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Wang R, Deng X, Ma Q, Ma F. Association between acrylamide exposure and sex hormones among premenopausal and postmenopausal women: NHANES, 2013-2016. J Endocrinol Invest 2023:10.1007/s40618-022-01976-3. [PMID: 36602706 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-022-01976-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Acrylamide (AA) is a potential carcinogen that mainly comes from fried, baked and roasted foods, and Hb adducts of AA (HbAA) and its metabolite glycidamide (HbGA) are the biomarkers of its exposure. Increasing evidence suggests that AA is associated with various hormone-related cancers. This study aims to explore the association of HbAA and HbGA with female serum sex hormone concentrations. METHODS 942 women from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cycles (2013-2016) were included in this cross-sectional study. The associations between HbAA or HbGA or HbGA/HbAA and sex hormones were assessed by the multiple linear regression. Further stratified analyses were conducted to figure out the effects of menopausal status, BMI and smoking status on sex hormone levels. RESULTS Among all participants, 597 were premenopausal and 345 were postmenopausal. HbAA was positively associated with both two androgen indicators. Specifically, a ln-unit increase in HbAA was associated with 0.41 ng/dL higher ln(total testosterone, TT) (95% CI 0.00, 0.27) and 0.14 ng/dL higher ln(free testosterone) (95%CI 0.00, 0.28), respectively. However, HbGA concentrations had no association with sex hormones in the overall population. Additionally, HbGA/HbAA was negatively associated with TT and SHBG in the overall population as well as postmenopausal women. In stratified analysis, higher HbAA was associated with rising TT in postmenopausal women (β = 0.29, 95%CI 0.04, 0.53) and underweight/normal-weight women (β = 0.18, 95%CI 0.03, 0.33). Other indicators had no significant association detected in estradiol and sex hormone-binding globulin. CONCLUSION Our results revealed that HbAA was positively associated with androgen concentrations, especially in postmenopausal and BMI < 25 women.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - X Deng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Q Ma
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Key Laboratory of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - F Ma
- Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China.
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Chemical Contamination in Bread from Food Processing and Its Environmental Origin. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175406. [PMID: 36080171 PMCID: PMC9457569 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Acrylamide (AA), furan and furan derivatives, polycyclic aromatic amines (PAHs), monochloropropanediols (MCPDs), glycidol, and their esters are carcinogens that are being formed in starchy and high-protein foodstuffs, including bread, through baking, roasting, steaming, and frying due to the Maillard reaction. The Maillard reaction mechanism has also been described as the source of food processing contaminants. The above-mentioned carcinogens, especially AA and furan compounds, are crucial substances responsible for the aroma of bread. The other groups of bread contaminants are mycotoxins (MTs), toxic metals (TMs), and pesticides. All these contaminants can be differentiated depending on many factors such as source, the concentration of toxicant in the different wheat types, formation mechanism, metabolism in the human body, and hazardous exposure effects to humans. The following paper characterizes the most often occurring contaminants in the bread from each group. The human exposure to bread contaminants and their safe ranges, along with the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classification (if available), also have been analyzed.
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Benkhoud H, Mrabet Y, Nasraoui N, Bellazreg W, Daly F, Chaabane N, Hosni K. Chemical compositions, fatty acid profiles and selected contaminants in commercial potato and corn chips sold in the Tunisian market. DISCOVER FOOD 2022; 2:30. [PMCID: PMC9628395 DOI: 10.1007/s44187-022-00030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the last decades, the snack food market is experiencing an important expansion due to the new fast-paced life-style associated with modernization. Crispy snacks, or chips are the most popular snack around the world, nevertheless, their overconsumption is related to the incidence of many diseases. Subsequently, this work aimed to study the chemical composition of 13 brands of potato and corn chips available in the Tunisian market. The investigation was based on: the determination of their chemical, mineral, and fatty acid composition; an evaluation of their lipid quality indices; and a chromatographic analysis of pesticides, aromatic hydrocarbons and acrylamide content. The results showed that the chips samples were of a high carbohydrate and fat content of up to 64.54% and 42.98%, respectively, versus a low protein and mineral composition. The fatty acid profiling showed that saturated fatty acids represent more than 39% for the majority of samples. A poor lipid quality was also observed through their low unsaturated fatty acids /saturated Fatty Acids ratios, with a mean value of 2.24 and their high atherogenic and thrombogenic indices that reached 1.69 and 2.23 respectively. While the analysis of pesticide residues and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons showed that all compounds were below the maximum allowed levels, the acrylamide analysis highlighted contamination in all the samples tested, with some values exceeding the allowed threshold. In conclusion, it can be suggested that the crisps sold in the Tunisian market are of a poor nutritional quality and they are potentially unsafe for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifa Benkhoud
- Institut National de Recherche et d’Analyse Physico-Chimique (INRAP), Laboratoire Des Substances Naturelles, Biotechpôle de Sidi Thabet, 2020, Ariana, Tunisia ,Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, Université de Carthage, 1082, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Yassine Mrabet
- Institut National de Recherche et d’Analyse Physico-Chimique (INRAP), Laboratoire Des Substances Naturelles, Biotechpôle de Sidi Thabet, 2020, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Nadia Nasraoui
- Institut National de Recherche et d’Analyse Physico-Chimique (INRAP), Laboratoire Des Substances Naturelles, Biotechpôle de Sidi Thabet, 2020, Ariana, Tunisia ,Institut National de Recherche et d’Analyse Physico-Chimique (INRAP), Unité Spécialisée de Développement et de Valorisation des Techniques d’Analyse, Biotechpôle de Sidi Thabet, 2020, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Wided Bellazreg
- Institut National de Recherche et d’Analyse Physico-Chimique (INRAP), Laboratoire Des Substances Naturelles, Biotechpôle de Sidi Thabet, 2020, Ariana, Tunisia ,Institut National de Recherche et d’Analyse Physico-Chimique (INRAP), Unité Spécialisée de Développement et de Valorisation des Techniques d’Analyse, Biotechpôle de Sidi Thabet, 2020, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Faten Daly
- Institut National de Recherche et d’Analyse Physico-Chimique (INRAP), Laboratoire Des Substances Naturelles, Biotechpôle de Sidi Thabet, 2020, Ariana, Tunisia ,Institut National de Recherche et d’Analyse Physico-Chimique (INRAP), Unité Spécialisée de Développement et de Valorisation des Techniques d’Analyse, Biotechpôle de Sidi Thabet, 2020, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Najet Chaabane
- Institut National de Recherche et d’Analyse Physico-Chimique (INRAP), Laboratoire Des Substances Naturelles, Biotechpôle de Sidi Thabet, 2020, Ariana, Tunisia ,Institut National de Recherche et d’Analyse Physico-Chimique (INRAP), Unité Spécialisée de Développement et de Valorisation des Techniques d’Analyse, Biotechpôle de Sidi Thabet, 2020, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Karim Hosni
- Institut National de Recherche et d’Analyse Physico-Chimique (INRAP), Laboratoire Des Substances Naturelles, Biotechpôle de Sidi Thabet, 2020, Ariana, Tunisia
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Hogervorst JGF, Saenen ND, Nawrot TS. Gestational acrylamide exposure and biomarkers of fetal growth: Probing the mechanism underlying the association between acrylamide and reduced fetal growth. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 155:106668. [PMID: 34120003 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Four epidemiological studies have shown a negative association between prenatal acrylamide exposure and birth size. In order to shed light on the possible underlying mechanism(s), we analysed associations between acrylamide biomarkers and biomarkers related to fetal growth. METHODS In newborns of the ENVIRONAGE birth cohort (n ranges from 215 to 434), we investigated the association between prenatal acrylamide exposure (acrylamide and glycidamide hemoglobin adduct levels in cord blood) and thyroid hormones (TSH, T3, T4 and the ratio of T4 to T3 in cord plasma), insulin-related factors (cord plasma insulin and IGF1, and placental IGF2), neurotrophins (cord plasma BDNF, and placental NGF, NT3 and NT4), and cord plasma homocysteine and progesterone, using multiple linear regression analysis. In addition, we investigated whether the biomarkers mediated the associations between prenatal acrylamide exposure and birth outcomes. RESULTS We observed lower cord plasma TSH (-10.2% [95% CI: -15.0, -4.3]) and higher placental NGF levels (10.0% [95% CI 3.7, 17.4]) for a twofold increase of acrylamide adducts, a decrease in the ratio of cord plasma free T4 and free T3 with higher acrylamide and glycidamide adducts of -2.9% (95% CI: -5.7, -0.1) and -3.9% (95% CI: -6.2, -1.6) for a twofold increase in acrylamide and glycidamide adduct levels, respectively, and higher cord plasma free T3 with increases in both acrylamide and glycidamide adducts of 2.8% (95% CI: 0.2, 5.6) and 3.6% (95% CI: 0.8, 6.6) for a twofold increase in acrylamide and glycidamide adduct levels, respectively. Additionally, a twofold increase in glycidamide adducts was associated with lower cord plasma insulin levels, particularly among newborns of non-smoking mothers (-11.2% [95% CI: -19.5, -0.1]). Cord plasma insulin seemed to mediate the association between glycidamide adducts and birth weight. CONCLUSIONS A decrease in cord plasma insulin levels may be (a marker of) a mechanism by which gestational acrylamide exposure is associated with decreased fetal growth. The possible health consequences of the associations between gestational acrylamide exposure and thyroid hormones and neurotrophins warrant future study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nelly D Saenen
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Tim S Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Public Health & Primary Care, Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium
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Revisiting the evidence for genotoxicity of acrylamide (AA), key to risk assessment of dietary AA exposure. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:2939-2950. [PMID: 32494932 PMCID: PMC7415744 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02794-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The weight of evidence pro/contra classifying the process-related food contaminant (PRC) acrylamide (AA) as a genotoxic carcinogen is reviewed. Current dietary AA exposure estimates reflect margins of exposure (MOEs) < 500. Several arguments support the view that AA may not act as a genotoxic carcinogen, especially not at consumer-relevant exposure levels: Biotransformation of AA into genotoxic glycidamide (GA) in primary rat hepatocytes is markedly slower than detoxifying coupling to glutathione (GS). Repeated feeding of rats with AA containing foods, bringing about uptake of 100 µg/kg/day of AA, resulted in dose x time-related buildup of AA-hemoglobin (Hb) adducts, whereas GA-Hb adducts remained within the background. Since hepatic oxidative biotransformation of AA into GA was proven by simultaneous urinary mercapturic acid monitoring it can be concluded that at this nutritional intake level any GA formed in the liver from AA is quantitatively coupled to GS to be excreted as mercapturic acid in urine. In an oral single dose–response study in rats, AA induced DNA N7-GA-Gua adducts dose-dependently in the high dose range (> 100 µg/kg b w). At variance, in the dose range below 100 µg/kg b.w. down to levels of average consumers exposure, DNA N7 -Gua lesions were found only sporadically, without dose dependence, and at levels close to the lower bound of similar human background DNA N7-Gua lesions. No DNA damage was detected by the comet assay within this low dose range. GA is a very weak mutagen, known to predominantly induce DNA N7-GA-Gua adducts, especially in the lower dose range. There is consensus that DNA N7-GA-Gua adducts exhibit rather low mutagenic potency. The low mutagenic potential of GA has further been evidenced by comparison to preactivated forms of other process-related contaminants, such as N-Nitroso compounds or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, potent food borne mutagens/carcinogens. Toxicogenomic studies provide no evidence supporting a genotoxic mode of action (MOA), rather indicate effects on calcium signalling and cytoskeletal functions in rodent target organs. Rodent carcinogenicity studies show induction of strain- and species-specific neoplasms, with MOAs not considered likely predictive for human cancer risk. In summary, the overall evidence clearly argues for a nongenotoxic/nonmutagenic MOA underlying the neoplastic effects of AA in rodents. In consequence, a tolerable intake level (TDI) may be defined, guided by mechanistic elucidation of key adverse effects and supported by biomarker-based dosimetry in experimental systems and humans.
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Wang B, Guerrette Z, Whittaker MH, Ator J. Derivation of a No significant risk level (NSRL) for acrylamide. Toxicol Lett 2020; 320:103-108. [PMID: 31816332 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Acrylamide is included on the State of California's Proposition 65 list as a carcinogen. Acrylamide is found in cigarette smoke and in many types of foods, including breads, cereals, coffee, cookies, French fries, and potato chips. In 1990, California's Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) established a no significant risk level (NSRL) of 0.2 μg/day for acrylamide. Since then, multiple cancer studies have been published. In this report, we developed an updated NSRL for acrylamide. Using benchmark dose modeling and a weight-of-evidence, non-threshold approach to identify the most sensitive species, cancer slope factors (CSFs) were derived based on combined incidences of statistically significant neoplastic lesions in the Harderian gland, lung, and stomach in male mice. We then used a toxicokinetic (TK)-based scaling approach to convert the animal CSF to a human equivalent CSF, which served as the basis for the NSRL of 1.1 μg/day at the cancer risk level of 1 in 100,000. This NSRL can be used in quantitative exposure assessments to assess compliance with Proposition 65 to ascertain either the need for or exemption from the Proposition 65 labeling requirement and drinking water discharge prohibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxuan Wang
- ToxServices LLC, 1367 Connecticut Ave, NW Suite 300, Washington, D.C., 20036, US.
| | - Zach Guerrette
- ToxServices LLC, 1367 Connecticut Ave, NW Suite 300, Washington, D.C., 20036, US
| | - Margaret H Whittaker
- ToxServices LLC, 1367 Connecticut Ave, NW Suite 300, Washington, D.C., 20036, US
| | - Jennifer Ator
- ToxServices LLC, 1367 Connecticut Ave, NW Suite 300, Washington, D.C., 20036, US
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Glycidamide Promotes the Growth and Migratory Ability of Prostate Cancer Cells by Changing the Protein Expression of Cell Cycle Regulators and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)-Associated Proteins with Prognostic Relevance. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092199. [PMID: 31060254 PMCID: PMC6540322 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Acrylamide (AA) and glycidamide (GA) can be produced in carbohydrate-rich food when heated at a high temperature, which can induce a malignant transformation. It has been demonstrated that GA is more mutagenic than AA. It has been shown that the proliferation rate of some cancer cells are increased by treatment with GA; however, the exact genes that are induced by GA in most cancer cells are not clear. In the present study, we demonstrated that GA promotes the growth of prostate cancer cells through induced protein expression of the cell cycle regulator. In addition, we also found that GA promoted the migratory ability of prostate cancer cells through induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated protein expression. In order to understand the potential prognostic relevance of GA-mediated regulators of the cell cycle and EMT, we present a three-gene signature to evaluate the prognosis of prostate cancer patients. Further investigations suggested that the three-gene signature (CDK4, TWIST1 and SNAI2) predicted the chances of survival better than any of the three genes alone for the first time. In conclusion, we suggested that the three-gene signature model can act as marker of GA exposure. Hence, this multi-gene panel may serve as a promising outcome predictor and potential therapeutic target in prostate cancer patients.
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Chepelev NL, Gagné R, Maynor T, Kuo B, Hobbs CA, Recio L, Yauk CL. Transcriptional profiling of male CD-1 mouse lungs and Harderian glands supports the involvement of calcium signaling in acrylamide-induced tumors. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 95:75-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Haber LT, Dourson ML, Allen BC, Hertzberg RC, Parker A, Vincent MJ, Maier A, Boobis AR. Benchmark dose (BMD) modeling: current practice, issues, and challenges. Crit Rev Toxicol 2018. [PMID: 29516780 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2018.1430121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Benchmark dose (BMD) modeling is now the state of the science for determining the point of departure for risk assessment. Key advantages include the fact that the modeling takes account of all of the data for a particular effect from a particular experiment, increased consistency, and better accounting for statistical uncertainties. Despite these strong advantages, disagreements remain as to several specific aspects of the modeling, including differences in the recommendations of the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Differences exist in the choice of the benchmark response (BMR) for continuous data, the use of unrestricted models, and the mathematical models used; these can lead to differences in the final BMDL. It is important to take confidence in the model into account in choosing the BMDL, rather than simply choosing the lowest value. The field is moving in the direction of model averaging, which will avoid many of the challenges of choosing a single best model when the underlying biology does not suggest one, but additional research would be useful into methods of incorporating biological considerations into the weights used in the averaging. Additional research is also needed regarding the interplay between the BMR and the UF to ensure appropriate use for studies supporting a lower BMR than default values, such as for epidemiology data. Addressing these issues will aid in harmonizing methods and moving the field of risk assessment forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne T Haber
- a Risk Science Center , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Michael L Dourson
- a Risk Science Center , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | | | - Richard C Hertzberg
- c Department of Environmental Health , Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Ann Parker
- a Risk Science Center , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Melissa J Vincent
- a Risk Science Center , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Andrew Maier
- a Risk Science Center , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA
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Kumar J, Das S, Teoh SL. Dietary Acrylamide and the Risks of Developing Cancer: Facts to Ponder. Front Nutr 2018; 5:14. [PMID: 29541638 PMCID: PMC5835509 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acrylamide (AA) is a water soluble white crystalline solid commonly used in industries. It was listed as an industrial chemical with potential carcinogenic properties. However to date, AA was used to produce polyacrylamide polymer, which was widely used as a coagulant in water treatment; additives during papermaking; grouting material for dams, tunnels, and other underground building constructions. AA in food could be formed during high-temperature cooking via several mechanisms, i.e., formation via acrylic acid which may be derived from the degradation of lipid, carbohydrates, or free amino acids; formation via the dehydration/decarboxylation of organic acids (malic acid, lactic acid, and citric acid); and direct formation from amino acids. The big debate is whether this compound is toxic to human beings or not. In the present review, we discuss the formation of AA in food products, its consumption, and possible link to the development of any cancers. We discuss the body enzymatic influence on AA and mechanism of action of AA on hormone, calcium signaling pathways, and cytoskeletal filaments. We also highlight the deleterious effects of AA on nervous system, reproductive system, immune system, and the liver. The present and future mitigation strategies are also discussed. The present review on AA may be beneficial for researchers, food industry, and also medical personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Srijit Das
- Department of Anatomy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Seong Lin Teoh
- Department of Anatomy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Transcriptional profiling of male F344 rats suggests the involvement of calcium signaling in the mode of action of acrylamide-induced thyroid cancer. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 107:186-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Dourson ML, York RG. Advances in assessing ingredient safety. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 79 Suppl 2:S112-8. [PMID: 27427210 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The safety of food ingredients will be assessed in the 21st century by mixture of traditional methods, such as the "safe" dose concept, which is thought to be an accurate but imprecise estimation of dose below the population threshold for adverse effect, and contemporary methods, such as the Benchmark Dose (BMD), Chemical Specific Adjustment Factors (CSAF), physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models, and biologically-informed dose response modeling. New research on the horizon related to toxicology 21 may also improve these risk assessment methods, or suggest new ones. These traditional, contemporary and new methods and research will be briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Dourson
- Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment (TERA), 2300 Montana Avenue, Suite 409, Cincinnati, OH 45211, USA.
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Collí-Dulá RC, Friedman MA, Hansen B, Denslow ND. Transcriptomics analysis and hormonal changes of male and female neonatal rats treated chronically with a low dose of acrylamide in their drinking water. Toxicol Rep 2016; 3:414-426. [PMID: 28959563 PMCID: PMC5615912 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Acrylamide is known to produce follicular cell tumors of the thyroid in rats. RccHan Wistar rats were exposed in utero to a carcinogenic dose of acrylamide (3 mg/Kg bw/day) from gestation day 6 to delivery and then through their drinking water to postnatal day 35. In order to identify potential mechanisms of carcinogenesis in the thyroid glands, we used a transcriptomics approach. Thyroid glands were collected from male pups at 10 PM and female pups at 10 AM or 10 PM in order to establish whether active exposure to acrylamide influenced gene expression patterns or pathways that could be related to carcinogenesis. While all animals exposed to acrylamide showed changes in expected target pathways related to carcinogenesis such as DNA repair, DNA replication, chromosome segregation, among others; animals that were sacrificed while actively drinking acrylamide-laced water during their active period at night showed increased changes in pathways related to oxidative stress, detoxification pathways, metabolism, and activation of checkpoint pathways, among others. In addition, thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), were increased in acrylamide-treated rats sampled at night, but not in quiescent animals when compared to controls. The data clearly indicate that time of day for sample collection is critical to identifying molecular pathways that are altered by the exposures. These results suggest that carcinogenesis in the thyroids of acrylamide treated rats may ensue from several different mechanisms such as hormonal changes and oxidative stress and not only from direct genotoxicity, as has been assumed to date.
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Key Words
- ADA, adenosine Deaminase
- ADRB2, adrenergic
- ASF1B, anti-Silencing Function 1B Histone Chaperone
- Acrylamide
- BRIP1, BRCA1 Interacting Protein C-Terminal Helicase 1
- BUB1B, BUB1 Mitotic Checkpoint Serine/Threonine Kinase B
- C1QTNF3, C1q and Tumor Necrosis Factor Related Protein 3
- C5, complement Component 5
- CALCR, calcitonin receptor
- CARD9, caspase recruitment domain family
- CCNA2, cyclin A2
- CCNG1, cyclin G1
- CD45, protein tyrosine phosphatase
- CD46, CD46 molecule
- CDC45, cell division cycle 45
- CDCA2, cell division cycle associated 2
- CDCA5, cell division cycle associated 5
- CENPT, centromere protein T
- CFB, complement factor B
- CGA, glycoprotein hormones
- CTLA4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4
- DAD1, defender against cell death 1
- DCTPP1, DCTP pyrophosphatase 1
- DNMT3A, DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 3 alpha
- DUOX2, dual oxidase 2
- GCG, glucagon
- GCLC, glutamate-cysteine ligase
- GOLGA3, golgin A3
- GSTM1, glutathione S-transferase Mu 1
- GSTP1, glutathione S-transferase Pi 1
- HPSE, heparanase
- HSPA5, heat shock 70 kDa protein 5
- HSPB1, heat shock 27 KDa protein
- HSPB2, heat shock 27 kDa protein 2
- HSPH1, heat shock 105 kDa/110 kDa protein 1
- HTATIP2, HIV-1 tat interactive protein 2
- ID1, inhibitor of DNA binding 1
- IGF2, Insulin-like growth factor 2 (somatomedin A)
- IL1B, interleukin 1
- INHBA, inhibin
- IYD, iodotyrosine deiodinase
- KIF20B, kinesin family member 20B
- KIF22, kinesin family Member 22
- KLK1, kallikrein 1
- LAMA2, laminin, alpha 2
- MCM8, minichromosome maintenance complex component 8
- MIF, macrophage migration inhibitory factor
- MIS18A, MIS18 kinetochore protein A
- NDC80, NDC80 kinetochore complex component
- NPPC, natriuretic peptide precursor C
- NPY, neuropeptide
- NUBP1, nucleotide binding protein 1
- ORC1, origin recognition complex
- PDE3A, phosphodiesterase 3A
- PINK1, PTEN induced putative kinase 1
- PLCD1, phospholipase C
- PLK1, polo-like kinase 1
- POMC, proopiomelanocortin
- PRKAA2, protein kinase
- PRL, prolactin
- PRODH, proline dehydrogenase
- PTGIS, prostaglandin I2 (prostacyclin) synthase
- PTGS1, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1
- RAB5A, RAB5A
- RAN, ras-related nuclear protein
- RRM2, ribonucleotide reductase M2
- RccHan Wistar
- SCL5A5, solute carrier family 5 (sodium iodide symporter)
- SELP, selectin P (granule membrane protein 140 kDa
- SPAG8, sperm associated antigen 8
- TACC3, transforming
- TBCB, tubulin folding cofactor B
- TFRC, transferrin receptor
- TOP2A, topoisomerase (DNA) II alpha
- TPO, thyroid peroxidase
- TSHR, thyroid stimulating hormone receptor
- TSN, translin
- Thyroid
- Transcriptomics
- VWF, Von Willebrand Factor
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyna Cristina Collí-Dulá
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | | | - Benjamin Hansen
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, D-211134, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nancy D Denslow
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis of Lung Cancer Risk and Inorganic Arsenic in Drinking Water. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:15498-515. [PMID: 26690190 PMCID: PMC4690926 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph121214990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
High levels (> 200 µg/L) of inorganic arsenic in drinking water are known to be a cause of human lung cancer, but the evidence at lower levels is uncertain. We have sought the epidemiological studies that have examined the dose-response relationship between arsenic levels in drinking water and the risk of lung cancer over a range that includes both high and low levels of arsenic. Regression analysis, based on six studies identified from an electronic search, examined the relationship between the log of the relative risk and the log of the arsenic exposure over a range of 1–1000 µg/L. The best-fitting continuous meta-regression model was sought and found to be a no-constant linear-quadratic analysis where both the risk and the exposure had been logarithmically transformed. This yielded both a statistically significant positive coefficient for the quadratic term and a statistically significant negative coefficient for the linear term. Sub-analyses by study design yielded results that were similar for both ecological studies and non-ecological studies. Statistically significant X-intercepts consistently found no increased level of risk at approximately 100–150 µg/L arsenic.
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DeBord DG, Burgoon L, Edwards SW, Haber LT, Kanitz MH, Kuempel E, Thomas RS, Yucesoy B. Systems Biology and Biomarkers of Early Effects for Occupational Exposure Limit Setting. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2015; 12 Suppl 1:S41-54. [PMID: 26132979 PMCID: PMC4654673 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2015.1060324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In a recent National Research Council document, new strategies for risk assessment were described to enable more accurate and quicker assessments. This report suggested that evaluating individual responses through increased use of bio-monitoring could improve dose-response estimations. Identification of specific biomarkers may be useful for diagnostics or risk prediction as they have the potential to improve exposure assessments. This paper discusses systems biology, biomarkers of effect, and computational toxicology approaches and their relevance to the occupational exposure limit setting process. The systems biology approach evaluates the integration of biological processes and how disruption of these processes by chemicals or other hazards affects disease outcomes. This type of approach could provide information used in delineating the mode of action of the response or toxicity, and may be useful to define the low adverse and no adverse effect levels. Biomarkers of effect are changes measured in biological systems and are considered to be preclinical in nature. Advances in computational methods and experimental -omics methods that allow the simultaneous measurement of families of macromolecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins in a single analysis have made these systems approaches feasible for broad application. The utility of the information for risk assessments from -omics approaches has shown promise and can provide information on mode of action and dose-response relationships. As these techniques evolve, estimation of internal dose and response biomarkers will be a critical test of these new technologies for application in risk assessment strategies. While proof of concept studies have been conducted that provide evidence of their value, challenges with standardization and harmonization still need to be overcome before these methods are used routinely.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Gayle DeBord
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Applied Research and Technology, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Lyle Burgoon
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Stephen W. Edwards
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Lynne T. Haber
- Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment (TERA), Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - M. Helen Kanitz
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Applied Research and Technology, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Eileen Kuempel
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Education and Information Division, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Russell S. Thomas
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
- The Hamner Institute for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Berran Yucesoy
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Heath Effects Laboratory Division, Morgantown, West Virginia
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Lin CY, Lin LY, Chen YC, Wen LL, Chien KL, Sung FC, Chen PC, Su TC. Association between measurements of thyroid function and the acrylamide metabolite N-Acetyl-S-(propionamide)-cysteine in adolescents and young adults. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 136:246-52. [PMID: 25460643 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Acrylamide is present in mainstream cigarette smoke and in some foods prepared at high temperatures. Animal studies have shown that acrylamide exposure alters thyroid function; however, it is not known if this also occurs in humans. The study examined the association between the urinary levels of the acrylamide metabolite and serum thyroid measures in adolescents and young adults. We recruited 793 subjects (mean age, 21.3 years; range, 12-30 years) from a population-based sample of Taiwanese adolescents and young adults to determine if the urinary levels of the acrylamide metabolite N-acetyl-S-(propionamide)-cysteine (AAMA) and the 6 serum thyroid measures are associated. The mean (SD) AAMA were 76.54 (76.42) µg/L. Linear regression analyzes showed a 1-unit increase in natural log AAMA was significantly associated with a decrease in serum free thyroxine (T4) (ng/dL) (β=-0.041, SE=0.013, p=0.001) after controlling for covariates. Subpopulation analyzes showed AAMA and free T4 were significantly associated with females, age 20-30 years, non-current smokers, and non-alcohol consumers. In conclusion, higher urinary AAMA concentrations were associated with decreased levels of free T4 in this cohort. Further studies are warranted to determine if there is a causal relationship between acrylamide exposure and thyroid function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yu Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City 237, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
| | - Lian-Yu Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuan Chen
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Li-Li Wen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City 237, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Liong Chien
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Fung-Chang Sung
- Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Pau-Chung Chen
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan.
| | - Ta-Chen Su
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
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Dourson M, Reichard J, Nance P, Burleigh-Flayer H, Parker A, Vincent M, McConnell EE. Mode of action analysis for liver tumors from oral 1,4-dioxane exposures and evidence-based dose response assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 68:387-401. [PMID: 24491968 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
1,4-Dioxane is found in consumer products and is used as a solvent in manufacturing. Studies in rodents show liver tumors to be consistently reported after chronic oral exposure. However, there were differences in the reporting of non-neoplastic lesions in the livers of rats and mice. In order to clarify these differences, a reread of mouse liver slides from the 1978 NCI bioassay on 1,4-dioxane in drinking water was conducted. This reread clearly identified dose-related non-neoplastic changes in the liver; specifically, a dose-related increase in the hypertrophic response of hepatocytes, followed by necrosis, inflammation and hyperplastic hepatocellular foci. 1,4-Dioxane does not cause point mutations, DNA repair, or initiation. However, it appears to promote tumors and stimulate DNA synthesis. Using EPA Guidelines (2005), the weight of the evidence suggests that 1,4-dioxane causes liver tumors in rats and mice through cytotoxicity followed by regenerative hyperplasia. Specific key events in this mode of action are identified. A Reference Dose (RfD) of 0.05mg/kgday is proposed to protect against regenerative liver hyperplasia based on a benchmark dose (BMD) approach. Based on this RfD, a maximum contaminant level goal of 350μg/L is proposed using a default relative source contribution for water of 20%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dourson
- Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment, 2300 Montana Ave., Suite 409, Cincinnati, OH 45211, United States
| | - John Reichard
- Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment, 2300 Montana Ave., Suite 409, Cincinnati, OH 45211, United States
| | - Patricia Nance
- Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment, 2300 Montana Ave., Suite 409, Cincinnati, OH 45211, United States.
| | | | - Ann Parker
- Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment, 2300 Montana Ave., Suite 409, Cincinnati, OH 45211, United States
| | - Melissa Vincent
- Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment, 2300 Montana Ave., Suite 409, Cincinnati, OH 45211, United States
| | - Ernest E McConnell
- ToxPath, Inc., 3028 Ethan Lane, Laurdane Est., Raleigh, NC 27613, United States
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Abstract
Acrylamide, a food contaminant, belongs to a large class of structurally similar toxic chemicals, 'type-2 alkenes', to which humans are widely exposed. Besides, occupational exposure to acrylamide has received wide attention through the last decades. It is classified as a neurotoxin and there are three important hypothesis considering acrylamide neurotoxicity: inhibition of kinesin-based fast axonal transport, alteration of neurotransmitter levels, and direct inhibition of neurotransmission. While many researchers believe that exposure of humans to relatively low levels of acrylamide in the diet will not result in clinical neuropathy, some neurotoxicologists are concerned about the potential for its cumulative neurotoxicity. It has been shown in several studies that the same neurotoxic effects can be observed at low and high doses of acrylamide, with the low doses simply requiring longer exposures. This review is focused on the neurotoxicity of acrylamide and its possible outcomes.
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Hogervorst JG, Fortner RT, Mucci LA, Tworoger SS, Eliassen AH, Hankinson SE, Wilson KM. Associations between dietary acrylamide intake and plasma sex hormone levels. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:2024-36. [PMID: 23983241 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rodent carcinogen acrylamide was discovered in 2002 in commonly consumed foods. Epidemiologic studies have observed positive associations between acrylamide intake and endometrial, ovarian, and breast cancer risks, which suggest that acrylamide may have sex-hormonal effects. METHODS We cross-sectionally investigated the relationship between acrylamide intake and plasma levels of sex hormones and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) among 687 postmenopausal and 1,300 premenopausal controls from nested case-control studies within the Nurses' Health Studies. RESULTS There were no associations between acrylamide and sex hormones or SHBG among premenopausal women overall or among never-smokers. Among normal-weight premenopausal women, acrylamide intake was statistically significantly positively associated with luteal total and free estradiol levels. Among postmenopausal women overall and among never-smokers, acrylamide was borderline statistically significantly associated with lower estrone sulfate levels but not with other estrogens, androgens, prolactin, or SHBG. Among normal-weight women, (borderline) statistically significant inverse associations were noted for estrone, free estradiol, estrone sulfate, DHEA, and prolactin, whereas statistically significant positive associations for testosterone and androstenedione were observed among overweight women. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study did not show conclusive associations between acrylamide intake and sex hormones that would lend unequivocal biologic plausibility to the observed increased risks of endometrial, ovarian, and breast cancer. The association between acrylamide and sex hormones may differ by menopausal and overweight status. We recommend other studies investigate the relationship between acrylamide and sex hormones in women, specifically using acrylamide biomarkers. IMPACT The present study showed some interesting associations between acrylamide intake and sex hormones that urgently need confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke G Hogervorst
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Epidemiology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; and Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
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Dourson M, Becker RA, Haber LT, Pottenger LH, Bredfeldt T, Fenner-Crisp PA. Advancing human health risk assessment: integrating recent advisory committee recommendations. Crit Rev Toxicol 2013; 43:467-92. [PMID: 23844697 PMCID: PMC3725687 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2013.807223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the last dozen years, many national and international expert groups have considered specific improvements to risk assessment. Many of their stated recommendations are mutually supportive, but others appear conflicting, at least in an initial assessment. This review identifies areas of consensus and difference and recommends a practical, biology-centric course forward, which includes: (1) incorporating a clear problem formulation at the outset of the assessment with a level of complexity that is appropriate for informing the relevant risk management decision; (2) using toxicokinetics and toxicodynamic information to develop Chemical Specific Adjustment Factors (CSAF); (3) using mode of action (MOA) information and an understanding of the relevant biology as the key, central organizing principle for the risk assessment; (4) integrating MOA information into dose-response assessments using existing guidelines for non-cancer and cancer assessments; (5) using a tiered, iterative approach developed by the World Health Organization/International Programme on Chemical Safety (WHO/IPCS) as a scientifically robust, fit-for-purpose approach for risk assessment of combined exposures (chemical mixtures); and (6) applying all of this knowledge to enable interpretation of human biomonitoring data in a risk context. While scientifically based defaults will remain important and useful when data on CSAF or MOA to refine an assessment are absent or insufficient, assessments should always strive to use these data. The use of available 21st century knowledge of biological processes, clinical findings, chemical interactions, and dose-response at the molecular, cellular, organ and organism levels will minimize the need for extrapolation and reliance on default approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dourson
- Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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23
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Ehlers A, Lenze D, Broll H, Zagon J, Hummel M, Lampen A. Dose dependent molecular effects of acrylamide and glycidamide in human cancer cell lines and human primary hepatocytes. Toxicol Lett 2013; 217:111-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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Bongers ML, Hogervorst JGF, Schouten LJ, Goldbohm RA, Schouten HC, van den Brandt PA. Dietary acrylamide intake and the risk of lymphatic malignancies: the Netherlands Cohort Study on diet and cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38016. [PMID: 22723843 PMCID: PMC3377662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acrylamide, a probable human carcinogen, is present in many everyday foods. Since the finding of its presence in foods in 2002, epidemiological studies have found some suggestive associations between dietary acrylamide exposure and the risk of various cancers. The aim of this prospective study is to investigate for the first time the association between dietary acrylamide intake and the risk of several histological subtypes of lymphatic malignancies. Methods The Netherlands Cohort Study on diet and cancer includes 120,852 men and women followed-up since September 1986. The number of person years at risk was estimated by using a random sample of participants from the total cohort that was chosen at baseline (n = 5,000). Acrylamide intake was estimated from a food frequency questionnaire combined with acrylamide data for Dutch foods. Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated for acrylamide intake as a continuous variable as well as in categories (quintiles and tertiles), for men and women separately and for never-smokers, using multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models. Results After 16.3 years of follow-up, 1,233 microscopically confirmed cases of lymphatic malignancies were available for multivariable-adjusted analysis. For multiple myeloma and follicular lymphoma, HRs for men were 1.14 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.27) and 1.28 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.61) per 10 µg acrylamide/day increment, respectively. For never-smoking men, the HR for multiple myeloma was 1.98 (95% CI: 1.38, 2.85). No associations were observed for women. Conclusion We found indications that acrylamide may increase the risk of multiple myeloma and follicular lymphoma in men. This is the first epidemiological study to investigate the association between dietary acrylamide intake and the risk of lymphatic malignancies, and more research into these observed associations is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilda L. Bongers
- Department of Epidemiology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Centre +, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke G. F. Hogervorst
- Department of Epidemiology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Centre +, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Leo J. Schouten
- Department of Epidemiology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Centre +, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - R. Alexandra Goldbohm
- Division Quality of Life, Department of Prevention and Health, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Harry C. Schouten
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre +, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Piet A. van den Brandt
- Department of Epidemiology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Centre +, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Maier A, Kohrman-Vincent M, Hertzberg R, Allen B, Haber LT, Dourson M. Critical review of dose-response options for F344 rat mammary tumors for acrylamide - additional insights based on mode of action. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:1763-75. [PMID: 22366097 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous risk assessment reviews analyzed the potential for dietary acrylamide to increase breast cancer risk. Here, we critically review acrylamide animal bioassay data on mammary tumors for human relevance. We applied a systematic evaluation using reasonable standards of scientific certainty and a systematic weight of evidence (WOE) approach to evaluate several hypothesized modes of action (MOA), including (1) genotoxicity related to glycidamide formation and oxidative stress, (2) endocrine effects due to age-related hyperprolactinemia or secondary to neurotoxicity, and (3) epigenetic effects. We conclude that the appropriate approach for low-dose extrapolation of the rat mammary tumors can be narrowed to two options: (1) linear low-dose extrapolation (i.e., based on a MOA of mutagenicity from direct DNA interaction) from a point of departure (POD) for the combined incidence of adenomas and adenocarcinomas, since these tumor types are related; or (2) non-linear extrapolation, using uncertainty factors to estimate a Reference Dose (RfD) from a POD for tumor promotion derived using the combined fibroadenoma, adenoma and adenocarcinoma data. Non-linear extrapolation is used in the latter approach because these combined tumor types are unlikely to be exclusively caused by mutagenicity. Comparison of the WOE for each alternative MOA indicates that a non-linear approach (option 2) is more appropriate for evaluation of acrylamide-induced mammary tumors; a linear approach (option 1) is shown for comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Maier
- Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45211, United States.
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Pottenger LH, Becker RA, Moran EJ, Swenberg JA. Workshop report: Identifying key issues underpinning the selection of linear or non-linear dose–response extrapolation for human health risk assessment of systemic toxicants. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 59:503-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Hogervorst JGF, Baars BJ, Schouten LJ, Konings EJM, Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA. The carcinogenicity of dietary acrylamide intake: a comparative discussion of epidemiological and experimental animal research. Crit Rev Toxicol 2010; 40:485-512. [PMID: 20170357 DOI: 10.3109/10408440903524254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since 2002, it is known that the probable human carcinogen acrylamide is present in commonly consumed carbohydrate-rich foods, such as French fries and potato chips. In this review, the authors discuss the body of evidence on acrylamide carcinogenicity from both epidemiological and rodent studies, including variability, strengths and weaknesses, how both types of evidence relate, and possible reasons for discrepancies. In both rats and humans, increased incidences of various cancer types were observed. In rats, increased incidences of mammary gland, thyroid tumors and scrotal mesothelioma were observed in both studies that were performed. In humans, increased risks of ovarian and endometrial cancers, renal cell cancer, estrogen (and progesterone) receptor-positive breast cancer, and oral cavity cancer (the latter in non-smoking women) were observed. Some cancer types were found in both rats and humans, e.g., endometrial cancer (observed in one of the two rat studies), but there are also some inconsistencies. Interestingly, in humans, some indications for inverse associations were observed for lung and bladder cancers in women, and prostate and oro- and hypopharynx cancers in men. These latter observations indicate that genotoxicity may not be the only mechanism by which acrylamide causes cancer. The estimated risks based on the epidemiological studies for the sites for which a positive association was observed were considerably higher than those based on extrapolations from the rat studies. The observed pattern of increased risks in the rat and epidemiological studies and the decreased risks in the epidemiological studies suggests that acrylamide might influence hormonal systems, for which rodents may not be good models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke G F Hogervorst
- Department of Epidemiology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Mei N, McDaniel LP, Dobrovolsky VN, Guo X, Shaddock JG, Mittelstaedt RA, Azuma M, Shelton SD, McGarrity LJ, Doerge DR, Heflich RH. The genotoxicity of acrylamide and glycidamide in big blue rats. Toxicol Sci 2010; 115:412-21. [PMID: 20200216 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acrylamide (AA), a mutagen and rodent carcinogen, recently has been detected in fried and baked starchy foods, a finding that has prompted renewed interest in its potential for toxicity in humans. In the present study, we exposed Big Blue rats to the equivalent of approximately 5 and 10 mg/kg body weight/day of AA or its epoxide metabolite glycidamide (GA) via the drinking water, an AA treatment regimen comparable to those used to produce cancer in rats. After 2 months of dosing, the rats were euthanized and blood was taken for the micronucleus assay; spleens for the lymphocyte Hprt mutant assay; and liver, thyroid, bone marrow, testis (from males), and mammary gland (females) for the cII mutant assay. Neither AA nor GA increased the frequency of micronucleated reticulocytes. In contrast, both compounds produced small (approximately twofold to threefold above background) but significant increases in lymphocyte Hprt mutant frequency (MF, p < 0.05), with the increases having dose-related linear trends (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Neither compound increased the cII MF in testis, mammary gland (tumor target tissues), or liver (nontarget tissue), while both compounds induced weak positive increases in bone marrow (nontarget tissue) and thyroid (target tissue). Although the genotoxicity in tumor target tissue was weak, in combination with the responses in surrogate tissues, the results are consistent with AA being a gene mutagen in the rat via metabolism to GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Mei
- Division of Genetic and Reproductive Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA.
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Tardiff RG, Gargas ML, Kirman CR, Leigh Carson M, Sweeney LM. Estimation of safe dietary intake levels of acrylamide for humans. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:658-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Schouten LJ, Hogervorst JGF, Konings EJM, Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA. Dietary acrylamide intake and the risk of head-neck and thyroid cancers: results from the Netherlands Cohort Study. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 170:873-84. [PMID: 19720866 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwp213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acrylamide exposure has been related to an increased incidence of oral and thyroid tumors in animal studies. In 1986, 120,852 persons (aged 55-69 years) were included in the Netherlands Cohort Study. Dietary acrylamide intake was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire and was based on chemical analysis of all relevant Dutch foods. Hazard ratios were adjusted for smoking and other confounders. After 16.3 years of follow-up, there were 101, 83, 180, and 66 cases of oral cavity, oro-hypopharynx, larynx, and thyroid cancer, respectively. Average daily dietary acrylamide intake was 21.8 microg (standard deviation, 12.1). Dietary acrylamide intake was not associated with increased risk of oral cavity (hazard ratio (HR) per 10-microg intake/day = 0.90, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.73, 1.10), oro-hypopharynx (HR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.53, 1.03), larynx (HR = 1.05, 95% CI: 0.91, 1.21), or thyroid (HR = 1.03, 95% CI: 0.82, 1.27) cancer. For nonsmokers, hazard ratios were not increased either. Dietary acrylamide was statistically significantly associated with increased risk of oral cavity cancer in female nonsmokers, but case numbers were small. Dietary acrylamide intake was not positively associated with risk of head-neck and thyroid cancer, except with oral cavity cancer risk for female nonsmokers. A negative association for males was indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo J Schouten
- GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Gargas M, Kirman C, Sweeney L, Tardiff R. Acrylamide: Consideration of species differences and nonlinear processes in estimating risk and safety for human ingestion. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:760-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Revised: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 12/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Evaluation of human relevance and mode of action for tunica vaginalis mesotheliomas resulting from oral exposure to acrylamide. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 53:134-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Revised: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 12/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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