjISY2 and GjISY4) from Gardenia jasminoides and their functional characterization increase the understanding of iridoid scaffold/iridoid glycoside biosynthesis in iridoid-producing plants. Iridoids are a class of noncanonical monoterpenes that are found naturally in the plant kingdom mostly as glycosides. Over 40 iridoid glycosides (e.g., geniposide, gardenoside and shanzhiside) have been isolated from Gardenia jasminoides. They have multiple pharmacological properties and health-promoting effects. However, their biosynthetic pathway is poorly understood, and the iridoid synthase (ISY) responsible for the cyclization of the core scaffold remains unclear. In this study, three homologs of ISYs from G. jasminoides (GjISY, GjISY2 and GjISY4) were identified on the basis of transcriptomic data and functionally characterized. The genomic structure and intron-exon arrangement revealed that all three ISYs contained an intron. Biochemical assays indicated that all three recombinant enzymes reduced 8-oxogeranial to nepetalactol and its open forms (iridodials) as the products of the classical CrISY (Catharanthus roseus). In addition, all three enzymes reduced progesterone to 5-β-prognane-3,20-dione. However, only GjISY2 and GjISY4 reduced 2-cyclohexen-1-one to cyclohexanone. Overall, the GjISY2 expression levels in the flowers and fruits were similar to the GjISY and GjISY4 expression levels. By contrast, the GjISY2 expression levels in the upper and lower leaves were substantially higher than the GjISY and GjISY4 expression levels. Among the three, GjISY2 exhibited the highest catalytic efficiency for 8-oxogeranial. GjISY2 might be the major contributor to iridoid biosynthesis in G. jasminoides. Collectively, our results advance the understanding of iridoid scaffold/iridoid glycoside biosynthesis in G. jasminoides and provide a potential target for metabolic engineering and breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Xu
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource From Lingnan, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Ye
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource From Lingnan, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingwen Wu
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource From Lingnan, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangcheng Liang
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource From Lingnan, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Wuke Wei
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource From Lingnan, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinfen Yang
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource From Lingnan, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwen Chen
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource From Lingnan, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruoting Zhan
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource From Lingnan, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongming Ma
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource From Lingnan, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Davies ME, Tsyplenkov D, Martin VJJ. Engineering Yeast for De Novo Synthesis of the Insect Repellent Nepetalactone. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:2896-2903. [PMID: 34748704 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
While nepetalactone, the active ingredient in catnip, is a potent insect repellent, its low in planta accumulation limits its commercial viability as an alternative repellent. Here we describe for the first time de novo nepetalactone synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, enabling sustainable and scalable production. Nepetalactone production required introducing eight exogenous genes including the cytochrome P450 geraniol-8-hydroxylase, the bottleneck of the heterologous pathway. Combinatorial assessment of geraniol-8-hydroxylase and cytochrome P450 reductase variants, and copy-number variations were used to overcome this bottleneck. We found that several reductases improved hydroxylation activity and increasing geraniol-8-hydroxylase gene copy number improved 8-hydroxygeraniol titers. The accumulation of an unwanted metabolite implied inefficient channeling of carbon through the pathway. With the native yeast old yellow enzymes previously shown to use monoterpene intermediates as substrates, both homologues were deleted. These deletions increased 8-hydroxygeraniol yield, resulting in 3.10 mg/L/OD600 of nepetalactone from simple sugar in microtiter plates. This optimized pathway will benefit the development of high yielding strains for the scale up production of nepetalactone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E. Davies
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec H4B 1R6, Canada
- Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Daniel Tsyplenkov
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec H4B 1R6, Canada
- Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Vincent J. J. Martin
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec H4B 1R6, Canada
- Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec H4B 1R6, Canada
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12
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Strictosidine synthase, an indispensable enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of terpenoid indole and β-carboline alkaloids. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 19:591-607. [PMID: 34419259 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(21)60059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Terpenoid indole (TIAs) and β-carboline alkaloids (BCAs), such as suppressant reserpine, vasodilatory yohimbine, and antimalarial quinine, are natural compounds derived from strictosidine. These compounds can exert powerful pharmacological effects but be obtained from limited source in nature. the whole biosynthetic pathway of TIAs and BCAs, The Pictet-Spengler reaction catalyzed by strictosidine synthase (STR; EC: 4.3.3.2) is the rate-limiting step. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate their biosynthesis pathways, especially the role of STR, and related findings will support the biosynthetic generation of natural and unnatural compounds. This review summarizes the latest studies concerning the function of STR in TIA and BCA biosynthesis, and illustrates the compounds derived from strictosidine. The substrate specificity of STR based on its structure is also summarized. Proteins that contain six-bladed four-stranded β-propeller folds in many organisms, other than plants, are listed. The presence of these folds may lead to similar functions among organisms. The expression of STR gene can greatly influence the production of many compounds. STR is mainly applied to product various valuable drugs in plant cell suspension culture and biosynthesis in other carriers.
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13
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Abstract
The Pd-catalyzed carbon-carbon bond formation pioneered by Heck in 1969 has dominated medicinal chemistry development for the ensuing fifty years. As the demand for more complex three-dimensional active pharmaceuticals continues to increase, preparative enzyme-mediated assembly, by virtue of its exquisite selectivity and sustainable nature, is poised to provide a practical and affordable alternative for accessing such compounds. In this minireview, we summarize recent state-of-the-art developments in practical enzyme-mediated assembly of carbocycles. When appropriate, background information on the enzymatic transformation is provided and challenges and/or limitations are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Douglass F Taber
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Hans Renata
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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14
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Bat-Erdene U, Billingsley JM, Turner WC, Lichman BR, Ippoliti FM, Garg NK, O'Connor SE, Tang Y. Cell-Free Total Biosynthesis of Plant Terpene Natural Products using an Orthogonal Cofactor Regeneration System. ACS Catal 2021; 11:9898-9903. [PMID: 35355836 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Here we report the one-pot, cell-free enzymatic synthesis of the plant monoterpene nepetalactol starting from the readily available geraniol. A pair of orthogonal cofactor regeneration systems permitted NAD+-dependent geraniol oxidation followed by NADPH-dependent reductive cyclization without isolation of intermediates. The orthogonal cofactor regeneration system maintained a high ratio of NAD+ to NADH and a low ratio of NADP+ to NADPH. The overall reaction contains four biosynthetic enzymes, including a soluble P450; and five accessory and cofactor regeneration enzymes. Furthermore, addition of a NAD+-dependent dehydrogenase to the one-pot mixture led to ~1 g/L of nepetalactone, the active cat- attractant in catnip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Undramaa Bat-Erdene
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John M Billingsley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - William C Turner
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin R Lichman
- Centre for Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Francesca M Ippoliti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Neil K Garg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah E O'Connor
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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15
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Jamieson CS, Misa J, Tang Y, Billingsley JM. Biosynthesis and synthetic biology of psychoactive natural products. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:6950-7008. [PMID: 33908526 PMCID: PMC8217322 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00065a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Psychoactive natural products play an integral role in the modern world. The tremendous structural complexity displayed by such molecules confers diverse biological activities of significant medicinal value and sociocultural impact. Accordingly, in the last two centuries, immense effort has been devoted towards establishing how plants, animals, and fungi synthesize complex natural products from simple metabolic precursors. The recent explosion of genomics data and molecular biology tools has enabled the identification of genes encoding proteins that catalyze individual biosynthetic steps. Once fully elucidated, the "biosynthetic pathways" are often comparable to organic syntheses in elegance and yield. Additionally, the discovery of biosynthetic enzymes provides powerful catalysts which may be repurposed for synthetic biology applications, or implemented with chemoenzymatic synthetic approaches. In this review, we discuss the progress that has been made toward biosynthetic pathway elucidation amongst four classes of psychoactive natural products: hallucinogens, stimulants, cannabinoids, and opioids. Compounds of diverse biosynthetic origin - terpene, amino acid, polyketide - are identified, and notable mechanisms of key scaffold transforming steps are highlighted. We also provide a description of subsequent applications of the biosynthetic machinery, with an emphasis placed on the synthetic biology and metabolic engineering strategies enabling heterologous production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cooper S Jamieson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Joshua Misa
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - John M Billingsley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. and Invizyne Technologies, Inc., Monrovia, CA, USA
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16
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Anthony SM, Tona V, Zou Y, Morrill LA, Billingsley JM, Lim M, Tang Y, Houk KN, Garg NK. Total Synthesis of (-)-Strictosidine and Interception of Aryne Natural Product Derivatives "Strictosidyne" and "Strictosamidyne". J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7471-7479. [PMID: 33955226 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Monoterpene indole alkaloids are a large class of natural products derived from a single biosynthetic precursor, strictosidine. We describe a synthetic approach to strictosidine that relies on a key facially selective Diels-Alder reaction between a glucosyl-modified alkene and an enal to set the C15-C20-C21 stereotriad. DFT calculations were used to examine the origin of stereoselectivity in this key step, wherein two of 16 possible isomers are predominantly formed. These calculations suggest the presence of a glucosyl unit, also inherent in the strictosidine structure, guides diastereoselectivity, with the reactive conformation of the vinyl glycoside dienophile being controlled by an exo-anomeric effect. (-)-Strictosidine was subsequently accessed using late-stage synthetic manipulations and an enzymatic Pictet-Spengler reaction. Several new natural product analogs were also accessed, including precursors to two unusual aryne natural product derivatives termed "strictosidyne" and "strictosamidyne". These studies provide a strategy for accessing glycosylic natural products and a new platform to access monoterpene indole alkaloids and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Anthony
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Veronica Tona
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yike Zou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Lucas A Morrill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - John M Billingsley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Megan Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Neil K Garg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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17
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Liu M, Ohashi M, Hung YS, Scherlach K, Watanabe K, Hertweck C, Tang Y. AoiQ Catalyzes Geminal Dichlorination of 1,3-Diketone Natural Products. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7267-7271. [PMID: 33957045 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes that can perform halogenation of aliphatic carbons are of significant interest to the synthetic and biocatalysis communities. Here we describe the characterization of AoiQ, a single-component flavin-dependent halogenase (FDH) that catalyzes gem-dichlorination of 1,3-diketone substrates in the biosynthesis of dichlorodiaporthin. AoiQ represents the first biochemically reconstituted FDH that can halogenate an enolizable sp3-hybridized carbon atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - HKI, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - HKI, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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18
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Duan Y, Liu J, Du Y, Pei X, Li M. Aspergillus oryzae Biosynthetic Platform for de Novo Iridoid Production. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:2501-2511. [PMID: 33599481 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The iridoids and their derivatives monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) are two broad classes of plant-derived natural products with valuable pharmaceutical properties. However, the poor source limited their application. Nepetalactol, a common iridoid scaffold of MIAs, was heterologously produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although the optimization of nepetalactol production in S. cerevisiae was achieved by metabolic engineering, the inherent metabolic constraints impose a restriction on the production. Herein, we developed a high nepetalactol-producing Aspergillus oryzae platform strain. First, the co-expression of 5 nepetalactol biosynthetic genes, in a high isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP)-producing strain A. oryzae AK2, succeeded in the biosynthesis of nepetalactol. Second, the improvement of the IPP supply and the suppression of the byproduct citronellol formation were simultaneously achieved. Finally, the highest titer of nepetalactol of 7.2 mg/L was obtained with the engineered strain, after the optimization of the carbon source. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest reported titer of nepetalactol in microbial cells. The developed A. oryzae strain represents an attractive biosynthetic platform host for the de novo production of iridoids and MIAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Duan
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Jiawei Liu
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yun Du
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xiaolin Pei
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China
| | - Mu Li
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
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19
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Morris JS, Caldo KMP, Liang S, Facchini PJ. PR10/Bet v1-like Proteins as Novel Contributors to Plant Biochemical Diversity. Chembiochem 2020; 22:264-287. [PMID: 32700448 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins constitute a broad class of plant proteins with analogues found throughout nature from bacteria to higher eukaryotes. PR proteins were first noted in plants as part of the hypersensitive response, but have since been assigned an array of biological roles. The PR10/Bet v1-like proteins are a subset of PR proteins characterized by an ability to bind a wide range of lipophilic ligands, uniquely positioning them as contributors to specialized biosynthetic pathways. PR10/Bet v1-like proteins participate in the production of plant alkaloids and phenolics including flavonoids, both as general binding proteins and in special cases as catalysts. Owing initially to the perceived allergenic properties of PR10/Bet v1-like proteins, many were studied at the structural level to elucidate the basis for ligand binding. These studies provided a foundation for more recent efforts to understand higher-level structural order and how PR10/Bet v1-like proteins catalyse key reactions in plant pathways. Synthetic biology aimed at reconstituting plant-specialized metabolism in microorganisms uses knowledge of these proteins to fine-tune performance in new systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S Morris
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, T2N N4, Canada
| | - Kristian Mark P Caldo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, T2N N4, Canada
| | - Siyu Liang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, T2N N4, Canada
| | - Peter J Facchini
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, T2N N4, Canada
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20
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Dugé de Bernonville T, Maury S, Delaunay A, Daviaud C, Chaparro C, Tost J, O’Connor SE, Courdavault V. Developmental Methylome of the Medicinal Plant Catharanthus roseus Unravels the Tissue-Specific Control of the Monoterpene Indole Alkaloid Pathway by DNA Methylation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6028. [PMID: 32825765 PMCID: PMC7503379 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Catharanthus roseus produces a wide spectrum of monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs). MIA biosynthesis requires a tightly coordinated pathway involving more than 30 enzymatic steps that are spatio-temporally and environmentally regulated so that some MIAs specifically accumulate in restricted plant parts. The first regulatory layer involves a complex network of transcription factors from the basic Helix Loop Helix (bHLH) or AP2 families. In the present manuscript, we investigated whether an additional epigenetic layer could control the organ-, developmental- and environmental-specificity of MIA accumulation. We used Whole-Genome Bisulfite Sequencing (WGBS) together with RNA-seq to identify differentially methylated and expressed genes among nine samples reflecting different plant organs and experimental conditions. Tissue specific gene expression was associated with specific methylation signatures depending on cytosine contexts and gene parts. Some genes encoding key enzymatic steps from the MIA pathway were found to be simultaneously differentially expressed and methylated in agreement with the corresponding MIA accumulation. In addition, we found that transcription factors were strikingly concerned by DNA methylation variations. Altogether, our integrative analysis supports an epigenetic regulation of specialized metabolisms in plants and more likely targeting transcription factors which in turn may control the expression of enzyme-encoding genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dugé de Bernonville
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Tours, EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, F-37200 Tours, France;
| | - Stéphane Maury
- INRA, EA1207 USC1328 Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, Université d’Orléans, F-45067 Orléans, France;
| | - Alain Delaunay
- INRA, EA1207 USC1328 Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, Université d’Orléans, F-45067 Orléans, France;
| | - Christian Daviaud
- Laboratoire Epigénétique et Environnement, LEE, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, F-92265 Evry, France; (C.D.); (J.T.)
| | - Cristian Chaparro
- CNRS, IFREMER, UMR5244 Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnments, Université de Montpellier, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France;
| | - Jörg Tost
- Laboratoire Epigénétique et Environnement, LEE, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, F-92265 Evry, France; (C.D.); (J.T.)
| | - Sarah Ellen O’Connor
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Vincent Courdavault
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Tours, EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, F-37200 Tours, France;
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21
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Pyne ME, Kevvai K, Grewal PS, Narcross L, Choi B, Bourgeois L, Dueber JE, Martin VJJ. A yeast platform for high-level synthesis of tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3337. [PMID: 32620756 PMCID: PMC7335070 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17172-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) moiety is a privileged substructure of many bioactive natural products and semi-synthetic analogs. Plants manufacture more than 3,000 THIQ alkaloids, including the opioids morphine and codeine. While microbial species have been engineered to synthesize a few compounds from the benzylisoquinoline alkaloid (BIA) family of THIQs, low product titers impede industrial viability and limit access to the full chemical space. Here we report a yeast THIQ platform by increasing production of the central BIA intermediate (S)-reticuline to 4.6 g L−1, a 57,000-fold improvement over our first-generation strain. We show that gains in BIA output coincide with the formation of several substituted THIQs derived from amino acid catabolism. We use these insights to repurpose the Ehrlich pathway and synthesize an array of THIQ structures. This work provides a blueprint for building diverse alkaloid scaffolds and enables the targeted overproduction of thousands of THIQ products, including natural and semi-synthetic opioids. Plants synthesize more than 3000 tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) alkaloids, but only a few of them have been produced by engineered microbes and titers are very low. Here, the authors increase (S)-reticuline titer to 4.6 g/L and repurpose the yeast Ehrlich pathway to synthesize a diverse array of THIQ scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Pyne
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Kaspar Kevvai
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Parbir S Grewal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lauren Narcross
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Brian Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Leanne Bourgeois
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - John E Dueber
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Vincent J J Martin
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada. .,Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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22
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Awadasseid A, Li W, Liu Z, Qiao C, Pang J, Zhang G, Luo Y. Characterization of Camptotheca acuminata 10-hydroxygeraniol oxidoreductase and iridoid synthase and their application in biological preparation of nepetalactol in Escherichia coli featuring NADP + - NADPH cofactors recycling. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:1076-1085. [PMID: 32599240 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nepetalactol, an iridoid with four chiral carbons, is a crucial component of aphid sex pheromones that have been employed with great success to control the insect-related diseases. Despite of agricultural usage as end products, iridoids are fundamental biosynthetic intermediates for pharmaceutically important monoterpenoid indole alkaloids such as camptothecin (CAM) and vinca alkaloids. Herein we characterized 10-hydroxygeraniol oxidoreductase (10HGO) and iridoid synthase (IS) from Camptotheca acuminata, a CAM-producing plant, and reported their application in biological preparation of nepetalactol. Ca10HGO and CaIS were respectively cloned from C. acuminata, overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and purified to homogeneity. Ca10HGO catalyzes the oxidation of 10-hydroxygeraniol into 10-oxogeranial, in which NADP+ was reduced to NADPH. CaIS catalyzes nepetalactol formation from 10-oxogeranial using NADPH cofactor. The net outcome of the two reactions generate nepetalactol from 10-hydroxygeraniol efficiently, indicating NADP+ - NADPH recycling. Ca10HGO and CaIS were co-overexpressed in E. coli under optimized fermentation conditions to prepare cell-based catalysts that catalyze the conversion of 10-hydroxygeraniol into nepetalactol. The present work shows the enzymatic conversion of 10-hydroxygeraniol into nepetalactol involved in CAM biosynthesis. Co-overexpression of Ca10HGO and CaIS in E. coli is an alternative valuable cell-based biotransformation process with regenerating recycling of NADP+ - NADPH cofactors for nepetalactol preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annoor Awadasseid
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 9 Section 4, Renmin Road South, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 9 Section 4, Renmin Road South, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan Liu
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 9 Section 4, Renmin Road South, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Qiao
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 9 Section 4, Renmin Road South, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Pang
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 9 Section 4, Renmin Road South, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Guolin Zhang
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 9 Section 4, Renmin Road South, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinggang Luo
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 9 Section 4, Renmin Road South, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Recent trends in metabolic engineering of microbial chemical factories. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2019; 60:188-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Fu N, Yang ZL, Pauchet Y, Paetz C, Brandt W, Boland W, Burse A. A cytochrome P450 from the mustard leaf beetles hydroxylates geraniol, a key step in iridoid biosynthesis. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 113:103212. [PMID: 31425853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.103212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Larvae of the leaf beetle Phaedon cochleariae synthesize the iridoid chysomelidial via the mevalonate pathway to repel predators. The normal terpenoid biosynthesis is integrated into the dedicated defensive pathway by the ω-hydroxylation of geraniol to (2E,6E)-2,6-dimethylocta-2,6-diene-1,8-diol (ω-OH-geraniol). Here we identify and characterize the P450 monooxygenase CYP6BH5 as the geraniol hydroxylase using integrated transcriptomics, proteomics and RNA interference (RNAi). In the fat body, 73 cytochrome P450s were identified, and CYP6BH5 was among those that were expressed specifically in fat body. Double stranded RNA mediated knockdown of CYP6BH5 led to a significant reduction of ω-hydroxygeraniol glucoside in the hemolymph and, later, of the chrysomelidial in the defensive secretion. Heterologously expressed CYP6BH5 converted geraniol to ω-OH-geraniol. In addition to geraniol, CYP6BH5 also catalyzes hydroxylation of other monoterpenols, such as nerol and citronellol to the corresponding α,ω-dihydroxy compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanxia Fu
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knöll Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Zhi-Ling Yang
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knöll Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Yannick Pauchet
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knöll Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Paetz
- Research Group Biosynthesis/NMR, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knöll Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Brandt
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knöll Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Antje Burse
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knöll Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany; Department of Medical Technology and Biotechnology, Ernst Abbe Hochschule Jena, Carl Zeiss Promenade 2, 07745, Jena, Germany.
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25
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Mixed carbon substrates: a necessary nuisance or a missed opportunity? Curr Opin Biotechnol 2019; 62:15-21. [PMID: 31513988 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although fermentation with single carbon sources is the preferred mode of operation in current industrial biotechnology, the use of multiple substrates has been continuously investigated throughout the years. Generally, microbial metabolism varies significantly when cells are presented with mixed carbon substrates compared to a single carbon-energy source, as different nutrients interact in complex ways within the metabolic network. By exploiting these distinct modes of interaction, researchers have identified unique opportunities to optimize metabolism using mixed carbon sources. Here we review situations where process yield and productivity are markedly improved through the judicious introduction of substrate mixtures. Our goal is to illustrate that with proper design of the choice of substrates and the way they are introduced to cultures, metabolic optimization with mixed substrates can be a unique strategy that complements genetic engineering techniques to enhance cell performance beyond what is accomplished in single substrate fermentations.
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26
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Yee DA, DeNicola AB, Billingsley JM, Creso JG, Subrahmanyam V, Tang Y. Engineered mitochondrial production of monoterpenes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Metab Eng 2019; 55:76-84. [PMID: 31226348 PMCID: PMC6717016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) from plants encompass a broad class of structurally complex and medicinally valuable natural products. MIAs are biologically derived from the universal precursor strictosidine. Although the strictosidine biosynthetic pathway has been identified and reconstituted, extensive work is required to optimize production of strictosidine and its precursors in yeast. In this study, we engineered a fully integrated and plasmid-free yeast strain with enhanced production of the monoterpene precursor geraniol. The geraniol biosynthetic pathway was targeted to the mitochondria to protect the GPP pool from consumption by the cytosolic ergosterol pathway. The mitochondrial geraniol producer showed a 6-fold increase in geraniol production compared to cytosolic producing strains. We further engineered the monoterpene-producing strain to synthesize the next intermediates in the strictosidine pathway: 8-hydroxygeraniol and nepetalactol. Integration of geraniol hydroxylase (G8H) from Catharanthus roseus led to essentially quantitative conversion of geraniol to 8-hydroxygeraniol at a titer of 227 mg/L in a fed-batch fermentation. Further introduction of geraniol oxidoreductase (GOR) and iridoid synthase (ISY) from C. roseus and tuning of the relative expression levels resulted in the first de novo nepetalactol production. The strategies developed in this work can facilitate future strain engineering for yeast production of later intermediates in the strictosidine biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A Yee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States
| | - Anthony B DeNicola
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States
| | - John M Billingsley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States
| | - Jenette G Creso
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States
| | - Vidya Subrahmanyam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States.
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27
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Billingsley JM, Anguiano JL, Tang Y. Production of semi-biosynthetic nepetalactone in yeast. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 46:1365-1370. [PMID: 31165969 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-019-02199-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microbial-based production of natural products provides a promising alternative to synthetic production and isolation from the native producer. The recently discovered NEPS1 cyclase/oxidase completes the biosynthetic pathway to nepetalactone, a biologically relevant iridoid known as both an insect repellent and cat attractant. In this work, we employ yeast-based whole-cell biocatalysis to produce semi-biosynthetic nepetalactone from a low-cost precursor via a four-step enzymatic process. The dependence of product yield on bioprocess parameters ranging from induction of gene expression to substrate loading was investigated. Subsequent factorial design and response surface methodology optimization approach enabled a 5.8-fold increase in nepetalactone titer to 153 mg/L. Our study provides insights into strategies for operating plasmid-based bioconversion of a fed substrate and sets the stage for scalable, microbial synthesis of nepetalactone.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Billingsley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jose L Anguiano
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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28
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Pyne ME, Narcross L, Martin VJJ. Engineering Plant Secondary Metabolism in Microbial Systems. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:844-861. [PMID: 30643013 PMCID: PMC6393802 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
An overview of common challenges and strategies underlying efforts to reconstruct plant isoprenoid, alkaloid, phenylpropanoid, and polyketide biosynthetic pathways in microbial systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Pyne
- Department of Biology, Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lauren Narcross
- Department of Biology, Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vincent J J Martin
- Department of Biology, Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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29
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Uncoupled activation and cyclization in catmint reductive terpenoid biosynthesis. Nat Chem Biol 2018; 15:71-79. [PMID: 30531909 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-018-0185-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Terpene synthases typically form complex molecular scaffolds by concerted activation and cyclization of linear starting materials in a single enzyme active site. Here we show that iridoid synthase, an atypical reductive terpene synthase, catalyzes the activation of its substrate 8-oxogeranial into a reactive enol intermediate, but does not catalyze the subsequent cyclization into nepetalactol. This discovery led us to identify a class of nepetalactol-related short-chain dehydrogenase enzymes (NEPS) from catmint (Nepeta mussinii) that capture this reactive intermediate and catalyze the stereoselective cyclisation into distinct nepetalactol stereoisomers. Subsequent oxidation of nepetalactols by NEPS1 provides nepetalactones, metabolites that are well known for both insect-repellent activity and euphoric effects in cats. Structural characterization of the NEPS3 cyclase reveals that it binds to NAD+ yet does not utilize it chemically for a non-oxidoreductive formal [4 + 2] cyclization. These discoveries will complement metabolic reconstructions of iridoid and monoterpene indole alkaloid biosynthesis.
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30
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Abstract
An operationally simple protocol for the conversion of geranyl acetate to 8-hydroxygeraniol is reported. The convenient two-step procedure relies on an efficient, chemo- and regioselective SeO2-promoted oxidation, followed by straightforward deacetylation. This facile means to prepare 8-hydroxygeraniol is expected to enable biosynthetic studies pertaining to thousands of monoterpene indole alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca M Ippoliti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Joyann S Barber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Neil K Garg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
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