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Lee SH, Lin WY, Cheng TJ. Microbiota-mediated metabolic perturbations in the gut and brain of mice after microplastic exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 350:141026. [PMID: 38145850 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.141026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs), emerging environmental toxicants, have drawn attention because of their wide distribution in the environment. Exposure to MPs induces gut microbiota dysbiosis, intestinal barrier dysfunction, metabolic perturbations, and neurotoxicity in different rodents. However, the relationship between MPs, gut microbiota, and the metabolome of the gut and brain in mice remains unclear. In this study, female C57BL/6 mice were orally gavaged with vehicle, 200 nm MP, and 800 nm MP three times per week for four weeks. Cecal contents were collected for gut microbiota analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Intestinal and brain tissues from mice were used to determine metabolic profiles using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The results showed that MP altered microbiota composition, accompanied by metabolic perturbations in the mouse gut and brain. Specifically, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were suggested to be important phyla for MP exposure, partially dominating further metabolite alterations. Simultaneously, MP-induced metabolic profiles were associated with energy homeostasis and bile acid, nucleotide, and carnitine metabolic pathways. The results of the mediation analysis further revealed an MP-microbiota-metabolite relationship. Our results indicate that MPs can induce gut dysbiosis and disturb metabolic dysfunction in the mouse brain and/or intestine. Integrative omics approaches have the potential to monitor MP-induced molecular responses in various organs and systematically elucidate the complex mechanisms of human health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Han Lee
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Yu Lin
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Master of Public Health Degree Program, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsun-Jen Cheng
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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2
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Vyas A, Doshi G. A cross talk on the role of contemporary biomarkers in depression. Biomarkers 2024; 29:18-29. [PMID: 38261718 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2024.2308834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Introduction: Biomarkers can be used to identify determinants of response to various treatments of mental disorders. Evidence to date demonstrates that markers of inflammatory, neurotransmitter, neurotrophic, neuroendocrine, and metabolic function can predict the psychological and physical consequences of depression in individuals, allowing for the development of new therapeutic targets with fewer side effects. Extensive research has included hundreds of potential biomarkers of depression, but their roles in depression, abnormal patients, and how bioinformatics can be used to improve diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis have not been determined or defined. To determine which biomarkers can and cannot be used to predict treatment response, classify patients for specific treatments, and develop targets for new interventions, proprietary strategies, and current research projects need to be tailored.Material and Methods: This review article focuses on - biomarker systems that would help in the further development and expansion of newer targets - which holds great promise for reducing the burden of depression.Results and Discussion: Further, this review point to the inflammatory response, metabolic marker, and microribonucleic acids, long non-coding RNAs, HPA axis which are - related to depression and can serve as future targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Vyas
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
| | - Gaurav Doshi
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
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3
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Roychaudhuri R. Mammalian D-Cysteine: A new addition to the growing family of biologically relevant D-amino acids. Chirality 2023; 35:535-539. [PMID: 36890664 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian D-Cysteine is racemized from L-cysteine by serine racemase, a pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme. Endogenous D-Cysteine plays a role in neural development by inhibiting proliferation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) via protein kinase B (AKT) signaling mediated by the FoxO family of transcription factors. D-Cysteine binds to Myristoylated Alanine Rich C Kinase Substrate (MARCKS) and alters phosphorylation at Ser 159/163 and its translocation from the membrane. By racemizing serine and cysteine, mammalian serine racemase may play important roles in neural development highlighting its importance in psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Roychaudhuri
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Birth Defects, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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4
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Beesley S, Kumar SS. The t-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor: Making the case for d-Serine to be considered its inverse co-agonist. Neuropharmacology 2023:109654. [PMID: 37437688 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is an enigmatic macromolecule that has garnered a good deal of attention on account of its involvement in the cellular processes that underlie learning and memory, following its discovery in the mid twentieth century (Baudry and Davis, 1991). Yet, despite advances in knowledge about its function, there remains much more to be uncovered regarding the receptor's biophysical properties, subunit composition, and role in CNS physiology and pathophysiology. The motivation for this review stems from the need for synthesizing new information gathered about these receptors that sheds light on their role in synaptic plasticity and their dichotomous relationship with the amino acid d-serine through which they influence the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases like temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), the most common type of adult epilepsies (Beesley et al., 2020a). This review will outline pertinent ideas relating structure and function of t-NMDARs (GluN3 subunit-containing triheteromeric NMDARs) for which d-serine might serve as an inverse co-agonist. We will explore how tracing d-serine's origins blends glutamate-receptor biology with glial biology to help provide fresh perspectives on how neurodegeneration might interlink with neuroinflammation to initiate and perpetuate the disease state. Taken together, we envisage the review to deepen our understanding of endogenous d-serine's new role in the brain while also recognizing its therapeutic potential in the treatment of TLE that is oftentimes refractory to medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Beesley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine & Program in Neuroscience Florida State University, 1115 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4300, USA
| | - Sanjay S Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine & Program in Neuroscience Florida State University, 1115 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4300, USA.
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5
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Liu Y, Wu Z, Armstrong DW, Wolosker H, Zheng Y. Detection and analysis of chiral molecules as disease biomarkers. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:355-373. [PMID: 37117811 PMCID: PMC10175202 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00476-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The chirality of small metabolic molecules is important in controlling physiological processes and indicating the health status of humans. Abnormal enantiomeric ratios of chiral molecules in biofluids and tissues occur in many diseases, including cancers and kidney and brain diseases. Thus, chiral small molecules are promising biomarkers for disease diagnosis, prognosis, adverse drug-effect monitoring, pharmacodynamic studies and personalized medicine. However, it remains difficult to achieve cost-effective and reliable analysis of small chiral molecules in clinical procedures, in part owing to their large variety and low concentration. In this Review, we describe current and emerging techniques that detect and quantify small-molecule enantiomers and their biological importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoran Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Zilong Wu
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA.
| | - Herman Wolosker
- Department of Biochemistry, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Yuebing Zheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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6
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Xu H, Guo J, Zhao J, Gao Z, Song YY. Target Recognition-Triggered Peroxidase-Mimicking Activity Depression in Homochiral Nanochannels for Identifying Cystine Enantiomers. Anal Chem 2023; 95:5436-5442. [PMID: 36922731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Enantioselective identification of chiral molecules is of paramount importance in medical science, biochemistry, and pharmaceutics owing to the configuration-dependent activities of enantiomers. However, the identical physicochemical properties of enantiomers remain challenging in chiral sensing. In this study, inspired by the peroxidase-mimicking activity of Fe(III)-based nanomaterials, an enantioselective artificial architecture is constructed on TiO2 nanochannels. Homochiral Ti-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) use a 2,2'-bipyridine-5,5'-dicarboxylic acid ligand as the artificial enzyme skeleton, Fe(III) as peroxidase-mimicking centers, and l-tartaric acid (TA) as a chiral recognition selector. Using l-/d-cystine as model enantiomers, the chiral moieties of l-TA on Ti-MOFs allow stereoselective recognition of guest molecules through hydrogen bonds formed between chiral cystine and the host. In a tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride-containing environment, the disulfide bonds in cystine molecules are further cleaved, and the HS-tails react with Fe(III) active sites, causing the loss of peroxidase-like performance of nanochannels. Benefitting from the nanochannel architecture's current-potential (I-V) properties, the selective recognition of cystine enantiomers is directly monitored through the peroxidase-like activity change-induced ionic current signatures. This study provides a new and universal strategy for distinguishing disulfide- and thiol-containing chiral molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Xu
- College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Junli Guo
- College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Junjian Zhao
- College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Zhida Gao
- College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Yan-Yan Song
- College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China
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7
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Krämer J, Grimm LM, Zhong C, Hirtz M, Biedermann F. A supramolecular cucurbit[8]uril-based rotaxane chemosensor for the optical tryptophan detection in human serum and urine. Nat Commun 2023; 14:518. [PMID: 36720875 PMCID: PMC9889744 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36057-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensing small biomolecules in biofluids remains challenging for many optical chemosensors based on supramolecular host-guest interactions due to adverse interplays with salts, proteins, and other biofluid components. Instead of following the established strategy of developing alternative synthetic binders with improved affinities and selectivity, we report a molecular engineering approach that addresses this biofluid challenge. Here we introduce a cucurbit[8]uril-based rotaxane chemosensor feasible for sensing the health-relevant biomarker tryptophan at physiologically relevant concentrations, even in protein- and lipid-containing human blood serum and urine. Moreover, this chemosensor enables emission-based high-throughput screening in a microwell plate format and can be used for label-free enzymatic reaction monitoring and chirality sensing. Printed sensor chips with surface-immobilized rotaxane-microarrays are used for fluorescence microscopy imaging of tryptophan. Our system overcomes the limitations of current supramolecular host-guest chemosensors and will foster future applications of supramolecular sensors for molecular diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Krämer
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Laura M Grimm
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Chunting Zhong
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Michael Hirtz
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany. .,Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Frank Biedermann
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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8
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Starr AM, Zabet-Moghaddam M, San Francisco M. Identification of a novel secreted metabolite cyclo(phenylalanyl-prolyl) from Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and its effect on Galleria mellonella. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:293. [PMID: 36482304 PMCID: PMC9730576 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02680-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, is the causative agent of chytridiomycosis and a leading cause of global decline in amphibian populations. The first stages of chytridiomycosis include: inflammation, hyperkeratosis, lethargy, loss of righting reflex, and disruption of internal electrolyte levels leading to eventual death of the host. Previous work indicates that B. dendrobatidis can produce immunomodulatory compounds and other secreted molecules that regulate the growth of the fungus. In this study, filtrates of the fungus grown in media and water were subjected to ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and analyzed using Compound Discoverer 3.0. RESULTS Identification of cyclo(phenylalanyl-prolyl), chitobiose, and S-adenosylmethionine were verified by their retention times and fragmentation patterns from B. dendrobatidis supernatants. Previous studies have analyzed the effects of B. dendrobatidis on amphibian models, in vitro, or in cell culture. We studied the effects of live B. dendrobatidis cells, spent culture filtrates containing secreted metabolites, and cyclo(pheylalanyl-prolyl) on wax moth larvae (Galleria mellonella). Concentrated filtrates caused melanization within 24 h, while live B. dendrobatidis caused melanization within 48 h. CONCLUSIONS Here we show B. dendrobatidis produces secreted metabolites previously unreported. The impacts of these chemicals were tested on an alternate non-amphibian model system that has been used for other fungi to study pathogenicity traits in this fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Starr
- grid.462127.4Bryant & Stratton College, 8141 Hull Street Road, Richmond, VA 23235 USA ,grid.264784.b0000 0001 2186 7496Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3131 USA
| | | | - Michael San Francisco
- grid.264784.b0000 0001 2186 7496Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3131 USA
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9
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Kuo CY, Lin CH, Lane HY. Targeting D-Amino Acid Oxidase (DAAO) for the Treatment of Schizophrenia: Rationale and Current Status of Research. CNS Drugs 2022; 36:1143-1153. [PMID: 36194364 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-022-00959-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the brain, D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) is a peroxisomal flavoenzyme. Through oxidative deamination by DAAO, D-serine, the main coagonist of synaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), is degraded into α-keto acids and ammonia; flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is simultaneously reduced to dihydroflavine-adenine dinucleotide (FADH2), which is subsequently reoxidized to FAD, with hydrogen peroxide produced as a byproduct. NMDAR hypofunction is implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. In previous studies, compared with control subjects, patients with schizophrenia had lower D-serine levels in peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid but higher DAAO expression and activity in the brain. Inhibiting DAAO activity and slowing D-serine degradation by using DAAO inhibitors to enhance NMDAR function may be a new strategy for use in the treatment of schizophrenia. The aim of this leading article is to review the current research in DAAO inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yi Kuo
- Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yude Rd., North Dist., Taichung City, 404327, Taiwan, ROC.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, No. 91, Xueshi Rd., North Dis., Taichung City, 404333, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chieh-Hsin Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, No. 91, Xueshi Rd., North Dis., Taichung City, 404333, Taiwan, ROC. .,Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 123, Dapi Rd., Niaosong Dist., Kaohsiung City, 83301, Taiwan, ROC. .,School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City, 33302, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Hsien-Yuan Lane
- Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yude Rd., North Dist., Taichung City, 404327, Taiwan, ROC. .,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, No. 91, Xueshi Rd., North Dis., Taichung City, 404333, Taiwan, ROC. .,Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, No. 500, Lioufeng Rd., Wufeng Dist., Taichung City, 413305, Taiwan, ROC.
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10
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Zhang L, Tan QG, Fan JQ, Sun C, Luo YT, Liang RP, Qiu JD. Microfluidics for chiral separation of biomolecules. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Kariapper FS, Thanzeel FY, Zandi LS, Wolf C. Selective chiroptical sensing of D/L-cysteine. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:3056-3060. [PMID: 35343543 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00198e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A chromophoric bifunctional probe design that allows selective chiroptical sensing of cysteine in aqueous solution is introduced. The common need for chiral HPLC separation is eliminated which expedites and simplifies the sample analysis while reducing solvent waste. Screening of the reaction between six phenacyl bromides and the enantiomers of cysteine showed that cyclization to an unsaturated thiomorpholine scaffold coincides with characteristic UV and CD effects, in particular when the reagent carries a proximate auxochromic nitro group. The UV changes and CD inductions were successfully used for determination of the absolute configuration, enantiomeric composition and total concentration of 18 test samples. This assay is highly selective for free cysteine while other amino acids, cysteine derived small peptides and biothiols do not interfere with the chiroptical signal generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Safia Kariapper
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
| | - F Yushra Thanzeel
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
| | - Lily S Zandi
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
| | - Christian Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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12
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Yoshikawa M, Kan T, Shirose K, Watanabe M, Matsuda M, Ito K, Kawaguchi M. Free d-Amino Acids in Salivary Gland in Rat. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:390. [PMID: 35336764 PMCID: PMC8944958 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Free d-amino acids, which are enantiomers of l-amino acids, are found in mammals, including humans, and play an important role in a range of physiological functions in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. Several d-amino acids have been observed in saliva, but their origin and the enzymes involved in their metabolism and catabolism remain to be clarified. In the present study, large amounts of d-aspartic acid and small amounts of d-serine and d-alanine were detected in all three major salivary glands in rat. No other d-enantiomers were detected. Protein expression of d-amino acid oxidase and d-aspartate oxidase, the enzymes responsible for the oxidative deamination of neutral and dicarboxylic d-amino acids, respectively, were detected in all three types of salivary gland. Furthermore, protein expression of the d-serine metabolic enzyme, serine racemase, in parotid glands amounted to approximately 40% of that observed in the cerebral cortex. The N-methyl-d-aspartic acid subunit proteins NR1 and NR2D were detected in all three major salivary glands. The results of the present study suggest that d-amino acids play a physiological role in a range of endocrine and exocrine function in salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Yoshikawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara 259-1193, Japan
| | - Takugi Kan
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (T.K.); (K.S.); (M.W.); (M.M.); (K.I.)
| | - Kosuke Shirose
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (T.K.); (K.S.); (M.W.); (M.M.); (K.I.)
| | - Mariko Watanabe
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (T.K.); (K.S.); (M.W.); (M.M.); (K.I.)
| | - Mitsumasa Matsuda
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (T.K.); (K.S.); (M.W.); (M.M.); (K.I.)
| | - Kenji Ito
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (T.K.); (K.S.); (M.W.); (M.M.); (K.I.)
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13
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Sripada A, Thanzeel FY, Wolf C. Unified sensing of the concentration and enantiomeric composition of chiral compounds with an achiral probe. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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FURUSHO A, IKEJIRI KA, ISHII C, AKITA T, MITA M, NAGANO M, IDE T, HAMASE K. Two-Dimensional High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Chiral Amino Acids in Food Samples and Human Physiological Fluids Using Fluorescence Derivatization with 4-(<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-Dimethylaminosulfonyl)-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2022. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2021.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aogu FURUSHO
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | | | - Chiharu ISHII
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Takeyuki AKITA
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | | | | | - Tomomi IDE
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Kenji HAMASE
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
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15
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D-Amino Acids as a Biomarker in Schizophrenia. Diseases 2022; 10:diseases10010009. [PMID: 35225861 PMCID: PMC8883943 DOI: 10.3390/diseases10010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
D-amino acids may play key roles for specific physiological functions in different organs including the brain. Importantly, D-amino acids have been detected in several neurological disorders such as schizophrenia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and age-related disorders, reflecting the disease conditions. Relationships between D-amino acids and neurophysiology may involve the significant contribution of D-Serine or D-Aspartate to the synaptic function, including neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. Gut-microbiota could play important roles in the brain-function, since bacteria in the gut provide a significant contribution to the host pool of D-amino acids. In addition, the alteration of the composition of the gut microbiota might lead to schizophrenia. Furthermore, D-amino acids are known as a physiologically active substance, constituting useful biomarkers of several brain disorders including schizophrenia. In this review, we wish to provide an outline of the roles of D-amino acids in brain health and neuropsychiatric disorders with a focus on schizophrenia, which may shed light on some of the superior diagnoses and/or treatments of schizophrenia.
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16
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Unveiling Metabolic Phenotype Alterations in Anorexia Nervosa through Metabolomics. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124249. [PMID: 34959800 PMCID: PMC8706417 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a mental disorder characterized by an intense fear of weight gain that affects mainly young women. It courses with a negative body image leading to altered eating behaviors that have devastating physical, metabolic, and psychological consequences for the patients. Although its origin is postulated to be multifactorial, the etiology of AN remains unknown, and this increases the likelihood of chronification and relapsing. Thus, expanding the available knowledge on the pathophysiology of AN is of enormous interest. Metabolomics is proposed as a powerful tool for the elucidation of disease mechanisms and to provide new insights into the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of AN. A review of the literature related to studies of AN patients by employing metabolomic strategies to characterize the main alterations associated with the metabolic phenotype of AN during the last 10 years is described. The most common metabolic alterations are derived from chronic starvation, including amino acid, lipid, and carbohydrate disturbances. Nonetheless, recent findings have shifted the attention to gut-microbiota metabolites as possible factors contributing to AN development, progression, and maintenance. We have identified the areas of ongoing research in AN and propose further perspectives to improve our knowledge and understanding of this disease.
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17
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Urinary l-erythro-β-hydroxyasparagine-a novel serine racemase inhibitor and substrate of the Zn2+-dependent d-serine dehydratase. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:228199. [PMID: 33821987 PMCID: PMC8071972 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20210260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we identified l-erythro-β-hydroxyasparagine (l-β-EHAsn) found abundantly in human urine, as a novel substrate of Zn2+-dependent d-serine dehydratase (DSD). l-β-EHAsn is an atypical amino acid present in large amounts in urine but rarely detected in serum or most organs/tissues examined. Quantitative analyses of urinary l-β-EHAsn in young healthy volunteers revealed significant correlation between urinary l-β-EHAsn concentration and creatinine level. Further, for in-depth analyses of l-β-EHAsn, we developed a simple three-step synthetic method using trans-epoxysuccinic acid as the starting substance. In addition, our research revealed a strong inhibitory effect of l-β-EHAsn on mammalian serine racemase, responsible for producing d-serine, a co-agonist of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor involved in glutamatergic neurotransmission.
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18
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Shen J. D-Amino acid substituted peptides as potential alternatives of homochiral L-configurations. Amino Acids 2021; 53:265-280. [PMID: 33537892 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-02947-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
On the primitive Earth, both L- and D-amino acids would have been present. However, only L-amino acids are essential blocks to construct proteins in modern life. To study the relative stability of D-amino acid substituted peptides, a variety of computational methods were applied. Ten prebiotic amino acids (Gly, Ala, Asp, Glu, Ile, Leu, Pro, Ser, Thr, and Val) were previously determined by multiple meteorite, spark discharge, and hydrothermal vent studies. Some previously reported early Earth polypeptide analogs were focused on in this study. Tripeptides composed of only Asp, Ser, and Val exemplified that different positions (i.e., N-terminus, C-terminus, and middle) made a difference in the minimal folding energy of peptides, while the chemical classification of amino acid (hydrophobic, acidic, or hydroxylic) did not show a significant difference. Hierarchical cluster analysis for dipeptides with all possible combinations of the proposed ten prebiotic amino acids and their D-amino acid substituted derivatives generated five clusters. Primordial simple polypeptides were modeled to test the significance of molecular fluctuations, secondary structure occupancies, and folding energy differences based on these clusters. We found peptides with α-helices, long β-sheets, and long loops are usually less sensitive to D-amino acid replacements in comparison to short β-sheets. Intriguingly, amongst 129 D-amino acid residues, mutation sensitivity profiles presented that the ratio of more to less stable residues was about 1. In conclusion, some combinations of a mixture of L- and D-amino acids can potentially act as essential building blocks of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxun Shen
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Centre for Exoplanet Science, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9AL, UK.
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19
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Chinopoulos C. From Glucose to Lactate and Transiting Intermediates Through Mitochondria, Bypassing Pyruvate Kinase: Considerations for Cells Exhibiting Dimeric PKM2 or Otherwise Inhibited Kinase Activity. Front Physiol 2020; 11:543564. [PMID: 33335484 PMCID: PMC7736077 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.543564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A metabolic hallmark of many cancers is the increase in glucose consumption coupled to excessive lactate production. Mindful that L-lactate originates only from pyruvate, the question arises as to how can this be sustained in those tissues where pyruvate kinase activity is reduced due to dimerization of PKM2 isoform or inhibited by oxidative/nitrosative stress, posttranslational modifications or mutations, all widely reported findings in the very same cells. Hereby 17 pathways connecting glucose to lactate bypassing pyruvate kinase are reviewed, some of which transit through the mitochondrial matrix. An additional 69 converging pathways leading to pyruvate and lactate, but not commencing from glucose, are also examined. The minor production of pyruvate and lactate by glutaminolysis is scrutinized separately. The present review aims to highlight the ways through which L-lactate can still be produced from pyruvate using carbon atoms originating from glucose or other substrates in cells with kinetically impaired pyruvate kinase and underscore the importance of mitochondria in cancer metabolism irrespective of oxidative phosphorylation.
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20
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Abstract
The cyclization reaction between ortho-phthalaldehyde and l-homocysteine coincides with the generation of a pronounced positive CD signal at approximately 335 nm. Under identical conditions, other amino acids including cysteine produce very weak CD responses. This unusual substrate specificity allows accurate chiroptical analysis of the enantiomeric composition of homocysteine samples in the presence of cysteine without the need for time-consuming chromatographic separation. This significantly simplifies and speeds up ee determination at reduced solvent waste production.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Yushra Thanzeel
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
| | - Lily S Zandi
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
| | - Christian Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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21
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Seckler JM, Lewis SJ. Advances in D-Amino Acids in Neurological Research. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197325. [PMID: 33023061 PMCID: PMC7582301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
D-amino acids have been known to exist in the human brain for nearly 40 years, and they continue to be a field of active study to today. This review article aims to give a concise overview of the recent advances in D-amino acid research as they relate to the brain and neurological disorders. This work has largely been focused on modulation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and its relationship to Alzheimer’s disease and Schizophrenia, but there has been a wealth of novel research which has elucidated a novel role for several D-amino acids in altering brain chemistry in a neuroprotective manner. D-amino acids which have no currently known activity in the brain but which have active derivatives will also be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Seckler
- Department Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Stephen J. Lewis
- Department Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
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22
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Şarkaya K, Aşir S, Göktürk I, Ektirici S, Yilmaz F, Yavuz H, Denizli A. Separation of histidine enantiomers by capillary electrochromatography with molecularly imprinted monolithic columns. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.201900101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koray Şarkaya
- Department of ChemistryHacettepe University Ankara Turkey
| | - Süleyman Aşir
- Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology EngineeringNear East University Mersin Turkey
| | - Ilgım Göktürk
- Department of ChemistryHacettepe University Ankara Turkey
| | - Sisem Ektirici
- Department of ChemistryHacettepe University Ankara Turkey
| | - Fatma Yilmaz
- Department of Chemistry TechnolgyBolu Abant İzzet Baysal University Bolu Turkey
| | - Handan Yavuz
- Department of ChemistryHacettepe University Ankara Turkey
| | - Adil Denizli
- Department of ChemistryHacettepe University Ankara Turkey
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23
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Moroz LL, Sohn D, Romanova DY, Kohn AB. Microchemical identification of enantiomers in early-branching animals: Lineage-specific diversification in the usage of D-glutamate and D-aspartate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 527:947-952. [PMID: 32439167 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.04.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
D-amino acids are unique and essential signaling molecules in neural, hormonal, and immune systems. However, the presence of D-amino acids and their recruitment in early animals is mostly unknown due to limited information about prebilaterian metazoans. Here, we performed the comparative survey of L-/D-aspartate and L-/D-glutamate in representatives of four phyla of early-branching Metazoa: cnidarians (Aglantha); placozoans (Trichoplax), sponges (Sycon) and ctenophores (Pleurobrachia, Mnemiopsis, Bolinopsis, and Beroe), which are descendants of ancestral animal lineages distinct from Bilateria. Specifically, we used high-performance capillary electrophoresis for microchemical assays and quantification of the enantiomers. L-glutamate and L-aspartate were abundant analytes in all species studied. However, we showed that the placozoans, cnidarians, and sponges had high micromolar concentrations of D-aspartate, whereas D-glutamate was not detectable in our assays. In contrast, we found that in ctenophores, D-glutamate was the dominant enantiomer with no or trace amounts of D-aspartate. This situation illuminates prominent lineage-specific diversifications in the recruitment of D-amino acids and suggests distinct signaling functions of these molecules early in the animal evolution. We also hypothesize that a deep ancestry of such recruitment events might provide some constraints underlying the evolution of neural and other signaling systems in Metazoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid L Moroz
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA; Departments of Neuroscience and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Dosung Sohn
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Daria Y Romanova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117485, Russia
| | - Andrea B Kohn
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
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24
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Şarkaya K, Aşir S, Göktürk I, Yilmaz F, Yavuz H, Denizli A. Electrochromatographic separation of hydrophobic amino acid enantiomers by molecularly imprinted capillary columns. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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25
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Takahashi S. Metabolic compartmentalization between astroglia and neurons in physiological and pathophysiological conditions of the neurovascular unit. Neuropathology 2020; 40:121-137. [PMID: 32037635 PMCID: PMC7187297 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Astroglia or astrocytes, the most abundant cells in the brain, are interposed between neuronal synapses and microvasculature in the brain gray matter. They play a pivotal role in brain metabolism as well as in the regulation of cerebral blood flow, taking advantage of their unique anatomical location. In particular, the astroglial cellular metabolic compartment exerts supportive roles in dedicating neurons to the generation of action potentials and protects them against oxidative stress associated with their high energy consumption. An impairment of normal astroglial function, therefore, can lead to numerous neurological disorders including stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, and neuroimmunological diseases, in which metabolic derangements accelerate neuronal damage. The neurovascular unit (NVU), the major components of which include neurons, microvessels, and astroglia, is a conceptual framework that was originally used to better understand the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia. At present, the NVU is a tool for understanding normal brain physiology as well as the pathophysiology of numerous neurological disorders. The metabolic responses of astroglia in the NVU can be either protective or deleterious. This review focuses on three major metabolic compartments: (i) glucose and lactate; (ii) fatty acid and ketone bodies; and (iii) D- and L-serine. Both the beneficial and the detrimental roles of compartmentalization between neurons and astroglia will be discussed. A better understanding of the astroglial metabolic response in the NVU is expected to lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for diverse neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Takahashi
- Department of Neurology and StrokeSaitama Medical University International Medical CenterSaitamaJapan
- Department of PhysiologyKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
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26
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Kan Y, Zhang Z, Yang K, Ti M, Ke Y, Wu L, Yang J, He Y. Influence of d-Amino Acids in Beer on Formation of Uric Acid. Food Technol Biotechnol 2019; 57:418-425. [PMID: 31866755 PMCID: PMC6902295 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.57.03.19.6022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive intake of beer could increase serum uric acid levels, leading to high risk of gout, which was previously attributed to high purine content in beer. Recent reports that purine-rich vegetables and bean products do not cause higher uric acid levels do not support this theory. Why excessive intake of beer could increase a high risk of gout has been unclear. Other factors affecting the accumulation of uric acid in the blood have been explored. Beer contains relatively high levels of d-amino acids due to the racemization of l-amino acids induced by food processing. d-amino acid was catalyzed by d-amino acid oxidase to produce H2O2, which is further oxidized in the presence of Fe2+ to produce hydroxyl radicals, resulting in DNA damage and formation of a large amount of purine bases, which are oxidized to uric acid by a series of enzymes. Some food ingredients, such as vitamins and I-, prompt d-amino acids to form uric acid. d-amino acids in beer are one of the key factors responsible for the increase in uric acid levels. The biological response of d-amino acids could explain gout occurrence in beer drinkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhe Kan
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.380 Huaibei Zhuang, Huairou District, 100049 Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhikun Zhang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.380 Huaibei Zhuang, Huairou District, 100049 Beijing, PR China
| | - Kunhao Yang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.380 Huaibei Zhuang, Huairou District, 100049 Beijing, PR China
| | - Mengru Ti
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.380 Huaibei Zhuang, Huairou District, 100049 Beijing, PR China
| | - Yongqi Ke
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.380 Huaibei Zhuang, Huairou District, 100049 Beijing, PR China
| | - Li Wu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.380 Huaibei Zhuang, Huairou District, 100049 Beijing, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Peking University, 100191 Beijing, PR China
| | - Jingkui Yang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.380 Huaibei Zhuang, Huairou District, 100049 Beijing, PR China
| | - Yujian He
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.380 Huaibei Zhuang, Huairou District, 100049 Beijing, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Peking University, 100191 Beijing, PR China
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27
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Han Y, Jin M, Xu C, Qian Q, Nan J, Jin T, Min JZ. Evaluation of chiral separation efficiency of a novel OTPTHE derivatization reagent: Applications to liquid‐chromatographic determination of DL‐serine in human plasma. Chirality 2019; 31:1043-1052. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.23133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Han
- Key Laboratory for Natural Resource of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of EducationCollege of Pharmacy, Yanbian University Jilin China
| | - Mei‐Na Jin
- Key Laboratory for Natural Resource of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of EducationCollege of Pharmacy, Yanbian University Jilin China
| | - Chun‐Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory for Natural Resource of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of EducationCollege of Pharmacy, Yanbian University Jilin China
| | - Qing Qian
- Key Laboratory for Natural Resource of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of EducationCollege of Pharmacy, Yanbian University Jilin China
| | - Jun Nan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Department of General SurgeryYanbian University Hospital Jilin China
| | - Toufeng Jin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Department of General SurgeryYanbian University Hospital Jilin China
| | - Jun Zhe Min
- Key Laboratory for Natural Resource of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of EducationCollege of Pharmacy, Yanbian University Jilin China
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28
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Thanzeel FY, Sripada A, Wolf C. Quantitative Chiroptical Sensing of Free Amino Acids, Biothiols, Amines, and Amino Alcohols with an Aryl Fluoride Probe. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:16382-16387. [PMID: 31564090 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The comprehensive determination of the absolute configuration, enantiomeric ratio, and total amount of standard amino acids by optical methods adaptable to high-throughput screening with modern plate readers has remained a major challenge to date. We now present a small-molecular probe that smoothly reacts with amino acids and biothiols in aqueous solution and thereby generates distinct chiroptical responses to accomplish this task. The achiral sensor is readily available, inexpensive, and suitable for chiroptical analysis of each of the 19 standard amino acids, biothiols, aliphatic, and aromatic amines and amino alcohols. The sensing method is operationally simple, and data collection and processing are straightforward. The utility and practicality of the assay are demonstrated with the accurate analysis of 10 aspartic acid samples covering a wide concentration range and largely varying enantiomeric compositions. Accurate er sensing of 85 scalemic samples of Pro, Met, Cys, Ala, methylpyrrolidine, 1-(2-naphthyl)amine, and mixtures thereof is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Yushra Thanzeel
- Department of Chemistry , Georgetown University , 37th and O Streets , Washington , D.C. 20057 , United States
| | - Archita Sripada
- Department of Chemistry , Georgetown University , 37th and O Streets , Washington , D.C. 20057 , United States
| | - Christian Wolf
- Department of Chemistry , Georgetown University , 37th and O Streets , Washington , D.C. 20057 , United States
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29
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Bastings JJ, van Eijk HM, Olde Damink SW, Rensen SS. d-amino Acids in Health and Disease: A Focus on Cancer. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092205. [PMID: 31547425 PMCID: PMC6770864 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
d-amino acids, the enantiomeric counterparts of l-amino acids, were long considered to be non-functional or not even present in living organisms. Nowadays, d-amino acids are acknowledged to play important roles in numerous physiological processes in the human body. The most commonly studied link between d-amino acids and human physiology concerns the contribution of d-serine and d-aspartate to neurotransmission. These d-amino acids and several others have also been implicated in regulating innate immunity and gut barrier function. Importantly, the presence of certain d-amino acids in the human body has been linked to several diseases including schizophrenia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and age-related disorders such as cataract and atherosclerosis. Furthermore, increasing evidence supports a role for d-amino acids in the development, pathophysiology, and treatment of cancer. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the various sources of d-amino acids, their metabolism, as well as their contribution to physiological processes and diseases in man, with a focus on cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacco J.A.J. Bastings
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.M.v.E.); (S.W.O.D.)
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans M. van Eijk
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.M.v.E.); (S.W.O.D.)
| | - Steven W. Olde Damink
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.M.v.E.); (S.W.O.D.)
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sander S. Rensen
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.M.v.E.); (S.W.O.D.)
- Correspondence:
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30
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Gao L, Xue Y, Zhang Z, Tian Y. Enantioseparation of
N‐
acetyl‐glutamine enantiomers by LC–MS/MS and its application to a plasma protein binding study. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4559. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education)China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Consistency EvaluationChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Yunwen Xue
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education)China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Consistency EvaluationChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Zunjian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education)China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Consistency EvaluationChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education)China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Consistency EvaluationChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
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31
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Abstract
Natural and nonnatural amino acids represent important building blocks for the development of peptidomimetic scaffolds, especially for targeting proteolytic enzymes and for addressing protein–protein interactions. Among all the different amino acids derivatives, proline is particularly relevant in chemical biology and medicinal chemistry due to its secondary structure’s inducing and stabilizing properties. Also, the pyrrolidine ring is a conformationally constrained template that can direct appendages into specific clefts of the enzyme binding site. Thus, many papers have appeared in the literature focusing on the use of proline and its derivatives as scaffolds for medicinal chemistry applications. In this review paper, an insight into the different biological outcomes of d-proline and l-proline in enzyme inhibitors is presented, especially when associated with matrix metalloprotease and metallo-β-lactamase enzymes.
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32
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MacKay MAB, Kravtsenyuk M, Thomas R, Mitchell ND, Dursun SM, Baker GB. D-Serine: Potential Therapeutic Agent and/or Biomarker in Schizophrenia and Depression? Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:25. [PMID: 30787885 PMCID: PMC6372501 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
D-Serine is a potent co-agonist at the NMDA glutamate receptor and has been the object of many preclinical studies to ascertain the nature of its metabolism, its regional and cellular distribution in the brain, its physiological functions and its possible clinical relevance. The enzymes involved in its formation and catabolism are serine racemase (SR) and D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO), respectively, and manipulations of the activity of those enzymes have been useful in developing animal models of schizophrenia and in providing clues to the development of potential new antipsychotic strategies. Clinical studies have been conducted in schizophrenia patients to evaluate body fluid levels of D-serine and/or to use D-serine alone or in combination with antipsychotics to determine its effectiveness as a therapeutic agent. D-serine has also been used in combination with DAAO inhibitors in preclinical investigations, and interesting results have been obtained. Genetic studies and postmortem brain studies have also been conducted on D-serine and the enzymes involved in its metabolism. It is also of considerable interest that in recent years clinical and preclinical investigations have suggested that D-serine may also have antidepressant properties. Clinical studies have also shown that D-serine may be a biomarker for antidepressant response to ketamine. Relevant to both schizophrenia and depression, preclinical and clinical studies with D-serine indicate that it may be effective in reducing cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Anne B MacKay
- Neurochemical Research Unit and Bebensee Schizophrenia Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Maryana Kravtsenyuk
- Neurochemical Research Unit and Bebensee Schizophrenia Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rejish Thomas
- Neurochemical Research Unit and Bebensee Schizophrenia Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Nicholas D Mitchell
- Neurochemical Research Unit and Bebensee Schizophrenia Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Serdar M Dursun
- Neurochemical Research Unit and Bebensee Schizophrenia Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Glen B Baker
- Neurochemical Research Unit and Bebensee Schizophrenia Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Suarez J, Hener C, Lehnhardt VA, Hummel S, Stahl M, Kolukisaoglu Ü. AtDAT1 Is a Key Enzyme of D-Amino Acid Stimulated Ethylene Production in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1609. [PMID: 31921255 PMCID: PMC6921899 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
D-Enantiomers of proteinogenic amino acids (D-AAs) are found ubiquitously, but the knowledge about their metabolism and functions in plants is scarce. A long forgotten phenomenon in this regard is the D-AA-stimulated ethylene production in plants. As a starting point to investigate this effect, the Arabidopsis accession Landsberg erecta (Ler) got into focus as it was found defective in metabolizing D-AAs. Combining genetics and molecular biology of T-DNA insertion lines and natural variants together with biochemical and physiological approaches, we could identify AtDAT1 as a major D-AA transaminase in Arabidopsis. Atdat1 loss-of-function mutants and Arabidopsis accessions with defective AtDAT1 alleles were unable to produce the metabolites of D-Met, D-Ala, D-Glu, and L-Met. This result corroborates the biochemical characterization, which showed highest activity of AtDAT1 using D-Met as a substrate. Germination of seedlings in light and dark led to enhanced growth inhibition of atdat1 mutants on D-Met. Ethylene measurements revealed an increased D-AA stimulated ethylene production in these mutants. According to initial working models of this phenomenon, D-Met is preferentially malonylated instead of the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). This decrease of ACC degradation should then lead to the increase of ethylene production. We could observe a reciprocal relation of malonylated methionine and ACC upon D-Met application and significantly more malonyl-methionine in atdat1 mutants. Unexpectedly, the malonyl-ACC levels did not differ between mutants and wild type. With AtDAT1, the first central enzyme of plant D-AA metabolism was characterized biochemically and physiologically. The specific effects of D-Met on ACC metabolism, ethylene production, and plant development of dat1 mutants unraveled the impact of AtDAT1 on these processes; however, they are not in full accordance to previous working models. Instead, our results imply the influence of additional factors or processes on D-AA-stimulated ethylene production, which await to be uncovered.
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Pollegioni L, Sacchi S, Murtas G. Human D-Amino Acid Oxidase: Structure, Function, and Regulation. Front Mol Biosci 2018; 5:107. [PMID: 30547037 PMCID: PMC6279847 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2018.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
D-Amino acid oxidase (DAAO) is an FAD-containing flavoenzyme that catalyzes with absolute stereoselectivity the oxidative deamination of all natural D-amino acids, the only exception being the acidic ones. This flavoenzyme plays different roles during evolution and in different tissues in humans. Its three-dimensional structure is well conserved during evolution: minute changes are responsible for the functional differences between enzymes from microorganism sources and those from humans. In recent years several investigations focused on human DAAO, mainly because of its role in degrading the neuromodulator D-serine in the central nervous system. D-Serine is the main coagonist of N-methyl D-aspartate receptors, i.e., excitatory amino acid receptors critically involved in main brain functions and pathologic conditions. Human DAAO possesses a weak interaction with the FAD cofactor; thus, in vivo it should be largely present in the inactive, apoprotein form. Binding of active-site ligands and the substrate stabilizes flavin binding, thus pushing the acquisition of catalytic competence. Interestingly, the kinetic efficiency of the enzyme on D-serine is very low. Human DAAO interacts with various proteins, in this way modulating its activity, targeting, and cell stability. The known properties of human DAAO suggest that its activity must be finely tuned to fulfill a main physiological function such as the control of D-serine levels in the brain. At present, studies are focusing on the epigenetic modulation of human DAAO expression and the role of post-translational modifications on its main biochemical properties at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredano Pollegioni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Silvia Sacchi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Giulia Murtas
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Octa-Smolin F, Niemeyer J. Stereoselective Sensing ofl- andd-Amino Acids: Development of a Fluorescence-Array Based on Readily Available Chiral Phosphoric Acids. Chemistry 2018; 24:16506-16510. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frescilia Octa-Smolin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Department of Chemistry; University of Duisburg-Essen; Universitätsstrasse 7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Jochen Niemeyer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Department of Chemistry; University of Duisburg-Essen; Universitätsstrasse 7 45141 Essen Germany
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36
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Han SW, Shin JS. One-Pot Preparation of d-Amino Acids Through Biocatalytic Deracemization Using Alanine Dehydrogenase and ω-Transaminase. Catal Letters 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-018-2565-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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37
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Prior A, van de Nieuwenhuijzen E, de Jong GJ, Somsen GW. Enantioselective micellar electrokinetic chromatography of dl-amino acids using (+)-1-(9-fluorenyl)-ethyl chloroformate derivatization and UV-induced fluorescence detection. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:2983-2992. [PMID: 29785784 PMCID: PMC6099287 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Chiral analysis of dl-amino acids was achieved by micellar electrokinetic chromatography coupled with UV-excited fluorescence detection. The fluorescent reagent (+)-1-(9-fluorenyl)ethyl chloroformate was employed as chiral amino acid derivatizing agent and sodium dodecyl sulfate served as pseudo-stationary phase for separating the formed amino acid diastereomers. Sensitive analysis of (+)-1-(9-fluorenyl)ethyl chloroformate-amino acids was achieved applying a xenon-mercury lamp for ultraviolet excitation, and a spectrograph and charge-coupled device for wavelength-resolved emission detection. Applying signal integration over a 30 nm emission wavelength interval, signal-to-noise ratios for derivatized amino acids were up to 23 times higher as obtained using a standard photomultiplier for detection. The background electrolyte composition (electrolyte, pH, sodium dodecyl sulfate concentration, and organic solvent) was studied in order to attain optimal chemo- and enantioseparation. Enantioseparation of 12 proteinogenic dl-amino acids was achieved with chiral resolutions between 1.2 and 7.9, and detection limits for most derivatized amino acids in the 13-60 nM range (injected concentration). Linearity (coefficients of determination > 0.985) and peak-area and migration-time repeatabilities (relative standard deviations lower than 2.6 and 1.9%, respectively) were satisfactory. The employed fluorescence detection system provided up to 100-times better signal-to-noise ratios for (+)-1-(9-fluorenyl)ethyl chloroformate-amino acids than ultraviolet absorbance detection, showing good potential for d-amino acid analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Prior
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and SystemsVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Erik van de Nieuwenhuijzen
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and SystemsVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Govert W. Somsen
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and SystemsVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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38
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Sacchi S, Cappelletti P, Murtas G. Biochemical Properties of Human D-amino Acid Oxidase Variants and Their Potential Significance in Pathologies. Front Mol Biosci 2018; 5:55. [PMID: 29946548 PMCID: PMC6005901 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2018.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The stereoselective flavoenzyme D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) catalyzes the oxidative deamination of neutral and polar D-amino acids producing the corresponding α-keto acids, ammonia, and hydrogen peroxide. Despite its peculiar and atypical substrates, DAAO is widespread expressed in most eukaryotic organisms. In mammals (and humans in particular), DAAO is involved in relevant physiological processes ranging from D-amino acid detoxification in kidney to neurotransmission in the central nervous system, where DAAO is responsible of the catabolism of D-serine, a key endogenous co-agonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Recently, structural and functional studies have brought to the fore the distinctive biochemical properties of human DAAO (hDAAO). It appears to have evolved to allow a strict regulation of its activity, so that the enzyme can finely control the concentration of substrates (such as D-serine in the brain) without yielding to an excessive production of hydrogen peroxide, a potentially toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). Indeed, dysregulation in D-serine metabolism, likely resulting from altered levels of hDAAO expression and activity, has been implicated in several pathologies, ranging from renal disease to neurological, neurodegenerative, and psychiatric disorders. Only one mutation in DAO gene was unequivocally associated to a human disease. However, several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are reported in the database and the biochemical characterization of the corresponding recombinant hDAAO variants is of great interest for investigating the effect of mutations. Here we reviewed recently published data focusing on the modifications of the structural and functional properties induced by amino acid substitutions encoded by confirmed SNPs and on their effect on D-serine cellular levels. The potential significance of the different hDAAO variants in human pathologies will be also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sacchi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy.,The Protein Factory, Politecnico di Milano and Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Milan, Italy
| | - Pamela Cappelletti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy.,The Protein Factory, Politecnico di Milano and Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Murtas
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Chiral capillary electrophoresis with UV-excited fluorescence detection for the enantioselective analysis of 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-derivatized amino acids. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:4979-4990. [PMID: 29808298 PMCID: PMC6061710 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1148-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
The potential of capillary electrophoresis (CE) with ultraviolet (UV)-excited fluorescence detection for sensitive chiral analysis of amino acids (AAs) was investigated. DL-AAs were derivatized with 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl chloride (FMOC)-Cl to allow their fluorescence detection and enhance enantioseparation. Fluorescence detection was achieved employing optical fibers, leading UV excitation light (< 300 nm) from a Xe-Hg lamp to the capillary window, and fluorescence emission to a spectrograph equipped with a charge-coupled device (CCD). Signal averaging over time and emission wavelength intervals was carried out to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the FMOC-AAs. A background electrolyte (BGE) of 40 mM sodium tetraborate (pH 9.5), containing 15% isopropanol (v/v), 30 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and 30 mM β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), was found optimal for AA chemo- and enantioseparation. Enantioresolutions of 1.0 or higher were achieved for 16 proteinogenic DL-AAs. Limits of detection (LODs) were in the 10-100-nM range (injected concentration) for the D-AA enantiomers, except for FMOC-D-tryptophan (536 nM) which showed intramolecular fluorescence quenching. Linearity (R2 > 0.997) and repeatability for peak height (relative standard deviations (RSDs) < 7.0%; n = 5) and electrophoretic mobility (RSDs < 0.6%; n = 5) of individual AA enantiomers were established for chiral analysis of DL-AA mixtures. The applicability of the method was investigated by the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Next to L-AAs, endogenous levels of D-glutamine and D-aspartic acid could be measured in CSF revealing enantiomeric ratios of 0.35 and 19.6%, respectively. This indicates the method's potential for the analysis of low concentrations of D-AAs in presence of abundant L-AAs.
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40
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Determination of d,l-Amino Acids in Collagen from Pig and Cod Skins by UPLC Using Pre-column Fluorescent Derivatization. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1288-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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41
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Sato K. Why is vitamin B6 effective in alleviating the symptoms of autism? Med Hypotheses 2018; 115:103-106. [PMID: 29685187 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Many factors are reported to be involved in the complex pathophysiological processes of autism, suggesting that there is considerable variability in the manifestations of this disease. Several interventions are used to treat this disorder. Among them, vitamin B6 is widely used to treat the symptoms observed in autism. Vitamin B6 is beneficial for about half of autistic individuals in decreasing behavioral problems. However, until now, it remains unknown why vitamin B6 is effective for this disease. Although the exact pathogenesis is not defined, it is evident that certain neurotransmitter systems are impaired in the brains of autistic patients, causing the symptoms observed in the disease. In fact, impairment of many neurotransmitter systems has been reported, including GABA, serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenalin. Furthermore, vitamin B6 is important for the synthesis of many neurotransmitters, including GABA, serotonin, dopamine, noradrenalin, histamine, glycine, and d-serine, indicating that vitamin B6 supplementation may enhance many neurotransmitter systems. Thus, vitamin B6 supplementation can treat the impaired neurotransmitter systems in a given patient, even if the actual impaired neurotransmitter systems are not defined in that patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohji Sato
- Department of Organ & Tissue Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashiku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan.
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42
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Miles JJ, Tan MP, Dolton G, Edwards ES, Galloway SA, Laugel B, Clement M, Makinde J, Ladell K, Matthews KK, Watkins TS, Tungatt K, Wong Y, Lee HS, Clark RJ, Pentier JM, Attaf M, Lissina A, Ager A, Gallimore A, Rizkallah PJ, Gras S, Rossjohn J, Burrows SR, Cole DK, Price DA, Sewell AK. Peptide mimic for influenza vaccination using nonnatural combinatorial chemistry. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:1569-1580. [PMID: 29528337 PMCID: PMC5873848 DOI: 10.1172/jci91512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Polypeptide vaccines effectively activate human T cells but suffer from poor biological stability, which confines both transport logistics and in vivo therapeutic activity. Synthetic biology has the potential to address these limitations through the generation of highly stable antigenic "mimics" using subunits that do not exist in the natural world. We developed a platform based on D-amino acid combinatorial chemistry and used this platform to reverse engineer a fully artificial CD8+ T cell agonist that mirrored the immunogenicity profile of a native epitope blueprint from influenza virus. This nonnatural peptide was highly stable in human serum and gastric acid, reflecting an intrinsic resistance to physical and enzymatic degradation. In vitro, the synthetic agonist stimulated and expanded an archetypal repertoire of polyfunctional human influenza virus-specific CD8+ T cells. In vivo, specific responses were elicited in naive humanized mice by subcutaneous vaccination, conferring protection from subsequent lethal influenza challenge. Moreover, the synthetic agonist was immunogenic after oral administration. This proof-of-concept study highlights the power of synthetic biology to expand the horizons of vaccine design and therapeutic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J. Miles
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mai Ping Tan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Garry Dolton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Emily S.J. Edwards
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah A.E. Galloway
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Laugel
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew Clement
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Makinde
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Thomas S. Watkins
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Katie Tungatt
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Yide Wong
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Han Siean Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Richard J. Clark
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Johanne M. Pentier
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Meriem Attaf
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Anya Lissina
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ann Ager
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Awen Gallimore
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre J. Rizkallah
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Gras
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Scott R. Burrows
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David K. Cole
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew K. Sewell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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43
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Fraschetti C, Montagna M, Crestoni ME, Calcaterra A, Aiello F, Santi L, Filippi A. Kinetic enantioselectivity of a protonated bis(diamido)-bridged basket resorcin[4]arene towards alanine peptides. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:1183-1189. [PMID: 28084488 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02734b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Efficient enantiodiscrimination of some alanine-containing di- and tri-peptides by using chiral protonated bis(diamido)-bridged basket resorcin[4]arenes depends on several factors, including the basicity of the amino acid residues at the C- and N-termini of the peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fraschetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
| | - M Montagna
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
| | - M E Crestoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
| | - A Calcaterra
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
| | - F Aiello
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - L Santi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
| | - A Filippi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
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44
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Han M, Xie M, Han J, Yuan D, Yang T, Xie Y. Development and validation of a rapid, selective, and sensitive LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of D- and L-amino acids in human serum: application to the study of hepatocellular carcinoma. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:2517-2531. [PMID: 29492623 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-0883-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the simultaneous determination of D- and L-amino acids in human serum. Under the optimum conditions, except for DL-proline, L-glutamine, and D-lysine, the enantioseparation of the other 19 enantiomeric pairs of proteinogenic amino acids and nonchiral glycine was achieved with a CROWNPAK CR-I(+) chiral column within 13 min. The lower limits of quantitation for L-amino acids (including glycine) and D-amino acids were 5-56.25 μM and 0.625-500 nM, respectively, in human serum. The intraday precision and interday precision for all the analytes were less than 15%, and the accuracy ranged from -12.84% to 12.37% at three quality control levels. The proposed method, exhibiting high rapidity, enantioresolution, and sensitivity, was successfully applied to the quantification of D- and L-amino acid levels in serum from hepatocellular carcinoma patients and healthy individuals. The serum concentrations of L-arginine, L-isoleucine, L-aspartate, L-tryptophan, L-alanine, L-methionine, L-serine, glycine, L-valine, L-leucine, L-phenylalanine, L-threonine, D-isoleucine, D-alanine, D-glutamate, D-glutamine, D-methionine, and D-threonine were significantly reduced in the hepatocellular carcinoma patients compared with the healthy individuals (P < 0.01). D-Glutamate and D-glutamine were identified as the most downregulated serum markers (fold change greater than 1.5), which deserves further attention in hepatocellular carcinoma research. Graphical abstract Simultaneous determination of D- and L-amino acids in human serum from hepatocellular carcinoma patients and healthy individuals. AA amino acid, HCC hepatocellular carcinoma, LC liquid chromatography, MS/MS tandem mass spectrometry, NC normal control, TIC total ion chromatogram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minlu Han
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Mengyu Xie
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jun Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Daoyi Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Tian Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Ying Xie
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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45
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Delaye JB, Patin F, Lagrue E, Le Tilly O, Bruno C, Vuillaume ML, Raynaud M, Benz-De Bretagne I, Laumonnier F, Vourc'h P, Andres C, Blasco H. Post hoc analysis of plasma amino acid profiles: towards a specific pattern in autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability. Ann Clin Biochem 2018; 55:543-552. [PMID: 29388433 DOI: 10.1177/0004563218760351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability present a challenge for therapeutic and dietary management. We performed a re-analysis of plasma amino acid chromatography of children with autism spectrum disorders ( n = 22) or intellectual disability ( n = 29) to search for a metabolic signature that can distinguish individuals with these disorders from controls ( n = 30). Methods We performed univariate and multivariate analyses using different machine learning strategies, from the raw data of the amino acid chromatography. Finally, we analysed the metabolic pathways associated with discriminant biomarkers. Results Multivariate analysis revealed models to discriminate patients with autism spectrum disorders or intellectual disability and controls from plasma amino acid profiles ( P < 0.0003). Univariate analysis showed that autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability patients shared similar differences relative to controls, including lower glutamate ( P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0002, respectively) and serine ( P = 0.002 for both) concentrations. The multivariate model ( P < 6.12.10-7) to discriminate between autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability revealed the involvement of urea, 3-methyl-histidine and histidine metabolism. Biosigner analysis and univariate analysis confirmed the role of 3-methylhistidine ( P = 0.004), histidine ( P = 0.003), urea ( P = 0.0006) and lysine ( P = 0.002). Conclusions We revealed discriminant metabolic patterns between autism spectrum disorders, intellectual disability and controls. Amino acids known to play a role in neurotransmission were discriminant in the models comparing autism spectrum disorders or intellectual disability to controls, and histidine and b-alanine metabolism was specifically highlighted in the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Delaye
- 1 CHRU de Tours, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Tours, France
| | - Franck Patin
- 1 CHRU de Tours, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Tours, France.,2 UMR 1253, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Emmanuelle Lagrue
- 2 UMR 1253, Université de Tours, Tours, France.,3 CHRU de Tours, Service de Neuropédiatrie, Tours, France
| | - Olivier Le Tilly
- 1 CHRU de Tours, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Tours, France
| | - Clement Bruno
- 1 CHRU de Tours, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Tours, France.,2 UMR 1253, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Marie-Laure Vuillaume
- 2 UMR 1253, Université de Tours, Tours, France.,4 CHRU de Tours, Service de Génétique, Tours, France
| | - Martine Raynaud
- 2 UMR 1253, Université de Tours, Tours, France.,4 CHRU de Tours, Service de Génétique, Tours, France
| | - Isabelle Benz-De Bretagne
- 1 CHRU de Tours, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Tours, France.,2 UMR 1253, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Frederic Laumonnier
- 2 UMR 1253, Université de Tours, Tours, France.,4 CHRU de Tours, Service de Génétique, Tours, France
| | - Patrick Vourc'h
- 1 CHRU de Tours, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Tours, France.,2 UMR 1253, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Christian Andres
- 1 CHRU de Tours, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Tours, France.,2 UMR 1253, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Helene Blasco
- 1 CHRU de Tours, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Tours, France.,2 UMR 1253, Université de Tours, Tours, France
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Zhou H, Ran G, Masson JF, Wang C, Zhao Y, Song Q. Rational Design of Magnetic Micronanoelectrodes for Recognition and Ultrasensitive Quantification of Cysteine Enantiomers. Anal Chem 2018; 90:3374-3381. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Guoxia Ran
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jean-Francois Masson
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Chan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Qijun Song
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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47
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Fasting and Fast Food Diet Play an Opposite Role in Mice Brain Aging. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:6881-6893. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0891-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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48
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Gong R, Yao P, Chen X, Feng J, Wu Q, Lau PCK, Zhu D. Accessing d
-Valine Synthesis by Improved Variants of Bacterial Cyclohexylamine Oxidase. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201701229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gong
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin Airport Economic Area Tianjin 300308 P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District Beijing 100049 P.R. China
| | - Peiyuan Yao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin Airport Economic Area Tianjin 300308 P.R. China
| | - Xi Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin Airport Economic Area Tianjin 300308 P.R. China
| | - Jinhui Feng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin Airport Economic Area Tianjin 300308 P.R. China
| | - Qiaqing Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin Airport Economic Area Tianjin 300308 P.R. China
| | - Peter C. K. Lau
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin Airport Economic Area Tianjin 300308 P.R. China
| | - Dunming Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin Airport Economic Area Tianjin 300308 P.R. China
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Abstract
More than half a century ago researchers thought that D-amino acids had a minor function compared to L-enantiomers in biological processes. Many evidences have shown that D-amino acids are present in high concentration in microorganisms, plants, mammals and humans and fulfil specific biological functions. In the brain of mammals, D-serine (D-Ser) acts as a co-agonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptors, responsible for learning, memory and behaviour. D-Ser metabolism is relevant for disorders associated with an altered function of the NMDA receptor, such as schizophrenia, ischemia, epilepsy and neurodegenerative disorders. On the other hand, D-aspartate (D-Asp) is one of the major regulators of adult neurogenesis and plays an important role in the development of endocrine function. D-Asp is present in the neuroendocrine and endocrine tissues and testes, and regulates the synthesis and secretion of hormones and spermatogenesis. Also food proteins contain D-amino acids that are naturally originated or processing-induced under conditions such as high temperatures, acid and alkali treatments and fermentation processes. The presence of D-amino acids in dairy products denotes thermal and alkaline treatments and microbial contamination. Two enzymes are involved in the metabolism of D-amino acids: amino acid racemase in the synthesis and D-amino acid oxidase in the degradation.
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50
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Weatherly CA, Du S, Parpia C, Santos PT, Hartman AL, Armstrong DW. d-Amino Acid Levels in Perfused Mouse Brain Tissue and Blood: A Comparative Study. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:1251-1261. [PMID: 28206740 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The l-enantiomer is the predominant type of amino acid in all living systems. However, d-amino acids, once thought to be "unnatural", have been found to be indigenous even in mammalian systems and increasingly appear to be functioning in essential biological and neurological roles. Both d- and l-amino acid levels in the hippocampus, cortex, and blood samples from NIH Swiss mice are reported. Perfused brain tissues were analyzed for the first time, thereby eliminating artifacts due to endogenous blood, and decreased the mouse-to-mouse variability in amino acid levels. Total amino acid levels (l- plus d-enantiomers) in brain tissue are up to 10 times higher than in blood. However, all measured d-amino acid levels in brain tissue are typically ∼10 to 2000 times higher than blood levels. There was a 13% reduction in almost all measured d-amino acid levels in the cortex compared to those in the hippocampus. There is an approximate inverse relationship between the prevalence of an amino acid and the percentage of its d-enantiomeric form. Interestingly, glutamic acid, unlike all other amino acids, had no quantifiable level of its d-antipode. The bioneurological reason for the unique and conspicuous absence/removal of this d-amino acid is yet unknown. However, results suggest that d-glutamate metabolism is likely a unidirectional process and not a cycle, as per the l-glutamate/glutamine cycle. The results suggest that there might be unreported d-amino acid racemases in mammalian brains. The regulation and function of specific other d-amino acids are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choyce A. Weatherly
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Siqi Du
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Curran Parpia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Polan T. Santos
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Adam L. Hartman
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Blomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Daniel W. Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
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