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Andreou T, Ishikawa-Learmonth Y, Bigger BW. Phenotypic characterisation of the Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I (MPSI) Idua-W392X mouse model reveals increased anxiety-related traits in female mice. Mol Genet Metab 2023; 139:107651. [PMID: 37473537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2023.107651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I (MPSI) is a rare inherited lysosomal storage disease that arises due to mutations in the IDUA gene. Defective alpha-L-iduronidase (IDUA) enzyme is unable to break down glucosaminoglycans (GAGs) within the lysosomes and, as a result, there is systemic accumulation of undegraded products in lysosomes throughout the body leading to multi-system disease. Here, we characterised the skeletal/craniofacial, neuromuscular and behavioural outcomes of the MPSI Idua-W392X mouse model. We demonstrate that Idua-W392X mice have gross craniofacial abnormalities, showed signs of kyphosis, and show signs of hypoactivity compared to wild-type mice. X-ray imaging analysis revealed significantly shorter and wider tibias and femurs, significantly wider snouts, increased skull width and significantly thicker zygomatic arch bones in Idua-W392X female mice compared to wild-type mice at 9 and 10.5 months of age. Idua-W392X mice display decreased muscle strength, especially in the forelimbs, which is already apparent from 3 months of age. Female Idua-W392X mice display hypoactivity in the open-field test from 9 months of age and anxiety-like behaviour at 10 months of age. As these behaviours have been identified in Hurler children, the MPSI Idua-W392X mouse model may be important for the investigation of new therapeutic approaches for MPSI-Hurler.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Andreou
- Stem Cell and Neurotherapies Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Yuko Ishikawa-Learmonth
- Stem Cell and Neurotherapies Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Brian W Bigger
- Stem Cell and Neurotherapies Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, United Kingdom.
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2
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Li S, Li J, Shi W, Nie Z, Zhang S, Ma F, Hu J, Chen J, Li P, Xie X. Pharmaceuticals Promoting Premature Termination Codon Readthrough: Progress in Development. Biomolecules 2023; 13:988. [PMID: 37371567 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Around 11% of all known gene lesions causing human genetic diseases are nonsense mutations that introduce a premature stop codon (PTC) into the protein-coding gene sequence. Drug-induced PTC readthrough is a promising therapeutic strategy for treating hereditary diseases caused by nonsense mutations. To date, it has been found that more than 50 small-molecular compounds can promote PTC readthrough, known as translational readthrough-inducing drugs (TRIDs), and can be divided into two major categories: aminoglycosides and non-aminoglycosides. This review summarizes the pharmacodynamics and clinical application potential of the main TRIDs discovered so far, especially some newly discovered TRIDs in the past decade. The discovery of these TRIDs brings hope for treating nonsense mutations in various genetic diseases. Further research is still needed to deeply understand the mechanism of eukaryotic cell termination and drug-induced PTC readthrough so that patients can achieve the greatest benefit from the various TRID treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Juan Li
- Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Genetic Study of Hematopathy, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wenjing Shi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ziyan Nie
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shasha Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Fengdie Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jun Hu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Peiqiang Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaodong Xie
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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3
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Siddiqui A, Dundar H, Sharma J, Kaczmarczyk A, Echols J, Dai Y, Sun CR, Du M, Liu Z, Zhao R, Wood T, Sanders S, Rasmussen L, Bostwick JR, Augelli-Szafran C, Suto M, Rowe SM, Bedwell DM, Keeling KM. Triamterene Functions as an Effective Nonsense Suppression Agent for MPS I-H (Hurler Syndrome). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4521. [PMID: 36901952 PMCID: PMC10003437 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis I-Hurler (MPS I-H) is caused by the loss of α-L-iduronidase, a lysosomal enzyme that degrades glycosaminoglycans. Current therapies cannot treat many MPS I-H manifestations. In this study, triamterene, an FDA-approved, antihypertensive diuretic, was found to suppress translation termination at a nonsense mutation associated with MPS I-H. Triamterene rescued enough α-L-iduronidase function to normalize glycosaminoglycan storage in cell and animal models. This new function of triamterene operates through premature termination codon (PTC) dependent mechanisms that are unaffected by epithelial sodium channel activity, the target of triamterene's diuretic function. Triamterene represents a potential non-invasive treatment for MPS I-H patients carrying a PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amna Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Halil Dundar
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Next Generation Sequencing Transplant Diagnostics, Thermo-Fisher Scientific, West Hills, CA 91304, USA
| | - Jyoti Sharma
- Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Aneta Kaczmarczyk
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- ARUP Laboratories, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Josh Echols
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Yanying Dai
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Chuanxi Richard Sun
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Ming Du
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Zhong Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Tim Wood
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Mark Suto
- Southern Research, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Steven M. Rowe
- Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - David M. Bedwell
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Kim M. Keeling
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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4
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Ataluren suppresses a premature termination codon in an MPS I-H mouse. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:1223-1235. [PMID: 35857082 PMCID: PMC9329424 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02232-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstarct Suppressing translation termination at premature termination codons (PTCs), termed readthrough, is a potential therapy for genetic diseases caused by nonsense mutations. Ataluren is a compound that has shown promise for clinical use as a readthrough agent. However, some reports suggest that ataluren is ineffective at suppressing PTCs. To further evaluate the effectiveness of ataluren as a readthrough agent, we examined its ability to suppress PTCs in a variety of previously untested models. Using NanoLuc readthrough reporters expressed in two different cell types, we found that ataluren stimulated a significant level of readthrough. We also explored the ability of ataluren to suppress a nonsense mutation associated with Mucopolysaccharidosis I-Hurler (MPS I-H), a genetic disease that is caused by a deficiency of α-L-iduronidase that leads to lysosomal accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Using mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) derived from Idua-W402X mice, we found that ataluren partially rescued α-L-iduronidase function and significantly reduced GAG accumulation relative to controls. Two-week oral administration of ataluren to Idua-W402X mice led to significant GAG reductions in most tissues compared to controls. Together, these data reveal important details concerning the efficiency of ataluren as a readthrough agent and the mechanisms that govern its ability to suppress PTCs. Key messages Ataluren promotes readthrough of PTCs in a wide variety of contexts. Ataluren reduces glycosaminoglyan storage in MPS I-H cell and mouse models. Ataluren has a bell-shaped dose–response curve and a narrow effective range.
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5
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AAV-delivered suppressor tRNA overcomes a nonsense mutation in mice. Nature 2022; 604:343-348. [PMID: 35322228 PMCID: PMC9446716 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04533-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy is a potentially curative medicine for many currently untreatable diseases, and recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is the most successful gene delivery vehicle for in vivo applications1-3. However, rAAV-based gene therapy suffers from several limitations, such as constrained DNA cargo size and toxicities caused by non-physiological expression of a transgene4-6. Here we show that rAAV delivery of a suppressor tRNA (rAAV.sup-tRNA) safely and efficiently rescued a genetic disease in a mouse model carrying a nonsense mutation, and effects lasted for more than 6 months after a single treatment. Mechanistically, this was achieved through a synergistic effect of premature stop codon readthrough and inhibition of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. rAAV.sup-tRNA had a limited effect on global readthrough at normal stop codons and did not perturb endogenous tRNA homeostasis, as determined by ribosome profiling and tRNA sequencing, respectively. By optimizing the AAV capsid and the route of administration, therapeutic efficacy in various target tissues was achieved, including liver, heart, skeletal muscle and brain. This study demonstrates the feasibility of developing a toolbox of AAV-delivered nonsense suppressor tRNAs operating on premature termination codons (AAV-NoSTOP) to rescue pathogenic nonsense mutations and restore gene function under endogenous regulation. As nonsense mutations account for 11% of pathogenic mutations, AAV-NoSTOP can benefit a large number of patients. AAV-NoSTOP obviates the need to deliver a full-length protein-coding gene that may exceed the rAAV packaging limit, elicit adverse immune responses or cause transgene-related toxicities. It therefore represents a valuable addition to gene therapeutics.
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6
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Self-inactivating, all-in-one AAV vectors for precision Cas9 genome editing via homology-directed repair in vivo. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6267. [PMID: 34725353 PMCID: PMC8560862 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26518-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are important delivery platforms for therapeutic genome editing but are severely constrained by cargo limits. Simultaneous delivery of multiple vectors can limit dose and efficacy and increase safety risks. Here, we describe single-vector, ~4.8-kb AAV platforms that express Nme2Cas9 and either two sgRNAs for segmental deletions, or a single sgRNA with a homology-directed repair (HDR) template. We also use anti-CRISPR proteins to enable production of vectors that self-inactivate via Nme2Cas9 cleavage. We further introduce a nanopore-based sequencing platform that is designed to profile rAAV genomes and serves as a quality control measure for vector homogeneity. We demonstrate that these platforms can effectively treat two disease models [type I hereditary tyrosinemia (HT-I) and mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS-I)] in mice by HDR-based correction of the disease allele. These results will enable the engineering of single-vector AAVs that can achieve diverse therapeutic genome editing outcomes. Long-term expression of Cas9 following precision genome editing in vivo may lead to undesirable consequences. Here we show that a single-vector, self-inactivating AAV system containing Cas9 nuclease, guide, and DNA donor can use homology-directed repair to correct disease mutations in vivo.
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7
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Schilff M, Sargsyan Y, Hofhuis J, Thoms S. Stop Codon Context-Specific Induction of Translational Readthrough. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11071006. [PMID: 34356630 PMCID: PMC8301745 DOI: 10.3390/biom11071006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Premature termination codon (PTC) mutations account for approximately 10% of pathogenic variants in monogenic diseases. Stimulation of translational readthrough, also known as stop codon suppression, using translational readthrough-inducing drugs (TRIDs) may serve as a possible therapeutic strategy for the treatment of genetic PTC diseases. One important parameter governing readthrough is the stop codon context (SCC)-the stop codon itself and the nucleotides in the vicinity of the stop codon on the mRNA. However, the quantitative influence of the SCC on treatment outcome and on appropriate drug concentrations are largely unknown. Here, we analyze the readthrough-stimulatory effect of various readthrough-inducing drugs on the SCCs of five common premature termination codon mutations of PEX5 in a sensitive dual reporter system. Mutations in PEX5, encoding the peroxisomal targeting signal 1 receptor, can cause peroxisomal biogenesis disorders of the Zellweger spectrum. We show that the stop context has a strong influence on the levels of readthrough stimulation and impacts the choice of the most effective drug and its concentration. These results highlight potential advantages and the personalized medicine nature of an SCC-based strategy in the therapy of rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Schilff
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (M.S.); (Y.S.); (J.H.)
| | - Yelena Sargsyan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (M.S.); (Y.S.); (J.H.)
| | - Julia Hofhuis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (M.S.); (Y.S.); (J.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Sven Thoms
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (M.S.); (Y.S.); (J.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-521-106-86502
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8
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Molecular Insights into Determinants of Translational Readthrough and Implications for Nonsense Suppression Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249449. [PMID: 33322589 PMCID: PMC7764779 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The fidelity of protein synthesis, a process shaped by several mechanisms involving specialized ribosome regions and external factors, ensures the precise reading of sense and stop codons. However, premature termination codons (PTCs) arising from mutations may, at low frequency, be misrecognized and result in PTC suppression, named ribosome readthrough, with production of full-length proteins through the insertion of a subset of amino acids. Since some drugs have been identified as readthrough inducers, this fidelity drawback has been explored as a therapeutic approach in several models of human diseases caused by nonsense mutations. Here, we focus on the mechanisms driving translation in normal and aberrant conditions, the potential fates of mRNA in the presence of a PTC, as well as on the results obtained in the research of efficient readthrough-inducing compounds. In particular, we describe the molecular determinants shaping the outcome of readthrough, namely the nucleotide and protein context, with the latter being pivotal to produce functional full-length proteins. Through the interpretation of experimental and mechanistic findings, mainly obtained in lysosomal and coagulation disorders, we also propose a scenario of potential readthrough-favorable features to achieve relevant rescue profiles, representing the main issue for the potential translatability of readthrough as a therapeutic strategy.
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9
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Edelmann MJ, Maegawa GHB. CNS-Targeting Therapies for Lysosomal Storage Diseases: Current Advances and Challenges. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:559804. [PMID: 33304924 PMCID: PMC7693645 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.559804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decades, several therapeutic approaches have been developed and made rapidly available for many patients afflicted with lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs), inborn organelle disorders with broad clinical manifestations secondary to the progressive accumulation of undegraded macromolecules within lysosomes. These conditions are individually rare, but, collectively, their incidence ranges from 1 in 2,315 to 7,700 live-births. Most LSDs are manifested by neurological symptoms or signs, including developmental delay, seizures, acroparesthesia, motor weakness, and extrapyramidal signs. The chronic and later-onset clinical forms are at one end of the continuum spectrum and are characterized by a subtle and slow progression of neurological symptoms. Due to its inherent physiological properties, unfortunately, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) constitutes a significant obstacle for current and upcoming therapies to achieve the central nervous system (CNS) and treat neurological problems so prevalent in these conditions. To circumvent this limitation, several strategies have been developed to make the therapeutic agent achieve the CNS. This narrative will provide an overview of current therapeutic strategies under development to permeate the BBB, and address and unmet need for treatment of the progressive neurological manifestations, which are so prevalent in these inherited lysosomal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola J Edelmann
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, The University of Florida's Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Gustavo H B Maegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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10
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Gomathi M, Padmapriya S, Balachandar V. Drug Studies on Rett Syndrome: From Bench to Bedside. J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 50:2740-2764. [PMID: 32016693 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04381-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Drug studies on Rett syndrome (RTT) have drastically increased over the past few decades. This review aims to provide master data on bench-to-bedside drug studies involving RTT. A comprehensive literature review was performed by searching in PUBMED, MEDLINE and Google Scholar, international, national and regional clinical trial registries and pharmaceutical companies using the keywords "Rett syndrome treatment and/or drug or compound or molecule". Seventy drugs were investigated in non-clinical (N = 65 animal/cell line-based studies; N = 5 iPSC-based study) and clinical trials (N = 34) for ameliorating the symptoms of RTT. Though there is good progress in both clinical and non-clinical studies, none of these drugs entered phase III/IV for being launched as a therapeutic agent for RTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Gomathi
- Human Molecular Genetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | | | - Vellingiri Balachandar
- Human Molecular Genetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India.
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11
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Tokhmafshan F, Dickinson K, Akpa MM, Brasell E, Huertas P, Goodyer PR. A no-nonsense approach to hereditary kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2020; 35:2031-2042. [PMID: 31807928 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-019-04394-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The advent of a new class of aminoglycosides with increased translational readthrough of nonsense mutations and reduced toxicity offers a new therapeutic strategy for a subset of patients with hereditary kidney disease. The renal uptake and retention of aminoglycosides at a high intracellular concentration makes the kidney an ideal target for this approach. In this review, we explore the potential of aminoglycoside readthrough therapy in a number of hereditary kidney diseases and discuss the therapeutic window of opportunity for subclasses of each disease, when caused by nonsense mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Tokhmafshan
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, 1001 Décarie Boulevard, EM1.2232, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Kyle Dickinson
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, 1001 Décarie Boulevard, EM1.2232, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.,Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Murielle M Akpa
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, 1001 Décarie Boulevard, EM1.2232, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Emma Brasell
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Paul R Goodyer
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, 1001 Décarie Boulevard, EM1.2232, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada. .,Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. .,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. .,Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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12
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Palma M, Lejeune F. Deciphering the molecular mechanism of stop codon readthrough. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 96:310-329. [PMID: 33089614 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of the stop codon by the translation machinery is essential to terminating translation at the right position and to synthesizing a protein of the correct size. Under certain conditions, the stop codon can be recognized as a coding codon promoting translation, which then terminates at a later stop codon. This event, called stop codon readthrough, occurs either by error, due to a dedicated regulatory environment leading to generation of different protein isoforms, or through the action of a readthrough compound. This review focuses on the mechanisms of stop codon readthrough, the nucleotide and protein environments that facilitate or inhibit it, and the therapeutic interest of stop codon readthrough in the treatment of genetic diseases caused by nonsense mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Palma
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020 - U1277 - CANTHER - Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Fabrice Lejeune
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020 - U1277 - CANTHER - Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
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13
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Echols J, Siddiqui A, Dai Y, Havasi V, Sun R, Kaczmarczyk A, Keeling KM. A regulated NMD mouse model supports NMD inhibition as a viable therapeutic option to treat genetic diseases. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm044891. [PMID: 32737261 PMCID: PMC7473645 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.044891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) targets mRNAs that contain a premature termination codon (PTC) for degradation, preventing their translation. By altering the expression of PTC-containing mRNAs, NMD modulates the inheritance pattern and severity of genetic diseases. NMD also limits the efficiency of suppressing translation termination at PTCs, an emerging therapeutic approach to treat genetic diseases caused by in-frame PTCs (nonsense mutations). Inhibiting NMD may help rescue partial levels of protein expression. However, it is unclear whether long-term, global NMD attenuation is safe. We hypothesize that a degree of NMD inhibition can be safely tolerated after completion of prenatal development. To test this hypothesis, we generated a novel transgenic mouse that expresses an inducible, dominant-negative form of human UPF1 (dnUPF1) to inhibit NMD in mouse tissues by different degrees, allowing us to examine the effects of global NMD inhibition in vivo A thorough characterization of these mice indicated that expressing dnUPF1 at levels that promote relatively moderate to strong NMD inhibition in most tissues for a 1-month period produced modest immunological and bone alterations. In contrast, 1 month of dnUPF1 expression to promote more modest NMD inhibition in most tissues did not produce any discernable defects, indicating that moderate global NMD attenuation is generally well tolerated in non-neurological somatic tissues. Importantly, a modest level of NMD inhibition that produced no overt abnormalities was able to significantly enhance in vivo PTC suppression. These results suggest that safe levels of NMD attenuation are likely achievable, and this can help rescue protein deficiencies resulting from PTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Echols
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Amna Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Yanying Dai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Viktoria Havasi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Richard Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Aneta Kaczmarczyk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Kim M Keeling
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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14
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Way CM, Lima Cunha D, Moosajee M. Translational readthrough inducing drugs for the treatment of inherited retinal dystrophies. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/17469899.2020.1762489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Way
- Development, Ageing and Disease, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Dulce Lima Cunha
- Development, Ageing and Disease, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Mariya Moosajee
- Development, Ageing and Disease, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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15
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Favret JM, Weinstock NI, Feltri ML, Shin D. Pre-clinical Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Lysosomal Storage Diseases. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:57. [PMID: 32351971 PMCID: PMC7174556 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There are over 50 lysosomal hydrolase deficiencies, many of which cause neurodegeneration, cognitive decline and death. In recent years, a number of broad innovative therapies have been proposed and investigated for lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs), such as enzyme replacement, substrate reduction, pharmacologic chaperones, stem cell transplantation, and various forms of gene therapy. Murine models that accurately reflect the phenotypes observed in human LSDs are critical for the development, assessment and implementation of novel translational therapies. The goal of this review is to summarize the neurodegenerative murine LSD models available that recapitulate human disease, and the pre-clinical studies previously conducted. We also describe some limitations and difficulties in working with mouse models of neurodegenerative LSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daesung Shin
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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16
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2,6-Diaminopurine as a highly potent corrector of UGA nonsense mutations. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1509. [PMID: 32198346 PMCID: PMC7083880 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15140-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsense mutations cause about 10% of genetic disease cases, and no treatments are available. Nonsense mutations can be corrected by molecules with nonsense mutation readthrough activity. An extract of the mushroom Lepista inversa has recently shown high-efficiency correction of UGA and UAA nonsense mutations. One active constituent of this extract is 2,6-diaminopurine (DAP). In Calu-6 cancer cells, in which TP53 gene has a UGA nonsense mutation, DAP treatment increases p53 level. It also decreases the growth of tumors arising from Calu-6 cells injected into immunodeficient nude mice. DAP acts by interfering with the activity of a tRNA-specific 2′-O-methyltransferase (FTSJ1) responsible for cytosine 34 modification in tRNATrp. Low-toxicity and high-efficiency UGA nonsense mutation correction make DAP a good candidate for the development of treatments for genetic diseases caused by nonsense mutations. Nonsense mutations can be corrected by several molecules that activate readthrough of premature termination codon. Here, the authors report that 2,6-diaminopurine efficiently corrects UGA nonsense mutations with no significant toxicity.
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17
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Frew J, Baradaran-Heravi A, Balgi AD, Wu X, Yan TD, Arns S, Shidmoossavee FS, Tan J, Jaquith JB, Jansen-West KR, Lynn FC, Gao FB, Petrucelli L, Feldman HH, Mackenzie IR, Roberge M, Nygaard HB. Premature termination codon readthrough upregulates progranulin expression and improves lysosomal function in preclinical models of GRN deficiency. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:21. [PMID: 32178712 PMCID: PMC7075020 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-00369-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is a devastating and progressive disorder, and a common cause of early onset dementia. Progranulin (PGRN) haploinsufficiency due to autosomal dominant mutations in the progranulin gene (GRN) is an important cause of FTLD (FTLD-GRN), and nearly a quarter of these genetic cases are due to a nonsense mutation. Premature termination codons (PTC) can be therapeutically targeted by compounds allowing readthrough, and aminoglycoside antibiotics are known to be potent PTC readthrough drugs. Restoring endogenous PGRN through PTC readthrough has not previously been explored as a therapeutic intervention in FTLD. Methods We studied whether the aminoglycoside G418 could increase PGRN expression in HEK293 and human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons bearing the heterozygous S116X, R418X, and R493X pathogenic GRN nonsense mutations. We further tested a novel substituted phthalimide PTC readthrough enhancer in combination with G418 in our cellular models. We next generated a homozygous R493X knock-in hiPSC isogenic line (R493X−/− KI), assessing whether combination treatment in hiPSC-derived neurons and astrocytes could increase PGRN and ameliorate lysosomal dysfunction relevant to FTLD-GRN. To provide in vivo proof-of-concept of our approach, we measured brain PGRN after intracerebroventricular administration of G418 in mice expressing the V5-tagged GRN nonsense mutation R493X. Results The R418X and R493X mutant GRN cell lines responded to PTC readthrough with G418, and treatments increased PGRN levels in R493X−/− KI hiPSC-derived neurons and astrocytes. Combining G418 with a PTC readthrough enhancer increased PGRN levels over G418 treatment alone in vitro. PGRN deficiency has been shown to impair lysosomal function, and the mature form of the lysosomal protease cathepsin D is overexpressed in R493X−/− KI neurons. Increasing PGRN through G418-mediated PTC readthrough normalized this abnormal lysosomal phenotype in R493X−/− KI neuronal cultures. A single intracerebroventricular injection of G418 induced GRN PTC readthrough in 6-week-old AAV-GRN-R493X-V5 mice. Conclusions Taken together, our findings suggest that PTC readthrough may be a potential therapeutic strategy for FTLD caused by GRN nonsense mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Frew
- Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alireza Baradaran-Heravi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Aruna D Balgi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xiujuan Wu
- Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tyler D Yan
- Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Steve Arns
- adMare BioInnovations, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Jason Tan
- adMare BioInnovations, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Francis C Lynn
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Fen-Biao Gao
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Howard H Feldman
- Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ian R Mackenzie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michel Roberge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Haakon B Nygaard
- Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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18
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Screening Readthrough Compounds to Suppress Nonsense Mutations: Possible Application to β-Thalassemia. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020289. [PMID: 31972957 PMCID: PMC7073686 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Several types of thalassemia (including β039-thalassemia) are caused by nonsense mutations in genes controlling globin production, leading to premature translation termination and mRNA destabilization mediated by the nonsense mediated mRNA decay. Drugs (for instance, aminoglycosides) can be designed to suppress premature translation termination by inducing readthrough (or nonsense suppression) at the premature termination codon. These findings have introduced new hopes for the development of a pharmacologic approach to cure this genetic disease. In the present review, we first summarize the principle and current status of the chemical relief for the expression of functional proteins from genes otherwise unfruitful for the presence of nonsense mutations. Second, we compare data available on readthrough molecules for β0-thalassemia. The examples reported in the review strongly suggest that ribosomal readthrough should be considered as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of β0-thalassemia caused by nonsense mutations. Concluding, the discovery of molecules, exhibiting the property of inducing β-globin, such as readthrough compounds, is of great interest and represents a hope for several patients, whose survival will depend on the possible use of drugs rendering blood transfusion and chelation therapy unnecessary.
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19
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Shcherbakov D, Teo Y, Boukari H, Cortes-Sanchon A, Mantovani M, Osinnii I, Moore J, Juskeviciene R, Brilkova M, Duscha S, Kumar HS, Laczko E, Rehrauer H, Westhof E, Akbergenov R, Böttger EC. Ribosomal mistranslation leads to silencing of the unfolded protein response and increased mitochondrial biogenesis. Commun Biol 2019; 2:381. [PMID: 31637312 PMCID: PMC6797716 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0626-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Translation fidelity is the limiting factor in the accuracy of gene expression. With an estimated frequency of 10-4, errors in mRNA decoding occur in a mostly stochastic manner. Little is known about the response of higher eukaryotes to chronic loss of ribosomal accuracy as per an increase in the random error rate of mRNA decoding. Here, we present a global and comprehensive picture of the cellular changes in response to translational accuracy in mammalian ribosomes impaired by genetic manipulation. In addition to affecting established protein quality control pathways, such as elevated transcript levels for cytosolic chaperones, activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and translational slowdown, ribosomal mistranslation led to unexpected responses. In particular, we observed increased mitochondrial biogenesis associated with import of misfolded proteins into the mitochondria and silencing of the unfolded protein response in the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Shcherbakov
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universität Zürich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Youjin Teo
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universität Zürich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Heithem Boukari
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universität Zürich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Cortes-Sanchon
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universität Zürich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matilde Mantovani
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universität Zürich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Osinnii
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universität Zürich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - James Moore
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universität Zürich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reda Juskeviciene
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universität Zürich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Margarita Brilkova
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universität Zürich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Duscha
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universität Zürich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Endre Laczko
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH Zürich und Universität Zürich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hubert Rehrauer
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH Zürich und Universität Zürich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eric Westhof
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Rashid Akbergenov
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universität Zürich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erik C. Böttger
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universität Zürich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
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20
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Lombardi S, Ferrarese M, Marchi S, Pinton P, Pinotti M, Bernardi F, Branchini A. Translational readthrough of GLA nonsense mutations suggests dominant-negative effects exerted by the interaction of wild-type and missense variants. RNA Biol 2019; 17:254-263. [PMID: 31613176 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2019.1676115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsense mutations are relatively frequent in the rare X-linked lysosomal α-galactosidase A (α-Gal) deficiency (Fabry disease; FD), but have been poorly investigated. Here, we evaluated the responsiveness of a wide panel (n = 14) of GLA premature termination codons (PTCs) to the RNA-based approach of drug-induced readthrough through expression of recombinant α-Gal (rGal) nonsense and missense variants.We identified four high-responders to the readthrough-inducing aminoglycoside G418 in terms of full-length protein (C56X/W209X, ≥10% of wild-type rGal) and/or activity (Q119X/W209X/Q321X, ~5-7%), resulting in normal (Q119X/Q321X) or reduced (C56X, 0.27 ± 0.11; W209X, 0.35 ± 0.1) specific activity.To provide mechanistic insights we investigated the predicted amino acid substitutions mediated by readthrough (W209C/R, C56W/R), which resulted in correct lysosomal localization and appreciable protein/activity levels for the W209C/R variants. Differently, the C56W/R variants, albeit appreciably produced and localized into lysosomes, were inactive, thus indicating detrimental effects of substitutions at this position.Noticeably, when co-expressed with the functional W209C or W209R variants, the wild-type rGal displayed a reduced specific activity (0.5 ± 0.2 and 0.6 ± 0.2, respectively) that, considering the dimeric features of the α-Gal enzyme, suggested dominant-negative effects of missense variants through their interaction with the wild-type.Overall, we provide a novel mechanism through which amino acids inserted during readthrough might impact on the functional protein output. Our findings may also have implications for the interpretation of pathological phenotypes in heterozygous FD females, and for other human disorders involving dimeric or oligomeric proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Lombardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mattia Ferrarese
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Saverio Marchi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mirko Pinotti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Bernardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessio Branchini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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21
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Brasell EJ, Chu L, El Kares R, Seo JH, Loesch R, Iglesias DM, Goodyer P. The aminoglycoside geneticin permits translational readthrough of the CTNS W138X nonsense mutation in fibroblasts from patients with nephropathic cystinosis. Pediatr Nephrol 2019; 34:873-881. [PMID: 30413946 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-018-4094-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystinosis is an ultrarare disorder caused by mutations of the cystinosin (CTNS) gene, encoding a cystine-selective efflux channel in the lysosomes of all cells of the body. Oral therapy with cysteamine reduces intralysosomal cystine accumulation and slows organ deterioration but cannot reverse renal Fanconi syndrome nor prevent the eventual need for renal transplantation. A definitive therapeutic remains elusive. About 15% of cystinosis patients worldwide carry one or more nonsense mutations that halt translation of the CTNS protein. Aminoglycosides such as geneticin (G418) can bind to the mammalian ribosome, relax translational fidelity, and permit readthrough of premature termination codons to produce full-length protein. METHODS To ascertain whether aminoglycosides permit readthrough of the most common CTNS nonsense mutation, W138X, we studied the effect of G418 on patient fibroblasts. RESULTS G418 treatment induced translational readthrough of CTNSW138X constructs transfected into HEK293 cells and expression of full-length endogenous CTNS protein in homozygous W138X fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS Reduction in intracellular cystine indicates that the CTNS protein produced is functional as a cystine transporter. Interestingly, similar effects were seen even in W138X compound heterozygotes. These studies establish proof-of-principle for the potential of aminoglycosides to treat cystinosis and possibly other monogenic diseases caused by nonsense mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Brasell
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - LeeLee Chu
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Reyhan El Kares
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jung Hwa Seo
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | - Paul Goodyer
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada. .,The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, Québec, Canada. .,Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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22
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Wang D, Li J, Song CQ, Tran K, Mou H, Wu PH, Tai PWL, Mendonca CA, Ren L, Wang BY, Su Q, Gessler DJ, Zamore PD, Xue W, Gao G. Cas9-mediated allelic exchange repairs compound heterozygous recessive mutations in mice. Nat Biotechnol 2018; 36:839-842. [PMID: 30102296 PMCID: PMC6126964 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.4219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We report a genome-editing strategy to correct compound heterozygous mutations, a common genotype in patients with recessive genetic disorders. Adeno-associated viral vector delivery of Cas9 and guide RNA induces allelic exchange and rescues the disease phenotype in mouse models of hereditary tyrosinemia type I and mucopolysaccharidosis type I. This approach recombines non-mutated genetic information present in two heterozygous alleles into one functional allele without using donor DNA templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.,Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jia Li
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.,Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chun-Qing Song
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karen Tran
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.,Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Haiwei Mou
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pei-Hsuan Wu
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Phillip W L Tai
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.,Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Craig A Mendonca
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.,Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lingzhi Ren
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.,Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Blake Y Wang
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.,Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qin Su
- Viral Vector Core, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dominic J Gessler
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.,Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Phillip D Zamore
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wen Xue
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.,Program in Molecular Medicine and Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.,Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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23
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Dabrowski M, Bukowy-Bieryllo Z, Zietkiewicz E. Advances in therapeutic use of a drug-stimulated translational readthrough of premature termination codons. Mol Med 2018; 24:25. [PMID: 30134808 PMCID: PMC6016875 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-018-0024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Premature termination codons (PTCs) in the coding regions of mRNA lead to the incorrect termination of translation and generation of non-functional, truncated proteins. Translational readthrough of PTCs induced by pharmaceutical compounds is a promising way of restoring functional protein expression and reducing disease symptoms, without affecting the genome or transcriptome of the patient. While in some cases proven effective, the clinical use of readthrough-inducing compounds is still associated with many risks and difficulties. This review focuses on problems directly associated with compounds used to stimulate PTC readthrough, such as their interactions with the cell and organism, their toxicity and bioavailability (cell permeability; tissue deposition etc.). Various strategies designed to overcome these problems are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Dabrowski
- Institute of Human Genetics; Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Ewa Zietkiewicz
- Institute of Human Genetics; Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
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24
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Ferrarese M, Testa MF, Balestra D, Bernardi F, Pinotti M, Branchini A. Secretion of wild-type factor IX upon readthrough over F9 pre-peptide nonsense mutations causing hemophilia B. Hum Mutat 2018; 39:702-708. [PMID: 29388273 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pre-peptide regions of secreted proteins display wide sequence variability, even among highly homologous proteins such as coagulation factors, and are intracellularly removed, thus potentially favoring secretion of wild-type proteins upon suppression of nonsense mutations (translational readthrough). As models we selected F9 nonsense mutations with readthrough-favorable features affecting the pre-peptide and pro-peptide regions of coagulation factor IX (FIX), which cause hemophilia B (HB). Only the p.Gly21Ter (c.61G > T) in the variable pre-peptide hydrophobic core significantly responded (secretion, 4.1 ± 0.5% of wild-type; coagulant activity, 4.0 ± 0.3%) to the readthrough-inducer geneticin. Strikingly, for the p.Gly21Ter mutation, the resulting specific coagulant activity (0.96 ± 0.11) was compatible with normal function, thus suggesting secretion of FIX with wild-type features upon readthrough and removal of pre-peptide. Expression of the predicted readthrough-deriving missense variants (Gly21Trp/Cys/Arg) revealed a preserved specific activity (ranging from 0.84 to 0.98), thus supporting our observation. Conversely, rescue of the p.Cys28Ter (c.84T > A) and p.Lys45Ter (c.133A > T) was prevented by constraints of adjacent cleavage sites, a finding consistent with the association of most missense mutations affecting these regions with severe or moderate HB. Overall, our data indicate that suppression of nonsense mutations in the pre-peptide core preserves mature protein features, thus making this class of mutations preferred candidates for therapeutic readthrough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Ferrarese
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Testa
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Dario Balestra
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Bernardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mirko Pinotti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessio Branchini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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25
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Scarpa M, Orchard PJ, Schulz A, Dickson PI, Haskins ME, Escolar ML, Giugliani R. Treatment of brain disease in the mucopolysaccharidoses. Mol Genet Metab 2017; 122S:25-34. [PMID: 29153844 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) disorders are a group of lysosomal storage diseases caused by lysosomal enzyme deficits that lead to glycosaminoglycan accumulation, affecting various tissues throughout the body based on the specific enzyme deficiency. These disorders are characterized by their progressive nature and a variety of somatic manifestations and neurological symptoms. There are established treatments for some MPS disorders, but these mostly alleviate somatic and non-neurological symptoms and do not cure the disease. Patients with MPS I, II, III, and VII can present with neurological manifestations such as neurocognitive decline and behavioral problems. Treatment of these neurological manifestations remains challenging due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that limits delivery of therapeutic agents to the central nervous system (CNS). New therapies that circumvent this barrier and target brain disease in MPS are currently under development. They primarily focus on facilitating penetration of drugs through the BBB, delivery of recombinant enzyme to the brain by gene therapy, or direct CNS administration. This review summarizes existing and potential future treatment approaches that target brain disease in MPS. The information in this review is based on current literature and presentations and discussions during a closed meeting by an international group of experts with extensive experience in managing and treating MPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Scarpa
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Helios Dr. Horst Schmidt Kliniken, Center for Rare Diseases, Wiesbaden, Germany; Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Paul J Orchard
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Angela Schulz
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patricia I Dickson
- Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Mark E Haskins
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maria L Escolar
- Department of Pediatrics, Program for Neurodevelopment in Rare Disorders, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Roberto Giugliani
- Department of Genetics, UFRGS & Medical Genetics Service, HCPA, INAGEMP, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Poswar F, Baldo G, Giugliani R. Phase I and II clinical trials for the mucopolysaccharidoses. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2017; 26:1331-1340. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2017.1397130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano Poswar
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Medical Genetics Service, HCPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Baldo
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Physiology, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Roberto Giugliani
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Medical Genetics Service, HCPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Giugliani R, Vairo F, Kubaski F, Poswar F, Riegel M, Baldo G, Saute JA. Neurological manifestations of lysosomal disorders and emerging therapies targeting the CNS. THE LANCET CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2017; 2:56-68. [PMID: 30169196 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(17)30087-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal disorders have been an area of interest since intravenous enzyme replacement therapy was successfully introduced for the treatment of Gaucher's disease in the early 1990s. This treatment approach has also been developed for several other lysosomal disorders, including Fabry's disease, Pompe's disease, lysosomal acid lipase deficiency, and five types of mucopolysaccharidosis. Despite the benefits of enzyme replacement therapy, it has limitations-most importantly, its ineffectiveness in treating the neurological components of lysosomal disorders, as only a small proportion of recombinant enzymes can cross the blood-brain barrier. Development of strategies to improve drug delivery to the CNS is now the primary focus in lysosomal disorder research. This Review discusses the neurological manifestations and emerging therapies for the CNS component of these diseases. The therapies in development (which are now in phase 1 or phase 2 clinical trials) might be for specific lysosomal disorders (enzyme replacement therapy via intrathecal or intracerebroventricular routes or with fusion proteins, or gene therapy) or applicable to more than one lysosomal disorder (haemopoietic stem cell transplantation, pharmacological chaperones, substrate reduction therapy, or stop codon readthrough). The combination of early diagnosis with effective therapies should change the outlook for patients with lysosomal disorders with neurological involvement in the next 5-10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Giugliani
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Fabiano Poswar
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mariluce Riegel
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Baldo
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jonas Alex Saute
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Duarte AJ, Ribeiro D, Oliveira P, Amaral O. Mutation Frequency of Three Neurodegenerative Lysosomal Storage Diseases: From Screening to Treatment? Arch Med Res 2017; 48:263-269. [PMID: 28923328 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ascertainment of mutation frequencies in the general population may have impact on the population's wellbeing and respective healthcare services. Furthermore, it may help define which approaches will be more effective for certain patients based on the genetic cause of disease. AIM OF THE STUDY Determine the frequency of three mutations, known to be a major cause of three distinct Lysosomal Storage Diseases (LSDs). METHODS The following pre-requisites were met: each mutation accounted for over 55% of the disease alleles among previously reported unrelated patients, all three diseases were among the most prevalent LSDs in the population under study, they all involved devastating deterioration of the nervous system, lacked curative treatment and may be fatal in childhood or adolescence. The anonymous samples used in this study were representative of the whole population; mutations were tested by PCR based methods, positive results were further confirmed. The diseases studied were Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (Hurler, MIM 607014), Tay Sachs disease variant B1 (TS, MIM 272800) and Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (MLD, MIM 250100); the mutations were, respectively, p.W402X, p.R178C and c.465+1G>A. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Increased carrier frequencies were found for Tay Sachs disease variant B1 HEXA p.R178C mutation (1:340) and for the infantile MLD ARSA c.465+1G> A mutation (1:350) denoting higher risk for these sub-types of disease in Portugal and possibly in individuals of Iberian ancestry. Carrier screening in target populations may provide the foundations for more effective approaches to precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Joana Duarte
- Departamento de Genética Humana-Unidade I and D-P, CSPGF, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Ricardo Jorge (INSA, IP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Diogo Ribeiro
- Departamento de Genética Humana-Unidade I and D-P, CSPGF, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Ricardo Jorge (INSA, IP), Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Olga Amaral
- Departamento de Genética Humana-Unidade I and D-P, CSPGF, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Ricardo Jorge (INSA, IP), Porto, Portugal.
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Geraets RD, Langin LM, Cain JT, Parker CM, Beraldi R, Kovacs AD, Weimer JM, Pearce DA. A tailored mouse model of CLN2 disease: A nonsense mutant for testing personalized therapies. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176526. [PMID: 28464005 PMCID: PMC5413059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (NCLs), also known as Batten disease, result from mutations in over a dozen genes. Although, adults are susceptible, the NCLs are frequently classified as pediatric neurodegenerative diseases due to their greater pediatric prevalence. Initial clinical presentation usually consists of either seizures or retinopathy but develops to encompass both in conjunction with declining motor and cognitive function. The NCLs result in premature death due to the absence of curative therapies. Nevertheless, preclinical and clinical trials exist for various therapies. However, the genotypes of NCL animal models determine which therapeutic approaches can be assessed. Mutations of the CLN2 gene encoding a soluble lysosomal enzyme, tripeptidyl peptidase 1 (TPP1), cause late infantile NCL/CLN2 disease. The genotype of the original mouse model of CLN2 disease, Cln2-/-, excludes mutation guided therapies like antisense oligonucleotides and nonsense suppression. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a model of CLN2 disease that allows for the assessment of all therapeutic approaches. Nonsense mutations in CLN2 disease are frequent, the most common being CLN2R208X. Thus, we created a mouse model that carries a mutation equivalent to the human p.R208X mutation. Molecular assessment of Cln2R207X/R207X tissues determined significant reduction in Cln2 transcript abundance and TPP1 enzyme activity. This reduction leads to the development of neurological impairment (e.g. tremors) and neuropathology (e.g. astrocytosis). Collectively, these assessments indicate that the Cln2R207X/R207X mouse is a valid CLN2 disease model which can be used for the preclinical evaluation of all therapeutic approaches including mutation guided therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D. Geraets
- Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
- Sanford School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Logan M. Langin
- Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Jacob T. Cain
- Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Camille M. Parker
- Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Rosanna Beraldi
- Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Attila D. Kovacs
- Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
- Sanford School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Jill M. Weimer
- Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
- Sanford School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - David A. Pearce
- Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
- Sanford School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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Matalonga L, Gort L, Ribes A. Small molecules as therapeutic agents for inborn errors of metabolism. J Inherit Metab Dis 2017; 40:177-193. [PMID: 27966099 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-016-0005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Most inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) remain without effective treatment mainly due to the incapacity of conventional therapeutic approaches to target the neurological symptomatology and to ameliorate the multisystemic involvement frequently observed in these patients. However, in recent years, the therapeutic use of small molecules has emerged as a promising approach for treating this heterogeneous group of disorders. In this review, we focus on the use of therapeutically active small molecules to treat IEM, including readthrough agents, pharmacological chaperones, proteostasis regulators, substrate inhibitors, and autophagy inducers. The small molecules reviewed herein act at different cellular levels, and this knowledge provides new tools to set up innovative treatment approaches for particular IEM. We review the molecular mechanism underlying therapeutic properties of small molecules, methodologies used to screen for these compounds, and their applicability in preclinical and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Matalonga
- Secció Errors Congènits del Metabolisme-IBC. Servei de Bioquímica i Genètica Molecular, Hospital Clínic, CIBERER-U737; IDIBAPS, C/ Mejía Lequerica s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Laura Gort
- Secció Errors Congènits del Metabolisme-IBC. Servei de Bioquímica i Genètica Molecular, Hospital Clínic, CIBERER-U737; IDIBAPS, C/ Mejía Lequerica s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonia Ribes
- Secció Errors Congènits del Metabolisme-IBC. Servei de Bioquímica i Genètica Molecular, Hospital Clínic, CIBERER-U737; IDIBAPS, C/ Mejía Lequerica s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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31
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Targeting Nonsense Mutations in Diseases with Translational Read-Through-Inducing Drugs (TRIDs). BioDrugs 2016; 30:49-74. [PMID: 26886021 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-016-0157-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, remarkable advances in the ability to diagnose genetic disorders have been made. The identification of disease-causing genes allows the development of gene-specific therapies with the ultimate goal to develop personalized medicines for each patient according to their own specific genetic defect. In-depth genotyping of many different genes has revealed that ~12% of inherited genetic disorders are caused by in-frame nonsense mutations. Nonsense (non-coding) mutations are caused by point mutations, which generate premature termination codons (PTCs) that cause premature translational termination of the mRNA, and subsequently inhibit normal full-length protein expression. Recently, a gene-based therapeutic approach for genetic diseases caused by nonsense mutations has emerged, namely the so-called translational read-through (TR) therapy. Read-through therapy is based on the discovery that small molecules, known as TR-inducing drugs (TRIDs), allow the translation machinery to suppress a nonsense codon, elongate the nascent peptide chain, and consequently result in the synthesis of full-length protein. Several TRIDs are currently under investigation and research has been performed on several genetic disorders caused by nonsense mutations over the years. These findings have raised hope for the usage of TR therapy as a gene-based pharmacogenetic therapy for nonsense mutations in various genes responsible for a variety of genetic diseases.
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Keeling KM. Nonsense Suppression as an Approach to Treat Lysosomal Storage Diseases. Diseases 2016; 4:32. [PMID: 28367323 PMCID: PMC5370586 DOI: 10.3390/diseases4040032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In-frame premature termination codons (PTCs) (also referred to as nonsense mutations) comprise ~10% of all disease-associated gene lesions. PTCs reduce gene expression in two ways. First, PTCs prematurely terminate translation of an mRNA, leading to the production of a truncated polypeptide that often lacks normal function and/or is unstable. Second, PTCs trigger degradation of an mRNA by activating nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), a cellular pathway that recognizes and degrades mRNAs containing a PTC. Thus, translation termination and NMD are putative therapeutic targets for the development of treatments for genetic diseases caused by PTCs. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in the identification of compounds with the ability to suppress translation termination of PTCs (also referred to as readthrough). More recently, NMD inhibitors have also been explored as a way to enhance the efficiency of PTC suppression. Due to their relatively low threshold for correction, lysosomal storage diseases are a particularly relevant group of diseases to investigate the feasibility of nonsense suppression as a therapeutic approach. In this review, the current status of PTC suppression and NMD inhibition as potential treatments for lysosomal storage diseases will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M Keeling
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Gregory Fleming Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, Comprehensive Arthritis, Musculoskeletal, Bone, and Autoimmunity Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; ; Tel.: +1-205-975-6585
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Stütz AE, Wrodnigg TM. Carbohydrate-Processing Enzymes of the Lysosome: Diseases Caused by Misfolded Mutants and Sugar Mimetics as Correcting Pharmacological Chaperones. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2016; 73:225-302. [PMID: 27816107 DOI: 10.1016/bs.accb.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases are hereditary disorders caused by mutations on genes encoding for one of the more than fifty lysosomal enzymes involved in the highly ordered degradation cascades of glycans, glycoconjugates, and other complex biomolecules in the lysosome. Several of these metabolic disorders are associated with the absence or the lack of activity of carbohydrate-processing enzymes in this cell compartment. In a recently introduced therapy concept, for susceptible mutants, small substrate-related molecules (so-called pharmacological chaperones), such as reversible inhibitors of these enzymes, may serve as templates for the correct folding and transport of the respective protein mutant, thus improving its concentration and, consequently, its enzymatic activity in the lysosome. Carbohydrate-processing enzymes in the lysosome, related lysosomal diseases, and the scope and limitations of reported reversible inhibitors as pharmacological chaperones are discussed with a view to possibly extending and improving research efforts in this area of orphan diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold E Stütz
- Glycogroup, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Tanja M Wrodnigg
- Glycogroup, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
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Moosajee M, Tracey-White D, Smart M, Weetall M, Torriano S, Kalatzis V, da Cruz L, Coffey P, Webster AR, Welch E. Functional rescue of REP1 following treatment with PTC124 and novel derivative PTC-414 in human choroideremia fibroblasts and the nonsense-mediated zebrafish model. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:3416-3431. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Li K, Turner AN, Chen M, Brosius SN, Schoeb TR, Messiaen LM, Bedwell DM, Zinn KR, Anastasaki C, Gutmann DH, Korf BR, Kesterson RA. Mice with missense and nonsense NF1 mutations display divergent phenotypes compared with human neurofibromatosis type I. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:759-67. [PMID: 27482814 PMCID: PMC4958313 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.025783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a common genetic disorder characterized by the occurrence of nerve sheath tumors and considerable clinical heterogeneity. Some translational studies have been limited by the lack of animal models available for assessing patient-specific mutations. In order to test therapeutic approaches that might restore function to the mutated gene or gene product, we developed mice harboring NF1 patient-specific mutations including a nonsense mutation (c.2041C>T; p.Arg681*) and a missense mutation (c.2542G>C; p.Gly848Arg). The latter is associated with the development of multiple plexiform neurofibromas along spinal nerve roots. We demonstrate that the human nonsense NF1(Arg681*) and missense NF1(Gly848Arg) mutations have different effects on neurofibromin expression in the mouse and each recapitulates unique aspects of the NF1 phenotype, depending upon the genetic context when assessed in the homozygous state or when paired with a conditional knockout allele. Whereas the missense Nf1(Gly848Arg) mutation fails to produce an overt phenotype in the mouse, animals homozygous for the nonsense Nf1(Arg681*) mutation are not viable. Mice with one Nf1(Arg681*) allele in combination with a conditional floxed Nf1 allele and the DhhCre transgene (Nf1(4F/Arg681*); DhhCre) display disorganized nonmyelinating axons and neurofibromas along the spinal column, which leads to compression of the spinal cord and paralysis. This model will be valuable for preclinical testing of novel nonsense suppression therapies using drugs to target in-frame point mutations that create premature termination codons in individuals with NF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kairong Li
- Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Ashley N Turner
- Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Stephanie N Brosius
- Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA Medical Scientist Training Program, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Trenton R Schoeb
- Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Ludwine M Messiaen
- Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - David M Bedwell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Kurt R Zinn
- Department of Radiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Corina Anastasaki
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David H Gutmann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bruce R Korf
- Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Robert A Kesterson
- Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Altamura E, Borgatti M, Finotti A, Gasparello J, Gambari R, Spinelli M, Castaldo R, Altamura N. Chemical-Induced Read-Through at Premature Termination Codons Determined by a Rapid Dual-Fluorescence System Based on S. cerevisiae. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154260. [PMID: 27119736 PMCID: PMC4847774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonsense mutations generate in-frame stop codons in mRNA leading to a premature arrest of translation. Functional consequences of premature termination codons (PTCs) include the synthesis of truncated proteins with loss of protein function causing severe inherited or acquired diseases. A therapeutic approach has been recently developed that is based on the use of chemical agents with the ability to suppress PTCs (read-through) restoring the synthesis of a functional full-length protein. Research interest for compounds able to induce read-through requires an efficient high throughput large scale screening system. We present a rapid, sensitive and quantitative method based on a dual-fluorescence reporter expressed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to monitor and quantitate read-through at PTCs. We have shown that our novel system works equally well in detecting read-through at all three PTCs UGA, UAG and UAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Altamura
- Chemistry Department, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- * E-mail: (EA); (NA)
| | - Monica Borgatti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessia Finotti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Jessica Gasparello
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberto Gambari
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mariangela Spinelli
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, National Researches Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Rosa Castaldo
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, National Researches Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Altamura
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, National Researches Council, Bari, Italy
- * E-mail: (EA); (NA)
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Geraets RD, Koh SY, Hastings ML, Kielian T, Pearce DA, Weimer JM. Moving towards effective therapeutic strategies for Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2016; 11:40. [PMID: 27083890 PMCID: PMC4833901 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-016-0414-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a family of autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorders that annually affect 1:100,000 live births worldwide. This family of diseases results from mutations in one of 14 different genes that share common clinical and pathological etiologies. Clinically, the diseases are subcategorized into infantile, late-infantile, juvenile and adult forms based on their age of onset. Though the disease phenotypes may vary in their age and order of presentation, all typically include progressive visual deterioration and blindness, cognitive impairment, motor deficits and seizures. Pathological hallmarks of NCLs include the accumulation of storage material or ceroid in the lysosome, progressive neuronal degeneration and massive glial activation. Advances have been made in genetic diagnosis and counseling for families. However, comprehensive treatment programs that delay or halt disease progression have been elusive. Current disease management is primarily targeted at controlling the symptoms rather than "curing" the disease. Recognizing the growing need for transparency and synergistic efforts to move the field forward, this review will provide an overview of the therapeutic approaches currently being pursued in preclinical and clinical trials to treat different forms of NCL as well as provide insight to novel therapeutic approaches in development for the NCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D. Geraets
- />Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD USA
- />Sanford School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD USA
| | - Seung yon Koh
- />Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD USA
| | - Michelle L. Hastings
- />Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL USA
| | - Tammy Kielian
- />Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE USA
| | - David A. Pearce
- />Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD USA
- />Sanford School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD USA
| | - Jill M. Weimer
- />Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD USA
- />Sanford School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD USA
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38
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Matalonga L, Arias Á, Tort F, Ferrer-Cortés X, Garcia-Villoria J, Coll MJ, Gort L, Ribes A. Effect of Readthrough Treatment in Fibroblasts of Patients Affected by Lysosomal Diseases Caused by Premature Termination Codons. Neurotherapeutics 2015; 12:874-86. [PMID: 26169295 PMCID: PMC4604176 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-015-0368-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminoglycoside antibiotics, such as gentamicin, may induce premature termination codon (PTC) readthrough and elude the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay mechanism. Because PTCs are frequently involved in lysosomal diseases, readthrough compounds may be useful as potential therapeutic agents. The aim of our study was to identify patients responsive to gentamicin treatment in order to be used as positive controls to further screen for other PTC readthrough compounds. With this aim, fibroblasts from 11 patients affected by 6 different lysosomal diseases carrying PTCs were treated with gentamicin. Treatment response was evaluated by measuring enzymatic activity, abnormal metabolite accumulation, mRNA expression, protein localization, and cell viability. The potential effect of readthrough was also analyzed by in silico predictions. Results showed that fibroblasts from 5/11 patients exhibited an up to 3-fold increase of enzymatic activity after gentamicin treatment. Accordingly, cell lines tested showed enhanced well-localized protein and/or increased mRNA expression levels and/or reduced metabolite accumulation. Interestingly, these cell lines also showed increased enzymatic activity after PTC124 treatment, which is a PTC readthrough-promoting compound. In conclusion, our results provide a proof-of-concept that PTCs can be effectively suppressed by readthrough drugs, with different efficiencies depending on the genetic context. The screening of new compounds with readthrough activity is a strategy that can be used to develop efficient therapies for diseases caused by PTC mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Matalonga
- Secció d'Errors Congènits del Metabolisme-IBC, Servei de Bioquímica i Genètica Molecular, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ángela Arias
- Secció d'Errors Congènits del Metabolisme-IBC, Servei de Bioquímica i Genètica Molecular, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frederic Tort
- Secció d'Errors Congènits del Metabolisme-IBC, Servei de Bioquímica i Genètica Molecular, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xènia Ferrer-Cortés
- Secció d'Errors Congènits del Metabolisme-IBC, Servei de Bioquímica i Genètica Molecular, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judit Garcia-Villoria
- Secció d'Errors Congènits del Metabolisme-IBC, Servei de Bioquímica i Genètica Molecular, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Josep Coll
- Secció d'Errors Congènits del Metabolisme-IBC, Servei de Bioquímica i Genètica Molecular, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Gort
- Secció d'Errors Congènits del Metabolisme-IBC, Servei de Bioquímica i Genètica Molecular, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonia Ribes
- Secció d'Errors Congènits del Metabolisme-IBC, Servei de Bioquímica i Genètica Molecular, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain.
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Oestreich AK, Garcia MR, Yao X, Pfeiffer FM, Nobakhti S, Shefelbine SJ, Wang Y, Brodeur AC, Phillips CL. Characterization of the MPS I-H knock-in mouse reveals increased femoral biomechanical integrity with compromised material strength and altered bone geometry. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2015. [PMID: 28649535 PMCID: PMC5471398 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I), is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency in the α-L-iduronidase enzyme, resulting in decreased enzymatic activity and accumulation of glycosaminoglycans. The disorder phenotypically manifests with increased urine glycosaminoglycan excretion, facial dysmorphology, neuropathology, cardiac manifestations, and bone deformities. While the development of new treatment strategies have shown promise in attenuating many symptoms associated with the disorder, the bone phenotype remains unresponsive. The aim of this study was to investigate and further characterize the skeletal manifestations of the Idua-W392X knock-in mouse model, which carries a nonsense mutation corresponding to the IDUA-W402X mutation found in Hurler syndrome (MPS I-H) patients. μCT analysis of the microarchitecture demonstrated increased cortical thickness, trabecular number, and trabecular connectivity along with decreased trabecular separation in the tibiae of female homozygous Idua-W392X knock-in (IDUA−/−) mice, and increased cortical thickness in male IDUA−/− tibiae. Cortical density, as determined by μCT, and bone mineral density distribution, as determined by quantitative backscattered microscopy, were equivalent in IDUA−/− and wildtype (Wt) bone. However, tibial porosity was increased in IDUA−/− cortical bone. Raman spectroscopy results indicated that tibiae from female IDUA−/− had decreased phosphate to matrix ratios and increased carbonate to phosphate ratios compared to Wt female tibiae, whereas these ratios remained equivalent in male IDUA−/− and Wt tibiae. Femora demonstrated altered geometry and upon torsional loading to failure analysis, female IDUA−/− mouse femora exhibited increased torsional ultimate strength, with a decrease in material strength relative to Wt littermates. Taken together, these findings suggest that the IDUA−/− mutation results in increased bone torsional strength by altering the overall bone geometry and the microarchitecture which may be a compensatory response to increased porosity, reduced bone tensile strength and altered physiochemical composition.
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Key Words
- BMD, bone mineral density
- BMDD, bone mineral density distribution
- BV/TV, bone volume/total volume
- Bone biomechanics
- FWHM, full width at half maximum
- G, shear modulus of elasticity
- GAGs, glycosaminoglycans
- IDUA, α-L-iduronidase
- Idua-W392X
- Ks, stiffness
- MPS I, mucopolysaccharidosis type I
- Mucopolysaccharidosis type I
- Raman spectroscopy
- SMI, structure model index
- Su, tensile strength
- Tmax, torsional ultimate strength
- U, energy to failure
- α-L-iduronidase
- μCT, microcomputed tomography
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Affiliation(s)
- Arin K Oestreich
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Mekka R Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Xiaomei Yao
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, United States
| | - Ferris M Pfeiffer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Sabah Nobakhti
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Sandra J Shefelbine
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, United States
| | - Amanda C Brodeur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65804, United States
| | - Charlotte L Phillips
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States.,Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
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Evaluation of Aminoglycoside and Non-Aminoglycoside Compounds for Stop-Codon Readthrough Therapy in Four Lysosomal Storage Diseases. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135873. [PMID: 26287674 PMCID: PMC4545610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsense mutations are quite prevalent in inherited diseases. Readthrough drugs could provide a therapeutic option for any disease caused by this type of mutation. Geneticin (G418) and gentamicin were among the first to be described. Novel compounds have been generated, but only a few have shown improved results. PTC124 is the only compound to have reached clinical trials. Here we first investigated the readthrough effects of gentamicin on fibroblasts from one patient with Sanfilippo B, one with Sanfilippo C, and one with Maroteaux-Lamy. We found that ARSB activity (Maroteaux-Lamy case) resulted in an increase of 2–3 folds and that the amount of this enzyme within the lysosomes was also increased, after treatment. Since the other two cases (Sanfilippo B and Sanfilippo C) did not respond to gentamicin, the treatments were extended with the use of geneticin and five non-aminoglycoside (PTC124, RTC13, RTC14, BZ6 and BZ16) readthrough compounds (RTCs). No recovery was observed at the enzyme activity level. However, mRNA recovery was observed in both cases, nearly a two-fold increase for Sanfilippo B fibroblasts with G418 and around 1.5 fold increase for Sanfilippo C cells with RTC14 and PTC124. Afterwards, some of the products were assessed through in vitro analyses for seven mutations in genes responsible for those diseases and, also, for Niemann-Pick A/B. Using the coupled transcription/translation system (TNT), the best results were obtained for SMPD1 mutations with G418, reaching a 35% recovery at 0.25 μg/ml, for the p.W168X mutation. The use of COS cells transfected with mutant cDNAs gave positive results for most of the mutations with some of the drugs, although to a different extent. The higher enzyme activity recovery, of around two-fold increase, was found for gentamicin on the ARSB p.W146X mutation. Our results are promising and consistent with those of other groups. Further studies of novel compounds are necessary to find those with more consistent efficacy and fewer toxic effects.
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New Innovations: Therapies for Genetic Conditions. CURRENT GENETIC MEDICINE REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40142-014-0043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Xue X, Mutyam V, Tang L, Biswas S, Du M, Jackson LA, Dai Y, Belakhov V, Shalev M, Chen F, Schacht J, J Bridges R, Baasov T, Hong J, Bedwell DM, Rowe SM. Synthetic aminoglycosides efficiently suppress cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator nonsense mutations and are enhanced by ivacaftor. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 50:805-16. [PMID: 24251786 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0282oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
New drugs are needed to enhance premature termination codon (PTC) suppression to treat the underlying cause of cystic fibrosis (CF) and other diseases caused by nonsense mutations. We tested new synthetic aminoglycoside derivatives expressly developed for PTC suppression in a series of complementary CF models. Using a dual-luciferase reporter system containing the four most prevalent CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) nonsense mutations (G542X, R553X, R1162X, and W1282X) within their local sequence contexts (the three codons on either side of the PTC), we found that NB124 promoted the most readthrough of G542X, R1162X, and W1282X PTCs. NB124 also restored full-length CFTR expression and chloride transport in Fischer rat thyroid cells stably transduced with a CFTR-G542XcDNA transgene, and was superior to gentamicin and other aminoglycosides tested. NB124 restored CFTR function to roughly 7% of wild-type activity in primary human bronchial epithelial (HBE) CF cells (G542X/delF508), a highly relevant preclinical model with endogenous CFTR expression. Efficacy was further enhanced by addition of the CFTR potentiator, ivacaftor (VX-770), to airway cells expressing CFTR PTCs. NB124 treatment rescued CFTR function in a CF mouse model expressing a human CFTR-G542X transgene; efficacy was superior to gentamicin and exhibited favorable pharmacokinetic properties, suggesting that in vitro results translated to clinical benefit in vivo. NB124 was also less cytotoxic than gentamicin in a tissue-based model for ototoxicity. These results provide evidence that NB124 and other synthetic aminoglycosides provide a 10-fold improvement in therapeutic index over gentamicin and other first-generation aminoglycosides, providing a promising treatment for a wide array of CFTR nonsense mutations.
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Nonsense-mediated decay in genetic disease: friend or foe? MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2014; 762:52-64. [PMID: 25485595 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells utilize various RNA quality control mechanisms to ensure high fidelity of gene expression, thus protecting against the accumulation of nonfunctional RNA and the subsequent production of abnormal peptides. Messenger RNAs (mRNAs) are largely responsible for protein production, and mRNA quality control is particularly important for protecting the cell against the downstream effects of genetic mutations. Nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) is an evolutionarily conserved mRNA quality control system in all eukaryotes that degrades transcripts containing premature termination codons (PTCs). By degrading these aberrant transcripts, NMD acts to prevent the production of truncated proteins that could otherwise harm the cell through various insults, such as dominant negative effects or the ER stress response. Although NMD functions to protect the cell against the deleterious effects of aberrant mRNA, there is a growing body of evidence that mutation-, codon-, gene-, cell-, and tissue-specific differences in NMD efficiency can alter the underlying pathology of genetic disease. In addition, the protective role that NMD plays in genetic disease can undermine current therapeutic strategies aimed at increasing the production of full-length functional protein from genes harboring nonsense mutations. Here, we review the normal function of this RNA surveillance pathway and how it is regulated, provide current evidence for the role that it plays in modulating genetic disease phenotypes, and how NMD can be used as a therapeutic target.
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Abstract
Nonsense suppression therapy encompasses approaches aimed at suppressing translation termination at in-frame premature termination codons (PTCs, also known as nonsense mutations) to restore deficient protein function. In this review, we examine the current status of PTC suppression as a therapy for genetic diseases caused by nonsense mutations. We discuss what is currently known about the mechanism of PTC suppression as well as therapeutic approaches under development to suppress PTCs. The approaches considered include readthrough drugs, suppressor tRNAs, PTC pseudouridylation, and inhibition of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. We also discuss the barriers that currently limit the clinical application of nonsense suppression therapy and suggest how some of these difficulties may be overcome. Finally, we consider how PTC suppression may play a role in the clinical treatment of genetic diseases caused by nonsense mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M Keeling
- Department of Microbiology and Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294; , , ,
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Gunn G, Dai Y, Du M, Belakhov V, Kandasamy J, Schoeb TR, Baasov T, Bedwell DM, Keeling KM. Long-term nonsense suppression therapy moderates MPS I-H disease progression. Mol Genet Metab 2014; 111:374-381. [PMID: 24411223 PMCID: PMC3943726 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Nonsense suppression therapy is a therapeutic approach aimed at treating genetic diseases caused by in-frame premature termination codons (PTCs; also commonly known as nonsense mutations). This approach utilizes compounds that suppress translation termination at PTCs, which allows translation to continue and partial levels of deficient protein function to be restored. We hypothesize that suppression therapy can attenuate the lysosomal storage disease mucopolysaccharidosis type I-Hurler (MPS I-H), the severe form of α-L-iduronidase deficiency. α-L-iduronidase participates in glycosaminoglycan (GAG) catabolism and its insufficiency causes progressive GAG accumulation and onset of the MPS I-H phenotype, which consists of multiple somatic and neurological defects. 60-80% of MPS I-H patients carry a nonsense mutation in the IDUA gene. We previously showed that 2-week treatment with the designer aminoglycoside NB84 restored enough α-L-iduronidase function via PTC suppression to reduce tissue GAG accumulation in the Idua(tm1Kmke) MPS I-H mouse model, which carries a PTC homologous to the human IDUA-W402X nonsense mutation. Here we report that long-term NB84 administration maintains α-L-iduronidase activity and GAG reduction in Idua(tm1Kmke) mice throughout a 28-week treatment period. An examination of more complex MPS I-H phenotypes in Idua(tm1Kmke) mice following 28-week NB84 treatment revealed significant moderation of the disease in multiple tissues, including the brain, heart and bone, that are resistant to current MPS I-H therapies. This study represents the first demonstration that long-term nonsense suppression therapy can moderate progression of a genetic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwen Gunn
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Yanying Dai
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Ming Du
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Valery Belakhov
- The Edith and Joseph Enzyme Inhibitors Laboratory, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Jeyakumar Kandasamy
- The Edith and Joseph Enzyme Inhibitors Laboratory, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Trenton R Schoeb
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Timor Baasov
- The Edith and Joseph Enzyme Inhibitors Laboratory, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
| | - David M Bedwell
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Kim M Keeling
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Strategies to overcome the action of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes for treating resistant bacterial infections. Future Med Chem 2014; 5:1285-309. [PMID: 23859208 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Shortly after the discovery of the first antibiotics, bacterial resistance began to emerge. Many mechanisms give rise to resistance; the most prevalent mechanism of resistance to the aminoglycoside (AG) family of antibiotics is the action of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AMEs). Since the identification of these modifying enzymes, many efforts have been put forth to prevent their damaging alterations of AGs. These diverse strategies are discussed within this review, including: creating new AGs that are unaffected by AMEs; developing inhibitors of AMEs to be co-delivered with AGs; or regulating AME expression. Modern high-throughput methods as well as drug combinations and repurposing are highlighted as recent drug-discovery efforts towards fighting the increasing antibiotic resistance crisis.
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Nagel-Wolfrum K, Baasov T, Wolfrum U. Therapy strategies for Usher syndrome Type 1C in the retina. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 801:741-7. [PMID: 24664766 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3209-8_93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The Usher syndrome (USH) is the most common form of inherited deaf-blindness with a prevalence of ~ 1/6,000. Three clinical subtypes (USH1-USH3) are defined according to the severity of the hearing impairment, the presence or absence of vestibular dysfunction and the age of onset of retinitis pigmentosa (RP). USH1 is the most severe subtype with congenital severe to profound hearing loss and onset of RP before puberty. Currently only the amelioration of the hearing deficiency is implemented, but no treatment of the senso-neuronal degeneration in the eye exists.In our studies we are focusing on the evaluation of gene-based therapies to cure the retinal degeneration of USH1C patients: (i) gene augmentation using recombinant adeno-associated virus, (ii) genome editing by homologous recombination mediated by zinc-finger nucleases and, (iii) read-through therapy using novel designer aminoglycosides and PTC124. Latter compounds target in-frame nonsense mutations which account for ~ 20 % of all USH cases.All analyzed gene-based therapy strategies lead to the restoration of USH protein expression. These adjustments may be sufficient to reduce the progression of retinal degeneration, which would greatly improve the life quality of USH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Nagel-Wolfrum
- Department of Cell and Matrix Biology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany,
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Shalev M, Baasov T. When Proteins Start to Make Sense: Fine-tuning Aminoglycosides for PTC Suppression Therapy. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014; 5:1092-1105. [PMID: 25147726 DOI: 10.1039/c4md00081a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Aminoglycosides (AGs) are highly potent antibacterial agents, which are known to exert their deleterious effects on bacterial cells by interfering with the translation process, leading to aberrant protein synthesis that usually results in cell death. Nearly 45 years ago, AGs were shown to induce read-through activity in prokaryotic systems by selectively encoding tRNA molecules at premature termination codon (PTC) positions; resulting in the generation of full length functional proteins. However, only in the last 20 years this ability has been demonstrated in eukaryotic systems, highlighting their potential as therapeutic agents to treat PTC induced genetic disorders. Despite the great potential, AGs use in these manners is quite restricted due to relatively high toxicity values observed upon their administration. Over the last few years several synthetic derivatives were developed to overcome some of the enhanced toxicity issues, while in parallel showed significantly improved PTC suppression activity in various in-vitro, ex-vivo and in-vivo models of a variety of different diseases models underling by PTC mutations. Although these derivatives hold great promise to serve as therapeutic candidates they also demonstrate the necessity to further understand the molecular mechanisms of which AGs confer their biological activity in eukaryotic cells for further rational drug design. Recent achievements in structural research shed light on AGs mechanism of action and opened a new avenue in the development of new and improved therapeutic derivatives. The following manuscript highlights these accomplishments and summarizes their contributions to the state of art rational drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Shalev
- The Edith and Joseph Fischer Enzyme Inhibitors Laboratory, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Timor Baasov
- The Edith and Joseph Fischer Enzyme Inhibitors Laboratory, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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49
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Picker JD, Walsh CA. New innovations: therapeutic opportunities for intellectual disabilities. Ann Neurol 2013; 74:382-90. [PMID: 24038210 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Intellectual disability is common and is associated with significant morbidity. Until the latter half of the 20th century, there were no efficacious treatments. Following initial breakthroughs associated with newborn screening and metabolic corrections, little progress was made until recently. With improved understanding of genetic and cellular mechanisms, novel treatment options are beginning to appear for a number of specific conditions. Fragile X and tuberous sclerosis offer paradigms for the development of targeted therapeutics, but advances in understanding of other disorders such as Down syndrome and Rett syndrome, for example, are also resulting in promising treatment directions. In addition, better understanding of the underlying neurobiology is leading to novel developments in enzyme replacement for storage disorders and adjunctive therapies for metabolic disorders, as well as potentially more generalizable approaches that target dysfunctional cell regulation via RNA and chromatin. Physiologic therapies, including deep brain stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation, offer yet another direction to enhance cognitive functioning. Current options and evolving opportunities for the intellectually disabled are reviewed and exemplified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Picker
- Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology,, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Shulman E, Belakhov V, Wei G, Kendall A, Meyron-Holtz EG, Ben-Shachar D, Schacht J, Baasov T. Designer aminoglycosides that selectively inhibit cytoplasmic rather than mitochondrial ribosomes show decreased ototoxicity: a strategy for the treatment of genetic diseases. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:2318-30. [PMID: 24302717 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.533588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is compelling evidence that aminoglycoside (AG) antibiotics can induce the mammalian ribosome to suppress disease-causing nonsense mutations and partially restore the expression of functional proteins. However, prolonged AG treatment can cause detrimental side effects in patients, including most prominently, ototoxicity. Recent mechanistic discussions have considered the relative contributions of mitochondrial and cytoplasmic protein synthesis inhibition to AG-induced ototoxicity. We show that AGs inhibit mitochondrial protein synthesis in mammalian cells and perturb cell respiration, leading to a time- and dose-dependent increase in superoxide overproduction and accumulation of free ferrous iron in mitochondria caused by oxidative damage of mitochondrial aconitase, ultimately leading to cell apoptosis via the Fenton reaction. These deleterious effects increase with the increased potency of AG to inhibit the mitochondrial rather than cytoplasmic protein synthesis, which in turn correlates with their ototoxic potential in both murine cochlear explants and the guinea pig in vivo. The deleterious effects of AGs were alleviated in synthetic derivatives specially designed for the treatment of genetic diseases caused by nonsense mutations and possessing low affinity toward mitochondrial ribosomes. This work highlights the benefit of a mechanism-based drug redesign strategy that can maximize the translational value of "readthrough therapy" while mitigating drug-induced side effects. This approach holds promise for patients suffering from genetic diseases caused by nonsense mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Shulman
- From the Edith and Joseph Fischer Enzyme Inhibitors Laboratory, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and
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