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Byrne MK, Cook R, Murta JCD, Bressington D, Meyer BJ. Dietary Intakes of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Impulsivity: Comparing Non-Restricted, Vegetarian, and Vegan Diets. Nutrients 2024; 16:875. [PMID: 38542786 PMCID: PMC10975088 DOI: 10.3390/nu16060875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research suggests a link between deficiencies in omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) and impulsivity among psychiatric populations. However, this association is less evident in non-clinical populations. As omega-3 LCPUFAs are predominantly sourced through fish consumption, non-fish dieters may be more vulnerable to higher impulsivity. METHODS This cross-sectional observational study explored the association between lower intakes of omega-3 LCPUFA food sources and higher self-reported measures of impulsivity among healthy adults consuming non-restricted, vegetarian, and vegan diets. RESULTS The results from the validated Food Frequency Questionnaire showed significantly lower estimated omega-3 LCPUFA intakes among vegans and vegetarians when compared with people consuming non-restricted diets. Furthermore, although all groups scored within the normal range of impulsivity measures, vegans scored comparatively higher. Vegans also scored significantly higher in impulsivity control relating to attention than those consuming non-restricted diets. CONCLUSIONS The significantly lower omega-3 LCPUFA dietary intakes in the vegan diets were associated with higher scores in the second-order attentional aspect of self-reported impulsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell K. Byrne
- Faculty of Health, Charles Darwin University, Ellengowan Drive, Darwin, NT 0810, Australia; (M.K.B.); (R.C.); (J.C.D.M.); (D.B.)
| | - Rebecca Cook
- Faculty of Health, Charles Darwin University, Ellengowan Drive, Darwin, NT 0810, Australia; (M.K.B.); (R.C.); (J.C.D.M.); (D.B.)
| | - Janina C. D. Murta
- Faculty of Health, Charles Darwin University, Ellengowan Drive, Darwin, NT 0810, Australia; (M.K.B.); (R.C.); (J.C.D.M.); (D.B.)
| | - Daniel Bressington
- Faculty of Health, Charles Darwin University, Ellengowan Drive, Darwin, NT 0810, Australia; (M.K.B.); (R.C.); (J.C.D.M.); (D.B.)
- Faculty of Nursing, Chiang Mai University, 110/406 Inthawaroros Road, Sri Phum District, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Barbara J. Meyer
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, Lipid Research Centre, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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Bioenergetic and vascular predictors of potential super-ager and cognitive decline trajectories-a UK Biobank Random Forest classification study. GeroScience 2022; 45:491-505. [PMID: 36104610 PMCID: PMC9886787 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00657-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging has often been characterized by progressive cognitive decline in memory and especially executive function. Yet some adults, aged 80 years or older, are "super-agers" that exhibit cognitive performance like younger adults. It is unknown if there are adults in mid-life with similar superior cognitive performance ("positive-aging") versus cognitive decline over time and if there are blood biomarkers that can distinguish between these groups. Among 1303 participants in UK Biobank, latent growth curve models classified participants into different cognitive groups based on longitudinal fluid intelligence (FI) scores over 7-9 years. Random Forest (RF) classification was then used to predict cognitive trajectory types using longitudinal predictors including demographic, vascular, bioenergetic, and immune factors. Feature ranking importance and performance metrics of the model were reported. Despite model complexity, we achieved a precision of 77% when determining who would be in the "positive-aging" group (n = 563) vs. cognitive decline group (n = 380). Among the top fifteen features, an equal number were related to either vascular health or cellular bioenergetics but not demographics like age, sex, or socioeconomic status. Sensitivity analyses showed worse model results when combining a cognitive maintainer group (n = 360) with the positive-aging or cognitive decline group. Our results suggest that optimal cognitive aging may not be related to age per se but biological factors that may be amenable to lifestyle or pharmacological changes.
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Susai SR, Sabherwal S, Mongan D, Föcking M, Cotter DR. Omega-3 fatty acid in ultra-high-risk psychosis: A systematic review based on functional outcome. Early Interv Psychiatry 2022; 16:3-16. [PMID: 33652502 DOI: 10.1111/eip.13133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Among different types of poly unsaturated fatty acids, omega-3 fatty acids (FA) play a substantial role in brain development and functioning. This review was designed to evaluate and synthesize available evidence regarding omega-3 FAs and functional outcome in the ultra-high-risk (UHR) population. METHODS An electronic search in PubMed, EMBASE, PSYCINFO and COCHRANE search engines has been performed for all articles published until January 2019. The studies that have data regarding omega-3 FAs and functional outcome in UHR population were included. RESULTS Out of 397 nonduplicate citations, 19 articles met selection criteria. These articles were from four different primary studies, namely the Program of Rehabilitation and Therapy (PORT), the North American Prodromal Longitudinal Studies (NAPLS), Vienna High Risk study (VHR) and the NEURAPRO. The data from the NAPLS study found a positive correlation between functional improvement and frequency of dietary intake omega-3 FA. Moreover, among the erythrocyte omega-3 FA only eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) showed a positive correlation with functional score. The VHR study found long-term improvement in functional outcome in omega-3 group compared to control, whereas such difference was noticed in the NEURAPRO. In the VHR study both omega-3 and omega-6 together predicted the functional improvement at 12 weeks. CONCLUSIONS The number of studies available remains insufficient and more studies with standardized outcome measures in a clinically comparable UHR population would be of more value to understand the clinical benefits of omega-3 FA in the UHR population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subash Raj Susai
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sophie Sabherwal
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Mongan
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Melanie Föcking
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David R Cotter
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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Lim JY, Amit N, Ali NM, Leong HY, Mohamad M, Rajikan R. Effect of nutritional intervention on nutritional status among children with disorders of amino acid and nitrogen metabolism (AANMDs): A scoping review. Intractable Rare Dis Res 2021; 10:246-256. [PMID: 34877236 PMCID: PMC8630465 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2021.01124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders of amino acid and nitrogen metabolism (AANMDs) occur due to an enzyme deficiency in a normal biochemical pathway. Nutritional intervention is recognized as the mainstay of treatment for children diagnosed with AANMD. Hence, this scoping review aimed to identify the nutritional interventions available in managing AANMD disorders and their effects on nutritional status. A systematic search using PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) method was conducted across 4 databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect (Elsevier), EBSCOhost and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). Inclusion criteria for the study to be selected are: subjects aged less than 18-year-old, article published in English, utilized an experimental design and published within the past 20 years. A total of 22 articles were included in this review. The majority of the subjects are boys (55.6%) and employed a randomized controlled trial (RCT) study design (45.4%). Nutritional interventions were categorized into 4 categories which are: "protein substitute" (n = 5), "protein substitute with modified composition" (n = 6), "nutrient supplementation (n=8)", and "distribution and dosage of protein substitute (n = 3)". The most frequently assessed outcomes were biochemical parameters that gauge the effectiveness of metabolic control (68.2%). Overall, "protein substitute enriched with inhibitive amino acids", "long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation", and "evenly distributed protein substitute" demonstrated beneficial effects towards the nutritional status, especially in terms of biochemical parameters. In summary, nutritional intervention plays a significant role in improving the nutritional status of AANMD patients. Further investigations of nutritional intervention among AANMD children using a meta-analysis approach are necessary for better comprehension of their impact in management of AANMD disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ying Lim
- Dietetics Program & Centre of Healthy Aging and Wellness (H-Care), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noh Amit
- Clinical Psychology and Behavioural Health Program & Center for Community Health Studies (ReaCH), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nazlena Mohamad Ali
- Institute of IR4.0 (IIR4.0), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Huey Yin Leong
- Genetics Department, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Maslina Mohamad
- Dietetics & Food Service Department, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Roslee Rajikan
- Dietetics Program & Centre of Healthy Aging and Wellness (H-Care), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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5
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Roach LA, Byrne MK, Howard SJ, Johnstone SJ, Batterham M, Wright IMR, Okely AD, de Groot RHM, van der Wurff ISM, Jones AL, Meyer BJ. Effect of Omega-3 Supplementation on Self-Regulation in Typically Developing Preschool-Aged Children: Results of the Omega Kid Pilot Study-A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103561. [PMID: 34684562 PMCID: PMC8539495 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplementation of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) may enhance self-regulation (SR) and executive functioning (EF) in children of preschool age. The aim of the Omega Kid Study was to investigate the effect of n-3 LCPUFA supplementation on SR and EF in typically developing preschool-aged children. A double-blind placebo-controlled pilot trial was undertaken, the intervention was 12 weeks and consisted of 1.6 g of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) per day compared to placebo. The HS-Omega-3 Index® was assessed by capillary blood samples at baseline and post-intervention. Seventy-eight children were enrolled and randomised to either the n-3 LCPUFA treatment (n = 39) or placebo (n = 39) group. Post intervention, there was a significant three-fold increase in the HS-Omega-3 Index® in the n-3 LCPUFA group (p < 0.001). There were no improvements in SR or EF outcome variables for the n-3 LCPUFA group post intervention compared to the placebo group determined by linear mixed models. At baseline, there were significant modest positive Spearman correlations found between the HS-Omega-3 index® and both behavioural self-regulation and cognitive self-regulation (r = 0.287, p = 0.015 and r = 0.242, p = 0.015 respectively). Although no treatment effects were found in typically developing children, further research is required to target children with sub-optimal self-regulation who may benefit most from n-3 LCPUFA supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A. Roach
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (L.A.R.); (A.L.J.)
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (I.M.R.W.); (A.D.O.); (B.J.M.)
| | - Mitchell K. Byrne
- College of Health and Human Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0909, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-89467655
| | - Steven J. Howard
- School of Psychology, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;
- Early Start, School of Education, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Stuart J. Johnstone
- Brain & Behaviour Research Institute, School of Psychology, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;
| | - Marijka Batterham
- Statistical Consulting Centre, School of Mathematics and Applied Statistics, Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;
| | - Ian M. R. Wright
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (I.M.R.W.); (A.D.O.); (B.J.M.)
- Early Start, School of Education, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4870, Australia
| | - Anthony D. Okely
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (I.M.R.W.); (A.D.O.); (B.J.M.)
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Renate H. M. de Groot
- Conditions for Lifelong Learning, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, 6419 Heerlen, The Netherlands; (R.H.M.d.G.); (I.S.M.v.d.W.)
| | - Inge S. M. van der Wurff
- Conditions for Lifelong Learning, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, 6419 Heerlen, The Netherlands; (R.H.M.d.G.); (I.S.M.v.d.W.)
| | - Alison L. Jones
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (L.A.R.); (A.L.J.)
- Fiona Stanley and Fremantle Hospitals Group, South Metropolitan Health Service, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Barbara J. Meyer
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (I.M.R.W.); (A.D.O.); (B.J.M.)
- School of Medicine, Molecular Horizons, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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6
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Rahmawaty S, Meyer BJ. Stunting is a recognized problem: Evidence for the potential benefits of ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Nutrition 2020; 73:110564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2019.110564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Antonini R, Scaini G, Michels M, Matias MBD, Schuck PF, Ferreira GC, de Oliveira J, Dal-Pizzol F, Streck EL. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on inflammatory parameters after chronic administration of L-tyrosine. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:295-303. [PMID: 31828693 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00525-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosinemia type II is an autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism caused by hepatic cytosolic tyrosine aminotransferase deficiency. Importantly, this disease is associated with neurological and developmental abnormalities in many patients. Considering that the mechanisms underlying neurological dysfunction in hypertyrosinemic patients are poorly understood, in the present work we investigated the levels of cytokines - tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6 and IL-10 - in cerebellum, hippocampus, striatum of young rats exposed to chronic administration of L-tyrosine. In addition, we also investigated the impact of the supplementation with Omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) on the rodent model of Tyrosinemia. Notably, previous study demonstrated an association between L-tyrosine toxicity and n-3 PUFA deficiency. Our results showed a significant increase in the levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in brain structures when animals were administered with L-tyrosine. Cerebral cortex and striatum seem to be more susceptible to the inflammation induced by tyrosine toxicity. Importantly, n-3 PUFA supplementation attenuated the alterations on cytokines levels induced by tyrosine exposure in brain regions of infant rats. In conclusion, the brain inflammation is also an important process related to tyrosine neurotoxicity observed in the experimental model of Tyrosinemia. Finally, n-3 PUFA supplementation could be considered as a potential neuroprotective adjunctive therapy for Tyrosinemias, especially type II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Antonini
- Laboratório de Neurologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Center of Excellence in Applied Neuroscience of Santa Catarina (NENASC), Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Giselli Scaini
- Laboratório de Neurologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Center of Excellence in Applied Neuroscience of Santa Catarina (NENASC), Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Monique Michels
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Mariane B D Matias
- Laboratório de Neurologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Patrícia F Schuck
- Laboratório de Neurologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Gustavo C Ferreira
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jade de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Neurologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Emilio L Streck
- Laboratório de Neurologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil.
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Center of Excellence in Applied Neuroscience of Santa Catarina (NENASC), Criciúma, Brazil.
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Häberle J, Burlina A, Chakrapani A, Dixon M, Karall D, Lindner M, Mandel H, Martinelli D, Pintos-Morell G, Santer R, Skouma A, Servais A, Tal G, Rubio V, Huemer M, Dionisi-Vici C. Suggested guidelines for the diagnosis and management of urea cycle disorders: First revision. J Inherit Metab Dis 2019; 42:1192-1230. [PMID: 30982989 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In 2012, we published guidelines summarizing and evaluating late 2011 evidence for diagnosis and therapy of urea cycle disorders (UCDs). With 1:35 000 estimated incidence, UCDs cause hyperammonemia of neonatal (~50%) or late onset that can lead to intellectual disability or death, even while effective therapies do exist. In the 7 years that have elapsed since the first guideline was published, abundant novel information has accumulated, experience on newborn screening for some UCDs has widened, a novel hyperammonemia-causing genetic disorder has been reported, glycerol phenylbutyrate has been introduced as a treatment, and novel promising therapeutic avenues (including gene therapy) have been opened. Several factors including the impact of the first edition of these guidelines (frequently read and quoted) may have increased awareness among health professionals and patient families. However, under-recognition and delayed diagnosis of UCDs still appear widespread. It was therefore necessary to revise the original guidelines to ensure an up-to-date frame of reference for professionals and patients as well as for awareness campaigns. This was accomplished by keeping the original spirit of providing a trans-European consensus based on robust evidence (scored with GRADE methodology), involving professionals on UCDs from nine countries in preparing this consensus. We believe this revised guideline, which has been reviewed by several societies that are involved in the management of UCDs, will have a positive impact on the outcomes of patients by establishing common standards, and spreading and harmonizing good practices. It may also promote the identification of knowledge voids to be filled by future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Häberle
- University Children's Hospital Zurich and Children's Research Centre, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Burlina
- Division of Inborn Metabolic Disease, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Anupam Chakrapani
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Marjorie Dixon
- Dietetics, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Daniela Karall
- Clinic for Pediatrics, Division of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Lindner
- University Children's Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hanna Mandel
- Institute of Human Genetics and metabolic disorders, Western Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Diego Martinelli
- Division of Metabolism, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Guillem Pintos-Morell
- Centre for Rare Diseases, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERER_GCV08, Research Institute IGTP, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - René Santer
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anastasia Skouma
- Institute of Child Health, Agia Sofia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Aude Servais
- Service de Néphrologie et maladies métaboliques adulte Hôpital Necker 149, Paris, France
| | - Galit Tal
- The Ruth Rappaport Children's Hospital, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Vicente Rubio
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (IBV-CSIC), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red para Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Martina Huemer
- University Children's Hospital Zurich and Children's Research Centre, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Paediatrics, Landeskrankenhaus Bregenz, Bregenz, Austria
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9
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Carvalho-Silva M, Gomes LM, Gomes ML, Ferreira BK, Schuck PF, Ferreira GC, Dal-Pizzol F, de Oliveira J, Scaini G, Streck EL. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation can prevent changes in mitochondrial energy metabolism and oxidative stress caused by chronic administration of L-tyrosine in the brain of rats. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:1207-1219. [PMID: 30949952 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00411-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Deficiency of hepatic enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase characterizes the innate error of autosomal recessive disease Tyrosinemia Type II. Patients may develop neurological and developmental difficulties due to high levels of the amino acid tyrosine in the body. Mechanisms underlying the neurological dysfunction in patients are poorly known. Importantly, Tyrosinemia patients have deficient Omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 PUFA). Here, we investigated the possible neuroprotective effect of the treatment with n-3 PUFA in the alterations caused by chronic administration of L-tyrosine on important parameters of energetic metabolism and oxidative stress in the hippocampus, striatum and cerebral cortex of developing rats. Chronic administration of L-tyrosine causes a decrease in the citrate synthase (CS) activity in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, as well as in the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) activities, and an increase in the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity in the hippocampus. Moreover, in the striatum, L-tyrosine administration caused a decrease in the activities of CS, SDH, creatine kinase, and complexes I, II-III and IV of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. We also observed that the high levels of L-tyrosine are related to oxidative stress in the brain. Notably, supplementation of n-3 PUFA prevented the majority of the modifications caused by the chronic administration of L-tyrosine in the cerebral enzyme activities, as well as ameliorated the oxidative stress in the brain regions of rats. These results indicate a possible neuroprotective and antioxidant role for n-3 PUFA and may represent a new therapeutic approach and potential adjuvant therapy to Tyrosinemia Type II individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Carvalho-Silva
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
- Laboratório de Neurologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Lara M Gomes
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
- Laboratório de Neurologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Maria L Gomes
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
- Laboratório de Neurologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Bruna K Ferreira
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
- Laboratório de Neurologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Patricia F Schuck
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
- Laboratório de Neurologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Gustavo C Ferreira
- Laboratório de Neuroenergética e Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Jade de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Neurologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Giselli Scaini
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Emilio L Streck
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Neurologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil.
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10
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Couce ML, de Castro MJ, de Lamas C, Leis R. Effects of LC-PUFA Supplementation in Patients with Phenylketonuria: A Systematic Review of Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071537. [PMID: 31284588 PMCID: PMC6682937 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests a role of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), in which animal foods are especially rich, in optimal neural development. The LC-PUFAs docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid, found in high concentrations in the brain and retina, have potential beneficial effects on cognition, and motor and visual functions. Phenylketonuria (PKU) is the most common inborn error of amino acid metabolism. The treatment of PKU consists of a phenylalanine-free diet, which limits the intake of natural proteins of high biological value. In this systematic review, we summarize the available evidence supporting a role for LC-PUFA supplementation as an effective means of increasing LC-PUFA levels and improving visual and neurocognitive functions in PKU patients. Data from controlled trials of children and adults (up to 47 years of age) were obtained by searching the MEDLINE and SCOPUS databases following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. For each selected study, the risk of bias was assessed applying the methodology of the Cochrane Collaboration. The findings indicate that DHA supplementation in PKU patients from 2 weeks to 47 years of age improves DHA status and decreases visual evoked potential P100 wave latency in PKU children from 1 to 11 years old. Neurocognitive data are inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Luz Couce
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- IDIS-Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBERER, Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15704 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - María José de Castro
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- IDIS-Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBERER, Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmela de Lamas
- CIBERER, Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15704 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Metabolism and Research Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, IMIBIC, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Rosaura Leis
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- IDIS-Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBERER, Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15704 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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11
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Ciappolino V, Mazzocchi A, Botturi A, Turolo S, Delvecchio G, Agostoni C, Brambilla P. The Role of Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) on Cognitive Functions in Psychiatric Disorders. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040769. [PMID: 30986970 PMCID: PMC6520996 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is strongly associated with functional outcomes in psychiatric patients. Involvement of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 LC-PUFA), in particular docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), in brain functions is largely documented. DHA is incorporated into membrane phospholipids as structural component, especially in the central nervous system where it also has important functional effects. The aim of this review is to investigate the relationship between DHA and cognitive function in relation to mental disorders. Results from few randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effects of DHA (alone or in combination) in psychotic, mood and neurodevelopmental disorders, respectively, suggest that no conclusive remarks can be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Ciappolino
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Mazzocchi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Andrea Botturi
- Neurologic Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto neurologico Carlo Besta, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Stefano Turolo
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pediatric Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Delvecchio
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Carlo Agostoni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy.
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pediatric Intermediate Care Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, 20122 Milan, Italy.
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy.
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12
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Yazdani A, Yazdani A, Bowman TA, Marotta F, Cooke JP, Samiei A. Arachidonic acid as a target for treating hypertriglyceridemia reproduced by a causal network analysis and an intervention study. Metabolomics 2018; 14:78. [PMID: 30830364 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-018-1368-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Azam Yazdani
- University of Texas, Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Climax Data Pattern, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Akram Yazdani
- Climax Data Pattern, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Thomas A Bowman
- Jarrow Formulas, Inc., 1824 S. Robertson Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90035, USA
| | | | - John P Cooke
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist, Houston, USA
| | - Ahmad Samiei
- Climax Data Pattern, Houston, TX, USA
- Hasso Plattner Institute, 14482, Potsdam, Germany
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13
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Carvalho-Silva M, Gomes LM, Scaini G, Rebelo J, Damiani AP, Pereira M, Andrade VM, Gava FF, Valvassori SS, Schuck PF, Ferreira GC, Streck EL. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation decreases DNA damage in brain of rats subjected to a chemically induced chronic model of Tyrosinemia type II. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:1043-1050. [PMID: 28315992 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-9994-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosinemia type II is an inborn error of metabolism caused by a mutation in a gene encoding the enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase leading to an accumulation of tyrosine in the body, and is associated with neurologic and development difficulties in numerous patients. Because the accumulation of tyrosine promotes oxidative stress and DNA damage, the main aim of this study was to investigate the possible antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of omega-3 treatment in a chemically-induced model of Tyrosinemia type II in hippocampus, striatum and cerebral cortex of rats. Our results showed chronic administration of L-tyrosine increased the frequency and the index of DNA damage, as well as the 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels in the hippocampus, striatum and cerebral cortex. Moreover, omega-3 fatty acid treatment totally prevented increased DNA damage in the striatum and hippocampus, and partially prevented in the cerebral cortex, whereas the increase in 8-OHdG levels was totally prevented by omega-3 fatty acid treatment in hippocampus, striatum and cerebral cortex. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that the main accumulating metabolite in Tyrosinemia type II induce DNA damage in hippocampus, striatum and cerebral cortex, possibly mediated by free radical production, and the supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids was able to prevent this damage, suggesting that could be involved in the prevention of oxidative damage to DNA in this disease. Thus, omega-3 fatty acids supplementation to Tyrosinemia type II patients may represent a new therapeutic approach and a possible adjuvant to the curren t treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Carvalho-Silva
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lara M Gomes
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Giselli Scaini
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Joyce Rebelo
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriani P Damiani
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Maiara Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Vanessa M Andrade
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Fernanda F Gava
- Laboratório de Sinalização Neural e Psicofarmacologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Samira S Valvassori
- Laboratório de Sinalização Neural e Psicofarmacologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Patricia F Schuck
- Laboratório de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Gustavo C Ferreira
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emilio L Streck
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil.
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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14
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Conversion ratios of n-3 fatty acids between plasma and erythrocytes: a systematic review and meta-regression. Br J Nutr 2017; 117:1162-1173. [PMID: 28528591 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517001052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
As biomarkers of dietary intake or disease risk factor, n-3 fatty acid (FA) can be measured in plasma phospholipids (PL), total lipids (TL) or erythrocytes. However, the numeric relationships between n-3 FA in these lipid pools are not clear. Our goal was to derive conversion ratios for plasma and erythrocyte n-3 FA. Potential studies were identified through systematic literature search in PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library of Systematic reviews (1950 to October 2014). In all, fifty-six studies reporting n-3 in healthy individuals were included, of which thirty-four articles reported plasma PL and erythrocytes, and twenty-two reported plasma TL and erythrocytes. Meta-regressions were performed to quantify the ratio between plasma and erythrocyte n-3 FA weight percentages, controlling for covariates including age, sex and study design. The conversion ratios from plasma PL to erythrocytes for EPA, DHA, DPA and total n-3 PUFA are 0·75, 1·16, 2·32 and 1·22; the corresponding conversion ratios from plasma TL to erythrocytes are 1·00, 2·10, 3·85 and 2·08, respectively. The conversion ratios were validated using reported values from the literature and measured data from fifty individuals. The relative error of the predicted results were within 10 % of the mean reported values except for EPA, and the individual measured data except for DPA, in plasma TL. The conversion ratios between plasma PL and erythrocytes were more stable compared with plasma TL. Such conversion ratios will be useful for nutritionists or public health professionals to assess FA profiles of different populations using data collected with different methodologies.
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15
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Rahmawaty S, Charlton K, Lyons-Wall P, Meyer BJ. Development and validation of a food frequency questionnaire to assess omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intake in Australian children aged 9-13 years. J Hum Nutr Diet 2016; 30:429-438. [DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Rahmawaty
- Department of Nutrition Science; Faculty of Health Science; Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta; Surakarta Central Java Indonesia
| | - K. Charlton
- School of Health Sciences; Faculty of Medicine Health Sciences; University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW Australia
| | - P. Lyons-Wall
- School of Exercise and Health Sciences; Edith Cowan University; Joondalup WA USA
| | - B. J. Meyer
- School of Health Sciences; Faculty of Medicine Health Sciences; University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW Australia
- Metabolic Research Centre; University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW Australia
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16
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Dercksen M, Kulik W, Mienie LJ, Reinecke CJ, Wanders RJA, Duran M. Polyunsaturated fatty acid status in treated isovaleric acidemia patients. Eur J Clin Nutr 2016; 70:1123-1126. [PMID: 27329611 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Nutritional deficiencies are frequently observed when treating patients with inborn errors of metabolism due to an unbalanced diet. Thus far, patients with isovaleric acidemia (IVA) who adhere to a restricted protein diet have not been investigated in this respect. We hypothesize that these patients may have a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) deficiency, leading to potential clinical complications. SUBJECTS/METHODS We examined the nutritional status by reporting on potential deficiencies in PUFAs in treated IVA patients. A general clinical chemistry work-up as well as gas chromatography flame ionization detector analysis was performed to determine PUFAs in the plasma of 10 IVA patients. RESULTS The general clinical chemistry tests did not indicate severe hematological abnormalities or nutritional insufficiencies. We identified a significant reduction in plasma PUFA levels, especially in omega-3 (all acids, P<0.001) and omega-6 (in particular 20:3n-6 P<0.0001 and 20:4n-6 P=0.0005) fatty acids. In addition, an elevation in omega-9 fatty acids, with the exception of 20:3n-9 and C22:1n-9, was not suggestive of complete essential fatty acid deficiency but rather indicative of isolated and/or combined omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid depletion. CONCLUSIONS This study emphasizes the potential nutritional insufficiencies that may occur because of therapeutic intervention in IVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dercksen
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - W Kulik
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L J Mienie
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - C J Reinecke
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - R J A Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Duran
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Lauritzen L, Brambilla P, Mazzocchi A, Harsløf LBS, Ciappolino V, Agostoni C. DHA Effects in Brain Development and Function. Nutrients 2016; 8:E6. [PMID: 26742060 PMCID: PMC4728620 DOI: 10.3390/nu8010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a structural constituent of membranes specifically in the central nervous system. Its accumulation in the fetal brain takes place mainly during the last trimester of pregnancy and continues at very high rates up to the end of the second year of life. Since the endogenous formation of DHA seems to be relatively low, DHA intake may contribute to optimal conditions for brain development. We performed a narrative review on research on the associations between DHA levels and brain development and function throughout the lifespan. Data from cell and animal studies justify the indication of DHA in relation to brain function for neuronal cell growth and differentiation as well as in relation to neuronal signaling. Most data from human studies concern the contribution of DHA to optimal visual acuity development. Accumulating data indicate that DHA may have effects on the brain in infancy, and recent studies indicate that the effect of DHA may depend on gender and genotype of genes involved in the endogenous synthesis of DHA. While DHA levels may affect early development, potential effects are also increasingly recognized during childhood and adult life, suggesting a role of DHA in cognitive decline and in relation to major psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Lauritzen
- Department of Nutrition Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Psychiatric Clinic, Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20121 Milan, Italy.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, University of Texas at Houston, 2800 South Macgregor Way, Houston, TX 77021, USA.
| | - Alessandra Mazzocchi
- Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20121 Milan, Italy.
| | - Laurine B S Harsløf
- Department of Nutrition Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Valentina Ciappolino
- Psychiatric Clinic, Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20121 Milan, Italy.
| | - Carlo Agostoni
- Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20121 Milan, Italy.
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18
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Baumgartner MR, Hörster F, Dionisi-Vici C, Haliloglu G, Karall D, Chapman KA, Huemer M, Hochuli M, Assoun M, Ballhausen D, Burlina A, Fowler B, Grünert SC, Grünewald S, Honzik T, Merinero B, Pérez-Cerdá C, Scholl-Bürgi S, Skovby F, Wijburg F, MacDonald A, Martinelli D, Sass JO, Valayannopoulos V, Chakrapani A. Proposed guidelines for the diagnosis and management of methylmalonic and propionic acidemia. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2014; 9:130. [PMID: 25205257 PMCID: PMC4180313 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-014-0130-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylmalonic and propionic acidemia (MMA/PA) are inborn errors of metabolism characterized by accumulation of propionic acid and/or methylmalonic acid due to deficiency of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MUT) or propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC). MMA has an estimated incidence of ~ 1: 50,000 and PA of ~ 1:100’000 -150,000. Patients present either shortly after birth with acute deterioration, metabolic acidosis and hyperammonemia or later at any age with a more heterogeneous clinical picture, leading to early death or to severe neurological handicap in many survivors. Mental outcome tends to be worse in PA and late complications include chronic kidney disease almost exclusively in MMA and cardiomyopathy mainly in PA. Except for vitamin B12 responsive forms of MMA the outcome remains poor despite the existence of apparently effective therapy with a low protein diet and carnitine. This may be related to under recognition and delayed diagnosis due to nonspecific clinical presentation and insufficient awareness of health care professionals because of disease rarity. These guidelines aim to provide a trans-European consensus to guide practitioners, set standards of care and to help to raise awareness. To achieve these goals, the guidelines were developed using the SIGN methodology by having professionals on MMA/PA across twelve European countries and the U.S. gather all the existing evidence, score it according to the SIGN evidence level system and make a series of conclusive statements supported by an associated level of evidence. Although the degree of evidence rarely exceeds level C (evidence from non-analytical studies like case reports and series), the guideline should provide a firm and critical basis to guide practice on both acute and chronic presentations, and to address diagnosis, management, monitoring, outcomes, and psychosocial and ethical issues. Furthermore, these guidelines highlight gaps in knowledge that must be filled by future research. We consider that these guidelines will help to harmonize practice, set common standards and spread good practices, with a positive impact on the outcomes of MMA/PA patients.
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19
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Vyncke K, Huybrechts I, Van Winckel M, Cuenca Garcia M, Labayen I, Gottrand F, Widhalm K, Leclercq C, Libuda L, Manios Y, Sjostrom M, Molnar D, Moreno LA, Gonzalez-Gross M, Spinneker A, Perez de Heredia F, Plada M, De Henauw S. Dietary lipid intake only partially influences variance in serum phospholipid fatty acid composition in adolescents: impact of other dietary factors. Lipids 2014; 49:881-93. [PMID: 25119486 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-014-3935-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the correlation between food and fatty acid (FA) intake and the serum phospholipid (PL) FA status in European adolescents and explored the percentage of variation in serum PL FA that could be attributed to dietary habits. Participants included 528 adolescents recruited in the HELENA Study. Dietary intake was assessed by two, self-administered, non-consecutive 24-h recalls. PL FA concentrations were measured in fasting venous serum samples. Reduced rank regressions were applied to examine the combined effect of food intakes. Results indicated that the variance in serum PL FA in adolescents, that could be explained by diet varied from 7.0% for MUFA to 14.2% for n-3FA. The variance in the long-chain n-3FA was mainly explained by fish intake but also by coffee and tea consumption. In conclusion this study indicated that dietary intake influences the serum PL FA status to a limited amount but that also other factors interfere. However, dietary intake is important as it is among those factors that could be modified. Furthermore, the results suggest that the overall dietary habits should be considered instead of only the consumption of single foods or nutrients, as the medium of the food or concomitant intake of foods and nutrients might interact and as such influence absorption or metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Vyncke
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, 2 Blok A, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium,
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20
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Rahmawaty S, Charlton K, Lyons-Wall P, Meyer BJ. Dietary intake and food sources of EPA, DPA and DHA in Australian children. Lipids 2013; 48:869-77. [PMID: 23881381 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-013-3812-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Secondary analysis of the 2007 Australian National Children's Nutrition and Physical Activity survey was undertaken to assess the intake and food sources of EPA, DPA and DHA (excluding supplements) in 4,487 children aged 2-16 years. An average of two 24-h dietary recalls was analysed for each child and food sources of EPA, DPA and DHA were assessed using the Australian nutrient composition database called AUSNUT 2007. Median (inter quartile range, IQR) for EPA, DPA and DHA intakes (mg/day) for 2-3, 4-8, 9-13, 14-16 year were: EPA 5.3 (1.5-14), 6.7 (1.8-18), 8.7 (2.6-23), 9.8 (2.7-28) respectively; DPA 6.2 (2.2-14), 8.2 (3.3-18), 10.8 (4.3-24), 12.2 (5-29) respectively; and DHA 3.9 (0.6-24), 5.1 (0.9-26), 6.8 (1.1-27), 7.8 (1.5-33) respectively. Energy-adjusted intakes of EPA, DPA and DHA in children who ate fish were 7.5, 2 and 16-fold higher, respectively (P < 0.001) compared to those who did not eat fish during the 2 days of the survey. Intake of total long chain n-3 PUFA was compared to the energy adjusted suggested dietary target (SDT) for Australian children and 20 % of children who ate fish during the 2 days of the survey met the SDT. Fish and seafood products were the largest contributors to DHA (76 %) and EPA (59 %) intake, while meat, poultry and game contributed to 56 % DPA. Meat consumption was 8.5 times greater than that for fish/seafood. Australian children do not consume the recommended amounts of long chain omega-3 fatty acids, especially DHA, which could be explained by low fish consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setyaningrum Rahmawaty
- Metabolic Research Centre, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
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Pase CS, Roversi K, Trevizol F, Roversi K, Kuhn FT, Schuster AJ, Vey LT, Dias VT, Barcelos RCS, Piccolo J, Emanuelli T, Bürger ME. Influence of perinatal trans fat on behavioral responses and brain oxidative status of adolescent rats acutely exposed to stress. Neuroscience 2013; 247:242-52. [PMID: 23742847 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Because consumption of processed foods has increased in the last decades and so far its potential influence on emotionality and susceptibility to stress is unknown, we studied the influence of different fatty acids (FA) on behavioral and biochemical parameters after acute restrain stress (AS) exposure. Two sequential generations of female rats were supplemented with soybean oil (control group; C-SO), fish oil (FO) and hydrogenated vegetable fat (HVF) from pregnancy and during lactation. At 41days of age, half the animals of each supplemented group were exposed to AS and observed in open field and elevated plus maze task, followed by euthanasia for biochemical assessments. The HVF-supplemented group showed higher anxiety-like symptoms per se, while the C-SO and FO groups did not show these behaviors. Among groups exposed to AS, HVF showed locomotor restlessness in the open field, while both C-SO and HVF groups showed anxiety-like symptoms in the elevated plus maze, but this was not observed in the FO group. Biochemical evaluations showed higher lipoperoxidation levels and lower cell viability in cortex in the HVF group. In addition, HVF-treated rats showed reduced catalase activity in striatum and hippocampus, as well as increased generation of reactive species in striatum, while FO was associated with increased cell viability in the hippocampus. Among groups exposed to AS, HVF increased reactive species generation in the brain, decreased cell viability in the cortex and striatum, and decreased catalase activity in the striatum and hippocampus. Taken together, our findings show that the type of FA provided during development and growth over two generations is able to modify the brain oxidative status, which was particularly adversely affected by trans fat. In addition, the harmful influence of chronic consumption of trans fats as observed in this study can enhance emotionality and anxiety parameters resulting from stressful situations of everyday life, which can trigger more severe neuropsychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Pase
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, UFSM, RS, Brazil
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Abstract
A number of studies are investigating the role of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in children with metabolic inborn errors, while the effects on visual and brain development in premature infants and neonates are well known. However, their function incertain chronic neurological, inflammatory and metabolic disorders is still under study. Standards should be established to help identify the need of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in conditions requiring a restricted diet resulting in an altered metabolism system, and find scientific evidence on the effects of such supplementation. This study reviews relevant published literature to propose adequate n-3 intake or supplementation doses for different ages and pathologies. The aim of this review is to examine the effects of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation in preventing cognitive impairment or in retarding its progress, and to identify nutritional deficiencies, in children with inborn errors of metabolism. Trials were identified from a search of the Cochrane and MEDLINE databases in 2011. These databases include all major completed and ongoing double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trials, as well as all studies in which omega-3 supplementation was administered to children with inborn errors, and studies assessing omega-3 fatty acids status in plasma in these pathologies. Although few randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria of this review, some evidenced that most of children with inborn errors are deficient in omega-3 fatty acids, and demonstrated that supplementation might improve their neural function, or prevent the progression of neurological impairment. Nontheless, further investigations are needed on this issue.
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Häberle J, Boddaert N, Burlina A, Chakrapani A, Dixon M, Huemer M, Karall D, Martinelli D, Crespo PS, Santer R, Servais A, Valayannopoulos V, Lindner M, Rubio V, Dionisi-Vici C. Suggested guidelines for the diagnosis and management of urea cycle disorders. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2012; 7:32. [PMID: 22642880 PMCID: PMC3488504 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-7-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Urea cycle disorders (UCDs) are inborn errors of ammonia detoxification/arginine synthesis due to defects affecting the catalysts of the Krebs-Henseleit cycle (five core enzymes, one activating enzyme and one mitochondrial ornithine/citrulline antiporter) with an estimated incidence of 1:8.000. Patients present with hyperammonemia either shortly after birth (~50%) or, later at any age, leading to death or to severe neurological handicap in many survivors. Despite the existence of effective therapy with alternative pathway therapy and liver transplantation, outcomes remain poor. This may be related to underrecognition and delayed diagnosis due to the nonspecific clinical presentation and insufficient awareness of health care professionals because of disease rarity. These guidelines aim at providing a trans-European consensus to: guide practitioners, set standards of care and help awareness campaigns. To achieve these goals, the guidelines were developed using a Delphi methodology, by having professionals on UCDs across seven European countries to gather all the existing evidence, score it according to the SIGN evidence level system and draw a series of statements supported by an associated level of evidence. The guidelines were revised by external specialist consultants, unrelated authorities in the field of UCDs and practicing pediatricians in training. Although the evidence degree did hardly ever exceed level C (evidence from non-analytical studies like case reports and series), it was sufficient to guide practice on both acute and chronic presentations, address diagnosis, management, monitoring, outcomes, and psychosocial and ethical issues. Also, it identified knowledge voids that must be filled by future research. We believe these guidelines will help to: harmonise practice, set common standards and spread good practices with a positive impact on the outcomes of UCD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Häberle
- University Children’s Hospital Zurich and Children’s Research Centre, Zurich, 8032, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Boddaert
- Radiologie Hopital Necker, Service Radiologie Pediatrique, 149 Rue De Sevres, Paris 15, 75015, France
| | - Alberto Burlina
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Inborn Metabolic Disease, University Hospital Padua, Via Giustiniani 3, Padova, 35128, Italy
| | - Anupam Chakrapani
- Birmingham Children’s Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham, B4 6NH, United Kingdom
| | - Marjorie Dixon
- Dietetic Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, United Kingdom
| | - Martina Huemer
- Kinderabteilung, LKH Bregenz, Carl-Pedenz-Strasse 2, Bregenz, A-6900, Austria
| | - Daniela Karall
- University Children’s Hospital, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Diego Martinelli
- Division of Metabolism, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, Rome, I-00165, Italy
| | | | - René Santer
- Universitätsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Aude Servais
- Service de Néphrologie et maladies métaboliques adulte Hôpital Necker 149, rue de Sèvres, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Vassili Valayannopoulos
- Reference Center for Inherited Metabolic Disorders (MaMEA), Hopital Necker-Enfants Malades, 149 Rue de Sevres, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Martin Lindner
- University Children’s Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Vicente Rubio
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV-CSIC) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red para Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), C/ Jaume Roig 11, Valencia, 46010, Spain
| | - Carlo Dionisi-Vici
- Division of Metabolism, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, Rome, I-00165, Italy
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Burrows T, Berthon B, Garg ML, Collins CE. A comparative validation of a child food frequency questionnaire using red blood cell membrane fatty acids. Eur J Clin Nutr 2012; 66:825-9. [PMID: 22378224 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2012.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES There are limited validated tools available for the assessment of dietary intake in pediatric populations. This report describes a comparative validation study of selected fatty acid intakes in children assessed by food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), compared with erythrocyte membrane fatty acids. SUBJECTS/METHODS Overall, 46 overweight and 47 healthy-weight children aged 5-12 years (mean±SD, 9.1±1.3years, body mass index 20.5±4.0) were recruited; dietary fatty acid intakes assessed by parent report using a 135-item semi-quantitative FFQ, were compared with selected child erythrocyte membrane fatty acids assessed from fasting samples using gas chromatography. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were calculated between fatty acid intake estimates (% of energy) and erythrocyte membrane concentrations (%mol/mol). RESULTS Significant correlations were found between dietary and erythrocyte eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) concentration (r=0.24, P<0.05) with a statistical trend for total omega three (∑n-3) fatty acids (r=0.22, P=0.06) and linoleic acid (r=0.32, P=0.07) in the healthy-weight children only. CONCLUSION Parental report of selected child fatty acid intakes using an FFQ can be used to provide an estimate of child intake of EPA, but further work is required to quantify this relationship for other fatty acids and in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Burrows
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
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Sampath Kumar NS, Satya Vijaya Kumar N, Jaiganesh R. Therapeutic drugs: healing power of marine fish. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2012; 65:269-286. [PMID: 22361194 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416003-3.00018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Marine fish is a major source of high-quality protein, lipids, and a wide variety of vitamins and minerals. These macromolecules and their derivatives show different pharmacological activities, which make the fish as a therapeutic diet. Modern technology has made it easy to explore the therapeutic importance of fish-based diet on cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, radicals-mediated diseases, and cancer. In this review, we focus on exploration of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals, and their derivatives from marine fish as a major source for bioactive compounds and their medicinal importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Sampath Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu, India.
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Abstract
Phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder that results in intolerance to the dietary intake of the essential amino acid phenylalanine. It occurs in approximately 1:15,000 individuals. Deficiency of this enzyme produces a spectrum of disorders including classic phenylketonuria, mild phenylketonuria, and mild hyperphenylalaninemia. Classic phenylketonuria is caused by a complete or near-complete deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase activity and without dietary restriction of phenylalanine most children will develop profound and irreversible intellectual disability. Mild phenylketonuria and mild hyperphenylalaninemia are associated with lower risk of impaired cognitive development in the absence of treatment. Phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency can be diagnosed by newborn screening based on detection of the presence of hyperphenylalaninemia using the Guthrie microbial inhibition assay or other assays on a blood spot obtained from a heel prick. Since the introduction of newborn screening, the major neurologic consequences of hyperphenylalaninemia have been largely eradicated. Affected individuals can lead normal lives. However, recent data suggest that homeostasis is not fully restored with current therapy. Treated individuals have a higher incidence of neuropsychological problems. The mainstay of treatment for hyperphenylalaninemia involves a low-protein diet and use of a phenylalanine-free medical formula. This treatment must commence as soon as possible after birth and should continue for life. Regular monitoring of plasma phenylalanine and tyrosine concentrations is necessary. Targets of plasma phenylalanine of 120-360 μmol/L (2-6 mg/dL) in the first decade of life are essential for optimal outcome. Phenylalanine targets in adolescence and adulthood are less clear. A significant proportion of patients with phenylketonuria may benefit from adjuvant therapy with 6R-tetrahydrobiopterin stereoisomer. Special consideration must be given to adult women with hyperphenylalaninemia because of the teratogenic effects of phenylalanine. Women with phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency considering pregnancy should follow special guidelines and assure adequate energy intake with the proper proportion of protein, fat, and carbohydrates to minimize risks to the developing fetus. Molecular genetic testing of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene is available for genetic counseling purposes to determine carrier status of at-risk relatives and for prenatal testing.
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Meyer BJ. Are we consuming enough long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for optimal health? Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2011; 85:275-80. [PMID: 21571516 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The health benefits attributed to the consumption of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) are enormous but are we consuming enough for optimal health? Cardiovascular disease rates are much lower in countries like Japan compared with the Western world. Western countries' LC n-3 PUFA intakes are up to 5 fold lower than Japanese intakes. Various professional bodies and government organisations recommend 500mg LC n-3 PUFA per day. The actual reported intake of LC n-3 PUFA from Australia and various other countries are compared to these recommended intakes. Not surprisingly, the actual intakes of LC n-3 PUFA in Western countries fall short of the recommended intakes. Consumption of fish and seafood is the easiest way to achieve the recommended intakes but increased consumption of foods enriched with LC n-3 PUFA will also contribute to achieving the recommended intakes. Most people are not consuming enough LC n-3 PUFA for optimal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Meyer
- School of Health Sciences and Metabolic Research Centre, University of Wollongong, Wollongong NSW 2522, Australia.
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Meyer BJ, Kolanu N. Australian children are not consuming enough long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for optimal health. Nutrition 2011; 27:1136-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Differences in arachidonic acid levels and fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene variants in African Americans and European Americans with diabetes or the metabolic syndrome. Br J Nutr 2011; 107:547-55. [PMID: 21733300 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511003230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 50 years, increases in dietary n-6 PUFA, such as linoleic acid, have been hypothesised to cause or exacerbate chronic inflammatory diseases. The present study examines an individual's innate capacity to synthesise n-6 long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) with respect to the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) locus in Americans of African and European descent with diabetes or the metabolic syndrome. Compared with European Americans (EAm), African Americans (AfAm) exhibited markedly higher serum levels of arachidonic acid (AA) (EAm 7·9 (sd 2·1), AfAm 9·8 (sd 1·9) % of total fatty acids; P < 2·29 × 10⁻⁹) and the AA:n-6-precursor fatty acid ratio, which estimates FADS1 activity (EAm 5·4 (sd 2·2), AfAm 6·9 (sd 2·2); P = 1·44 × 10⁻⁵). In all, seven SNP mapping to the FADS locus revealed strong association with AA, EPA and dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) in the EAm. Importantly, EAm homozygous for the minor allele (T) had significantly lower AA levels (TT 6·3 (sd 1·0); GG 8·5 (sd 2·1); P = 3·0 × 10⁻⁵) and AA:DGLA ratios (TT 3·4 (sd 0·8), GG 6·5 (sd 2·3); P = 2·2 × 10⁻⁷) but higher DGLA levels (TT 1·9 (sd 0·4), GG 1·4 (sd 0·4); P = 3·3 × 10⁻⁷) compared with those homozygous for the major allele (GG). Allele frequency patterns suggest that the GG genotype at rs174537 (associated with higher circulating levels of AA) is much higher in AfAm (0·81) compared with EAm (0·46). Similarly, marked differences in rs174537 genotypic frequencies were observed in HapMap populations. These data suggest that there are probably important differences in the capacity of different populations to synthesise LC-PUFA. These differences may provide a genetic mechanism contributing to health disparities between populations of African and European descent.
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30
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Glaser C, Demmelmair H, Sausenthaler S, Herbarth O, Heinrich J, Koletzko B. Fatty acid composition of serum glycerophospholipids in children. J Pediatr 2010; 157:826-31.e1. [PMID: 20646712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine reference values for fatty acid (FA) composition of serum glycerophospholipids (GPs) in children with a new high-throughput method. STUDY DESIGN The GP FA composition of 1326 serum samples obtained from a cohort of 951 children at 2 and 6 years, participating in the German Influences of Lifestyle Related Factors on the Immune System and the Development of Allergies in Childhood (LISA) study, was analyzed with a new high-throughput method. Only 2 simple preparation steps were necessary to obtain fatty acid methyl esters selectively from serum GPs. The FA status was determined by separating and quantifying the fatty acid methyl esters with high-resolution capillary gas chromatography. RESULTS FA values in serum GPs were in very good agreement with other published values in serum or plasma phospholipids for most of the analyzed FAs. No major age and sex differences in GP FA composition were observed. CONCLUSION The serum GP FA values obtained from children aged 2 and 6 years may serve as reference values in clinical practice (eg, for monitoring and improving therapeutic interventions). Furthermore, they can serve as a reference point for interpreting FA values in clinical and epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Glaser
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, München, Germany
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Fekete K, Decsi T. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in inborn errors of metabolism. Nutrients 2010; 2:965-74. [PMID: 22254065 PMCID: PMC3257717 DOI: 10.3390/nu2090965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of children with inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) is mainly based on restricted dietary intake of protein-containing foods. However, dietary protein restriction may not only reduce amino acid intake, but may be associated with low intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids as well. This review focuses on the consequences of dietary restriction in IEM on the bioavailability of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) and on the attempts to ameliorate these consequences. We were able to identify during a literature search 10 observational studies investigating LCPUFA status in patients with IEM and six randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reporting effect of LCPUFA supplementation to the diet of children with IEM. Decreased LCPUFA status, in particular decreased docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) status, has been found in patients suffering from IEM based on the evidence of observational studies. LCPUFA supplementation effectively improves DHA status without detectable adverse reactions. Further research should focus on functional outcomes of LCPUFA supplementation in children with IEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Fekete
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pécs, József A. u. 7., H-7623 Pécs, Hungary.
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Vilaseca MA, Lambruschini N, Gómez-López L, Gutiérrez A, Moreno J, Tondo M, Artuch R, Campistol J. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid status in phenylketonuric patients treated with tetrahydrobiopterin. Clin Biochem 2010; 43:411-5. [PMID: 19948162 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2009.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate LCPUFA composition in PKU patients treated with BH(4). DESIGN AND METHODS Cross-sectional study of plasma and erythrocyte LCPUFA composition of 13 PKU patients treated with BH(4) compared with data from 48 PKU patients on protein-restricted diet, and 17 mild HPA patients on free diet. PUFA were analysed by gas chromatography. RESULTS Plasma and erythrocyte docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and LCPUFA deficiency markers did not show significant differences in PKU patients on BH(4) compared with those with mild HPA and our reference values, but they did in comparison with PKU on protein-restricted diet (p<0.0001). Essential fatty acids and arachidonic acid composition were not significantly different in any of the studied groups. DHA values correlate with the index of dietary control only in PKU patients on protein-restricted diet (p=0.002). CONCLUSION LCPUFA status is within the reference values in PKU patients treated with BH(4). This translates to a further advantage of BH(4) therapy.
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Pavlovski CJ. Screening for essential fatty acid deficiency in at risk infants. Med Hypotheses 2009; 73:910-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Bonilla Guerrero R, Wolfe LA, Payne N, Tortorelli S, Matern D, Rinaldo P, Gavrilov D, Melan M, He M, Steinberg SJ, Raymond GV, Vockley J, Gibson KM. Essential fatty acid profiling for routine nutritional assessment unmasks adrenoleukodystrophy in an infant with isovaleric acidaemia. J Inherit Metab Dis 2008; 31 Suppl 2:S453-6. [PMID: 19089597 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-008-1039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Revised: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We report a 16-month-old asymptomatic male with enzyme confirmed isovaleric acidaemia (IVA; isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency; OMIM 243500) who, upon routine nutritional follow-up, presented evidence of peroxisomal dysfunction. The newborn screen (2 days of life) revealed elevated C(5)-carnitine (2.95 μmol/L; cutoff <0.09 μmol/L) and IVA was subsequently confirmed by metabolic profiling and in vitro enzymology. Plasma essential fatty acid (EFA) analysis, assessed to evaluate nutritional status during protein restriction and L: -carnitine supplementation, revealed elevated C(26:0) (5.0 μmol/L; normal <1.3). Subsequently, metabolic profiling and molecular genetic analysis confirmed X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (XALD). Identification of co-inherited XALD with IVA in this currently asymptomatic patient holds significant treatment ramifications for the proband prior to the onset of neurological sequelae, and critically important counselling implications for this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bonilla Guerrero
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Mazza M, Pomponi M, Janiri L, Bria P, Mazza S. Omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants in neurological and psychiatric diseases: an overview. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2007; 31:12-26. [PMID: 16938373 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2006] [Revised: 07/21/2006] [Accepted: 07/31/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Omega-3 fatty acids are known to play a role in nervous system activity, cognitive development, memory-related learning, neuroplasticity of nerve membranes, synaptogenesis and synaptic transmission. The brain is considered abnormally sensitive to oxidative damage, and aging is considered one of the most significant risk factors for degenerative neurological disorders. Recently, clinical trials of several neurodegenerative diseases have increasingly targeted the evaluation of the effectiveness of various antioxidants. OBJECTIVES The effects of omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants on the anatomic and functional central nervous system development and their possible therapeutical use in some neurological and psychiatric pathologies are evaluated. RESULTS A number of critical trials have confirmed the benefits of dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids not only in several psychiatric conditions, but also in inflammatory and autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases. Many evidences indicate that antioxidants are also essential in maintaining a correct neurophysiology. CONCLUSIONS Omega-3 fatty acids could be useful in the prevention of different pathologies, such as cardiovascular, psychiatric, neurological, dermatological and rheumatological disorders. A number of studies suggest that antioxidants can prevent the oxidation of various macromolecules such as DNA, proteins, and lipids. The ideal use of antioxidants should be a prophylactic and continue treatment before aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Mazza
- Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
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