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Zhao K, So HC, Lin Z. scParser: sparse representation learning for scalable single-cell RNA sequencing data analysis. Genome Biol 2024; 25:223. [PMID: 39152499 PMCID: PMC11328435 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-024-03345-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid rise in the availability and scale of scRNA-seq data needs scalable methods for integrative analysis. Though many methods for data integration have been developed, few focus on understanding the heterogeneous effects of biological conditions across different cell populations in integrative analysis. Our proposed scalable approach, scParser, models the heterogeneous effects from biological conditions, which unveils the key mechanisms by which gene expression contributes to phenotypes. Notably, the extended scParser pinpoints biological processes in cell subpopulations that contribute to disease pathogenesis. scParser achieves favorable performance in cell clustering compared to state-of-the-art methods and has a broad and diverse applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhao
- Department of Statistics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hon-Cheong So
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research of Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Margaret K.L. Cheung Research Centre for Management of Parkinsonism, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Brain and Mind Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Hong Kong Branch of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Zhixiang Lin
- Department of Statistics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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2
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Basu J, Mukherjee R, Sahu P, Datta C, Chowdhury S, Mandal D, Ghosh A. Association of common variants of TCF7L2 and PCSK2 with gestational diabetes mellitus in West Bengal, India. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 43:185-202. [PMID: 37610142 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2023.2248201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
The genetic etiology of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was suggested to overlap with type-2 diabetes(T2D). Transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) and Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin type 2 (PCSK2) are T2D susceptibility genes of the insulin synthesis/processing pathway. We analyzed associations of TCF7L2 and PCSK2 variants with GDM risk and evaluated their potential impact on impaired insulin processing in an eastern Indian population. The study included 114 GDM (case) and 228 non-GDM pregnant women (control). rs7903146, rs4132670, rs12255372 of TCF7L2, and rs2269023 of PCSK2 were genotyped by PCR-RFLP, and genotype distributions were compared between case and control. Fasting serum proinsulin and C-peptide levels were measured by ELISA and the Proinsulin/C-peptide ratio was considered an indicator of proinsulin conversion. Significantly higher frequency of risk allele (T) of rs12255372 (p = 0.02, OR = 2.0, 95%CI = 1.11-3.64) and rs4132670 (p = 0.002, OR = 2.26, 95%CI = 1.32-3.87) of TCF7L2 was found in GDM cases than non-GDM controls; TT genotype was associated with significantly increased disease risk. In rs7903146 (TCF7L2) and rs2269023 (PCSK2), although the frequency of risk allele (T) was not significantly higher in cases than controls, an association of TT for both variants remained significant with higher GDM risk in the recessive model. Increased serum pro-insulin and proinsulin:c-peptide ratio was found in GDM than non-GDM women and the phenomenon showed significant association with careers of risk alleles for TCF7L2 variants. In conclusion, TCF7L2 and PCSK2 variants are related to GDM risk in the studied population and hence may serve as potential biomarkers for assessing the disease risk. TCF7L2 variants contribute to impaired insulin processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayita Basu
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Pooja Sahu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Chhanda Datta
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Subhankar Chowdhury
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Debasmita Mandal
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Amlan Ghosh
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
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3
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Suur BE, Chemaly M, Lindquist Liljeqvist M, Djordjevic D, Stenemo M, Bergman O, Karlöf E, Lengquist M, Odeberg J, Hurt-Camejo E, Eriksson P, Ketelhuth DF, Roy J, Hedin U, Nyberg M, Matic L. Therapeutic potential of the Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin family in vascular disease. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:988561. [PMID: 36188622 PMCID: PMC9520287 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.988561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexins (PCSKs) constitute a family of nine related proteases: PCSK1-7, MBTPS1, and PCSK9. Apart from PCSK9, little is known about PCSKs in cardiovascular disease. Here, we aimed to investigate the expression landscape and druggability potential of the entire PCSK family for CVD. We applied an integrative approach, combining genetic, transcriptomic and proteomic data from three vascular biobanks comprising carotid atherosclerosis, thoracic and abdominal aneurysms, with patient clinical parameters and immunohistochemistry of vascular biopsies. Apart from PCSK4, all PCSK family members lie in genetic regions containing variants associated with human cardiovascular traits. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that FURIN, PCSK5, MBTPS1 were downregulated, while PCSK6/7 were upregulated in plaques vs. control arteries. In abdominal aneurysms, FURIN, PCSK5, PCSK7, MBTPS1 were downregulated, while PCSK6 was enriched in diseased media. In thoracic aneurysms, only FURIN was significantly upregulated. Network analyses of the upstream and downstream pathways related to PCSKs were performed on the omics data from vascular biopsies, revealing mechanistic relationships between this protein family and disease. Cell type correlation analyses and immunohistochemistry showed that PCSK transcripts and protein levels parallel each other, except for PCSK9 where transcript was not detected, while protein was abundant in vascular biopsies. Correlations to clinical parameters revealed a positive association between FURIN plaque levels and serum LDL, while PCSK6 was negatively associated with Hb. PCSK5/6/7 were all positively associated with adverse cardiovascular events. Our results show that PCSK6 is abundant in plaques and abdominal aneurysms, while FURIN upregulation is characteristic for thoracic aneurysms. PCSK9 protein, but not the transcript, was present in vascular lesions, suggesting its accumulation from circulation. Integrating our results lead to the development of a novel ‘molecular’ 5D framework. Here, we conducted the first integrative study of the proprotein convertase family in this context. Our results using this translational pipeline, revealed primarily PCSK6, followed by PCSK5, PCSK7 and FURIN, as proprotein convertases with the highest novel therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca E. Suur
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Melody Chemaly
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Djordje Djordjevic
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Markus Stenemo
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Otto Bergman
- Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Karlöf
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mariette Lengquist
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jacob Odeberg
- Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Proteomics, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Hurt-Camejo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Biopharmaceutical R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Per Eriksson
- Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel F.J. Ketelhuth
- Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Joy Roy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Hedin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Nyberg
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Ljubica Matic
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Ljubica Matic,
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4
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Reference Genes across Nine Brain Areas of Wild Type and Prader-Willi Syndrome Mice: Assessing Differences in Igfbp7, Pcsk1, Nhlh2 and Nlgn3 Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158729. [PMID: 35955861 PMCID: PMC9369261 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prader−Willi syndrome (PWS) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder caused by the deletion or inactivation of paternally expressed imprinted genes at the chromosomal region 15q11−q13. The PWS-critical region (PWScr) harbors tandemly repeated non-protein coding IPW-A exons hosting the intronic SNORD116 snoRNA gene array that is predominantly expressed in brain. Paternal deletion of PWScr is associated with key PWS symptoms in humans and growth retardation in mice (PWScr model). Dysregulation of the hypothalamic−pituitary axis (HPA) is thought to be causally involved in the PWS phenotype. Here we performed a comprehensive reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis across nine different brain regions of wild-type (WT) and PWScr mice to identify stably expressed reference genes. Four methods (Delta Ct, BestKeeper, Normfinder and Genorm) were applied to rank 11 selected reference gene candidates according to their expression stability. The resulting panel consists of the top three most stably expressed genes suitable for gene-expression profiling and comparative transcriptome analysis of WT and/or PWScr mouse brain regions. Using these reference genes, we revealed significant differences in the expression patterns of Igfbp7, Nlgn3 and three HPA associated genes: Pcsk1, Pcsk2 and Nhlh2 across investigated brain regions of wild-type and PWScr mice. Our results raise a reasonable doubt on the involvement of the Snord116 in posttranscriptional regulation of Nlgn3 and Nhlh2 genes. We provide a valuable tool for expression analysis of specific genes across different areas of the mouse brain and for comparative investigation of PWScr mouse models to discover and verify different regulatory pathways affecting this complex disorder.
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Steyaert W, Varney MJ, Benovic JL, Creemers J, Speeckaert MM, Coucke PJ, Delanghe JR. Hypergastrinemia, a clue leading to the identification of an atypical form of diabetes mellitus type 2. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 532:79-83. [PMID: 35623402 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A hitherto undescribed form of diabetes mellitus type 2 is reported in a Flemish family. In these patients, markedly elevated gastrin levels were observed, which could not be linked to gastrointestinal symptoms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gel permeation chromatography was performed for gastrin, insulin, and proinsulin. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type (PCSK1 and PCSK2)] were sequenced. Whole-exome sequencing was performed on the genomic DNA extracted from leukocytes of the proband of the family. RESULTS Gel permeation chromatography revealed that the apparent hypergastrinemia was caused by the accumulation of biologically inactive progastrin. Besides, high serum concentrations of proinsulin and intact fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) were also detected. Sequencing of PCSK1 and PCSK2 genes did not reveal any mutations in these genes. Whole exome sequencing revealed a c.1150C>T (p.Pro384Ser) mutation in G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6 (GRK6), which cosegregated with the disease. Expression of the mutant enzyme in mammalian cells revealed that it was mislocalized compared to the wild-type GRK6. CONCLUSIONS In the affected patients, prohormone processing is impaired likely due to the altered function of mutant GRK6. Delayed pro-insulin processing causes hypoglycaemia episodes a couple of hours following meals. In addition, increased plasma concentrations of progastrin and intact FGF23 in the affected individuals can be explained by incomplete processing of the precursor hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Steyaert
- Department of Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Matthew J Varney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Benovic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John Creemers
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marijn M Speeckaert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paul J Coucke
- Department of Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joris R Delanghe
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
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6
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Maligłówka M, Bułdak Ł, Okopień B, Bołdys A. The consequences of PCSK9 inhibition in selected tissues. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2021. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.9127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is one of nine members of the proprotein
convertase family. These serine proteases play a pivotal role in the post-translational
modification of proteins and the activation of hormones, enzymes, transcription factors and
growth factors. As a result, they participate in many physiological processes like embryogenesis,
activity of central nervous system and lipid metabolism. Scientific studies show
that the family of convertases is also involved in the pathogenesis of viral and bacterial
infections, osteoporosis, hyperglycaemia, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders
and cancer. The inhibition of PCSK9 by two currently approved for use monoclonal
antibodies (alirocumab, evolocumab) slows down the degradation of low-density lipoprotein
cholesterol receptors (LDLRs). This leads to increased density of LDLRs on the surface
of hepatocytes, resulting in decreased level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)
in the bloodstream, which is connected with the reduction of cardiovascular risk. PCSK9 inhibitors (PCSK9i) were created for the patients who could not achieve appropriate level
of LDL-C using current statin and ezetimibe therapy. It seems that high therapeutic efficacy
of PCSK9i will make them more common in the clinical use. The pleiotropic effects
of previously mentioned lipid-lowering therapies were the reasons for literature review of
possible positive and negative effects of PCSK9 inhibition beyond cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Maligłówka
- Katedra Farmakologii, Klinika Chorób Wewnętrznych i Farmakologii Klinicznej, Wydział Nauk Medycznych Śląskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Katowicach
| | - Łukasz Bułdak
- Katedra Farmakologii, Klinika Chorób Wewnętrznych i Farmakologii Klinicznej, Wydział Nauk Medycznych Śląskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Katowicach
| | - Bogusław Okopień
- Katedra Farmakologii, Klinika Chorób Wewnętrznych i Farmakologii Klinicznej, Wydział Nauk Medycznych Śląskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Katowicach
| | - Aleksandra Bołdys
- Katedra Farmakologii, Klinika Chorób Wewnętrznych i Farmakologii Klinicznej, Wydział Nauk Medycznych Śląskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Katowicach
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Abstract
The kexin-like proprotein convertases perform the initial proteolytic cleavages that ultimately generate a variety of different mature peptide and proteins, ranging from brain neuropeptides to endocrine peptide hormones, to structural proteins, among others. In this review, we present a general introduction to proprotein convertase structure and biochemistry, followed by a comprehensive discussion of each member of the kexin-like subfamily of proprotein convertases. We summarize current knowledge of human proprotein convertase insufficiency syndromes, including genome-wide analyses of convertase polymorphisms, and compare these to convertase null and mutant mouse models. These mouse models have illuminated our understanding of the roles specific convertases play in human disease and have led to the identification of convertase-specific substrates; for example, the identification of procorin as a specific PACE4 substrate in the heart. We also discuss the limitations of mouse null models in interpreting human disease, such as differential precursor cleavage due to species-specific sequence differences, and the challenges presented by functional redundancy among convertases in attempting to assign specific cleavages and/or physiological roles. However, in most cases, knockout mouse models have added substantively both to our knowledge of diseases caused by human proprotein convertase insufficiency and to our appreciation of their normal physiological roles, as clearly seen in the case of the furin, proprotein convertase 1/3, and proprotein convertase 5/6 mouse models. The creation of more sophisticated mouse models with tissue- or temporally-restricted expression of specific convertases will improve our understanding of human proprotein convertase insufficiency and potentially provide support for the emerging concept of therapeutic inhibition of convertases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manita Shakya
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Iris Lindberg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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8
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Vassalli QA, Colantuono C, Nittoli V, Ferraioli A, Fasano G, Berruto F, Chiusano ML, Kelsh RN, Sordino P, Locascio A. Onecut Regulates Core Components of the Molecular Machinery for Neurotransmission in Photoreceptor Differentiation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:602450. [PMID: 33816460 PMCID: PMC8012850 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.602450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptor cells (PRC) are neurons highly specialized for sensing light stimuli and have considerably diversified during evolution. The genetic mechanisms that underlie photoreceptor differentiation and accompanied the progressive increase in complexity and diversification of this sensory cell type are a matter of great interest in the field. A role of the homeodomain transcription factor Onecut (Oc) in photoreceptor cell formation is proposed throughout multicellular organisms. However, knowledge of the identity of the Oc downstream-acting factors that mediate specific tasks in the differentiation of the PRC remains limited. Here, we used transgenic perturbation of the Ciona robusta Oc protein to show its requirement for ciliary PRC differentiation. Then, transcriptome profiling between the trans-activation and trans-repression Oc phenotypes identified differentially expressed genes that are enriched in exocytosis, calcium homeostasis, and neurotransmission. Finally, comparison of RNA-Seq datasets in Ciona and mouse identifies a set of Oc downstream genes conserved between tunicates and vertebrates. The transcription factor Oc emerges as a key regulator of neurotransmission in retinal cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quirino Attilio Vassalli
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Colantuono
- Department of Research Infrastructures for Marine Biological Resources, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Nittoli
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Ferraioli
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia Fasano
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Berruto
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Chiusano
- Department of Research Infrastructures for Marine Biological Resources, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
- Department of Agriculture, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Robert Neil Kelsh
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Bath, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Sordino
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Locascio
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
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9
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Brouwers B, Coppola I, Vints K, Dislich B, Jouvet N, Van Lommel L, Segers C, Gounko NV, Thorrez L, Schuit F, Lichtenthaler SF, Estall JL, Declercq J, Ramos-Molina B, Creemers JWM. Loss of Furin in β-Cells Induces an mTORC1-ATF4 Anabolic Pathway That Leads to β-Cell Dysfunction. Diabetes 2021; 70:492-503. [PMID: 33277337 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
FURIN is a proprotein convertase (PC) responsible for proteolytic activation of a wide array of precursor proteins within the secretory pathway. It maps to the PRC1 locus, a type 2 diabetes susceptibility locus, but its specific role in pancreatic β-cells is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the role of FURIN in glucose homeostasis. We show that FURIN is highly expressed in human islets, whereas PCs that potentially could provide redundancy are expressed at considerably lower levels. β-cell-specific Furin knockout (βFurKO) mice are glucose intolerant as a result of smaller islets with lower insulin content and abnormal dense-core secretory granule morphology. mRNA expression analysis and differential proteomics on βFurKO islets revealed activation of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), which was mediated by mammalian target of rapamycin C1 (mTORC1). βFurKO cells show impaired cleavage or shedding of vacuolar-type ATPase (V-ATPase) subunits Ac45 and prorenin receptor, respectively, and impaired lysosomal acidification. Blocking V-ATPase pharmacologically in β-cells increased mTORC1 activity, suggesting involvement of the V-ATPase proton pump in the phenotype. Taken together, these results suggest a model of mTORC1-ATF4 hyperactivation and impaired lysosomal acidification in β-cells lacking Furin, causing β-cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Brouwers
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Ilaria Coppola
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katlijn Vints
- Electron Microscopy Platform and Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Bioimaging Core, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bastian Dislich
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nathalie Jouvet
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Leentje Van Lommel
- Gene Expression Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Segers
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Interdisciplinary Biosciences Group, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK CEN, Mol, Belgium
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Natalia V Gounko
- Electron Microscopy Platform and Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Bioimaging Core, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieven Thorrez
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Campus Kulak, KU Leuven, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Frans Schuit
- Gene Expression Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Jennifer L Estall
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jeroen Declercq
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Bruno Ramos-Molina
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - John W M Creemers
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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10
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Lu X. Structure and Function of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) in Hyperlipidemia and Atherosclerosis. Curr Drug Targets 2019; 20:1029-1040. [DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190214141626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background:One of the important factors in Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) metabolism is the LDL receptor (LDLR) by its capacity to bind and subsequently clear cholesterol derived from LDL (LDL-C) in the circulation. Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin-like Kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a newly discovered serine protease that destroys LDLR in the liver and thereby controls the levels of LDL in plasma. Inhibition of PCSK9-mediated degradation of LDLR has, therefore, become a novel target for lipid-lowering therapy.Methods:We review the current understanding of the structure and function of PCSK9 as well as its implications for the treatment of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.Results:New treatments such as monoclonal antibodies against PCSK9 may be useful agents to lower plasma levels of LDL and hence prevent atherosclerosis.Conclusion:PCSK9's mechanism of action is not yet fully clarified. However, treatments that target PCSK9 have shown striking early efficacy and promise to improve the lives of countless patients with hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Lu
- The Mary and Garry Weston Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Thrombosis Research Institute, London, SW3 6LR, United Kingdom
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11
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Chen YC, Taylor AJ, Verchere CB. Islet prohormone processing in health and disease. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20 Suppl 2:64-76. [PMID: 30230179 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Biosynthesis of peptide hormones by pancreatic islet endocrine cells is a tightly orchestrated process that is critical for metabolic homeostasis. Like neuroendocrine peptides, insulin and other islet hormones are first synthesized as larger precursor molecules that are processed to their mature secreted products through a series of proteolytic cleavages, mediated by the prohormone convertases Pc1/3 and Pc2, and carboxypeptidase E. Additional posttranslational modifications including C-terminal amidation of the β-cell peptide islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) by peptidyl-glycine α-amidating monooxygenase (Pam) may also occur. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have showed genetic linkage of these processing enzymes to obesity, β-cell dysfunction, and type 2 diabetes (T2D), pointing to their important roles in metabolism and blood glucose regulation. In both type 1 diabetes (T1D) and T2D, and in the face of metabolic or inflammatory stresses, islet prohormone processing may become impaired; indeed elevated proinsulin:insulin (PI:I) ratios are a hallmark of the β-cell dysfunction in T2D. Recent studies suggest that genetic or acquired defects in proIAPP processing may lead to the production and secretion of incompletely processed forms of proIAPP that could contribute to T2D pathogenesis, and additionally that impaired processing of both PI and proIAPP may be characteristic of β-cell dysfunction in T1D. In islet α-cells, the prohormone proglucagon is normally processed to bioactive glucagon by Pc2 but may express Pc1/3 under certain conditions leading to production of GLP-1(7-36NH2 ). A better understanding of how β-cell processing of PI and proIAPP, as well as α-cell processing of proglucagon, are impacted by genetic susceptibility and in the face of diabetogenic stresses, may lead to new therapeutic approaches for improving islet function in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chun Chen
- Department of Surgery, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Austin J Taylor
- Department of Surgery, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - C Bruce Verchere
- Department of Surgery, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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12
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Graham PS, Kaidonis G, Abhary S, Gillies MC, Daniell M, Essex RW, Chang JH, Lake SR, Pal B, Jenkins AJ, Hewitt AW, Lamoureux EL, Hykin PG, Petrovsky N, Brown MA, Craig JE, Burdon KP. Genome-wide association studies for diabetic macular edema and proliferative diabetic retinopathy. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2018; 19:71. [PMID: 29739359 PMCID: PMC5941644 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-018-0587-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Diabetic macular edema (DME) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) are sight-threatening complications of diabetes mellitus and leading causes of adult-onset blindness worldwide. Genetic risk factors for diabetic retinopathy (DR) have been described previously, but have been difficult to replicate between studies, which have often used composite phenotypes and been conducted in different populations. This study aims to identify genetic risk factors for DME and PDR as separate complications in Australians of European descent with type 2 diabetes. Methods Caucasian Australians with type 2 diabetes were evaluated in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to compare 270 DME cases and 176 PDR cases with 435 non-retinopathy controls. All participants were genotyped by SNP array and after data cleaning, cases were compared to controls using logistic regression adjusting for relevant covariates. Results The top ranked SNP for DME was rs1990145 (p = 4.10 × 10− 6, OR = 2.02 95%CI [1.50, 2.72]) on chromosome 2. The top-ranked SNP for PDR was rs918519 (p = 3.87 × 10− 6, OR = 0.35 95%CI [0.22, 0.54]) on chromosome 5. A trend towards association was also detected at two SNPs reported in the only other reported GWAS of DR in Caucasians; rs12267418 near MALRD1 (p = 0.008) in the DME cohort and rs16999051 in the diabetes gene PCSK2 (p = 0.007) in the PDR cohort. Conclusion This study has identified loci of interest for DME and PDR, two common ocular complications of diabetes. These findings require replication in other Caucasian cohorts with type 2 diabetes and larger cohorts will be required to identify genetic loci with statistical confidence. There is considerable overlap in the patient cohorts with each retinopathy subtype, complicating the search for genes that contribute to PDR and DME biology. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12881-018-0587-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia S Graham
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Georgia Kaidonis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sotoodeh Abhary
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mark C Gillies
- Save Sight Institute, Clinical Ophthalmology and Eye Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark Daniell
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rohan W Essex
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - John H Chang
- School of Medical Sciences, University of NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Medical Retina Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - Stewart R Lake
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Bishwanath Pal
- Medical Retina Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - Alicia J Jenkins
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alex W Hewitt
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ecosse L Lamoureux
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Philip G Hykin
- Medical Retina Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Department of Endocrinology, Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Matthew A Brown
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jamie E Craig
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kathryn P Burdon
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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13
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Winters A, Ramos-Molina B, Jarvela TS, Yerges-Armstrong L, Pollin TI, Lindberg I. Functional analysis of PCSK2 coding variants: A founder effect in the Old Order Amish population. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2017; 131:82-90. [PMID: 28719828 PMCID: PMC5572827 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS In humans, noncoding variants of PCSK2, the gene encoding prohormone convertase 2 (PC2), have been previously associated with risk for and age of onset of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The aims of this study were to identify coding variants in PCSK2; to determine their possible association with glucose handling; and to determine functional outcomes for coding variants in biochemical studies. METHODS Exome-wide genotyping was performed on 1725 Old Order Amish (OOA) subjects. PCSK2 coding variants were tested for association with diabetes-related phenotypes. In vitro analyses using transfected human PC2-encoding constructs were performed to determine the impact of each mutation on PC2 activity. RESULTS We identified 10 rare missense coding variants in PCSK2 in various genomic databases. R430W (rs200711626) is greatly enriched in the OOA population (MAF 4.3%). This variant is almost twice as common (MAF 7.4%) in OOA individuals with T2D as in OOA individuals with normal or with normal/impaired glucose tolerance (MAF 3.9% and 2.9%, respectively; p=0.25 and p=0.10). In vitro experiments revealed a broadening of the pH optimum for the R430W variant, which may result in increased activity against PCSK2 substrates. CONCLUSIONS Although the association of the R430W variation with T2D in the OOA population did not reach significance, based upon the broadened pH profile of R430W PC2, we speculate that the presence of this substitution may result in altered processing of PCSK2 substrates, ultimately leading to increased conversion to diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Winters
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Bruno Ramos-Molina
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Timothy S Jarvela
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Laura Yerges-Armstrong
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Toni I Pollin
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Iris Lindberg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
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14
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Klein-Szanto AJ, Bassi DE. Proprotein convertase inhibition: Paralyzing the cell's master switches. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 140:8-15. [PMID: 28456517 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Proprotein convertases are serine proteases responsible for the cleavage and subsequent activation of protein substrates, many of them relevant for the development of an ample variety of diseases. Seven of the PCs, including furin and PACE4, recognize and hydrolyze the C-terminal end of the general sequence RXRR/KXR, whereas PCSK-9 recognizes a series of non-basic amino acids. In some systems, PC-mediated substrate activation results in the development of pathological processes, such as cancer, endocrinopathies, and cardiovascular and infectious diseases. After establishing PCs as relevant contributors to disease processes, research efforts were directed towards the development of inhibition strategies, including small and large molecules, anti-sense therapies, and antibody-based therapies. Most of these inhibitors mimic the consensus sequence of PCs, blocking the active site in a competitive manner. The most promising inhibitors were designed as bioengineered proteins; however, some non-protein and peptidomimetic agents have also proved to be effective. These efforts led to the design of pre-clinical studies and clinical trials utilizing inhibitors to PCs. Although the initial studies were performed using non-selective PCs inhibitors, such as CMK, the search for more specific, and compartmentalized selective inhibitors resulted in specific activities ascribed to some, but not all of the PCs. For instance, PACE4 inhibitors were effective in decreasing prostate cancer cell proliferation, and neovascularization. Decreased metastatic ovarian cancer utilizing furin inhibitors represents one of the major endeavors, currently in a phase II trial stage. Antibodies targeting PCSK-9 decreased significantly the levels of HDL-cholesterol, in a phase III trial. The study of Proprotein convertases has reached a stage of maturity. New strategies based on the alteration of their activity at the cellular and clinical level represent a promising experimental pharmacology field. The development of allosteric inhibitors, or specific agents directed against individual PCs is one of the challenges to be unraveled in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel E Bassi
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cotman Ave, Philadelphia 19111, USA.
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15
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Genetic polymorphisms of PCSK2 are associated with glucose homeostasis and progression to type 2 diabetes in a Chinese population. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14380. [PMID: 26607656 PMCID: PMC4660384 DOI: 10.1038/srep14380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 2 (PCSK2) is a prohormone processing enzyme involved in insulin and glucagon biosynthesis. We previously found the genetic polymorphism of PCSK2 on chromosome 20 was responsible for the linkage peak of several glucose homeostasis parameters. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between genetic variants of PCSK2 and glucose homeostasis parameters and incident diabetes. Total 1142 Chinese participants were recruited from the Stanford Asia-Pacific Program for Hypertension and Insulin Resistance (SAPPHIRe) family study, and 759 participants were followed up for 5 years. Ten SNPs of the PCSK2 gene were genotyped. Variants of rs6044695 and rs2284912 were associated with fasting plasma glucose, and variants of rs2269023 were associated with fasting plasma glucose and 1-hour plasma glucose during OGTT. Haplotypes of rs4814605/rs1078199 were associated with fasting plasma insulin levels and HOMA-IR. Haplotypes of rs890609/rs2269023 were also associated with fasting plasma glucose, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR. In the longitudinal study, we found individuals carrying TA/AA genotypes of rs6044695 or TC/CC genotypes of rs2284912 had lower incidence of diabetes during the 5-year follow-up. Our results indicated that PCSK2 gene polymorphisms are associated with pleiotropic effects on various traits of glucose homeostasis and incident diabetes.
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16
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Gomez F, Hirbo J, Tishkoff SA. Genetic variation and adaptation in Africa: implications for human evolution and disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014; 6:a008524. [PMID: 24984772 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a008524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Because modern humans originated in Africa and have adapted to diverse environments, African populations have high levels of genetic and phenotypic diversity. Thus, genomic studies of diverse African ethnic groups are essential for understanding human evolutionary history and how this leads to differential disease risk in all humans. Comparative studies of genetic diversity within and between African ethnic groups creates an opportunity to reconstruct some of the earliest events in human population history and are useful for identifying patterns of genetic variation that have been influenced by recent natural selection. Here we describe what is currently known about genetic variation and evolutionary history of diverse African ethnic groups. We also describe examples of recent natural selection in African genomes and how these data are informative for understanding the frequency of many genetic traits, including those that cause disease susceptibility in African populations and populations of recent African descent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Gomez
- Department of Genetics and Biology, School of Medicine and School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 Hominid Paleobiology Doctoral Program and The Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052
| | - Jibril Hirbo
- Department of Genetics and Biology, School of Medicine and School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Sarah A Tishkoff
- Department of Genetics and Biology, School of Medicine and School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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17
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Benke KS, Nivard MG, Velders FP, Walters RK, Pappa I, Scheet PA, Xiao X, Ehli EA, Palmer LJ, Whitehouse AJO, Verhulst FC, Jaddoe VW, Rivadeneira F, Groen-Blokhuis MM, van Beijsterveldt CEM, Davies GE, Hudziak JJ, Lubke GH, Boomsma DI, Pennell CE, Tiemeier H, Middeldorp CM. A genome-wide association meta-analysis of preschool internalizing problems. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2014; 53:667-676.e7. [PMID: 24839885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2013.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preschool internalizing problems (INT) are highly heritable and moderately genetically stable from childhood into adulthood. Gene-finding studies are scarce. In this study, the influence of genome-wide measured single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was investigated in 3 cohorts (total N = 4,596 children) in which INT was assessed with the same instrument, the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). METHOD First, genome-wide association (GWA) results were used for density estimation and genome-wide complex trait analysis (GCTA) to calculate the variance explained by all SNPs. Next, a fixed-effect inverse variance meta-analysis of the 3 GWA analyses was carried out. Finally, the overlap in results with prior GWA studies of childhood and adulthood psychiatric disorders and treatment responses was tested by examining whether SNPs associated with these traits jointly showed a significant signal for INT. RESULTS Genome-wide SNPs explained 13% to 43% of the total variance. This indicates that the genetic architecture of INT mirrors the polygenic model underlying adult psychiatric traits. The meta-analysis did not yield a genome-wide significant signal but was suggestive for the PCSK2 gene located on chromosome 20p12.1. SNPs associated with other psychiatric disorders appeared to be enriched for signals with INT (λ = 1.26, p < .03). CONCLUSION Our study provides evidence that INT is influenced by many common genetic variants, each with a very small effect, and that, even as early as age 3, genetic variants influencing INT overlap with variants that play a role in childhood and adulthood psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly S Benke
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA and the Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Michel G Nivard
- VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands and the Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University
| | - Fleur P Velders
- Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands and The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center
| | | | - Irene Pappa
- School of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Generation R Study Group, and Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital
| | - Paul A Scheet
- University of Texas / M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, USA
| | | | - Erik A Ehli
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Lyle J Palmer
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, University of Toronto, and the Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andrew J O Whitehouse
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Subiaco, Australia, The Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth and the School of Psychology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley
| | | | | | | | - Maria M Groen-Blokhuis
- VU University Amsterdam and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | | | | | - James J Hudziak
- Vermont Center for Children, Youth, and Families, and the University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Vermont, USA
| | - Gitta H Lubke
- University of Notre Dame and with VU University Amsterdam
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Craig E Pennell
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia
| | | | - Christel M Middeldorp
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center
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18
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Turpeinen H, Ortutay Z, Pesu M. Genetics of the first seven proprotein convertase enzymes in health and disease. Curr Genomics 2014; 14:453-67. [PMID: 24396277 PMCID: PMC3867721 DOI: 10.2174/1389202911314050010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the substilisin/kexin like proprotein convertase (PCSK) protease family cleave and convert immature pro-proteins into their biologically active forms. By cleaving for example prohormones, cytokines and cell membrane proteins, PCSKs participate in maintaining the homeostasis in a healthy human body. Conversely, erratic enzymatic function is thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of a wide variety of diseases, including obesity and hypercholestrolemia. The first characterized seven PCSK enzymes (PCSK1-2, FURIN, PCSK4-7) process their substrates at a motif made up of paired basic amino acid residues. This feature results in a variable degree of biochemical redundancy in vitro, and consequently, shared substrate molecules between the different PCSK enzymes. This redundancy has confounded our understanding of the specific biological functions of PCSKs. The physiological roles of these enzymes have been best illustrated by the phenotypes of genetically engineered mice and patients that carry mutations in the PCSK genes. Recent developments in genome-wide methodology have generated a large amount of novel information on the genetics of the first seven proprotein convertases. In this review we summarize the reported genetic alterations and their associated phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannu Turpeinen
- Immunoregulation, Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, and BioMediTech, Tampere, Finland
| | - Zsuzsanna Ortutay
- Immunoregulation, Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, and BioMediTech, Tampere, Finland
| | - Marko Pesu
- Immunoregulation, Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, and BioMediTech, Tampere, Finland; ; Fimlab laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Finland
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19
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Lam VKL, Ma RCW, Lee HM, Hu C, Park KS, Furuta H, Wang Y, Tam CHT, Sim X, Ng DPK, Liu J, Wong TY, Tai ES, Morris AP, Tang NLS, Woo J, Leung PC, Kong APS, Ozaki R, Jia WP, Lee HK, Nanjo K, Xu G, Ng MCY, So WY, Chan JCN. Genetic associations of type 2 diabetes with islet amyloid polypeptide processing and degrading pathways in asian populations. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62378. [PMID: 23776430 PMCID: PMC3679113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a complex disease characterized by beta cell dysfunctions. Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) is highly conserved and co-secreted with insulin with over 40% of autopsy cases of T2D showing islet amyloid formation due to IAPP aggregation. Dysregulation in IAPP processing, stabilization and degradation can cause excessive oligomerization with beta cell toxicity. Previous studies examining genetic associations of pathways implicated in IAPP metabolism have yielded conflicting results due to small sample size, insufficient interrogation of gene structure and gene-gene interactions. In this multi-staged study, we screened 89 tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 6 candidate genes implicated in IAPP metabolism and tested for independent and joint associations with T2D and beta cell dysfunctions. Positive signals in the stage-1 were confirmed by de novo and in silico analysis in a multi-centre unrelated case-control cohort. We examined the association of significant SNPs with quantitative traits in a subset of controls and performed bioinformatics and relevant functional analyses. Amongst the tag SNPs, rs1583645 in carboxypeptidase E (CPE) and rs6583813 in insulin degrading enzyme (IDE) were associated with 1.09 to 1.28 fold increased risk of T2D (PMeta = 9.4×10−3 and 0.02 respectively) in a meta-analysis of East Asians. Using genetic risk scores (GRS) with each risk variant scoring 1, subjects with GRS≥3 (8.2% of the cohort) had 56% higher risk of T2D than those with GRS = 0 (P = 0.01). In a subcohort of control subjects, plasma IAPP increased and beta cell function index declined with GRS (P = 0.008 and 0.03 respectively). Bioinformatics and functional analyses of CPE rs1583645 predicted regulatory elements for chromatin modification and transcription factors, suggesting differential DNA-protein interactions and gene expression. Taken together, these results support the importance of dysregulation of IAPP metabolism in T2D in East Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Kwok Lim Lam
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Ronald Ching Wan Ma
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Heung Man Lee
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Hu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Kyong Soo Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology and Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Chongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hiroto Furuta
- First Department of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Claudia Ha Ting Tam
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueling Sim
- Centre for Molecular Epidemiology, Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel Peng-Keat Ng
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tien-Yin Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - E. Shyong Tai
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andrew P. Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nelson Leung Sang Tang
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Jean Woo
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Chung Leung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Alice Pik Shan Kong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Risa Ozaki
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Ping Jia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Kyu Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology and Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Chongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kishio Nanjo
- First Department of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Gang Xu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Maggie Chor Yin Ng
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Wing-Yee So
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Juliana Chung Ngor Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Jonsson A, Isomaa B, Tuomi T, Eriksson JG, Groop L, Lyssenko V. Effect of a common variant of the PCSK2 gene on reduced insulin secretion. Diabetologia 2012; 55:3245-51. [PMID: 23011353 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2728-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM/HYPOTHESIS Individuals at risk of developing type 2 diabetes show a progressive decline in insulin secretion and increased insulin resistance over time. However, inability of the beta cells to compensate for the increased insulin resistance represents a key defect leading to overt type 2 diabetes. The aims of the present study were to replicate the association between genetic variants of the PCSK2 gene and insulin secretion, and to explore the effect on risk of type 2 diabetes. METHODS Replication of PCSK2 variants against insulin secretion included 7,682 non-diabetic Scandinavian individuals. Insulin secretion was measured as the corrected insulin response or disposition index, i.e. insulin secretion adjusted for the degree of insulin resistance. Risk of type 2 diabetes was studied in 28,287 Scandinavian individuals. RESULTS The C-allele of PCSK2 rs2208203 was associated with reduced insulin secretion measured as the corrected insulin response (n = 8,151; β = -0.112, p = 1.3 × 10(-6)) as well as disposition index (n = 8,078, β = -0.128, p = 1.6 × 10(-7)). The variant was also associated with lower fasting glucagon levels (β = -0.084, p = 0.005) in non-diabetic individuals with a fasting plasma glucose of over 5.5 mmol/l. In human pancreatic islets, PCSK2 expression correlated negatively with HbA(1c) (n = 133, r = -0.196, p = 0.038), and showed a tendency to be lower in hyperglycaemic (HbA(1c) ≥6.0% or type 2 diabetes; n = 47, p = 0.13) than normoglycaemic (HbA(1c) >6.0%; n = 66) donors. The presence of the PCSK2 rs2208203 risk allele did not influence gene expression, nor did it show an apparent risk in terms of type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION A variant of the PCSK2 gene was associated with reduced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, but also with lower glucagon levels, which could potentially counteract the effects of decreased insulin secretion on the risk of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jonsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, CRC, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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A high-density genome-wide association screen of sporadic ALS in US veterans. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32768. [PMID: 22470424 PMCID: PMC3314660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Following reports of an increased incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in U.S. veterans, we have conducted a high-density genome-wide association study (GWAS) of ALS outcome and survival time in a sample of U.S. veterans. We tested ∼1.3 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for association with ALS outcome in 442 incident Caucasian veteran cases diagnosed with definite or probable ALS and 348 Caucasian veteran controls. To increase power, we also included genotypes from 5909 publicly-available non-veteran controls in the analysis. In the survival analysis, we tested for association between SNPs and post-diagnosis survival time in 639 Caucasian veteran cases with definite or probable ALS. After this discovery phase, we performed follow-up genotyping of 299 SNPs in an independent replication sample of Caucasian veterans and non-veterans (ALS outcome: 183 cases and 961 controls; survival: 118 cases). Although no SNPs reached genome-wide significance in the discovery phase for either phenotype, three SNPs were statistically significant in the replication analysis of ALS outcome: rs6080539 (177 kb from PCSK2), rs7000234 (4 kb from ZNF704), and rs3113494 (13 kb from LOC100506746). Two SNPs located in genes that were implicated by previous GWA studies of ALS were marginally significant in the pooled analysis of discovery and replication samples: rs17174381 in DPP6 (p = 4.4×10−4) and rs6985069 near ELP3 (p = 4.8×10−4). Our results underscore the difficulty of identifying and convincingly replicating genetic associations with a rare and genetically heterogeneous disorder such as ALS, and suggest that common SNPs are unlikely to account for a substantial proportion of patients affected by this devastating disorder.
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Association of type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes (TCF7L2, SLC30A8, PCSK1 and PCSK2) and proinsulin conversion in a Chinese population. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:17-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0705-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Association of genetic variants in SEMA3F, CLEC16A, LAMA3, and PCSK2 with myocardial infarction in Japanese individuals. Atherosclerosis 2009; 210:468-73. [PMID: 20036365 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 11/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to identify genetic variants that confer susceptibility to myocardial infarction (MI) in Japanese individuals. METHODS The study population comprised 5014 Japanese individuals, including 1444 subjects with MI and 3570 controls. The 150 polymorphisms examined in the present study were selected by a genome-wide association study for ischemic stroke with the use of the GeneChip Human Mapping 500K Array Set (Affymetrix), and were determined by a method that combines the polymerase chain reaction and sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes with suspension array technology. RESULTS An initial screen by the chi-square test revealed that the A-->G polymorphism of SEMA3F (rs12632110), the C-->T polymorphism of CLEC16A (rs9925481), the A-->G polymorphism of LAMA3 (rs12373237), and the C-->G polymorphism of PCSK2 (rs6080699) were significantly (false discovery rate for allele frequencies of <0.05) associated with MI. Subsequent multivariable logistic regression analysis with adjustment for covariates and a stepwise forward selection procedure revealed that the A-->G polymorphism of SEMA3F (dominant model; P=0.0014; odds ratio, 0.76), the C-->T polymorphism of CLEC16A (dominant model; P=0.0009; odds ratio, 0.75), the A-->G polymorphism of LAMA3 (recessive model; P=0.0099; odds ratio, 0.80), and the C-->G polymorphism of PCSK2 (recessive model; P=0.0155; odds ratio, 1.19) were significantly (P<0.05) associated with the prevalence of MI. CONCLUSION Determination of these genotypes may prove informative for assessment of the genetic risk for MI in Japanese individuals.
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Cresci S, Kelly RJ, Cappola TP, Diwan A, Dries D, Kardia SLR, Dorn GW. Clinical and genetic modifiers of long-term survival in heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 54:432-44. [PMID: 19628119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to identify genetic modifiers of beta-blocker response and long-term survival in heart failure (HF). BACKGROUND Differences in beta-blocker treatment effect between Caucasians and African Americans with HF have been reported. METHODS This was a prospective cohort study of 2,460 patients (711 African American, 1,749 Caucasian) enrolled between 1999 and 2007; 2,039 patients (81.7%) were treated with a beta-blocker. Each was genotyped for beta1-adrenergic receptor (ADRB1) Arg389>Gly and G-protein receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) Gln41>Leu polymorphisms, which are more prevalent among African Americans than Caucasians. The primary end point was survival time from HF onset. RESULTS There were 765 deaths during follow-up (median 46 months). beta-blocker treatment increased survival in Caucasians (log-rank p = 0.00038) but not African Americans (log-rank p = 0.327). Among patients not taking beta-blockers, ADRB1 Gly389 was associated with decreased survival in Caucasians (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.98, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1 to 3.7, p = 0.03) whereas GRK5 Leu41 was associated with improved survival in African Americans (HR: 0.325, CI: 0.133 to 0.796, p = 0.01). African Americans with ADRB1 Gly389Gly GRK5 Gln41Gln derived a similar survival benefit from beta-blocker therapy (HR: 0.385, 95% CI: 0.182 to 0.813, p = 0.012) as Caucasians with the same genotype (HR: 0.529, 95% CI: 0.326 to 0.858, p = 0.0098). CONCLUSIONS These data show that differences caused by beta-adrenergic receptor signaling pathway gene polymorphisms, rather than race, are the major factors contributing to apparent differences in the beta-blocker treatment effect between Caucasians and African Americans; proper evaluation of treatment response should account for genetic variance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Cresci
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Pro-protein convertase-2/carboxypeptidase-E mediated neuropeptide processing of RGC-5 cell after in vitro ischemia. Neurosci Bull 2009; 25:7-14. [PMID: 19190683 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-009-1027-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the change of the neuropeptide pro-protein processing system in the ischemic retina ganglion cell-5 (RGC-5) cells, pro-protein convertase-2 (PC2), carboxypeptidase-E (CPE) and preproneuropeptide Y (preproNPY) protein levels in the ischemic RGC-5 cells and conditioned medium were analyzed. METHODS The RGC-5 cell was differentiated in 0.1 mumol/L staurosporine for 24 h and then stressed by different doses of oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD). The acute or chronic OGD-induced cell death rates were obtained by using PI or TUNEL staining. The protein expression levels were determined by using the Western blot method and PC2 activity analysis. RESULTS The ischemia caused substantial cell death in an OGD dose-dependent manner. In the cells, proPC2 and preproNPY protein levels gradually increased whereas proCPE gradually decreased. After OGD, PC2 activity was decreased. In the conditioned medium, proPC2 and PC2 proteins gradually decreased whereas proCPE, CPE, and preproNPY proteins gradually increased. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated that OGD inhibited the neuropeptide pro-protein processing system by reducing PC2 activity and the maturation of proPC2. The aggregation of the pro-proteins and the increase of the active CPE excision adversely exacerbated the cell injury. The pro-protein processing system might play a critical role in the ischemic stress of RGC-5 cells.
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Tang SS, Zhang JH, Liu HX, Li HZ. PC2/CPE-mediated pro-protein processing in tumor cells and its differentiated cells or tissues. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 303:43-9. [PMID: 19428990 PMCID: PMC7116944 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pro-protein convertase-2 (PC2) and carboxypeptidase-E (CPE) proteins are two major members of the pro-protein convertases that involve in the maturation of protein precursor. By using PC2 activity, immunocytochemistry (ICC) and Western blot method, PC2, CPE and preproNPY protein expression levels were compared among mature retina tissue, RGC-5 cells and its differentiated cells, or brain cortex tissue, NS20Y tumor cells and its differentiated cells, or mature breast tissue, breast tumor cell RM1 and breast adenocarcinoma tissue. The experimental results indicated that the differentiated cells or tissues had higher or highest PC2 activity. In the comparative experiments, more PC2 protein expression in the mature tissues and more CPE and preproNPY protein expression in the tumor cells or tumor tissue were observed, but no expression of preproNPY protein was observed in the mature tissues. Compared with NS20Y or RGC-5 undifferentiated cells, its differentiated cells showed less proPC2, more proCPE and more preproNPY protein expressions. The results demonstrated that the mature tissues showed stronger PC2/CPE-mediated pro-protein processing ability than the tumor cells or tissue. The results also showed that the artificial differentiation of RGC-5 or NS20Y cells was different from maturation of its corresponding normal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Shan Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Courses, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Campbell MC, Tishkoff SA. African genetic diversity: implications for human demographic history, modern human origins, and complex disease mapping. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2008; 9:403-33. [PMID: 18593304 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.genom.9.081307.164258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 517] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Comparative studies of ethnically diverse human populations, particularly in Africa, are important for reconstructing human evolutionary history and for understanding the genetic basis of phenotypic adaptation and complex disease. African populations are characterized by greater levels of genetic diversity, extensive population substructure, and less linkage disequilibrium (LD) among loci compared to non-African populations. Africans also possess a number of genetic adaptations that have evolved in response to diverse climates and diets, as well as exposure to infectious disease. This review summarizes patterns and the evolutionary origins of genetic diversity present in African populations, as well as their implications for the mapping of complex traits, including disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Campbell
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.
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Aldrich MC, Selvin S, Hansen HM, Barcellos LF, Wrensch MR, Sison JD, Quesenberry CP, Kittles RA, Silva G, Buffler PA, Seldin MF, Wiencke JK. Comparison of statistical methods for estimating genetic admixture in a lung cancer study of African Americans and Latinos. Am J Epidemiol 2008; 168:1035-46. [PMID: 18791191 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwn224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of methods are available for estimating genetic admixture proportions in populations; however, few investigators have conducted detailed comparisons using empirical data. The authors characterized admixture proportions among self-identified African Americans (n = 535) and Latinos (n = 412) living in the San Francisco Bay Area who participated in a lung cancer case-control study (1998-2003). Individual estimates of genetic ancestry based on 184 informative markers were obtained from a Bayesian approach and 2 maximum likelihood approaches and were compared using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients, and Bland-Altman plots. Case-control differences in individual admixture proportions were assessed using 2-sample t tests and logistic regression analysis. Results indicated that Bayesian and frequentist approaches to estimating admixture provide similar estimates and inferences. No difference was observed in admixture proportions between African-American cases and controls, but Latino cases and controls significantly differed according to Amerindian and European genetic ancestry. Differences in admixture proportions between Latino cases and controls were not unexpected, since cases were more likely to have been born in the United States. Genetic admixture proportions provide a quantitative measure of ancestry differences among Latinos that can be used in analyses of genetic risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda C Aldrich
- University of California, San Francisco, Box 2911 Rock Hall, Mission Bay 582, 1550 4th Street, San Francisco, CA 94143-2911, USA.
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