1
|
Al-Saleh I, Alnuwaysir H, Al-Rouqi R, Aldhalaan H, Tulbah M. Fetal exposure to toxic metals (mercury, cadmium, lead, and arsenic) via intrauterine blood transfusions. Pediatr Res 2024:10.1038/s41390-024-03504-w. [PMID: 39215198 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-024-03504-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrauterine blood transfusions (IUBTs) are critical for treating fetal anemia but may expose fetuses to toxic metals. This study assessed mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As) levels in red blood cell (RBC) transfusion bags used during pregnancy, examined metal exposure in maternal and cord blood, and evaluated fetal health risks. METHODS Thirty pregnant women who underwent intrauterine blood IUBTs were enrolled in this study. Metal concentrations were measured in one to nine transfusion bags for each participant. These bags contained 8-103 mL volumes and were administered between gestational weeks 18 and 35. We also tested the mothers' blood for metal levels in the final stages of pregnancy and the umbilical cord blood at birth. The assessment utilized the intravenous reference dose (IVRfD) and the hazard index (HI) to evaluate the non-carcinogenic health risks these metals might pose to the fetus. RESULTS Metals were detectable in almost all transfusion bags. The IVRfD was exceeded for Hg in 16 fetuses, Cd in 8 fetuses, Pb in 30 fetuses, and As in 1 fetus. Significant correlations were found between the concentrations of Hg, Cd, and As in transfused RBCs and cord blood. No correlations were observed between these concentrations and maternal blood levels, except for Cd. The influence of multiple IUBTs was positively associated only with Cd levels in the cord (ß = 0.529, 95% confidence intervals (CI) between 0.180 and 0.879). The HI exceeded 1, indicating significant health risks, predominantly from Pb, followed by Hg and Cd. CONCLUSION The findings of this study highlight the significant risk of fetal exposure to toxic metals, mainly Pb, through IUBTs. This underscores the critical need for prescreening blood donors for toxic metals to minimize the potential for long-term adverse effects on the fetus. The research stresses the necessity of balancing the immediate benefits of IUBTs against the risks of toxic metal exposure, underscoring the importance of safeguarding fetal health through improved screening practices. IMPACT This study highlights the risk of toxic metal exposure through IUBTs, a treatment for fetal anemia. Hg, Cd, Pb, and As levels were measured in transfusion bags and linked to fetal exposure through maternal and umbilical cord blood analysis. The HI indicates significant Pb exposure risks, underscoring the need for mandatory blood donor screening. Recommendations include shifting toward safer practices in managing fetal anemia to protect fetal health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iman Al-Saleh
- Environmental Health Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hissah Alnuwaysir
- Environmental Health Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Al-Rouqi
- Environmental Health Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hesham Aldhalaan
- Center for Autism Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Tulbah
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Obstetrics & Gynecology Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Öztaş DM, Ulutaş OK, Berkkan A. Do lead (Pb) content of lipsticks expose a health risk to children? A risk assessment study. J Public Health (Oxf) 2024; 46:335-341. [PMID: 38757226 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdae070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead (Pb) content in lipsticks and potential life-long exposure of which might cause severe effects in consumers are an important concern for public. Thus, studies emphasize that lead exposure has no safe levels. METHODS From 10 different brands, in total, 25 solid, gloss and creamy lipsticks are deployed from Turkish markets that are also categorized in two different price ranges. In order to evaluate the blood Pb levels in children, the United States Environmental Protection Agency's 'Exposure Uptake Biokinetic Model' is utilized. To assess the health risk of chronic usage both for children and adults, oral daily systemic exposure levels are calculated with the worst-case scenario and are compared with Maximum Allowable Dose Level for lipsticks. For lifetime risk assessment, exposure is assumed to start by age 7, and four different exposure scenarios have been deployed. RESULTS The mean lead content of lipsticks shows significant statistical differences between the high- and low-priced lipstick groups. Daily level and total risk for lifetime Pb exposure from deployed lipsticks are below the acceptable risk levels but long-worn usage of products with routine monitoring of metal content is crucial for sensitive and unintended exposure groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Demir Mesut Öztaş
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gazi University, Ankara 06560, Turkey
- Turkey Drug and Medical Devices Agency, Ankara 06520, Turkey
| | - Onur Kenan Ulutaş
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Gazi University, Ankara 06560, Turkey
| | - Aysel Berkkan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gazi University, Ankara 06560, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zahra M, Waqar-Un-Nisa, Riaz L, Kalsoom S, Saleem AR, Taneez M. Assessment and computational bioevaluation of heavy metals from selected cosmetic products. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 196:31. [PMID: 38082207 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal toxicity in environment has been an increasing issue for last decades, though now the attention has diverted to presence of heavy metals in cosmetic products. The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of selected heavy metals in cosmetic products (lipsticks and foundations) using ICP-OES. Health risk assessment was done by using hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI). HQ for lipsticks was below the safe limit (HQ = < 1) while for foundations it exceeded the safe limit (HQ = >1). Mostly, mercury (Hg) and iron (Fe) were found to be exceeding the permissible limit, the allowed limits are Hg, 1 ppm; Fe, 10 ppm; Cd, 0.3 ppm; and Cr, 1 ppm. Iron was found to be highest in lipsticks (123.86 ± 1.05 ppm) as well as in foundations (34.52 ± 0.08 ppm). Health risk assessment was done by using hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI). HQ for lipsticks was below the safe limit (HQ = < 1) while for foundations it exceeded the safe limit (HQ = >1). To understand the binding pattern of heavy metals to skin targets, molecular docking studies were carried out. This revealed the potentially harmful behavior of these heavy metals on the skin. This will provide new direction for the structural changes of consistence and activity of macromolecules in our body. Research proved that prolonged use of cosmetic products containing heavy metals can be harmful and sometimes fatal to human life as these heavy metals can penetrate through the skin and target the skin enzymes, disrupting their normal function leading to various skin related issues such as dermatitis (itching, redness, burning) hence the monitoring of cosmetic products is necessary for safety of human being.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mishal Zahra
- Department of Environmental Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Waqar-Un-Nisa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Science, International Islamic University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Luqman Riaz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohsar University Murree, Murree, Pakistan
| | - Saima Kalsoom
- Department of Chemistry, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Aansa Rukya Saleem
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Bahria University Islamabad, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Mehwish Taneez
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Science, International Islamic University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kim S, Choi C, Lee M, Hwang I. Determination of heavy metals and risk assessment in nail cosmetics sold in Seoul, Korea. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2023; 42:131-136. [PMID: 37315294 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2023.2223285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate some toxic levels of nail cosmetics marketed in Seoul, Korea and health risk assessment on humans. METHODS We collected 45 random nail cosmetics and analysed for lead, cadmium, arsenic and antimony by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). RESULTS Four metals concentrations were Pb 0.037 ± 0.083 ( DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Six nail cosmetics had high antimony concentrations which were higher than the current legal limit in Korea. Because of 6 high antimony concentrations, MoS, HQ and HI were outside the acceptable range. LCR value for Pb, As and Cd was below 1 0 -6 which was lower than the permissible limit and nail cosmetics may not possess lifetime cancer risk. Our results suggested that metals were present in nail cosmetics at diverse concentrations and some nail cosmetics appeared to pose a harmful impact on health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suun Kim
- Food & Drug Division, Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chaeman Choi
- Food & Drug Division, Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myeongsook Lee
- Food & Drug Division, Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Seoul, Korea
| | - Insook Hwang
- Food & Drug Division, Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
MOHAMMED F, ABDULGHAFOR AHMED M, M. ORAİBİ H. Health Risk Assessment of Some Heavy Metals in Lipsticks Sold in Local Markets in Iraq. JOURNAL OF THE TURKISH CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SECTION A: CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.18596/jotcsa.1154686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Heavy metals found in cosmetics are a safety threat to the health of consumers. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the levels of heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and arsenic (As) in lipstick makeup. The level of heavy metals in lipstick was discovered by using an analytical technique with high selectivity and sensitivity, namely atomic absorption spectrometry. Twenty lipsticks were selected from the same brands, yet differing in price. Ten original (expensive) and ten knockoff (cheap) lipsticks were chosen from shops in Diyala, Iraq. The detection-limit (LOD) was in between 0.01 and 0.1, the quantification-limit (LOQ) was within 0.03 and 0.33, the recovery values (Rec.%) ranged from 100.17% to 101.1%, the RE values were 0.81%, and the RSD values were 1.33%. The results also revealed that the levels of metals are in the order of Pb > Cd > Zn > Cu > As > Cr. However, the levels of heavy metals that were estimated in this study were less than the permissible limit set by the executive authorities, so there seems to be no concern associated with these heavy metals. However, the daily and frequent use of lipstick by women exposes them to low levels of toxic metals as these metals accumulate over time and pose adverse effects on the health of the users. The results of the hazard quotient (HQ) and health risk index (HI) indicate there was no harmful effect on human health related to heavy metals present in lipstick. Whereas the results of the biological activity of the samples indicated that there was no bacterial growth in expensive samples, cheap samples were contaminated with some types of organisms; this indicates poor quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatima MOHAMMED
- Middle Technical University – Technical Institute – Baqubah – Department of Community Health Technique
| | - Maryam ABDULGHAFOR AHMED
- Renewable Energy Sciences Department, College of Energy & Environmental Science, Al-Karkh University of Science
| | - Hadeel M. ORAİBİ
- Department of Biology, Collage of science, University of Diyala, Iraq
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Goyal N, Jerold F. Biocosmetics: technological advances and future outlook. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:25148-25169. [PMID: 34825334 PMCID: PMC8616574 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17567-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The paper provides an overview of biocosmetics, which has tremendous potential for growth and is attracting huge business opportunities. It emphasizes the immediate need to replace conventional fossil-based ingredients in cosmetics with natural, safe, and effective ingredients. It assembles recent technologies viable in the production/extraction of the bioactive ingredient, product development, and formulation processes, its rapid and smooth delivery to the target site, and fosters bio-based cosmetic packaging. It further explores industries that can be a trailblazer in supplying raw material for extraction of bio-based ingredients for cosmetics, creating biodegradable packaging, or weaving innovation in fashion clothing. Lastly, the paper discusses what it takes to become the first generation of a circular economy and supports the implementation of strict regulatory guidelines for any cosmetic sold globally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nishu Goyal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248007, India.
| | - Frankline Jerold
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248007, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dinake P, Motswetla O, Kereeditse TT, Kelebemang R. Assessment of level of heavy metals in cosmetics. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/23978473231156620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Toxic metals in cosmetic products can lead to serious health problems among consumers. Skin lightening cosmetics are popular among women who may be unaware of prevalence of toxic metals in such products. Purpose: This study assessed the content of toxic metals in cosmetic products imported into Botswana. There are currently no regulations in Botswana governing maximum contaminants limits for contaminants such as metal ions in cosmetic products. Research Design: Sample analysis was carried out using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry after microwave-assisted acid sample digestion. Results: Total concentrations of metals were in the order Pb > Ni > Cr > As. The concentrations of metals analysed were in the range of 45.75–193.60; 2.99–9.50; 3.32–7.41 and 1.95–4.52 mg/kg for Pb, Ni, Cr and As respectively. The concentrations of Pb in all 14 samples exceeded the maximum impurity level of 10 mg/kg in cosmetics as per the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA). Concentrations of Ni, As and Cr were also higher than the set US FDA limits in some cosmetic samples under study. A human health risk assessment was conducted using hazard quotient, average daily intake and health risk index. A hazard quotient of greater than one was determined for Pb (HQ ∼ 177.0–749.2) in all 14 cosmetic samples investigated indicating potential adverse effects to human health. Conclusion: Overall results of total concentration and health risk assessment indicate that cosmetic products imported into Botswana are harmful to consumers. Therefore, quality control measures should be enforced to ensure metal concentrations in facial cosmetic products do not exceed regulatory limits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pogisego Dinake
- Department of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, BIUST, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Obakeng Motswetla
- Department of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, BIUST, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Tsotlhe T Kereeditse
- Department of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, BIUST, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Rosemary Kelebemang
- Department of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, BIUST, Palapye, Botswana
- Department of Waste Management and Pollution Control (DWMPC), Gaborone, Botswana
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abu Hanifah N, Hashim S, Hassan HJ, Fahmi M, Sanusi M, Othman N. Radiation hazard assessments of natural radioactivity in clay-based cosmetic products in Malaysia. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
|
9
|
Salles FJ, Paniz FP, Batista BL, Nardocci AC, Olympio KPK. Potentially Toxic Elements in Costume Cosmetics Used by Children and Adults Are Associated with Cancer Risk. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:531. [PMID: 36612850 PMCID: PMC9819701 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Costume cosmetics, such as face paints and pancakes, are used by adults and children during Halloween, Carnival, or children's parties. However, the metallic-based pigments used as dyes in these products may contain toxic elements associated with different levels of exposure. Objectives: (a) to determine the Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, and Sr concentrations in face paints and pancakes; and (b) to estimate cancer and non-cancer risks posed by the concentrations of each element in these products for dermal and ingestion exposure scenarios during children and adult use. (2) Methods: A total of 95 samples of face paints and pancakes (four brands in different textures and colors) were purchased at the largest high-street commercial center in São Paulo city, Brazil. An extraction procedure with nitric acid was carried out using a graphite-covered digester block. Toxic element determinations were performed using an ICP-MS. (3) Results: The non-cancer risks estimated were lower than 1, except for dermal exposure in adults for some target systems. High cancer risk values raise concerns in both groups. The risk for children ranged from 10-8 to 10-5 and proved higher in cases of accidental exposure by ingestion. For occupational exposure in adults, cancer risks were even higher, ranging from 10-3 to 10-5, with the highest values associated with dermal exposure. (4) Conclusions: The study results suggest the presence of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in cosmetics should be regulated/monitored to protect human health, especially for occupational exposure and use by children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Junqueira Salles
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira Cesar, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Pollo Paniz
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Avenida dos Estados, 5001, Bairro Santa Terezinha, Santo André 9210-580, Brazil
| | - Bruno Lemos Batista
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Avenida dos Estados, 5001, Bairro Santa Terezinha, Santo André 9210-580, Brazil
| | - Adelaide Cassia Nardocci
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira Cesar, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil
| | - Kelly Polido Kaneshiro Olympio
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira Cesar, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lewis J. True Colors: Unmasking Hidden Lead in Cosmetics from Low- and Middle-Income Countries. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:42001. [PMID: 35417259 PMCID: PMC9007245 DOI: 10.1289/ehp9220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
|
11
|
Akhtar A, Kazi TG, Afridi HI, Khan M. Human exposure to toxic elements through facial cosmetic products: Dermal risk assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 131:105145. [PMID: 35219764 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Facial cosmetics are the most commonly consumed product, mainly by the women from all over the world irrespective of their age. The facial cosmetics may be contaminated with several toxic elements, which can get absorb on to the facial skin and migrate to the blood vessels. Hence the absorbed toxic elements can cause further adverse effects on the human body. The present study aims to assess the toxic element contents (arsenic, lead, nickel, mercury, and cadmium) in commonly consumed facial cosmetics (face powder, foundation, lightening creams, moisturizer, eye shadow, lipsticks, eyeliner, blush, mascara, sunscreen) and to carry out the risk assessment through different methods. The dermal risk was evaluated as SED, NOAEL, MoS, HQ and ILCR, which is linked with the exposure of selected toxic elements. The total CDDE for all selected elements in facial cosmetic products was found in increasing order as follow: face powder > foundation > lightening creams > moisturizer > eye shadow > lipsticks > eyeliner > blush > mascara > sunscreen. The HQ and HI values for selected elements were found to be < 1 in all facial cosmetics. Whereas the probable MoS of selected toxic elements in all facial cosmetics except eyeliner were found to be 3-4 folds lower than the minimum value of 100 regulated by the WHO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asma Akhtar
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan.
| | - Tasneem Gul Kazi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
| | - Hassan Imran Afridi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
| | - Mustafa Khan
- School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mohammadzadeh M, Mirzaei N, Mostafaii G, Atoof F, Miranzadeh MB, Dehghani R. Determination of potentially toxic metals in depilatory products in the Iranian markets: human health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:13756-13765. [PMID: 34599443 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16608-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the concentrations of heavy metals, including lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), cobalt (Co), and arsenic metalloid (As), to assess their health risks in the popular depilatory products of the Iranian markets. Twenty-one samples of 7 popular brands of depilatory products, inclusive of cream and powder, were examined. Selected elements were measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) using the appropriate procedure for acid digestion and the measurement of heavy metal contents. The differences in heavy metal concentrations were investigated according to the type of product, brand, country of production, and product price using t test and one-way analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey test. Finally, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessments were calculated for the studied elements. The results showed that Pb (5.46±2.30 mg/kg) and Co (0.16±0.69 mg/kg) had the highest and lowest concentrations in these products, respectively. In general, the concentration of heavy metals in depilatory creams was less than the concentration of elements in depilatory powders and less than the maximum allowable limits as defined by the Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (ISIRI). There was a direct and significant relationship between the concentration of heavy metals in depilatory powders and the product's price. Moreover, the amount of As in one of the brands of depilatory powder was determined to exceed the standard value (2 mg/kg). Also, hazard index (HI) and lifetime cancer risk (LCR) were below 1 and 10-6, respectively, which indicated that this mentioned heavy metal had no probable non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks for consumers. According to this study, it was evident that the chances of cancer and non-cancer risk using depilatory products were unlikely, but continuous use can be harmful due to the excessive accumulation of these heavy metals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahdiyeh Mohammadzadeh
- Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Research Center, Department of Environment Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Nezam Mirzaei
- Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Research Center, Department of Environment Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Mostafaii
- Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Research Center, Department of Environment Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Atoof
- Departments of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bagher Miranzadeh
- Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Research Center, Department of Environment Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Rouhullah Dehghani
- Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Research Center, Department of Environment Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li Y, Fang Y, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Liu K, Jiang L, Yang B, Yang Y, Song Y, Liu C. Trace Metal Lead Exposure in Typical Lip Cosmetics From Electronic Commercial Platform: Investigation, Health Risk Assessment and Blood Lead Level Analysis. Front Public Health 2021; 9:766984. [PMID: 34869181 PMCID: PMC8637816 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.766984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead (Pb) in lipstick products has become an increasing concern, which can cause safety problems to human body directly with diet. To investigate the Pb exposure and potential health risk level of typical popular lip cosmetics in Chinese e-commerce market, Python crawler was introduced to identify and select 34 typical popular lip cosmetics, including 12 lipsticks, 13 lip glosses, and 9 lip balms. And then this study used ICP-MS to determine the content of Pb. Furthermore, the ingestion health risk assessment method issued by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and Monte Carlo simulation algorithm were applied to assess the probabilistic health risks of adults exposure. Finally, taking the possible exposure of children contacting with lip products, the health risk assessment of children blood Pb was carried out. The results showed that the concentration of Pb in lip products ranged from 0 to 0.5237 mg/kg, which was far lower than the limit set by various countries. The probabilistic non-carcinogenic risks and carcinogenic risks were 4.93 ×10-7~2.82 ×10-3 and 1.68 ×10-12~9.59 ×10-9, respectively, which were in an acceptable level. The results of blood Pb assessment suggested that the Pb content of lip cosmetics had no obvious influence on blood Pb concentration of children, and background Pb exposure is the main factor affecting children's blood Pb level (BLL). Overall, the samples of lip products are selected by Python crawler in this study, which are more objective and representative. This study focuses on deeper study of Pb, especially for the health risk assessment of blood Pb in children exposed to lip products. These results perhaps could provide useful information for the safety cosmetics usage for people in China and even the global world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China.,School of Business Administration, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanyan Fang
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China.,Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China
| | - Zehua Liu
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China.,Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China
| | - Yahan Zhang
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China.,Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China
| | - Kangli Liu
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China
| | - Luping Jiang
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China.,School of Business Administration, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China
| | - Boyuan Yang
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China.,Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongdie Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongwei Song
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China
| | - Chaoyang Liu
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China.,Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China.,Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
The average woman uses 12 different cosmetic products every day, but they can have a negative effect on human health. Therefore, in recent years, consumer preferences have changed towards buying natural or ecological cosmetics free from preservatives or unnecessary dyes. The aim of this work is to discuss the use of dyes, minerals, and vitamins in cosmetics in terms of their safety and impact on human health. These substances are very important in the cosmetics industry. Most of them are of natural origin. Some minerals used in the production of face masks or creams are recommended to work against inflammations such as ulcers and acne. Clay minerals have exceptional qualities, among others, low or no toxicity and high bio-compatibility. However, some of them may be harmful. For example, the safety of using talc has been widely debated in recent years. Cosmetic-grade talc cannot contain detectable fibrous asbestos minerals. Moreover, talc should not be applied to the skin when the epidermal barrier is missing or significantly disrupted. The use of talc in cosmetic products in the European Union is restricted. Vitamins are one of the most commonly used, biologically active, and easily accessible components in cosmetics. For example, provitamin B5 (D-panthenol) is a bioactive substance. In cosmetic preparations, it has a softening, repairing, and anti-inflammatory effect and is responsible for regulating sebum secretion. However, some vitamins may be harmful to human health. For example, the use of skin-whitening cosmetics containing vitamin C causes allergic contact dermatitis, whereas the most common adverse effect of topical use of vitamin A is skin irritation, erythema, and peeling. Dyes, which are used to color cosmetics, do not improve the condition of the skin, hair, or nails. Some of them may be harmful to human health. For example, the dye CI 60730 (Acid Violet 43) is prohibited for use in eye products and cosmetics that have contact with mucous membranes. In conclusion, some of the popular cosmetic ingredients discussed in this paper may exert a negative influence on human health, and many of these harmful effects have been discovered recently. Therefore, there is a need for further studies on the possible negative effects of dyes, minerals, and vitamins used in cosmetic products.
Collapse
|
15
|
Sharma A, Chauhan R, Kumar R, Mankotia P, Verma R, Sharma V. A rapid and non-destructive ATR-FTIR spectroscopy method supported by chemometrics for discriminating between facial creams and the classification into herbal and non-herbal brands. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 258:119803. [PMID: 33933939 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Facial creams are considered to be essential beauty items and are used by both females and males on an everyday basis. These can be encountered as an evidentiary material in criminal investigations, particularly in cases related to sexual and physical assaults against women. These are found in trace amounts and therefore their analysis is difficult and also, it must be through non-destructive methods. In the present work ATR-FTIR spectroscopy was employed for the discrimination of 57 samples of face creams out of which 31 were non-herbal and 26 were from herbal category. Visual analysis of the obtained Spectra was done for discrimination purposes but the method was prone to human error and laborious too. The spectroscopic results were analyzed with PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and PLS-DA (Partial least square discriminant analysis) methods. A segregation of samples was seen in the PCA plots to some extent. The class separation and prediction of the samples was performed using PLS-DA method. A good classification was achieved between herbal and non-herbal samples using PLS-DA method. Further, validation of the model was also performed by testing 10 unknown samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Sharma
- Institute of Forensic Science & Criminology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Rohini Chauhan
- Institute of Forensic Science & Criminology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Raj Kumar
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Madhuban, Karnal, Haryana 132037, India
| | - Priyanka Mankotia
- Institute of Forensic Science & Criminology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Rajesh Verma
- Regional Forensic Science Laboratory, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175001, India
| | - Vishal Sharma
- Institute of Forensic Science & Criminology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lara-Torres S, Figueiredo D, Paz S, Gutiérrez AJ, Rubio C, González-Weller D, Revert C, Hardisson A. Determination and risk assessment of toxic metals in lipsticks from Europe and China. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2021; 67:126792. [PMID: 34022566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of toxic toxic metals in lipstick can pose a health risk to many consumers of this type of cosmetics, especially for women. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess consequences attributed to dermal and oral exposure to toxic metals in lipsticks manufactured in China and Europe as determined by non-cancer and cancer risks assessment models from SCCS and USEPA, respectively. METHOD The treatment of the samples was carried out by calcination using muffle furnaces and the determination of Al, Cd and Pb were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). CONCENTRATIONS The concentration of Cd and Pb in the study samples does not exceed the limits stablished for the FDA (00,228 mg kg-1·day-1 for Cd and 000,343 mg kg-1·day-1 for Pb, respectively) but they do not comply with the Regulation of the European Parliament, which prohibits the presence of these two metals in cosmetics. Neither European Union nor United States have established maximum levels for Al in cosmetics. CONCLUSIONS The cancer risk assessment of Cd and Pb metals resulted in a total cancer risk less than 1. The results of non-cancer oral risk assessment for Pb had a MoS result of 88 for China and 62 for Europe, suggesting that Pb poses a risk for the human health, especially in samples manufactured in Europe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lara-Torres
- Department of Toxicology, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, 38071, Spain
| | - Dany Figueiredo
- Department of Toxicology, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, 38071, Spain
| | - Soraya Paz
- Department of Toxicology, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, 38071, Spain
| | - Angel J Gutiérrez
- Department of Toxicology, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, 38071, Spain.
| | - Carmen Rubio
- Department of Toxicology, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, 38071, Spain
| | - Dailos González-Weller
- Health Inspection and Laboratory Service, Canary Health Service, S/C de Tenerife, Canary Islands, 38006, Spain
| | - Consuelo Revert
- Department of Physical Medicine and Pharmacology, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, 38071, Spain
| | - Arturo Hardisson
- Department of Toxicology, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, 38071, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kilic S, Kilic M, Soylak M. The Determination of Toxic Metals in some Traditional Cosmetic Products and Health Risk Assessment. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:2272-2277. [PMID: 32888120 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02357-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In present study, the levels of some toxic elements in 19 different home-made cosmetic products (spray hair dye, henna, tattoo, eyeliner, eye mascara, smear, lip moisturizer, and lipstick) were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric (ICP-MS) after microwave digestion. The ICP-MS results were verified by the analyzing certificated reference material (EnviroMAT Drinking Water, High).The detection limit (LOD) was set from 0.1 to 0.2 and the quantification limit (LOQ) from 0.2 to 0.8 μg L-1 and the recoveries estimated from 99% to 109%. The relative standard deviation (RSD) (%) for elements was determined in the range of 0.9 and 2.1%. Although various concentrations of arsenic (As),cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), cupper (Cu), and nickel (Ni) were determined in some samples, lead (Pb) concentration was found in all the samples. Data obtained were compared with the permissible limit of cosmetic products by the WHO. The concentration of Pb in smear samples was higher than the permitted limit created by the WHO, and Ni concentration in the some samples exceeds the limit set by the WHO. The rank order of toxic elements based on THQ index was Cr > Pb > Ni. The potential non-carcinogenic was considerably lower than the safe risk limits (THQ > 1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serpil Kilic
- Department of Electronics and Automation, Vocational High School of Technical Sciences, Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Isparta, Turkey.
| | - Murat Kilic
- Food Safety and Agricultural Research Center, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Soylak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Technology Research and Application Center (TAUM), Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chemometrics based ATR-FTIR spectroscopy method for rapid and non-destructive discrimination between eyeliner and mascara traces. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
19
|
Liu Y, Pan J, Zhang G, Li Z, Hu Z, Chu Y, Guo L, Lau C. Stable and ultrasensitive analysis of organic pollutants and heavy metals by dried droplet method with superhydrophobic-induced enrichment. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1151:338253. [PMID: 33608082 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a dried droplet method (DDM) with superhydrophobic-induced enrichment is reported for stable and ultrasensitive analysis of organic pollutants and heavy metals. A superhydrophobic (SHB) substrate was prepared as an analytical detection platform for the DDM. This SHB substrate was synthesized by sequentially coating polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) onto glass substrate surface. In the droplet drying process, the SHB substrate was demonstrated to suppress the coffee ring effect (CRE) and enriched analyte concentration. Combining with Raman spectroscopy for analysis of methylene blue (MB), and with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for analysis of chromium (Cr), the results indicated high stability and ultra-sensitivity for organic pollutants and heavy metals detection. Overall, the DDM with superhydrophobic-induced enrichment has big potential in applications requiring stable and ultrasensitive analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchao Liu
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jie Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guobin Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zebiao Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhenlin Hu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanwu Chu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lianbo Guo
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Condon Lau
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
High-sensitivity determination of trace lead and cadmium in cosmetics using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy with ultrasound-assisted extraction. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
21
|
Wang B, Su Y, Tian L, Peng S, Ji R. Heavy metals in face paints: Assessment of the health risks to Chinese opera actors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 724:138163. [PMID: 32408442 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The actors in Chinese operas are exposed to heavy metals through the face paints that they use but the resulting health risks are unknown. We therefore conducted a survey of face paint use by Chinese opera actors and then assayed 91 paint samples of various paint brands and colors for their contents of eight heavy metals. The potential health risks of heavy metal exposure due to face paint use were determined as well. The average concentrations of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were 1.8, 0.6, 4.4, 23.1, 610, 7.6, 16.2, and 10,415 μg/g, respectively, and at least four of the eight elements were detected in all samples. Samples from the most frequently paint brands were the most highly contaminated, especially with Zn, whose mass contribution was extremely high (18.3%). Moreover, contamination of the paint was color-specific, with significantly higher heavy metal levels in brown (As, Cr, and Ni), black (Co and Zn), red (Pb), and green (Cu) paints. The total carcinogenic risk posed by the metals in 25 paint samples ranged between 0.01% and 0.96%, with the highest risk that of Cr. Thus, lifetime exposure to Cr-containing paints would result in a high probability of the actor developing cancer. The findings of our study highlight the need for Chinese regulations addressing the heavy metals in face paints, especially Cr. Capsule: Chinese opera actors have a high probability of developing cancer due to a lifetime exposure to high levels of heavy metals in their face paints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230000, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yu Su
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Liyan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shuchuan Peng
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230000, China.
| | - Rong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ebrahimi M, Khalili N, Razi S, Keshavarz-Fathi M, Khalili N, Rezaei N. Effects of lead and cadmium on the immune system and cancer progression. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2020; 18:335-343. [PMID: 32399244 PMCID: PMC7203386 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-020-00455-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In our daily life, we are surrounded by harmful pollutants, including heavy metals that are not visible in the macroscopic view easily. Heavy metals can disrupt different aspects of human health, such as the immune system which has gained a lot of attention in recent decades. This had led to its rapid progression and new insights into its alterations in different diseases especially cancer. Heavy metals are non-biodegradable materials that exist in different parts of the food cycle, such as fruits and vegetables as commonly consumed foods and also unexpected sources such as street dust, that exists in the streets that we pass every day, soil, air, and water. These heavy metals can enter the human body through respiratory, cutaneous, and gastrointestinal pathways and then accumulate in different organs, leading to their encountering with various parts of the body. These sources and natural characteristics of heavy metals facilitate their interaction with the immune system. In this review, we investigated the effect of lead and cadmium, as pollutants that exist in many different parts of the human environment, on the immune system which is known to have a key role in the pathophysiology of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ebrahimi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Khalili
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Razi
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Keshavarz-Fathi
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Khalili
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Southampton, UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lucca JM, Joseph R, Hussain Al Kubaish Z, Mohammad Al-Maskeen S, Ali Alokaili Z. An observational study on adverse reactions of cosmetics: The need of practice the Cosmetovigilance system. Saudi Pharm J 2020; 28:746-753. [PMID: 32550807 PMCID: PMC7292860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cosmetovigilance is public health surveillance on cosmetic products with a public health objective. Since the radical development in beautifying products in Saudi Arabia, the Saudi Food and Drug Authority takes the responsibility of regulating cosmetic products and issuing guidelines to ensure its safety. Despite this, there exists a lacuna of Re published reports on cosmetics-related adverse reactions in the Saudi population. We aimed to assess self-reported adverse reactions in the general public of the Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Materials and Method A cross-sectional study was conducted for three months. The questionnaire for data collection was adopted and modified from previous studies for the cosmetic utilization behaviors and adverse reactions. Results Among the 425 participants, 50.6% reported that they had at least one adverse reaction in the past two years. Redness of the skin (19%), pimples (15%), and itching (13%) were the commonly reported adverse reactions. The majority of the adverse reactions were reported with hair care (29%) and skincare products (25%). The majority [n = 181 (84.2%)] of the participants with managed the ARs by the cessation of the product use. The univariate analysis found that gender, age, allergic to medications and food, family history of allergy, mixing cosmetics, and frequent switching of cosmetic brands were associated with adverse events. However, the adjusted analysis found that allergic to medication (adjusted OR: 3.9), family history of allergy (adjusted OR: 1.91), and mixing cosmetics (adjusted OR: 1.70) were significantly associated with cosmetics-related adverse reactions. Conclusion Cosmetovigilance is a model of safety monitoring of cosmetics. It can be considered as a one of the element in public health activities. Pharmacists should be more vigil on this issue in the near future. To strengthen the findings further, a national wide prevalence study can be conducted prospectively and analyses causality and report to the pharmacovigilanvce system of the country.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jisha M Lucca
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Royes Joseph
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zainab Hussain Al Kubaish
- Pharm D Intern, Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Mohammad Al-Maskeen
- Pharm D Intern, Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zainab Ali Alokaili
- Pharm D Intern, Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Rehan I, Khan MZ, Rehan K, Sultana S, Qasim I, Ud Din S, Anwar H, Sayyar Muhammad. Determination of Lead and Chromium in Aloe Vera Pulp and Aloe Vera-Based Cosmetics by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). ANAL LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2020.1748044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Imran Rehan
- Department of Physics, Islamia College University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zubair Khan
- Department of Applied Physics, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Kamran Rehan
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Sabiha Sultana
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Qasim
- Department of Physics, Riphah International University, Islamabad
| | - Salah Ud Din
- Department of Chemistry, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Azad Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan
| | - Hafeez Anwar
- Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sayyar Muhammad
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ghaderpoori M, Kamarehie B, Jafari A, Alinejad AA, Hashempour Y, Saghi MH, Yousefi M, Oliveri Conti G, Mohammadi AA, Ghaderpoury A, Ferrante M. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in cosmetic products sold in Iran: the Monte Carlo simulation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:7588-7595. [PMID: 31885066 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07423-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cosmetics can contain harmful compounds such as heavy metals. Several metals have a cumulative effect on the body, especially fatty tissues, and may have different health effects on the human body over the long term. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to assess the health risks of heavy metals in cosmetics in Iran. Also, in this study, Monte Carlo simulation was used to investigate uncertainties. In this study, heavy metals data of cosmetics were extracted from studies carried out at intervals 2010-2018. International and Iranian databases such as Google Scholar, Web of Science, Springer, Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, Irandoc, Magiran, Scientific Information Database (SID), and Information Institute for Scientific (ISC) were searched for this purpose. In this study, the index of the Margin of Safety was calculated to determine the risk of human contact with metallic impurities in cosmetic products used by humans. In the selected period, 11 studies were conducted on the measurement of heavy metals in cosmetics in Iran. In these studies, cosmetics such as eye shadow, eye pencil, powder, cream, and lipstick were studied. The Margin of Safety (MoS) values calculated for different metals were higher than the established safe standard by WHO. The highest and lowest amount of systemic exposure dosage in all types of cosmetic investigated (lipstick, cream, eye pencil, face powder, and eye shadow) was related to Fe and Hg. The mean hazardous quotient (HQ) for Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mn, Zn, Pb, and Hg was 1.05E-03, 1.03E-01, 7.95E-03, 2.59E-03, 1.05E-03, 4.98E-03, 7.22E-04, 1.85E-01, and 1.35E-05, respectively. The highest HQ (6.10E-01) was found for Pb, which was observed in the cream.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Ghaderpoori
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
- Nutrition Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Bahram Kamarehie
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Ali Jafari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Abdol Azim Alinejad
- Department of Public Health, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Yalda Hashempour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Saghi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mahmood Yousefi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gea Oliveri Conti
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia"-Hygiene and Public Health, Laboratory of Environmental and Food Hygiene (LIAA), University of Catania, 95131, Catania, Italy.
| | - Ali Akbar Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.
| | - Afshin Ghaderpoury
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Margherita Ferrante
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia"-Hygiene and Public Health, Laboratory of Environmental and Food Hygiene (LIAA), University of Catania, 95131, Catania, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mesko MF, Novo DLR, Costa VC, Henn AS, Flores EMM. Toxic and potentially toxic elements determination in cosmetics used for make-up: A critical review. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1098:1-26. [PMID: 31948571 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
27
|
Lisboa TP, de Faria LV, Matos MAC, Matos RC, de Sousa RA. Simultaneous determination of cadmium, lead, and copper in the constituent parts of the illegal cigarettes by Square Wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetry. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
28
|
Marguí E, Dalipi R, Borgese L, Depero LE, Queralt I. Possibilities and drawbacks of total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry as a fast, simple and cost-effective technique for multielement analyses of cosmetics. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1075:27-37. [PMID: 31196421 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper shows a simple, rapid and cost-effective method for multielement analyses of cosmetics. Total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (TXRF) is used to determine the composition, particularly the presence of potentially toxic elements, of cosmetics. Three sample preparation methods based on suspension preparation were developed for different types of cosmetic samples, e.g. lipsticks, eye shadows and body creams. Limits of detection within the low mg kg-1 range were obtained and enabled cosmetic screening for compliance with the legal thresholds for some major toxic elements. A good accuracy of the results on a wide range of concentration levels (>10000 mg kg-1) was found without the need of sample dilution. Results obtained for most elements in the lipstick and cream samples agreed with those obtained by the reference method recommended by the Food and Drug Administration, based on using inductively coupled plasma techniques after microwave digestion. However, for eyeshadow analysis, a more sophisticate approach is needed to improve the analytical results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Marguí
- Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Spain.
| | - R Dalipi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, B. Ubertini, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - L Borgese
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - L E Depero
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - I Queralt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wang W, Bao N, Yuan W, Si N, Bai H, Li H, Zhang Q. Simultaneous determination of lead, arsenic, and mercury in cosmetics using a plastic based disposable electrochemical sensor. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
30
|
Kazi TG, Afridi HI, Bhatti M, Akhtar A. A rapid ultrasonic energy assisted preconcentration method for simultaneous extraction of lead and cadmium in various cosmetic brands using deep eutectic solvent: A multivariate study. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2019; 51:40-48. [PMID: 30514484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An innovative ultrasonic assisted microextraction method using a deep eutectic solvent for entrapping the organ metallic complexes was developed to pre-concentrate the trace quantities of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in lipsticks and eye shadows of different brands prior to flame atomic absorption spectrometry analysis. A deep eutectic solvent (DES) was used in this study, prepared by mixing metal salt (ZnCl2) and hydrogen bond donors such as (acetamide) in different ratio. The different branded cosmetic items, lipstick and eye shadows, obtained from local market and subjected to acid digestion prior to application of proposed ultrasonic assisted microextraction method based on deep eutectic solvent (UAµE-DES) with the aid of mechanical and ultrasound energies. Ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate was used as a ligand to made hydrophobic complexes of Cd and Pb, entrapped in DES in the presence of aprotic solvent. The seven variables, mixing ratio of ZnCl2 and Acetamide, DES volume, Ultrasound and Conventional shaking time, pH, tetrahydrofuran and complexing reagent volume were optimized by multivariate approach for the optimum recovery of Cd and Pb from real cosmetic items. The resulted data indicates that ultrasound energy assisted extraction time, volume of DES and pH were most significant variables. The precision and validity of developed procedure were checked by the spiked known certified standards in real samples. The resulted data indicated that the lipsticks have different glittering colors contains high contents of Pb and Cd, whereas dark colors of eye shadows contain high level of both elements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tasneem Gul Kazi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan.
| | - Hassan Imran Afridi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan.
| | - Murk Bhatti
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan.
| | - Asma Akhtar
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Samiee F, Vahidinia A, Taravati Javad M, Leili M. Exposure to heavy metals released to the environment through breastfeeding: A probabilistic risk estimation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:3075-3083. [PMID: 30373084 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Toxic heavy metals released into the environment through various anthropogenic activities, raising concerns over their potential adverse effects on human health and the environment. Biological monitoring studies are of great value in toxicological research for estimation of such health effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentrations of lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and chromium (Cr) in the breast milk of urban mothers in Hamadan city, Iran and the accompanying health risk to infants. A total of 100 lactating mothers were recruited from public health care centers in Hamadan city and breast milk samples were collected at 2, 6, 8, and 12 months postpartum. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) has been used to measure target heavy metal concentrations. The median breast milk concentrations of Pb, As, and Cr were 41.90, 0.50, and 3.95 μg/L, respectively. The highest levels of Pb were observed after two months of delivery (with the mean of 96.69 μg/L and median of 45.70 μg/L). Up to 94% of the breast milk samples exceeded the WHO limit suggested for lead contamination of breast milk (<5 μg/L). The breast milk As and Cr contents were above the limit of detection (LOD) in 19% and 76% of samples, respectively. Unacceptable non-cancer health risk levels or hazard quotient (HQ) were found for Pb and As in 61% and 10% of the samples, respectively. Nevertheless, HQ from Cr was <1.0 for 100% of breastfeeding infants. Finally, our results indicated that there may be a potential risk of toxic metals, especially lead, for infants in Hamadan via the consumption of mothers' breast milk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Samiee
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Aliasghar Vahidinia
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Nutrition Health Research Center, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | | | - Mostafa Leili
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Alam MF, Akhter M, Mazumder B, Ferdous A, Hossain MD, Dafader NC, Ahmed FT, Kundu SK, Taheri T, Atique Ullah AKM. Assessment of some heavy metals in selected cosmetics commonly used in Bangladesh and human health risk. J Anal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s40543-018-0162-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
33
|
Kumar A, Prasad MNV. Plant-lead interactions: Transport, toxicity, tolerance, and detoxification mechanisms. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 166:401-418. [PMID: 30290327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.09.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Natural and human activities introduced an excess level of toxic lead (Pb) to the environment. Pb has no known biological significance and its interactions with plants lead to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Pb and/or ROS have the potential to cause phytotoxicity by damaging the tissue ultrastructure, cellular components, and biomolecules. These damaging effects may possibly result in the inhibition of normal cellular functioning, physiological reactions, and overall plant performances. ROS play a dual role and act as a signaling molecule in plant defense system. This system encircles enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidative mechanisms. Catalase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and enzymes from the ascorbate-glutathione cycle are the major enzymatic antioxidants, while non-enzymatic antioxidants include phenols, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, and glutathione. Pb removal from contaminated sites using plants depend on the plant's Pb accumulation capacity, Pb-induced phytotoxicity, and tolerance and detoxification mechanisms plants adopted to combat against this phytotoxicity. However, the consolidated information discussing Pb-plant interaction including Pb uptake and its translocation within tissues, Pb-mediated phytotoxic symptoms, antioxidative mechanisms, cellular, and protein metabolisms are rather limited. Thus, we aimed to present a consolidated information and critical discussions focusing on the recent studies related to the Pb-induced toxicity and oxidative stress situations in different plants. The important functions of different antioxidants in plants during Pb stress have been reviewed. Additionally, tolerance responses and detoxification mechanisms in the plant through the regulation of gene expression, and glutathione and protein metabolisms to compete against Pb-induced phytotoxicity are also briefly discussed herein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhay Kumar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana 500046, India.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Cosmetics still retain their brilliant effect, but public concern about their toxicity has become a hot issue. Trace amounts of toxic heavy metals can be either intentionally added to cosmetics or present as impurities in the raw materials. We therefore assessed the levels of lead, nickel, copper, zinc and iron in six brands of lipstick and six brands of cosmetic powder that are widely available in local Polish markets. The cosmetics were digested and analyzed for the metals using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Lead and nickel were found in some powders, but none in lipstick samples. This study revealed that the levels of these metals were higher than the specifications reported in the literature data. On the other hand, the copper content was determined at the level of 435 mg/kg in one sample of powder and at 75.92 mg/kg in one lipstick. Iron levels ranged from 0 to 12,168.57 mg/kg depending on the brand of powder or lipstick, and were generally higher in powders. Zinc was detected in the range of 1.73–488.31 mg/kg in all 12 samples. The results lead to the conclusion that constant control of metallic content in lipsticks, powders and other facial cosmetics should be seriously considered.
Collapse
|
35
|
Nkansah MA, Owusu-Afriyie E, Opoku F. Determination of lead and cadmium contents in lipstick and their potential health risks to consumers. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-018-1180-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
36
|
Gao P, Lei T, Jia L, Yury B, Zhang Z, Du Y, Feng Y, Xing B. Bioaccessible trace metals in lip cosmetics and their health risks to female consumers. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 238:554-561. [PMID: 29605615 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Females can be exposed to toxic elements in lip cosmetics following ingestion. The bioaccessibility of Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Cd, Sb and Pb in lip cosmetics (n = 32) were assessed via the dilute HCl extraction method, In Vitro Gastrointestinal protocol (IVG) and the United States Pharmacopeia Methodology (USPM), and then health risks were characterized. The total concentrations of trace metals (TMs) in lip cosmetics were in the range of 15.55-111.97 mg/kg (Mean: 60.99 mg/kg). Cu, Pb and Cr were the three major TMs and accounting for >75% of the total concentrations. Except Sb and Pb in 4/32 and 4/32 samples were higher than the US FDA (Food and Drug Administration of the United States) limits, the other TMs were lower than that limits. Only bioaccessible Pb in all samples significantly exceeded the FDA limit 0.1 mg/kg in candy. Using IVG or USPM might be preferable for evaluating the TMs exposure over HCl since they better represent gastrointestinal physiology. The estimated average daily intake (ADI) of bioaccessible ∑TMs through lip cosmetics ingestion of career women and female college students were under safety level. The long-term exposure of bioaccessible TMs by lip cosmetics using would inevitably cause non-carcinogenic health risk. This is the first report on the in vitro tests used for evaluating bioaccessible TMs in lip cosmetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Tingting Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Liming Jia
- Environmental Monitoring Centre of Heilongjiang Province, 2 Weixing Road, Harbin, 150056, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Badmatsybenov Yury
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhaohan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yingqiu Du
- Agricultural Products Quality and Safety Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 368 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yujie Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Pinto E, Paiva K, Carvalhido A, Almeida A. Elemental impurities in lipsticks: Results from a survey of the Portuguese and Brazilian markets. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 95:307-313. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
38
|
Gładysz M, Król M, Kościelniak P. Differentiation of red lipsticks using the attenuated total reflection technique supported by two chemometric methods. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 280:130-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
39
|
The Assessment of Toxic Metals in Plants Used in Cosmetics and Cosmetology. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14101280. [PMID: 29064437 PMCID: PMC5664780 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14101280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals polluting the natural environment are absorbed by plants. The use of herbs as components of cosmetics may pose a health risk for humans. The aim of the study was to determine the concentrations of Pb, Cd and Hg in selected species of herbs (horsetail Equisetum arvense, nettle Urtica dioica, St. John’s wort Hypericum perforatum, wormwood Artemisia absinthium, yarrow Achillea millefolium, cottonwood Solidago virgaurea) self-collected from the natural environment in two different locations, and purchased in stores on the territory of Poland. The concentration of the metals studied was: 4.67–23.8 mg/kg Pb, 0.01–1.51 mg/kg Cd, 0.005–0.028 mg/kg Hg. Different concentrations of metals, depending on species and origin of plants, were found. The mean concentration of all studied metals was the lowest in St. John’s wort, and the highest in nettle. In herbs purchased in Polish stores, the concentration of Pb was higher than in plants self-collected in the natural environment.
Collapse
|
40
|
Chromium, nickel, and cobalt in cosmetic matrices: an integrated bioanalytical characterization through total content, bioaccessibility, and Cr(III)/Cr(VI) speciation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:6831-6841. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0644-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
41
|
Alqadami AA, Naushad M, Abulhassan Abdalla M, Khan MR, Alothman ZA, Wabaidur SM, Ghfar AA. Determination of heavy metals in skin-whitening cosmetics using microwave digestion and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. IET Nanobiotechnol 2017; 11:597-603. [PMID: 28745295 PMCID: PMC8676359 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2016.0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the determination of noxious heavy metals, cadmium (Cd), bismuth (Bi), mercury (Hg), titanium (Ti), lead (Pb) and metalloid arsenic (As) in skin-whitening cosmetics were examined using microwave digestion and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry method. A complete digestion of cosmetics samples was achieved using a mixture of hydrofluoric acid/hydrogen peroxide/nitric acid. The quantification of the target compounds was done by standard addition method. The excellent quality parameters for instance, detection limits, As (4.6 ppb), Bi (7.9 ppb), Cd (0.45 ppb), Hg (3.3 ppb), Pb (3.8 ppb), Ti (4.3 ppb), linearity (r2 > 0.999) and run-to-run and day-to-day precisions with relative standard deviations <3% were obtained. The recovery rates for standard reference materials were found between 90 and 105%. The average concentration of heavy metals in cosmetics samples were in the range of 1.0-12.3 (μg g-1, As), 33-7097 (μg g-1, Bi), 0.20-0.6 (μg g-1, Cd), 0.70-2700 (μg g-1, Hg), 1.20-143 (μg g-1, Pb) and 2.0-1650 (μg g-1, Ti).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayoub Abdullah Alqadami
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Bld#5, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mu Naushad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Bld#5, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Mohammad Rizwan Khan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Bld#5, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeid Abdullah Alothman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Bld#5, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saikh Mohammad Wabaidur
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Bld#5, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman Abdel Ghfar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Bld#5, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Screening of TiO 2 and Au nanoparticles in cosmetics and determination of elemental impurities by multiple techniques (DLS, SP-ICP-MS, ICP-MS and ICP-OES). Talanta 2017; 171:291-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
43
|
Wiseman CLS, Parnia A, Chakravartty D, Archbold J, Zawar N, Copes R, Cole DC. Blood cadmium concentrations and environmental exposure sources in newcomer South and East Asian women in the Greater Toronto Area, Canada. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 154:19-27. [PMID: 28012400 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immigrant women are often identified as being particularly vulnerable to environmental exposures and health effects. The availability of biomonitoring data on newcomers is limited, thus, presenting a challenge to public health practitioners in the identification of priorities for intervention. OBJECTIVES In fulfillment of data needs, the purpose of this study was to characterize blood concentrations of cadmium (Cd) among newcomer women of reproductive age (19-45 years of age) living in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), Canada and to assess potential sources of environmental exposures. METHODS A community-based model, engaging peer researchers from the communities of interest, was used for recruitment and follow-up purposes. Blood samples were taken from a total of 211 newcomer women from South and East Asia, representing primary, regional origins of immigrants to the GTA, and environmental exposure sources were assessed via telephone survey. Metal concentrations were measured in blood samples (diluted with 0.5% (v/v) ammonium hydroxide and 0.1% (v/v) octylphenol ethoxylate) using a quadrupole ICP-MS. Survey questions addressed a wide range of environmental exposure sources, including dietary and smoking patterns and use of nutritional supplements, herbal products and cosmetics. RESULTS A geometric mean (GM) blood Cd concentration of 0.39µg/L (SD:±2.07µg/L) was determined for study participants (min/max: <0.045µg/L (LOD)/2.36µg/L). Several variables including low educational attainment (Relative Ratio (RR) (adjusted)=1.50; 95% CI 1.17-1.91), milk consumption (RR (adjusted)=0.86; 95% CI 0.76-0.97), and use of zinc supplements (RR (adjusted)=0.76; 95% CI 0.64-0.95) were observed to be significantly associated with blood Cd concentrations in the adjusted regression model. The variable domains socioeconomic status (R2adj=0.11) and country of origin (R2adj=0.236) were the strongest predictors of blood Cd. CONCLUSION Blood Cd concentrations fell below those generally considered to be of human health concern. However, negative health effects cannot be entirely excluded, especially for those that fall in the upper percentile range of the distribution, given the mounting evidence for negative health outcomes at low environmental exposure concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C L S Wiseman
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Canada.
| | - A Parnia
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - D Chakravartty
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Canada
| | | | - N Zawar
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - R Copes
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Canada; Public Health Ontario, Canada
| | - D C Cole
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Chen SX, Wiseman CLS, Chakravartty D, Cole DC. Metal Concentrations in Newcomer Women and Environmental Exposures: A Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14030277. [PMID: 28282863 PMCID: PMC5369113 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14030277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Newcomer women from developing countries are recognized to be at risk for elevated exposures to environmental contaminants and associated negative health effects. As such, data on exposure sources and contaminant body burden concentrations is critical in the development of effective public health policies and interventions in support of newcomer health. We conducted a scoping review to gather evidence on important toxic metals of health concern, lead (Pb), mercury (Hg) and cadmium (Cd), and their concentrations and potential exposure sources among newcomer women. An initial 420 articles were identified through the databases MEDLINE, EMBASE and Scopus, many reporting by ethnicity rather than newcomer/immigrant status. Several articles reported metal concentrations for other biomarkers but did not include blood, nor stratify results. From the remainder, we selected a total of 10 articles for full textual review, which reported blood Pb, Hg or Cd levels for newcomer women and/or stratified blood metal results according to foreign birth or country of origin. Three of the articles reported higher Pb, Hg and Cd concentrations in newcomer women compared to their native-borne counterparts. Exposures identified as contributing to elevated Pb, Hg and Cd blood concentrations included: pica behaviour, the use of lead-glazed cookware or eye cosmetics, and fish/shellfish consumption. The review revealed a limited availability of data on metal body burden concentrations, exposure sources and routes among newcomer women specifically. More research is needed to better understand the extent to which newcomer women are disproportionately at risk of elevated metal exposures due to either country of origin or current exposures and to inform relevant, multi-national risk management strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shirley X Chen
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada.
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E8, Canada.
| | - Clare L S Wiseman
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada.
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E8, Canada.
| | - Dolon Chakravartty
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada.
| | - Donald C Cole
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada.
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E8, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Perez AL, Nembhard M, Monnot A, Bator D, Madonick E, Gaffney SH. Child and adult exposure and health risk evaluation following the use of metal- and metalloid-containing costume cosmetics sold in the United States. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 84:54-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
46
|
Iwegbue CM, Emakunu OS, Nwajei GE, Bassey FI, Martincigh BS. Evaluation of human exposure to metals from some commonly used bathing soaps and shower gels in Nigeria. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 83:38-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
47
|
Ahmadi-Jouibari T, Fattahi N, Mirzaei N, Sharafi K, Reza Ghafari H. Determination of cadmium in cosmetics from Kermanshah, Iran by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj00406k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Continuous sample drop flow-based microextraction (CSDF-ME) combined with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) has been developed as a high-performance preconcentration technique for the determination of cadmium in cosmetic samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toraj Ahmadi-Jouibari
- Clinical Research Development Center
- Imam Khomeini Hospital
- Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
- Kermanshah
- Iran
| | - Nazir Fattahi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH)
- Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
- Kermanshah
- Iran
| | - Nezam Mirzaei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering
- Faculty of Health
- Kashan University of Medical Sciences
- Kashan
- Iran
| | - Kiomars Sharafi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH)
- Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
- Kermanshah
- Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Ghafari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering
- Faculty of Health
- Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences
- Bandar Abbas
- Iran
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Comparative study of heavy metals content in cosmetic products of different countries marketed in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. ARAB J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
49
|
Omenka SS, Adeyi AA. Heavy metal content of selected personal care products (PCPs) available in Ibadan, Nigeria and their toxic effects. Toxicol Rep 2016; 3:628-635. [PMID: 28959586 PMCID: PMC5616017 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing concern on heavy metals in consumer products due to their potential human health risks and environmental effects. In this study, the levels of zinc, cadmium, lead and nickel were assessed in 3 different classes of personal care products commonly used in Ibadan, Nigeria. Samples were analysed for heavy metals using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) after acid digestion. Estimated daily intake (EDI) of the metals and Health Risk Index (HRI) were calculated to assess the human health risks associated with the use of these PCPs. The concentrations (mg/kg) of zinc ranged from 3.75 to 19.3, 1.88 to 112,000 and 19.8 to 217 respectively in creams, powders and eyeliners. Cadmium ranged from ND-0.50, ND-36.3 and ND-0.50 mg/kg while lead ranged from ND-6.25, ND-468 and 3.73-27.5 mg/kg and nickel ranged from ND-6.25, 0.13-107 and 2.75-22.7 mg/kg respectively. There were high concentrations of Cd, Pb and Ni in some of the samples when compared with the available permissible limits in cosmetics (Cd: 0.3 ppm, Pb: 10 ppm and Ni: 0.6 ppm while there is no permissible limit for Zn in cosmetics currently available). Prolonged use of PCPs may pose human health and environmental risks due to toxic metal loading through dermal contact and accumulation over a period of time. Hence, the need for necessary government agencies to regulate and enforce toxic metals in consumer products including cosmetics produced and imported into Nigeria to safeguard public health and the environment, which is the final sink.
Collapse
|
50
|
Zhao D, Li J, Li C, Juhasz AL, Scheckel KG, Luo J, Li HB, Ma LQ. Lead Relative Bioavailability in Lip Products and Their Potential Health Risk to Women. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:6036-43. [PMID: 27187630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have investigated lead (Pb) concentrations in lip products but little is known about its oral bioavailability. In this study, 75 lipsticks and 18 lip glosses were assessed for Pb concentration, while 15 samples were assessed for Pb relative bioavailability (RBA, relative to Pb acetate absorption) using a mouse femur assay. Lead concentrations were 0.2-10 185 mg kg(-1), with 21 samples exceeding the Chinese limit of 40 mg kg(-1). Samples with orange and pink colors and/or low cost contained higher Pb concentrations. For samples with Pb > 7500 mg kg(-1), Pb was present due to the addition of lead chromate (PbCrO4) as a colorant, which was confirmed by X-ray absorption near-edge structure analysis. Lead-RBA in 15 samples (87-10 185 mg kg(-1)) ranged from 23% to 95%, being significantly higher in moderate Pb (56-95%; 87-300 mg kg(-1)) than high Pb samples (23-48%; >300 mg kg(-1)). The calculation of Pb intake based on Pb-RBA showed that lip product ingestion contributed 5.4-68% of the aggregate Pb exposure for women depending on Pb concentration. The high Pb concentration in some lip products together with their moderate Pb-RBA suggests that lip product ingestion is a potential health concern to women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Albert L Juhasz
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Kirk G Scheckel
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Land Remediation and Pollution Control Division, Cincinnati, Ohio 45224-1701, United States
| | - Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Lena Q Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210046, People's Republic of China
- Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| |
Collapse
|