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Kožich V, Majtan T. Komrower Memorial Lecture 2023. Molecular basis of phenotype expression in homocystinuria: Where are we 30 years later? J Inherit Metab Dis 2024. [PMID: 38873792 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
This review summarises progress in the research of homocystinuria (HCU) in the past three decades. HCU due to cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) was discovered in 1962, and Prof. Jan Peter Kraus summarised developments in the field in the first-ever Komrower lecture in 1993. In the past three decades, significant advancements have been achieved in the biology of CBS, including gene organisation, tissue expression, 3D structures, and regulatory mechanisms. Renewed interest in CBS arose in the late 1990s when this enzyme was implicated in biogenesis of H2S. Advancements in genetic and biochemical techniques enabled the identification of several hundreds of pathogenic CBS variants and the misfolding of missense mutations as a common mechanism. Several cellular, invertebrate and murine HCU models allowed us to gain insights into functional and metabolic pathophysiology of the disease. Establishing the E-HOD consortium and patient networks, HCU Network Australia and HCU Network America, offered new possibilities for acquiring clinical data in registries and data on patients´ quality of life. A recent analysis of data from the E-HOD registry showed that the clinical variability of HCU is broad, extending from severe childhood disease to milder (late) adulthood forms, which typically respond to pyridoxine. Pyridoxine responsiveness appears to be the key factor determining the clinical course of HCU. Increased awareness about HCU played a role in developing novel therapies, such as gene therapy, correction of misfolding by chaperones, removal of methionine from the gut and enzyme therapies that decrease homocysteine or methionine in the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Kožich
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tomas Majtan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Collard R, Majtan T. Genetic and Pharmacological Modulation of Cellular Proteostasis Leads to Partial Functional Rescue of Homocystinuria-Causing Cystathionine-Beta Synthase Variants. Mol Cell Biol 2023; 43:664-674. [PMID: 38051092 PMCID: PMC10761163 DOI: 10.1080/10985549.2023.2284147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Homocystinuria (HCU), an inherited metabolic disorder caused by lack of cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) activity, is chiefly caused by misfolding of single amino acid residue missense pathogenic variants. Previous studies showed that chemical, pharmacological chaperones or proteasome inhibitors could rescue function of multiple pathogenic CBS variants; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Using Chinese hamster DON fibroblasts devoid of CBS and stably overexpressing human WT or mutant CBS, we showed that expression of pathogenic CBS variant mostly dysregulates gene expression of small heat shock proteins HSPB3 and HSPB8 and members of HSP40 family. Endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor BiP was found upregulated with CBS I278T variant associated with proteasomes suggesting proteotoxic stress and degradation of misfolded CBS. Co-expression of the main effector HSP70 or master regulator HSF1 rescued steady-state levels of CBS I278T and R125Q variants with partial functional rescue of the latter. Pharmacological proteostasis modulators partially rescued expression and activity of CBS R125Q likely due to reduced proteotoxic stress as indicated by decreased BiP levels and promotion of refolding as indicated by induction of HSP70. In conclusion, targeted manipulation of cellular proteostasis may represent a viable therapeutic approach for the permissive pathogenic CBS variants causing HCU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Collard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Tomas Majtan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Fribourg, Faculty of Science and Medicine, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Ziegler SG, Kim J, Ehmsen JT, Vernon HJ. Inborn errors of amino acid metabolism - from underlying pathophysiology to therapeutic advances. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm050233. [PMID: 37994477 PMCID: PMC10690057 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino acids are organic molecules that serve as basic substrates for protein synthesis and have additional key roles in a diverse array of cellular functions, including cell signaling, gene expression, energy production and molecular biosynthesis. Genetic defects in the synthesis, catabolism or transport of amino acids underlie a diverse class of diseases known as inborn errors of amino acid metabolism. Individually, these disorders are rare, but collectively, they represent an important group of potentially treatable disorders. In this Clinical Puzzle, we discuss the pathophysiology, clinical features and management of three disorders that showcase the diverse clinical presentations of disorders of amino acid metabolism: phenylketonuria, lysinuric protein intolerance and homocystinuria due to cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) deficiency. Understanding the biochemical perturbations caused by defects in amino acid metabolism will contribute to ongoing development of diagnostic and management strategies aimed at improving the morbidity and mortality associated with this diverse group of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira G. Ziegler
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jiyoung Kim
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jeffrey T. Ehmsen
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hilary J. Vernon
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Khan S, Siraj S, Shahid M, Haque MM, Islam A. Osmolytes: Wonder molecules to combat protein misfolding against stress conditions. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 234:123662. [PMID: 36796566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The proper functioning of any protein depends on its three dimensional conformation which is achieved by the accurate folding mechanism. Keeping away from the exposed stress conditions leads to cooperative unfolding and sometimes partial folding, forming the structures like protofibrils, fibrils, aggregates, oligomers, etc. leading to several neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's, Cystic fibrosis, Huntington, Marfan syndrome, and also cancers in some cases, too. Hydration of proteins is necessary, which may be achieved by the presence of organic solutes called osmolytes within the cell. Osmolytes belong to different classes in different organisms and play their role by preferential exclusion of osmolytes and preferential hydration of water molecules and achieves the osmotic balance in the cell otherwise it may cause problems like cellular infection, cell shrinkage leading to apoptosis and cell swelling which is also the major injury to the cell. Osmolyte interacts with protein, nucleic acids, intrinsically disordered proteins by non-covalent forces. Stabilizing osmolytes increases the Gibbs free energy of the unfolded protein and decreases that of folded protein and vice versa with denaturants (urea and guanidinium hydrochloride). The efficacy of each osmolyte with the protein is determined by the calculation of m value which reflects its efficiency with protein. Hence osmolytes can be therapeutically considered and used in drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobia Khan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Seerat Siraj
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India; Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Mohammad Shahid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box: 173, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Asimul Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India.
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Majtan T, Kožich V, Kruger WD. Recent therapeutic approaches to cystathionine beta-synthase-deficient homocystinuria. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:264-278. [PMID: 36417581 PMCID: PMC9822868 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS)-deficient homocystinuria (HCU) is the most common inborn error of sulfur amino acid metabolism. The pyridoxine non-responsive form of the disease manifests itself by massively increasing plasma and tissue concentrations of homocysteine, a toxic intermediate of methionine metabolism that is thought to be the major cause of clinical complications including skeletal deformities, connective tissue defects, thromboembolism and cognitive impairment. The current standard of care involves significant dietary interventions that, despite being effective, often adversely affect quality of life of HCU patients, leading to poor adherence to therapy and inadequate biochemical control with clinical complications. In recent years, the unmet need for better therapeutic options has resulted in development of novel enzyme and gene therapies and exploration of pharmacological approaches to rescue CBS folding defects caused by missense pathogenic mutations. Here, we review scientific evidence and current state of affairs in development of recent approaches to treat HCU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Majtan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Fribourg, Faculty of Science and Medicine, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Viktor Kožich
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Charles University-First Faculty of Medicine, Prague, 12808, Czech Republic
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, 12808, Czech Republic
| | - Warren D. Kruger
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
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Ilyas A, Wijayasinghe YS, Khan I, El Samaloty NM, Adnan M, Dar TA, Poddar NK, Singh LR, Sharma H, Khan S. Implications of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and Betaine in Human Health: Beyond Being Osmoprotective Compounds. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:964624. [PMID: 36310589 PMCID: PMC9601739 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.964624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osmolytes are naturally occurring small molecular weight organic molecules, which are accumulated in large amounts in all life forms to maintain the stability of cellular proteins and hence preserve their functions during adverse environmental conditions. Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and N,N,N-trimethylglycine (betaine) are methylamine osmolytes that have been extensively studied for their diverse roles in humans and have demonstrated opposing relations with human health. These osmolytes are obtained from food and synthesized endogenously using dietary constituents like choline and carnitine. Especially, gut microbiota plays a vital role in TMAO synthesis and contributes significantly to plasma TMAO levels. The elevated plasma TMAO has been reported to be correlated with the pathogenesis of numerous human diseases, including cardiovascular disease, heart failure, kidney diseases, metabolic syndrome, etc.; Hence, TMAO has been recognized as a novel biomarker for the detection/prediction of several human diseases. In contrast, betaine acts as a methyl donor in one-carbon metabolism, maintains cellular S-adenosylmethionine levels, and protects the cells from the harmful effects of increased plasma homocysteine. Betaine also demonstrates antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and has a promising therapeutic value in several human diseases, including homocystinuria and fatty liver disease. The present review examines the multifarious functions of TMAO and betaine with possible molecular mechanisms towards a better understanding of their emerging and diverging functions with probable implications in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashal Ilyas
- Department of Biotechnology, Invertis University, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yasanandana Supunsiri Wijayasinghe
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka,*Correspondence: Yasanandana Supunsiri Wijayasinghe, , Nitesh Kumar Poddar, , , Shahanavaj Khan,
| | - Ilyas Khan
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nourhan M. El Samaloty
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohd Adnan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tanveer Ali Dar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar Poddar
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India,*Correspondence: Yasanandana Supunsiri Wijayasinghe, , Nitesh Kumar Poddar, , , Shahanavaj Khan,
| | - Laishram R. Singh
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Hemlata Sharma
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shahanavaj Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,Department of Medical Lab Technology, Indian Institute of Health and Technology (IIHT), Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India,*Correspondence: Yasanandana Supunsiri Wijayasinghe, , Nitesh Kumar Poddar, , , Shahanavaj Khan,
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7
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TMAO to the rescue of pathogenic protein variants. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022; 1866:130214. [PMID: 35902028 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a chemical chaperone found in various organisms including humans. Various studies unveiled that it is an excellent protein-stabilizing agent, and induces folding of unstructured proteins. It is also well established that it can counteract the deleterious effects of urea, salt, and hydrostatic pressure on macromolecular integrity. There is also existence of large body of data regarding its ability to restore functional deficiency of various mutant proteins or pathogenic variants by correcting misfolding defects and inhibiting the formation of high-order toxic protein oligomers. Since an important class of human disease called "protein conformational disorders" is due to protein misfolding and/or formation of high-order oligomers, TMAO stands as a promising molecule for the therapeutic intervention of such diseases. The present review has been designed to gather a comprehensive knowledge of the TMAO's effect on the functional restoration of various mutants, identify its shortcomings and explore its potentiality as a lead molecule. Future prospects have also been suitably incorporated.
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8
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Kruger WD. How to fix a broken protein: restoring function to mutant human cystathionine β-synthase. Hum Genet 2021; 141:1299-1308. [PMID: 34636997 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-021-02386-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) comprise a large class of recessive genetic diseases involving disorders of cellular metabolism that tend to be caused by missense mutations in which a single incorrect amino acid is substituted in the polypeptide chain. Cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) deficiency is an example of an IEM that causes large elevations of blood total homocysteine levels, resulting in phenotypes in several tissues. Current treatment strategies involve dietary restriction and vitamin therapy, but these are only partially effective and do not work in all patients. Over 85% of the described mutations in CBS-deficient patients are missense mutations in which the mutant protein fails to fold into an active conformation. The ability of CBS to achieve an active conformation is affected by a variety of intracellular protein networks including the chaperone system and the ubiquitin/proteasome system, collectively referred to as the proteostasis network. Proteostasis modulators are drugs that perturb various aspects of these networks. In this article, we will review the evidence that modulation of the intracellular protein folding environment can be used as a potential therapeutic strategy to treat CBS deficiency and discuss the pros and cons of such a strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren D Kruger
- Cancer Signaling and Epigenetics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Hassell DS, Steingesser MG, Denney AS, Johnson CR, McMurray MA. Chemical rescue of mutant proteins in living Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells by naturally occurring small molecules. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2021; 11:6323229. [PMID: 34544143 PMCID: PMC8496222 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular proteins function in a complex milieu wherein small molecules influence protein folding and act as essential cofactors for enzymatic reactions. Thus protein function depends not only on amino acid sequence but also on the concentrations of such molecules, which are subject to wide variation between organisms, metabolic states, and environmental conditions. We previously found evidence that exogenous guanidine reverses the phenotypes of specific budding yeast septin mutants by binding to a WT septin at the former site of an Arg side chain that was lost during fungal evolution. Here, we used a combination of targeted and unbiased approaches to look for other cases of "chemical rescue" by naturally occurring small molecules. We report in vivo rescue of hundreds of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants representing a variety of genes, including likely examples of Arg or Lys side chain replacement by the guanidinium ion. Failed rescue of targeted mutants highlight features required for rescue, as well as key differences between the in vitro and in vivo environments. Some non-Arg mutants rescued by guanidine likely result from "off-target" effects on specific cellular processes in WT cells. Molecules isosteric to guanidine and known to influence protein folding had a range of effects, from essentially none for urea, to rescue of a few mutants by DMSO. Strikingly, the osmolyte trimethylamine-N-oxide rescued ∼20% of the mutants we tested, likely reflecting combinations of direct and indirect effects on mutant protein function. Our findings illustrate the potential of natural small molecules as therapeutic interventions and drivers of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Hassell
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Marc G Steingesser
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ashley S Denney
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Courtney R Johnson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Michael A McMurray
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Adsi H, Levkovich SA, Haimov E, Kreiser T, Meli M, Engel H, Simhaev L, Karidi-Heller S, Colombo G, Gazit E, Laor Bar-Yosef D. Chemical Chaperones Modulate the Formation of Metabolite Assemblies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9172. [PMID: 34502079 PMCID: PMC8431448 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of amyloid-like structures by metabolites is associated with several inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs). These structures display most of the biological, chemical and physical properties of protein amyloids. However, the molecular interactions underlying the assembly remain elusive, and so far, no modulating therapeutic agents are available for clinical use. Chemical chaperones are known to inhibit protein and peptide amyloid formation and stabilize misfolded enzymes. Here, we provide an in-depth characterization of the inhibitory effect of osmolytes and hydrophobic chemical chaperones on metabolite assemblies, thus extending their functional repertoire. We applied a combined in vivo-in vitro-in silico approach and show their ability to inhibit metabolite amyloid-induced toxicity and reduce cellular amyloid content in yeast. We further used various biophysical techniques demonstrating direct inhibition of adenine self-assembly and alteration of fibril morphology by chemical chaperones. Using a scaffold-based approach, we analyzed the physiochemical properties of various dimethyl sulfoxide derivatives and their role in inhibiting metabolite self-assembly. Lastly, we employed whole-atom molecular dynamics simulations to elucidate the role of hydrogen bonds in osmolyte inhibition. Our results imply a dual mode of action of chemical chaperones as IEMs therapeutics, that could be implemented in the rational design of novel lead-like molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa Adsi
- Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (H.A.); (S.A.L.); (T.K.)
| | - Shon A. Levkovich
- Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (H.A.); (S.A.L.); (T.K.)
| | - Elvira Haimov
- BLAVATNIK CENTER for Drug Discovery, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (E.H.); (H.E.); (L.S.)
| | - Topaz Kreiser
- Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (H.A.); (S.A.L.); (T.K.)
| | | | - Hamutal Engel
- BLAVATNIK CENTER for Drug Discovery, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (E.H.); (H.E.); (L.S.)
| | - Luba Simhaev
- BLAVATNIK CENTER for Drug Discovery, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (E.H.); (H.E.); (L.S.)
| | - Shai Karidi-Heller
- The Future Scientists Center–Alpha Program at Tel Aviv Youth University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel;
| | - Giorgio Colombo
- SCITEC-CNR, via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy; (M.M.); (G.C.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Ehud Gazit
- Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (H.A.); (S.A.L.); (T.K.)
- BLAVATNIK CENTER for Drug Discovery, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (E.H.); (H.E.); (L.S.)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Dana Laor Bar-Yosef
- Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (H.A.); (S.A.L.); (T.K.)
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11
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Gupta S, Wang L, Slifker MJ, Cai KQ, Maclean KN, Wasek B, Bottiglieri T, Kruger WD. Analysis of differential neonatal lethality in cystathionine β-synthase deficient mouse models using metabolic profiling. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21629. [PMID: 33949005 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100302r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) is a key enzyme of the trans-sulfuration pathway that converts homocysteine to cystathionine. Loss of CBS activity due to mutation results in CBS deficiency, an inborn error of metabolism characterized by extreme elevation of plasma total homocysteine (tHcy). C57BL6 mice containing either a homozygous null mutation in the cystathionine β-synthase (Cbs-/- ) gene or an inactive human CBS protein (Tg-G307S Cbs-/- ) are born in mendelian numbers, but the vast majority die between 18 and 21 days of age due to liver failure. However, adult Cbs null mice that express a hypomorphic allele of human CBS as a transgene (Tg-I278T Cbs-/- ) show almost no neonatal lethality despite having serum tHcy levels similar to mice with no CBS activity. Here, we characterize liver and serum metabolites in neonatal Cbs+/- , Tg-G307S Cbs-/- , and Tg-I278T Cbs-/- mice at 6, 10, and 17 days of age to understand this difference. In serum, we observe similar elevations in tHcy in both Tg-G307S Cbs-/- and Tg-I278T Cbs-/- compared to control animals, but methionine is much more severely elevated in Tg-G307S Cbs-/- mice. Large scale metabolomic analysis of liver tissue confirms that both methionine and methionine-sulfoxide are significantly more elevated in Tg-G307S Cbs-/- animals, along with significant differences in several other metabolites including hexoses, amino acids, other amines, lipids, and carboxylic acids. Our data are consistent with a model that the neonatal lethality observed in CBS-null mice is driven by excess methionine resulting in increased stress on a variety of related pathways including the urea cycle, TCA cycle, gluconeogenesis, and phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Gupta
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Liqun Wang
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael J Slifker
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kathy Q Cai
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kenneth N Maclean
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Brandi Wasek
- Center of Metabolomics, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Teodoro Bottiglieri
- Center of Metabolomics, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Warren D Kruger
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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12
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Zhang T, Lu R, Chen Y, Yuan Y, Song S, Yan K, Zha Y, Zhuang W, Cheng Y, Liang J. Hyperhomocysteinemia and dyslipidemia in point mutation G307S of cystathionine β-synthase-deficient rabbit generated using CRISPR/Cas9. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:224. [PMID: 33054837 PMCID: PMC7560309 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01394-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Congenital hyper-homocysteinemia (HHcy) is caused by a defective cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) gene, and is frequently associated with dyslipdemia. The aim of this study was to further elucidate the effect of mutated CBS gene on circulating lipids using a rabbit model harboring a homozygous G307S point mutation in CBS. Methods CRISPR/Cas9 system was used to edit the CBS gene in rabbit embryos. The founder rabbits were sequenced, and their plasma homocysteine (Hcy) and lipid profile were analyzed. Results Six CBS-knockout (CBS-KO) founder lines with biallelic modifications were obtained. Mutation in CBS caused significant growth retardation and high mortality rates within 6 weeks after birth. In addition, the 6-week old CBS-KO rabbits showed higher plasma levels of Hcy, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) compared to the age-matched wild-type (WT) controls. Histological analysis of the mutants showed accumulation of micro-vesicular cytoplasmic lipid droplets in the hepatocytes. However, gastric infusion of vitamin B and betaine complex significantly decreased the plasma levels of TG, TC and LDL-C in the CBS-KO rabbits, and alleviated hepatic steatosis compared to the untreated animals. Conclusion A CBSG307S rabbit model was generated that exhibited severe dyslipidemia when fed on a normal diet, indicating that G307S mutation in the CBS gene is a causative factor for dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Food & Pharmaceutical Science College, Huaian, 223003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yibing Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuguo Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaozheng Song
- School of Nursing, Taihu University of Wuxi, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kunning Yan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiwen Zha
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenwen Zhuang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jingyan Liang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, Jiangsu, China.
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13
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Conter C, Fruncillo S, Fernández-Rodríguez C, Martínez-Cruz LA, Dominici P, Astegno A. Cystathionine β-synthase is involved in cysteine biosynthesis and H 2S generation in Toxoplasma gondii. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14657. [PMID: 32887901 PMCID: PMC7474069 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71469-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) catalyzes the condensation of serine and homocysteine to water and cystathionine, which is then hydrolyzed to cysteine, α-ketobutyrate and ammonia by cystathionine γ-lyase (CGL) in the reverse transsulfuration pathway. The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, includes both CBS and CGL enzymes. We have recently reported that the putative T. gondii CGL gene encodes a functional enzyme. Herein, we cloned and biochemically characterized cDNA encoding CBS from T. gondii (TgCBS), which represents a first example of protozoan CBS that does not bind heme but possesses two C-terminal CBS domains. We demonstrated that TgCBS can use both serine and O-acetylserine to produce cystathionine, converting these substrates to an aminoacrylate intermediate as part of a PLP-catalyzed β-replacement reaction. Besides a role in cysteine biosynthesis, TgCBS can also efficiently produce hydrogen sulfide, preferentially via condensation of cysteine and homocysteine. Unlike the human counterpart and similar to CBS enzymes from lower organisms, the TgCBS activity is not stimulated by S-adenosylmethionine. This study establishes the presence of an intact functional reverse transsulfuration pathway in T. gondii and demonstrates the crucial role of TgCBS in biogenesis of H2S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Conter
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Silvia Fruncillo
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy.,Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Carmen Fernández-Rodríguez
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160, Derio, Spain
| | - Luis Alfonso Martínez-Cruz
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160, Derio, Spain
| | - Paola Dominici
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandra Astegno
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy.
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14
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Victor MP, Acharya D, Chakraborty S, Ghosh TC. Chaperone client proteins evolve slower than non-client proteins. Funct Integr Genomics 2020; 20:621-631. [PMID: 32377887 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-020-00740-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chaperones are important molecular machinery that assists proteins to attain their native three-dimensional structure crucial for function. Earlier studies using experimental evolution showed that chaperones impose a relaxation of sequence constraints on their "client" proteins, which may lead to the fixation of slightly deleterious mutations on the latter. However, we hypothesized that such a phenomenon might be harmful to the organism in a natural physiological condition. In this study, we investigated the evolutionary rates of chaperone client and non-client proteins in five model organisms from both prokaryotic and eukaryotic lineages. Our study reveals a slower evolutionary rate of chaperone client proteins in all five organisms. Additionally, the slower folding rate and lower aggregation propensity of chaperone client proteins reveal that the chaperone may play an essential role in rescuing the slightly disadvantageous effects due to random mutations and subsequent protein misfolding. However, the fixation of such mutations is less likely to be selected in the natural population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debarun Acharya
- Department of Microbiology, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sandip Chakraborty
- Division of Bioinformatics, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
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15
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Kushwah N, Jain V, Yadav D. Osmolytes: A Possible Therapeutic Molecule for Ameliorating the Neurodegeneration Caused by Protein Misfolding and Aggregation. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10010132. [PMID: 31941036 PMCID: PMC7022651 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the neurological disorders in the brain are caused by the abnormal buildup of misfolded or aggregated proteins. Osmolytes are low molecular weight organic molecules usually built up in tissues at a quite high amount during stress or any pathological condition. These molecules help in providing stability to the aggregated proteins and protect these proteins from misfolding. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the uttermost universal neurological disorder that can be described by the deposition of neurofibrillary tangles, aggregated/misfolded protein produced by the amyloid β-protein (Aβ). Osmolytes provide stability to the folded, functional form of a protein and alter the folding balance away from aggregation and/or degradation of the protein. Moreover, they are identified as chemical chaperones. Brain osmolytes enhance the pace of Aβ aggregation, combine with the nearby water molecules more promptly, and avert the aggregation/misfolding of proteins by providing stability to them. Therefore, osmolytes can be employed as therapeutic targets and may assist in potential drug design for many neurodegenerative and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Kushwah
- Functional Genomics Unit, CSIR-institute of genomics and integrative biology, Mall road, Delhi 110007, India;
| | - Vishal Jain
- Department of ECE, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15289, USA
- Correspondence: (V.J.); (D.Y.); Tel.: +1-412-251-3042 (V.J.); +82-10-2202-1191(D.Y.)
| | - Dhananjay Yadav
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Korea
- Correspondence: (V.J.); (D.Y.); Tel.: +1-412-251-3042 (V.J.); +82-10-2202-1191(D.Y.)
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16
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Hasan T, Arora R, Bansal AK, Bhattacharya R, Sharma GS, Singh LR. Disturbed homocysteine metabolism is associated with cancer. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-13. [PMID: 30804341 PMCID: PMC6389897 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0216-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia/Homocysteinuria is characterized by an increased level of toxic homocysteine in the plasma. The plasma concentration of homocysteine is 5–15 μmol/L in healthy individuals, while in hyperhomocysteinemic patients, it can be as high as 500 μmol/L. While increased homocysteine levels can cause symptoms such as osteoporosis and eye lens dislocation, high homocysteine levels are most closely associated with cardiovascular complications. Recent advances have shown that increased plasma Hcy is also a fundamental cause of neurodegenerative diseases (including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and dementia), diabetes, Down syndrome, and megaloblastic anemia, among others. In recent years, increased plasma homocysteine has also been shown to be closely related to cancer. In this review, we discuss the relation between elevated plasma Hcy levels and cancer, and we conclude that disturbed homocysteine metabolism is associated with cancer. Future clinical perspectives are also discussed. Cancer can be added to the wide range of diseases known to be associated with elevated blood levels of the small amino acid homocysteine. Abnormally high levels of this compound are already known to contribute to conditions including cardiovascular problems, neurodegenerative diseases, neural tube defects, Down’s syndrome, diabetes and megaloblastic anemia. This review, by Laishram R. Singh and colleagues at the University of Delhi, India, concludes that disturbed homocysteine metabolism is associated with many forms of human cancer. The authors discuss a range of genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors that may be involved in the cause and effect relationships between homocysteine metabolism and cancer. It is particularly interesting that low folate (vitamin B9) levels result in high homocysteine levels, and vice versa. Further research may yield insights leading to new forms of cancer treatment and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tauheed Hasan
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Reetika Arora
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Aniket Kumar Bansal
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Reshmee Bhattacharya
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Gurumayum Suraj Sharma
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007, India
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17
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Ismail HM, Krishnamoorthy N, Al-Dewik N, Zayed H, Mohamed NA, Di Giacomo V, Gupta S, Häberle J, Thöny B, Blom HJ, Kruger WD, Ben-Omran T, Nasrallah GK. In silico and in vivo models for Qatari-specific classical homocystinuria as basis for development of novel therapies. Hum Mutat 2019; 40:230-240. [PMID: 30408270 PMCID: PMC6586426 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Homocystinuria is a rare inborn error of methionine metabolism caused by cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) deficiency. The prevalence of homocystinuria in Qatar is 1:1,800 births, mainly due to a founder Qatari missense mutation, c.1006C>T; p.R336C (p.Arg336Cys). We characterized the structure-function relationship of the p.R336C-mutant protein and investigated the effect of different chemical chaperones to restore p.R336C-CBS activity using three models: in silico, ΔCBS yeast, and CRISPR/Cas9 p.R336C knock-in HEK293T and HepG2 cell lines. Protein modeling suggested that the p.R336C induces severe conformational and structural changes, perhaps influencing CBS activity. Wild-type CBS, but not the p.R336C mutant, was able to restore the yeast growth in ΔCBS-deficient yeast in a complementation assay. The p.R336C knock-in HEK293T and HepG2 cells decreased the level of CBS expression and reduced its structural stability; however, treatment of the p.R336C knock-in HEK293T cells with betaine, a chemical chaperone, restored the stability and tetrameric conformation of CBS, but not its activity. Collectively, these results indicate that the p.R336C mutation has a deleterious effect on CBS structure, stability, and activity, and using the chemical chaperones approach for treatment could be ineffective in restoring p.R336C CBS activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham M. Ismail
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Navaneethakrishnan Krishnamoorthy
- Systems Biology Department, Sidra Medical and Research Centre, Doha, Qatar
- Heart Science Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nader Al-Dewik
- Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hatem Zayed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Valeria Di Giacomo
- ZeClinics SL, PRBB (Barcelona Biomedical Research Park), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sapna Gupta
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Johannes Häberle
- University Children’s Hospital and Children’s Research Center, Division of Metabolism, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Thöny
- University Children’s Hospital and Children’s Research Center, Division of Metabolism, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Henk J. Blom
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolism, Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Waren D. Kruger
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Tawfeg Ben-Omran
- Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Gheyath K. Nasrallah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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18
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Poloni S, Hoss GW, Sperb-Ludwig F, Borsatto T, Doriqui MJR, Leão EK, Boa-Sorte N, Lourenço CM, Kim CA, de Souza CFM, Rocha H, Ribeiro M, Steiner CE, Moreno CA, Bernardi P, Valadares E, Artigalas O, Carvalho G, Wanderley HYC, D’Almeida V, Santana-da-Silva LC, Blom HJ, Schwartz IVD. Diagnosis and Management of Classical Homocystinuria in Brazil. JOURNAL OF INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM AND SCREENING 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2326409818788900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Soraia Poloni
- Post-Graduation Program in Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratory of Basic Research and Advanced Investigations in Neurosciences (BRAIN), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Giovana W. Hoss
- Laboratory of Basic Research and Advanced Investigations in Neurosciences (BRAIN), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Sperb-Ludwig
- Laboratory of Basic Research and Advanced Investigations in Neurosciences (BRAIN), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Taciane Borsatto
- Laboratory of Basic Research and Advanced Investigations in Neurosciences (BRAIN), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Emília K.E.A Leão
- Complexo Hospitalar Professor Edgard Santos, Salvador, Brazil
- Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ney Boa-Sorte
- Complexo Hospitalar Professor Edgard Santos, Salvador, Brazil
- Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Charles M. Lourenço
- Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Centro Universitário Estácio de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | | | - Helio Rocha
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Osvaldo Artigalas
- Hospital da Criança Conceição, GHC, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Hospital Materno-Infantil Presidente Vargas, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | - Vânia D’Almeida
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Henk J. Blom
- Laboratory for Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolism, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ida V. D. Schwartz
- Post-Graduation Program in Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratory of Basic Research and Advanced Investigations in Neurosciences (BRAIN), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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19
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Gupta S, Kelow S, Wang L, Andrake MD, Dunbrack RL, Kruger WD. Mouse modeling and structural analysis of the p.G307S mutation in human cystathionine β-synthase ( CBS) reveal effects on CBS activity but not stability. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:13921-13931. [PMID: 30030379 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) gene are the cause of classical homocystinuria, the most common inborn error in sulfur metabolism. The p.G307S mutation is the most frequent cause of CBS deficiency in Ireland, which has the highest prevalence of CBS deficiency in Europe. Individuals homozygous for this mutation tend to be severely affected and are pyridoxine nonresponsive, but the molecular basis for the strong effects of this mutation is unclear. Here, we characterized a transgenic mouse model lacking endogenous Cbs and expressing human p.G307S CBS protein from a zinc-inducible metallothionein promoter (Tg-G307S Cbs-/-). Unlike mice expressing other mutant CBS alleles, the Tg-G307S transgene could not efficiently rescue neonatal lethality of Cbs-/- in a C57BL/6J background. In a C3H/HeJ background, zinc-induced Tg-G307S Cbs-/- mice expressed high levels of p.G307S CBS in the liver, and this protein variant forms multimers, similarly to mice expressing WT human CBS. However, the p.G307S enzyme had no detectable residual activity. Moreover, treating mice with proteasome inhibitors failed to significantly increase CBS-specific activity. These findings indicated that the G307S substitution likely affects catalytic function as opposed to causing a folding defect. Using molecular dynamics simulation techniques, we found that the G307S substitution likely impairs catalytic function by limiting the ability of the tyrosine at position 308 to assume the proper conformational state(s) required for the formation of the pyridoxal-cystathionine intermediate. These results indicate that the p.G307S CBS is stable but enzymatically inert and therefore unlikely to respond to chaperone-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Gupta
- From the Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111 and
| | - Simon Kelow
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Liqun Wang
- From the Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111 and
| | - Mark D Andrake
- From the Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111 and
| | - Roland L Dunbrack
- From the Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111 and
| | - Warren D Kruger
- From the Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111 and
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20
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Hydrogen Sulfide Biochemistry and Interplay with Other Gaseous Mediators in Mammalian Physiology. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:6290931. [PMID: 30050658 PMCID: PMC6040266 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6290931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has emerged as a relevant signaling molecule in physiology, taking its seat as a bona fide gasotransmitter akin to nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). After being merely regarded as a toxic poisonous molecule, it is now recognized that mammalian cells are equipped with sophisticated enzymatic systems for H2S production and breakdown. The signaling role of H2S is mainly related to its ability to modify different protein targets, particularly by promoting persulfidation of protein cysteine residues and by interacting with metal centers, mostly hemes. H2S has been shown to regulate a myriad of cellular processes with multiple physiological consequences. As such, dysfunctional H2S metabolism is increasingly implicated in different pathologies, from cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases to cancer. As a highly diffusible reactive species, the intra- and extracellular levels of H2S have to be kept under tight control and, accordingly, regulation of H2S metabolism occurs at different levels. Interestingly, even though H2S, NO, and CO have similar modes of action and parallel regulatory targets or precisely because of that, there is increasing evidence of a crosstalk between the three gasotransmitters. Herein are reviewed the biochemistry, metabolism, and signaling function of hydrogen sulfide, as well as its interplay with the other gasotransmitters, NO and CO.
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21
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Majtan T, Pey AL, Gimenez-Mascarell P, Martínez-Cruz LA, Szabo C, Kožich V, Kraus JP. Potential Pharmacological Chaperones for Cystathionine Beta-Synthase-Deficient Homocystinuria. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2018; 245:345-383. [PMID: 29119254 DOI: 10.1007/164_2017_72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Classical homocystinuria (HCU) is the most common loss-of-function inborn error of sulfur amino acid metabolism. HCU is caused by a deficiency in enzymatic degradation of homocysteine, a toxic intermediate of methionine transformation to cysteine, chiefly due to missense mutations in the cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) gene. As with many other inherited disorders, the pathogenic mutations do not target key catalytic residues, but rather introduce structural perturbations leading to an enhanced tendency of the mutant CBS to misfold and either to form nonfunctional aggregates or to undergo proteasome-dependent degradation. Correction of CBS misfolding would represent an alternative therapeutic approach for HCU. In this review, we summarize the complex nature of CBS, its multi-domain architecture, the interplay between the three cofactors required for CBS function [heme, pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP), and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)], as well as the intricate allosteric regulatory mechanism only recently understood, thanks to advances in CBS crystallography. While roughly half of the patients respond to treatment with a PLP precursor pyridoxine, many studies suggested usefulness of small chemicals, such as chemical and pharmacological chaperones or proteasome inhibitors, rescuing mutant CBS activity in cellular and animal models of HCU. Non-specific chemical chaperones and proteasome inhibitors assist in mutant CBS folding process and/or prevent its rapid degradation, thus resulting in increased steady-state levels of the enzyme and CBS activity. Recent interest in the field and available structural information will hopefully yield CBS-specific compounds, by using high-throughput screening and computational modeling of novel ligands, improving folding, stability, and activity of CBS mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Majtan
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Angel L Pey
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Paula Gimenez-Mascarell
- Structural Biology Unit, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio, Spain
| | - Luis Alfonso Martínez-Cruz
- Structural Biology Unit, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio, Spain
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Viktor Kožich
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Charles University-First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jan P Kraus
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
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22
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Bhat MY, Singh LR, Dar TA. Trimethylamine N-oxide abolishes the chaperone activity of α-casein: an intrinsically disordered protein. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6572. [PMID: 28747709 PMCID: PMC5529454 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06836-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Osmolytes (small molecules that help in circumventing stresses) are known to promote protein folding and prevent aggregation in the case of globular proteins. However, the effect of such osmolytes on the structure and function of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) has not been clearly understood. Here we have investigated the effect of methylamine osmolytes on α-casein (an IDP present in mammalian milk) and discovered that TMAO (Trimethylamine-N-oxide) but not other methylamines renders α-casein functionless. We observed that the loss of chaperone activity of α-casein in presence of TMAO was due to the induction of an unstable aggregation-prone intermediate. The results indicate that different osmolytes may have different structural and functional consequences on IDPs, and therefore might have clinical implications for a large number of human diseases (e.g., amyloidosis, cancer, diabetes, and neurodegeneration) where IDPs are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Younus Bhat
- Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
| | | | - Tanveer Ali Dar
- Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India.
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23
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Kruger WD. Cystathionine β-synthase deficiency: Of mice and men. Mol Genet Metab 2017; 121:199-205. [PMID: 28583326 PMCID: PMC5526210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) deficiency (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man [OMIM] 236,200) is an autosomal recessive disorder that is caused by mutations in the CBS gene. It is the most common inborn error of sulfur metabolism and is the cause of classical homocystinuria, a condition characterized by very high levels of plasma total homocysteine and methionine. Although recognized as an inborn error of metabolism over 60years ago, these is still much we do not understand related to how this specific metabolic defect gives rise to its distinct phenotypes. To try and answer these questions, several groups have developed mouse models on CBS deficiency. In this article, we will review various mouse models of CBS deficiency and discuss how these mouse models compare to human CBS deficient patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren D Kruger
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
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24
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Sharma GS, Singh LR. Polyols Have Unique Ability to Refold Protein as Compared to Other Osmolyte Types. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 82:465-473. [PMID: 28371604 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917040083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Effects of solvent environments on protein refolding have gained significant attention due to their biotechnological and pharmaceutical applications. Recent advances have shown that a number of organic osmolytes have the unique ability to induce proper folding of several misfolded proteins and simultaneously inhibit aggregation during the process. In the present study, we investigated the effects of polyol osmolytes on the refolding of guanidinium chloride-denatured ribonuclease-A (RNase-A) and compared it with that of other osmolyte types. Measurements of enzymatic activity parameters (Km and kcat) clearly indicate that polyol-induced RNase-A folding enhanced its catalytic efficiency as compared to folding in the absence of osmolytes or in the presence of osmolytes of other types. Furthermore, structural characterization revealed that the increase in catalytic efficiency stems from conformational alterations of the polyol-induced folded protein molecules as compared to other types of osmolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Sharma
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.
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25
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A Clinically Relevant Variant of the Human Hydrogen Sulfide-Synthesizing Enzyme Cystathionine β-Synthase: Increased CO Reactivity as a Novel Molecular Mechanism of Pathogenicity? OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:8940321. [PMID: 28421128 PMCID: PMC5381205 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8940321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The human disease classical homocystinuria results from mutations in the gene encoding the pyridoxal 5′-phosphate- (PLP-) dependent cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), a key enzyme in the transsulfuration pathway that controls homocysteine levels, and is a major source of the signaling molecule hydrogen sulfide (H2S). CBS activity, contributing to cellular redox homeostasis, is positively regulated by S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) but fully inhibited upon CO or NO• binding to a noncatalytic heme moiety. Despite extensive studies, the molecular basis of several pathogenic CBS mutations is not yet fully understood. Here we found that the ferrous heme of the reportedly mild p.P49L CBS variant has altered spectral properties and markedly increased affinity for CO, making the protein much more prone than wild type (WT) CBS to inactivation at physiological CO levels. The higher CO affinity could result from the slightly higher flexibility in the heme surroundings revealed by solving at 2.80-Å resolution the crystallographic structure of a truncated p.P49L. Additionally, we report that p.P49L displays impaired H2S-generating activity, fully rescued by PLP supplementation along the purification, despite a minor responsiveness to AdoMet. Altogether, the results highlight how increased propensity to CO inactivation of an otherwise WT-like variant may represent a novel pathogenic mechanism in classical homocystinuria.
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26
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Synergistic Inhibition of Protein Fibrillation by Proline and Sorbitol: Biophysical Investigations. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166487. [PMID: 27870861 PMCID: PMC5117683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here interesting synergistic effects of proline and sorbitol, two well-known chemical chaperones, in the inhibition of fibrillation of two proteins, insulin and lysozyme. A combination of many biophysical techniques has been used to understand the structural morphology and modes of interaction of the chaperones with the proteins during fibrillation. Both the chaperones establish stronger polar interactions in the elongation and saturation stages of fibrillation compared to that in the native stage. However, when presented as a mixture, we also see contribution of hydrophobic interactions. Thus, a co-operative adjustment of polar and hydrophobic interactions between the chaperones and the protein surface seems to drive the synergistic effects in the fibrillation process. In insulin, this synergy is quantitatively similar in all the stages of the fibrillation process. These observations would have significant implications for understanding protein folding concepts, in general, and for designing combination therapies against protein fibrillation, in particular.
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27
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Homocystinuria: Therapeutic approach. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 458:55-62. [PMID: 27059523 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Homocystinuria is a disorder of sulfur metabolism pathway caused by deficiency of cystathionine β-synthase (CBS). It is characterized by increased accumulation of homocysteine (Hcy) in the cells and plasma. Increased homocysteine results in various vascular and neurological complications. Present strategies to lower cellular and plasma homocysteine levels include vitamin B6 intake, dietary methionine restriction, betaine supplementation, folate and vitamin B12 administration. However, these strategies are inefficient for treatment of homocystinuria. In recent years, advances have been made towards developing new strategies to treat homocystinuria. These mainly include functional restoration to mutant CBS, enhanced clearance of Hcy from the body, prevention of N-homocysteinylation-induced toxicity and inhibition of homocysteine-induced oxidative stress. In this review, we have exclusively discussed the recent advances that have been achieved towards the treatment of homocystinuria. The review is an attempt to help clinicians in developing effective therapeutic strategies and designing novel drugs against homocystinuria.
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28
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Zhu W, Gregory JC, Org E, Buffa JA, Gupta N, Wang Z, Li L, Fu X, Wu Y, Mehrabian M, Sartor RB, McIntyre TM, Silverstein RL, Tang WHW, DiDonato JA, Brown JM, Lusis AJ, Hazen SL. Gut Microbial Metabolite TMAO Enhances Platelet Hyperreactivity and Thrombosis Risk. Cell 2016; 165:111-124. [PMID: 26972052 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1219] [Impact Index Per Article: 152.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Normal platelet function is critical to blood hemostasis and maintenance of a closed circulatory system. Heightened platelet reactivity, however, is associated with cardiometabolic diseases and enhanced potential for thrombotic events. We now show gut microbes, through generation of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), directly contribute to platelet hyperreactivity and enhanced thrombosis potential. Plasma TMAO levels in subjects (n > 4,000) independently predicted incident (3 years) thrombosis (heart attack, stroke) risk. Direct exposure of platelets to TMAO enhanced sub-maximal stimulus-dependent platelet activation from multiple agonists through augmented Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores. Animal model studies employing dietary choline or TMAO, germ-free mice, and microbial transplantation collectively confirm a role for gut microbiota and TMAO in modulating platelet hyperresponsiveness and thrombosis potential and identify microbial taxa associated with plasma TMAO and thrombosis potential. Collectively, the present results reveal a previously unrecognized mechanistic link between specific dietary nutrients, gut microbes, platelet function, and thrombosis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifei Zhu
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jill C Gregory
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Elin Org
- Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jennifer A Buffa
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Nilaksh Gupta
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Zeneng Wang
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Xiaoming Fu
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Yuping Wu
- Department of Mathematics, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Margarete Mehrabian
- Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - R Balfour Sartor
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Thomas M McIntyre
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Roy L Silverstein
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin and Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - W H Wilson Tang
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Joseph A DiDonato
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Stanley L Hazen
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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29
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Warepam M, Singh LR. Osmolyte mixtures have different effects than individual osmolytes on protein folding and functional activity. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 573:77-83. [PMID: 25817170 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Osmolytes are small organic molecules accumulated by organisms under stress conditions to protect macromolecular structure and function. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of several binary osmolyte mixtures on the protein folding/stability and function of RNase-A. For this, we have measured ΔGD(o) (Gibbs free energy change at 25°C) and specific activity of RNase-A mediated hydrolysis of cytidine 2'-3' cyclic monophosphate in the presence and absence of individual and osmolyte mixtures. It was found that the osmolyte mixtures have different effect on protein stability and function than that of individual osmolytes. Refolding studies of RNase-A in the presence of osmolyte mixtures and individual osmolytes also revealed that osmolyte mixtures have a poor refolding efficiency relative to the individual osmolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Warepam
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
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30
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Melenovská P, Kopecká J, Krijt J, Hnízda A, Raková K, Janošík M, Wilcken B, Kožich V. Chaperone therapy for homocystinuria: the rescue of CBS mutations by heme arginate. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:287-94. [PMID: 25331909 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9781-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Classical homocystinuria is caused by mutations in the cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) gene. Previous experiments in bacterial and yeast cells showed that many mutant CBS enzymes misfold and that chemical chaperones enable proper folding of a number of mutations. In the present study, we tested the extent of misfolding of 27 CBS mutations previously tested in E. coli under the more folding-permissive conditions of mammalian CHO-K1 cells and the ability of chaperones to rescue the conformation of these mutations. Expression of mutations in mammalian cells increased the median activity 16-fold and the amount of tetramers 3.2-fold compared with expression in bacteria. Subsequently, we tested the responses of seven selected mutations to three compounds with chaperone-like activity. Aminooxyacetic acid and 4-phenylbutyric acid exhibited only a weak effect. In contrast, heme arginate substantially increased the formation of mutant CBS protein tetramers (up to sixfold) and rescued catalytic activity (up to ninefold) of five out of seven mutations (p.A114V, p.K102N, p.R125Q, p.R266K, and p.R369C). The greatest effect of heme arginate was observed for the mutation p.R125Q, which is non-responsive to in vivo treatment with vitamin B(6). Moreover, the heme responsiveness of the p.R125Q mutation was confirmed in fibroblasts derived from a patient homozygous for this genetic variant. Based on these data, we propose that a distinct group of heme-responsive CBS mutations may exist and that the heme pocket of CBS may become an important target for designing novel therapies for homocystinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Melenovská
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Charles University in Prague-First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, 128 08, Praha 2, Czech Republic
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31
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Structural characteristic of the initial unfolded state on refolding determines catalytic efficiency of the folded protein in presence of osmolytes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109408. [PMID: 25313668 PMCID: PMC4196897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Osmolytes are low molecular weight organic molecules accumulated by organisms to assist proper protein folding, and to provide protection to the structural integrity of proteins under denaturing stress conditions. It is known that osmolyte-induced protein folding is brought by unfavorable interaction of osmolytes with the denatured/unfolded states. The interaction of osmolyte with the native state does not significantly contribute to the osmolyte-induced protein folding. We have therefore investigated if different denatured states of a protein (generated by different denaturing agents) interact differently with the osmolytes to induce protein folding. We observed that osmolyte-assisted refolding of protein obtained from heat-induced denatured state produces native molecules with higher enzyme activity than those initiated from GdmCl- or urea-induced denatured state indicating that the structural property of the initial denatured state during refolding by osmolytes determines the catalytic efficiency of the folded protein molecule. These conclusions have been reached from the systematic measurements of enzymatic kinetic parameters (Km and kcat), thermodynamic stability (Tm and ΔHm) and secondary and tertiary structures of the folded native proteins obtained from refolding of various denatured states (due to heat-, urea- and GdmCl-induced denaturation) of RNase-A in the presence of various osmolytes.
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32
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George Priya Doss C, Rajith B, Magesh R, Ashish Kumar A. Influence of the SNPs on the structural stability of CBS protein: Insight from molecular dynamics simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-014-1320-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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33
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Muntau AC, Leandro J, Staudigl M, Mayer F, Gersting SW. Innovative strategies to treat protein misfolding in inborn errors of metabolism: pharmacological chaperones and proteostasis regulators. J Inherit Metab Dis 2014; 37:505-23. [PMID: 24687294 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9701-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To attain functionality, proteins must fold into their three-dimensional native state. The intracellular balance between protein synthesis, folding, and degradation is constantly challenged by genetic or environmental stress factors. In the last ten years, protein misfolding induced by missense mutations was demonstrated to be the seminal molecular mechanism in a constantly growing number of inborn errors of metabolism. In these cases, loss of protein function results from early degradation of missense-induced misfolded proteins. Increasing knowledge on the proteostasis network and the protein quality control system with distinct mechanisms in different compartments of the cell paved the way for the development of new treatment strategies for conformational diseases using small molecules. These comprise proteostasis regulators that enhance the capacity of the proteostasis network and pharmacological chaperones that specifically bind and rescue misfolded proteins by conformational stabilization. They can be used either alone or in combination, the latter to exploit synergistic effects. Many of these small molecule compounds currently undergo preclinical and clinical pharmaceutical development and two have been approved: saproterin dihydrochloride for the treatment of phenylketonuria and tafamidis for the treatment of transthyretin-related hereditary amyloidosis. Different technologies are exploited for the discovery of new small molecule compounds that belong to the still young class of pharmaceutical products discussed here. These compounds may in the near future improve existing treatment strategies or even offer a first-time treatment to patients suffering from nowadays-untreatable inborn errors of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ania C Muntau
- Department of Molecular Pediatrics, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Lindwurmstrasse 4, 80337, Munich, Germany,
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34
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Conn PM, Smithson DC, Hodder PS, Stewart MD, Behringer RR, Smith E, Ulloa-Aguirre A, Janovick JA. Transitioning pharmacoperones to therapeutic use: in vivo proof-of-principle and design of high throughput screens. Pharmacol Res 2013; 83:38-51. [PMID: 24373832 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A pharmacoperone (from "pharmacological chaperone") is a small molecule that enters cells and serves as molecular scaffolding in order to cause otherwise-misfolded mutant proteins to fold and route correctly within the cell. Pharmacoperones have broad therapeutic applicability since a large number of diseases have their genesis in the misfolding of proteins and resultant misrouting within the cell. Misrouting may result in loss-of-function and, potentially, the accumulation of defective mutants in cellular compartments. Most known pharmacoperones were initially derived from receptor antagonist screens and, for this reason, present a complex pharmacology, although these are highly target specific. In this summary, we describe efforts to produce high throughput screens that identify these molecules from chemical libraries as well as a mouse model which provides proof-of-principle for in vivo protein rescue using existing pharmacoperones.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Michael Conn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, United States; Department of Cell Biology, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, United States.
| | - David C Smithson
- Oregon Translational Research and Drug Development Institute (OTRADI), Portland, OR 97201, United States
| | - Peter S Hodder
- Translational Research Institute, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - M David Stewart
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Richard R Behringer
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Emery Smith
- Translational Research Institute, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Alfredo Ulloa-Aguirre
- Research Support Network, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion, S-Z Universidad Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - Jo Ann Janovick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, United States; Department of Cell Biology, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, United States
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35
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Lebendiker M, Danieli T. Production of prone-to-aggregate proteins. FEBS Lett 2013; 588:236-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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36
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Casique L, Kabil O, Banerjee R, Martinez JC, De Lucca M. Characterization of two pathogenic mutations in cystathionine beta-synthase: different intracellular locations for wild-type and mutant proteins. Gene 2013; 531:117-24. [PMID: 23981774 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) is a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the condensation of homocysteine with serine to generate cystathionine. Homocystinuria is an autosomal recessive disorder commonly caused by a deficiency of CBS activity. Here, we characterized a novel CBS mutation (c.260C>A (p.T87N)) and a previously reported variant (c.700G>A (p.D234N)) found in Venezuelan homocystinuric patients, one nonresponsive and one responsive to vitamin B6. Both mutant proteins were expressed in vitro in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, finding lower soluble expression in HEK-293 cells (19% T87N and 23% D234N) compared to wild-type CBS. Residual activities obtained for the mutant proteins were 3.5% T87N and 43% D234N. Gel exclusion chromatography demonstrated a tendency of the T87N mutant to aggregate while the distribution of the D234N mutant was similar to wild-type enzyme. Using immunofluorescence microscopy, an unexpected difference in intracellular localization was observed between the wild-type and mutant proteins. While the T87N mutant exhibited a punctate appearance, the wild-type protein was homogeneously distributed inside the cell. Interestingly, the D234N protein showed both distributions. This study demonstrates that the pathogenic CBS mutations generate unstable proteins that are unable (T87N) or partially unable (D234N) to assemble into a functional enzyme, implying that these mutations might be responsible for the homocystinuria phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Casique
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas 1081-A, Venezuela; Laboratorio de Estudio Molecular de Enfermedades Hereditarias, Fundación IDEA, Caracas 1080-A, Venezuela.
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Gupta S, Wang L, Anderl J, Slifker MJ, Kirk C, Kruger WD. Correction of cystathionine β-synthase deficiency in mice by treatment with proteasome inhibitors. Hum Mutat 2013; 34:1085-93. [PMID: 23592311 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) deficiency is an inborn error of metabolism characterized by extremely elevated levels of plasma total homocysteine. The vast majority of CBS-deficient patients have missense mutations located in the CBS gene that result in the production of either misfolded or unstable protein. Here, we examine the effect of proteasome inhibitors on mutant CBS function using two different mouse models of CBS deficiency. These mice lack mouse CBS and express a missense mutant human CBS enzyme (either p.I278T or p.S466L) that has less than 5% of normal liver CBS activity, resulting in a 10-30-fold elevation in plasma homocysteine levels. We show that treatment of these mice with two different proteasome inhibitors can induce liver Hsp70, Hsp40, and Hsp27, increase levels of active CBS, and lower plasma homocysteine levels to within the normal range. However, response rates varied, with 100% (8/8) of the p.S466L animals showing correction, but only 38% (10/26) of the p.I278T animals. In total, our data show that treatment with proteostasis modulators can restore significant enzymatic activity to mutant misfolded CBS enzymes and suggests that they may be useful in treating certain types of genetic diseases caused by missense mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Gupta
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, USA
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38
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Misra PP, Kishore N. Glycine betaine: A widely reported osmolyte induces differential and selective conformational stability and enhances aggregation in some proteins in the presence of surfactants. Biopolymers 2012; 97:933-49. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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39
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Roth SD, Schüttrumpf J, Milanov P, Abriss D, Ungerer C, Quade-Lyssy P, Simpson JC, Pepperkok R, Seifried E, Tonn T. Chemical chaperones improve protein secretion and rescue mutant factor VIII in mice with hemophilia A. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44505. [PMID: 22973456 PMCID: PMC3433436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Inefficient intracellular protein trafficking is a critical issue in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases and in recombinant protein production. Here we investigated the trafficking of factor VIII (FVIII), which is affected in the coagulation disorder hemophilia A. We hypothesized that chemical chaperones may be useful to enhance folding and processing of FVIII in recombinant protein production, and as a therapeutic approach in patients with impaired FVIII secretion. A tagged B-domain-deleted version of human FVIII was expressed in cultured Chinese Hamster Ovary cells to mimic the industrial production of this important protein. Of several chemical chaperones tested, the addition of betaine resulted in increased secretion of FVIII, by increasing solubility of intracellular FVIII aggregates and improving transport from endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi. Similar results were obtained in experiments monitoring recombinant full-length FVIII. Oral betaine administration also increased FVIII and factor IX (FIX) plasma levels in FVIII or FIX knockout mice following gene transfer. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo applications of betaine were also able to rescue a trafficking-defective FVIII mutant (FVIIIQ305P). We conclude that chemical chaperones such as betaine might represent a useful treatment concept for hemophilia and other diseases caused by deficient intracellular protein trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie D. Roth
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immune Hematology, Clinics of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service Baden-Wuerttemberg - Hessen, Frankfurt am Main, Hesse, Germany
| | - Jörg Schüttrumpf
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immune Hematology, Clinics of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service Baden-Wuerttemberg - Hessen, Frankfurt am Main, Hesse, Germany
- Biomedical Research Institute Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt am Main, Hesse, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter Milanov
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immune Hematology, Clinics of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service Baden-Wuerttemberg - Hessen, Frankfurt am Main, Hesse, Germany
| | - Daniela Abriss
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immune Hematology, Clinics of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service Baden-Wuerttemberg - Hessen, Frankfurt am Main, Hesse, Germany
| | - Christopher Ungerer
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immune Hematology, Clinics of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service Baden-Wuerttemberg - Hessen, Frankfurt am Main, Hesse, Germany
| | - Patricia Quade-Lyssy
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immune Hematology, Clinics of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service Baden-Wuerttemberg - Hessen, Frankfurt am Main, Hesse, Germany
| | - Jeremy C. Simpson
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rainer Pepperkok
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Department, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
| | - Erhard Seifried
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immune Hematology, Clinics of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service Baden-Wuerttemberg - Hessen, Frankfurt am Main, Hesse, Germany
| | - Torsten Tonn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immune Hematology, Clinics of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service Baden-Wuerttemberg - Hessen, Frankfurt am Main, Hesse, Germany
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Hnízda A, Majtan T, Liu L, Pey AL, Carpenter JF, Kodíček M, Kožich V, Kraus JP. Conformational properties of nine purified cystathionine β-synthase mutants. Biochemistry 2012; 51:4755-63. [PMID: 22612060 PMCID: PMC3384745 DOI: 10.1021/bi300435e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein misfolding due to missense mutations is a common pathogenic mechanism in cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) deficiency. In our previous studies, we successfully expressed, purified, and characterized nine CBS mutant enzymes containing the following patient mutations: P49L, P78R, A114V, R125Q, E176K, R266K, P422L, I435T, and S466L. These purified mutants exhibited full heme saturation, normal tetrameric assembly, and high catalytic activity. In this work, we used several spectroscopic and proteolytic techniques to provide a more thorough insight into the conformation of these mutant enzymes. Far-UV circular dichroism, fluorescence, and second-derivative UV spectroscopy revealed that the spatial arrangement of these CBS mutants is similar to that of the wild type, although the microenvironment of the chromophores may be slightly altered. Using proteolysis with thermolysin under native conditions, we found that the majority of the studied mutants is more susceptible to cleavage, suggesting their increased local flexibility or propensity for local unfolding. Interestingly, the presence of the CBS allosteric activator, S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet), increased the rate of cleavage of the wild type and the AdoMet-responsive mutants, while the proteolytic rate of the AdoMet-unresponsive mutants was not significantly changed. Pulse proteolysis analysis suggested that the protein structure of the R125Q and E176K mutants is significantly less stable than that of the wild type and the other mutants. Taken together, the proteolytic data shows that the conformation of the pathogenic mutants is altered despite retained catalytic activity and normal tetrameric assembly. This study demonstrates that the proteolytic techniques are useful tools for the assessment of the biochemical penalty of missense mutations in CBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleš Hnízda
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, 128 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Majtan
- Department of Pediatrics and the Colorado Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center (IDDRC), University of Colorado at Denver, 12800 E 19th Ave, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
- Department of Genomics & Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, 84551, Slovakia
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Angel L. Pey
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - John F. Carpenter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Milan Kodíček
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Kožich
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, 128 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jan P. Kraus
- Department of Pediatrics and the Colorado Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center (IDDRC), University of Colorado at Denver, 12800 E 19th Ave, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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Hnízda A, Jurga V, Raková K, Kožich V. Cystathionine beta-synthase mutants exhibit changes in protein unfolding: conformational analysis of misfolded variants in crude cell extracts. J Inherit Metab Dis 2012; 35:469-77. [PMID: 22069143 PMCID: PMC3319881 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-011-9407-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Protein misfolding has been proposed to be a common pathogenic mechanism in many inborn errors of metabolism including cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) deficiency. In this work, we describe the structural properties of nine CBS mutants that represent a common molecular pathology in the CBS gene. Using thermolysin in two proteolytic techniques, we examined conformation of these mutants directly in crude cell extracts after expression in E. coli. Proteolysis with thermolysin under native conditions appeared to be a useful technique even for very unstable mutant proteins, whereas pulse proteolysis in a urea gradient had limited values for the study of the majority of CBS mutants due to their instability. Mutants in the active core had either slightly increased unfolding (p.A114V, p.E302K and p.G307S) or extensive unfolding with decreased stability (p.H65R, p.T191M, p.I278T and p.R369C). The extent of the unfolding inversely correlated with the previously determined degree of tetrameric assembly and with the catalytic activity. In contrast, mutants bearing aminoacid substitutions in the C-terminal regulatory domain (p.R439Q and p.D444N) had increased global stability with decreased flexibility. This study shows that proteolytic techniques can reveal conformational abnormalities even for CBS mutants that have activity and/or a degree of assembly similar to the wild-type enzyme. We present here a methodological strategy that may be used in cell lysates to evaluate properties of proteins that tend to misfold and aggregate and that may be important for conformational studies of disease-causing mutations in the field of inborn errors of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleš Hnízda
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, 128 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Jurga
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Raková
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, 128 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Kožich
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, 128 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Cao S, Xu W, Zhang N, Wang Y, Luo Y, He X, Huang K. A mitochondria-dependent pathway mediates the apoptosis of GSE-induced yeast. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32943. [PMID: 22403727 PMCID: PMC3293924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapefruit seed extract (GSE), which has powerful anti-fungal activity, can induce apoptosis in S. cerevisiae. The yeast cells underwent apoptosis as determined by testing for apoptotic markers of DNA cleavage and typical chromatin condensation by Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase-mediated dUTP Nick End Labeling (TUNEL) and 4,6'-diaminidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining and electron microscopy. The changes of ΔΨmt (mitochondrial transmembrane potential) and ROS (reactive oxygen species) indicated that the mitochondria took part in the apoptotic process. Changes in this process detected by metabonomics and proteomics revealed that the yeast cells tenaciously resisted adversity. Proteins related to redox, cellular structure, membrane, energy and DNA repair were significantly increased. In this study, the relative changes in the levels of proteins and metabolites showed the tenacious resistance of yeast cells. However, GSE induced apoptosis in the yeast cells by destruction of the mitochondrial 60 S ribosomal protein, L14-A, and prevented the conversion of pantothenic acid to coenzyme A (CoA). The relationship between the proteins and metabolites was analyzed by orthogonal projections to latent structures (OPLS). We found that the changes of the metabolites and the protein changes had relevant consistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sishuo Cao
- Laboratory of food safety and molecular biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wentao Xu
- Laboratory of food safety and molecular biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- The Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Zhang
- The Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Laboratory of food safety and molecular biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - YunBo Luo
- Laboratory of food safety and molecular biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- The Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyun He
- Laboratory of food safety and molecular biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunlun Huang
- Laboratory of food safety and molecular biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- The Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Majtan T, Kraus JP. Folding and activity of mutant cystathionine β-synthase depends on the position and nature of the purification tag: characterization of the R266K CBS mutant. Protein Expr Purif 2012; 82:317-24. [PMID: 22333527 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2012.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), a heme-containing pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme, catalyzes the condensation of serine and homocysteine to yield cystathionine. Missense mutations in CBS, the most common cause of homocystinuria, often result in misfolded proteins. Arginine 266, where the pathogenic missense mutation R266K was identified, appears to be involved in the communication between heme and the PLP-containing catalytic center. Here, we assessed the effect of a short affinity tag (6xHis) compared to a bulky fusion partner (glutathione S-transferase - GST) on CBS wild type (WT) and R266K mutant enzyme properties. While WT CBS was successfully expressed either in conjunction with a GST or with a 6xHis tag, the mutant R266K CBS had no activity, did not form native tetramers and did not respond to chemical chaperone treatment when expressed with a GST fusion partner. Interestingly, expression of R266K CBS constructs with a 6xHis tag at either end yielded active enzymes. The purified, predominantly tetrameric, R266K CBS with a C-terminal 6xHis tag had ∼82% of the activity of a corresponding WT CBS construct. Results from thermal pre-treatment of the enzyme and the denaturation profile of R266K suggests a lower thermal stability of the mutant enzyme compared to WT, presumably due to a disturbed heme environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Majtan
- Department of Pediatrics and the Colorado Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center (IDDRC), University of Colorado, School of Medicine, 12800 E 19th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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44
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Surrogate genetics and metabolic profiling for characterization of human disease alleles. Genetics 2012; 190:1309-23. [PMID: 22267502 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.111.137471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) deficiency is a human genetic disease causing homocystinuria, thrombosis, mental retardation, and a suite of other devastating manifestations. Early detection coupled with dietary modification greatly reduces pathology, but the response to treatment differs with the allele of CBS. A better understanding of the relationship between allelic variants and protein function will improve both diagnosis and treatment. To this end, we tested the function of 84 CBS alleles previously sequenced from patients with homocystinuria by ortholog replacement in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Within this clinically associated set, 15% of variant alleles were indistinguishable from the predominant CBS allele in function, suggesting enzymatic activity was retained. An additional 37% of the alleles were partially functional or could be rescued by cofactor supplementation in the growth medium. This large class included alleles rescued by elevated levels of the cofactor vitamin B6, but also alleles rescued by elevated heme, a second CBS cofactor. Measurement of the metabolite levels in CBS-substituted yeast grown with different B6 levels using LC-MS revealed changes in metabolism that propagated beyond the substrate and product of CBS. Production of the critical antioxidant glutathione through the CBS pathway was greatly decreased when CBS function was restricted through genetic, cofactor, or substrate restriction, a metabolic consequence with implications for treatment.
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Abstract
Recombinant production has become an invaluable tool for supplying research and therapy with proteins of interest. The target proteins are not in every case soluble and/or correctly folded. That is why different production parameters such as host, cultivation conditions and co-expression of chaperones and foldases are applied in order to yield functional recombinant protein. There has been a constant increase and success in the use of folding promoting agents in recombinant protein production. Recent cases are reviewed and discussed in this chapter. Any impact of such strategies cannot be predicted and has to be analyzed and optimized for the corresponding target protein. The in vivo effects of the agents are at least partially comparable to their in vitro mode of action and have been studied by means of modern systems approaches and even in combination with folding/activity screening assays. Resulting data can be used directly for experimental planning or can be fed into knowledge-based modelling. An overview of such technologies is included in the chapter in order to facilitate a decision about the potential in vivo use of folding promoting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix Fahnert
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Wales, UK.
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Cozar M, Urreizti R, Vilarinho L, Grosso C, Dodelson de Kremer R, Asteggiano CG, Dalmau J, García AM, Vilaseca MA, Grinberg D, Balcells S. Identification and functional analyses of CBS alleles in Spanish and Argentinian homocystinuric patients. Hum Mutat 2011; 32:835-42. [PMID: 21520339 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Homocystinuria due to CBS deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by elevated plasma levels of homocysteine (Hcy) and methionine (Met). Here we present the analysis of 22 unrelated patients of different geographical origins, mainly Spanish and Argentinian. Twenty-two different mutations were found, 10 of which were novel. Five new mutations were missense and five were deletions of different sizes, including a 794-bp deletion (c.532-37_736 + 438del794) detected by Southern blot analysis. To assess the pathogenicity of these mutations, seven were expressed heterologously in Escherichia coli and their enzyme activities were assayed in vitro, in the absence and presence of the CBS activators PLP and SAM. The presence of the mutant proteins was confirmed by Western blotting. Mutations p.M173del, p.I278S, p.D281N, and p.D321V showed null activity in all conditions tested, whereas mutations p.49L, p.P200L and p.A446S retained different degrees of activity and response to stimulation. Finally, a minigene strategy allowed us to demonstrate the pathogenicity of an 8-bp intronic deletion, which led to the skipping of exon 6. In general, frameshifting deletions correlated with a more severe phenotype, consistent with the concept that missense mutations may recover enzymatic activity under certain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Cozar
- Departament de Genètica, Universitat de Barcelona, IBUB, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
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Mudd SH. Hypermethioninemias of genetic and non-genetic origin: A review. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2011; 157C:3-32. [PMID: 21308989 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review covers briefly the major conditions, genetic and non-genetic, sometimes leading to abnormally elevated methionine, with emphasis on recent developments. A major aim is to assist in the differential diagnosis of hypermethioninemia. The genetic conditions are: (1) Homocystinuria due to cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) deficiency. At least 150 different mutations in the CBS gene have been identified since this deficiency was established in 1964. Hypermethioninemia is due chiefly to remethylation of the accumulated homocysteine. (2) Deficient activity of methionine adenosyltransferases I and III (MAT I/III), the isoenzymes the catalytic subunit of which are encoded by MAT1A. Methionine accumulates because its conversion to S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) is impaired. (3) Glycine N-methyltrasferase (GNMT) deficiency. Disruption of a quantitatively major pathway for AdoMet disposal leads to AdoMet accumulation with secondary down-regulation of methionine flux into AdoMet. (4) S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) hydrolase (AHCY) deficiency. Not being catabolized normally, AdoHcy accumulates and inhibits many AdoMet-dependent methyltransferases, producing accumulation of AdoMet and, thereby, hypermethioninemia. (5) Citrin deficiency, found chiefly in Asian countries. Lack of this mitochondrial aspartate-glutamate transporter may produce (usually transient) hypermethioninemia, the immediate cause of which remains uncertain. (6) Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) deficiency (tyrosinemia type I) may lead to hypermethioninemia secondary either to liver damage and/or to accumulation of fumarylacetoacetate, an inhibitor of the high K(m) MAT. Additional possible genetic causes of hypermethioninemia accompanied by elevations of plasma AdoMet include mitochondrial disorders (the specificity and frequency of which remain to be elucidated). Non-genetic conditions include: (a) Liver disease, which may cause hypermethioninemia, mild, or severe. (b) Low-birth-weight and/or prematurity which may cause transient hypermethioninemia. (c) Ingestion of relatively large amounts of methionine which, even in full-term, normal-birth-weight babies may cause hypermethioninemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Harvey Mudd
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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48
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Kopecká J, Krijt J, Raková K, Kožich V. Restoring assembly and activity of cystathionine β-synthase mutants by ligands and chemical chaperones. J Inherit Metab Dis 2011; 34:39-48. [PMID: 20490928 PMCID: PMC3026675 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-010-9087-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 02/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Misfolding and aggregation of mutant enzymes have been proposed to play role in the pathogenesis of homocystinuria due to cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) deficiency. Chemical chaperones have been recently shown to facilitate proper assembly of several CBS mutants. To asses the number of patients that may respond to chaperone therapy, we examined the effect of selected CBS ligands and osmolytes on assembly and activity of 27 CBS mutants that represent 70% of known CBS alleles. The mutant enzymes were expressed in a bacterial system, and their properties were assessed by native Western blotting and sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay, respectively. We studied the chaperoning activity of δ-aminolevulinic acid (δ-ALA)-a heme precursor-and of three osmolytes betaine, 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (taurine), and glycerol. Fourteen mutants responded by at least 30% increase in the amount of correctly assembled tetramers and enzymatic activity to the coexpressional presence of either 0.5 mM δ-ALA, 100 mM betaine, and/or 750 mM glycerol. Eight of these mutants (p.R266K, p.P49L, p.R125Q, p.K102N, p.R369C, p.V180A, p.P78R, p.S466L) were rescuable by all of these three substances. Four mutants showed increased formation of tetramers that was not accompanied by changes in activity. Topology of mutations appeared to determine the chaperone responsiveness, as 11 of 14 solvent-exposed mutations were substantially more responsive than three of 13 buried mutations. This study identified chaperone-responsive mutants that represent 56 of 713 known patient-derived CBS alleles and may serve as a basis for exploring pharmacological approaches aimed at correcting misfolding in homocystinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Kopecká
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, 128 08 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Krijt
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, 128 08 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Raková
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, 128 08 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Kožich
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, 128 08 Praha 2, Czech Republic
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49
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Protein and DNA destabilization by osmolytes: The other side of the coin. Life Sci 2011; 88:117-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2010] [Revised: 09/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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50
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Micozzi D, Pucciarelli S, Carpi FM, Costanzi S, De Sanctis G, Polzonetti V, Natalini P, Santarelli IF, Vita A, Vincenzetti S. Role of tyrosine 33 residue for the stabilization of the tetrameric structure of human cytidine deaminase. Int J Biol Macromol 2010; 47:471-82. [PMID: 20637228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present work the effect of a mutation on tyrosine 33 residue (Y33G) of human cytidine deaminase (CDA) was investigated with regard to protein solubility and specific activity. Osmolytes and CDA ligands were used to increase the yield and the specific activity of the protein. The mutant enzyme was purified and subjected to a kinetic characterization and to stability studies. These investigations reinforced the hypothesis that in human CDA the side chain of Y33 is involved in intersubunit interactions with four glutamate residues (E108) forming a double latch that connects each of the two pairs of monomers of the tetrameric CDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Micozzi
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnologies, via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy.
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