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Amer R, Koriat A. Aqueous humor perturbations in chronic smokers: a proteomic study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11279. [PMID: 38760463 PMCID: PMC11101467 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The detrimental effects of smoking are multisystemic and its effects on the eye health are significant. Smoking is a strong risk factor for age-related nuclear cataract, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, delayed corneal epithelial healing and increased risk of cystoid macular edema in patients with intermediate uveitis among others. We aimed to characterize the aqueous humor (AH) proteome in chronic smokers to gain insight into its perturbations and to identify potential biomarkers for smoking-associated ocular pathologies. Compared to the control group, chronic smokers displayed 67 (37 upregulated, 30 downregulated) differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). Analysis of DEPs from the biological point of view revealed that they were proteins involved in complement activation, lymphocyte mediated immunity, innate immune response, cellular oxidant detoxification, bicarbonate transport and platelet degranulation. From the molecular function point of view, DEPs were involved in oxygen binding, oxygen carrier activity, hemoglobin binding, peptidase/endopeptidase/cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitory activity. Several of the upregulated proteins were acute phase reactant proteins such as clusterin, alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein, fibrinogen, alpha-1-antitrypsin, C4b-binding protein and serum amyloid A-2. Further research should confirm if these proteins might serve as biomarkers or therapeutic target for smoking-associated ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radgonde Amer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Adi Koriat
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Wang J, Wang Y, Zhou W, Huang Y, Yang J. Impacts of cigarette smoking on blood circulation: do we need a new approach to blood donor selection? JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2023; 42:62. [PMID: 37408051 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-023-00405-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Smoking is a major public health problem and is considered the leading cause of preventable death worldwide. Gas-phase smoke carries bioactive substances and toxic compounds, affecting human health and reducing life spans. The negative effects of smoking on red blood cell (RBC) quality include destroying RBCs and increasing carboxy hemoglobin (COHb). Smoking increases the concentrations of heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in the blood. Moreover, tobacco smoking has been found to be associated with heightened platelet (PLT)-dependent thrombin level which will induce a prothrombotic state. Smoking may affect the blood circulation of donors, and subsequently the blood components, and ultimately the recipients of transfusion. Nevertheless, there are no restrictions on smoking for volunteer blood donor screenings currently. We reviewed the articles about the influence of smoking on smokers' blood circulation as well as the impact of donated blood products on transfusion when these smokers act as blood donors. We aim to attract blood collection centers' attention to strengthen the management of blood donors who smoke, avoiding their use in massive transfusion protocol and susceptible recipients, especially pediatric ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Luzhou Longmatan District People's Hospital, Luzhou, 625000, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixin Zhou
- Department of Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanshuai Huang
- Department of Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbo Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.
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Makena P, Scott E, Chen P, Liu HP, Jones BA, Prasad GL. Biomarkers of Exposure and Potential Harm in Two Weeks of Smoking Abstinence: Changes in Biomarkers of Platelet Function, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076286. [PMID: 37047257 PMCID: PMC10093936 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
: Chronic cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for many serious diseases. While complete cessation of smoking is the best option to reduce harm from smoking, adverse impacts of smoking on health could persist for several years after cessation. Therefore, Biomarkers of Potential Harm (BoPH) are useful in interim evaluations of the beneficial effects of smoking cessation or switching to potentially lower-risk tobacco products. A 14-day smoking abstinence study was conducted under clinical confinement conditions and enrolled 70 subjects into younger (24–34 years, n = 33) and older (35–60 years, n = 37) age cohorts. Biomarkers of Exposure (BoE), which indicate exposure to nicotine and other toxicants, were measured at baseline, 7 and 14 days. Several BoPH including previously identified eicosanoids (leukotriene 4 (LTE4) and 2,3-dinor thromboxane 2 (2,3-d-TXB2) and others were evaluated. Significant declines in BoE, LTE4, 2,3-d-TXB2, neutrophils, WBC and select RBC, and arterial blood gas parameters were observed in both age cohorts at Days 7 and 14 compared to baseline, while other BoPH (e.g., FeNO) showed age-related effects. Rapid and reproducible reductions in LTE4, 2,3-d-TXB2 WBC, and neutrophil counts were consistently detected following smoking abstinence, indicating the value of these markers as useful BoPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrudu Makena
- RAI Services Company, 401 N. Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Eric Scott
- RAI Services Company, 401 N. Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Peter Chen
- RAI Services Company, 401 N. Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Hsiao-Pin Liu
- RAI Services Company, 401 N. Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Bobbette A Jones
- RAI Services Company, 401 N. Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Gaddamanugu L Prasad
- RAI Services Company, 401 N. Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
- Prasad Scientific Consulting LLC, Lewisville, NC 27023, USA
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Maravilla Domínguez MA, Zermeño González MDL, Zavaleta Muñiz ER, Montes Varela VA, Irecta Nájera CA, Fajardo Robledo NS, Zavaleta Muñiz SA. Inflammation and atherogenic markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS : PUBLICACION OFICIAL DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2022; 34:105-112. [PMID: 34090713 DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Type two diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by a chronic inflammation status. Altered markers such as lipid concentrations are usually found in this disease. Elevated inflammation markers have been described such as cytokines (interleukin 6, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, and IL-8). However, there is a lack of information about the behaviour of the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), lymphocyte-monocyte ratio (LMR), lipid coefficients, and atherogenic index in T2DM. OBJECTIVE To describe the atherogenic and inflammation parameters in a group of patients with T2DM. MATERIALS AND METHODS 42 patients with T2DM were included, all patients were surveyed on clinic history (disease history, comorbidity, smoking, and other relevant variables), measurements of haematological, biochemical, and anthropometric parameters were taken and atherogenic coefficients and inflammation ratios were calculated. RESULTS Inflammation markers such as interleukin 6 and 8, necrosis tumour factor, and NLR were elevated. Of the patients, 88% were classified as high risk according to the atherogenic index. Former smokers had lower levels of IL-8 and higher NLR than non-smokers. CONCLUSION The atherogenic and inflammation markers such as atherogenic index, IL-8, and NLR make it possible to identify a subgroup of patients that are at risk of severe complications and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María de Lourdes Zermeño González
- Unidad Médica Especializada en Enfermedades Crónicas, Lerdo, Durango, México; Hospital General de Zona # 46, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Gómez Palacio, Durango, México
| | | | | | - Cesar Antonio Irecta Nájera
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Unidad Villahermosa Tabasco, Departamento de Salud, Villa Hermosa, Tabasco, México
| | - Nicté Selene Fajardo Robledo
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo Farmacéutico, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
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Cool T, Baena ARY, Forsberg EC. Clearing the Haze: How Does Nicotine Affect Hematopoiesis before and after Birth? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:184. [PMID: 35008347 PMCID: PMC8750289 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is a tightly regulated process orchestrated by cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic cues. Over the past several decades, much effort has been focused on understanding how these cues regulate hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function. Many endogenous key regulators of hematopoiesis have been identified and extensively characterized. Less is known about the mechanisms of long-term effects of environmental toxic compounds on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and their mature immune cell progeny. Research over the past several decades has demonstrated that tobacco products are extremely toxic and pose huge risks to human health by causing diseases like cancer, respiratory illnesses, strokes, and more. Recently, electronic cigarettes have been promoted as a safer alternative to traditional tobacco products and have become increasingly popular among younger generations. Nicotine, the highly toxic compound found in many traditional tobacco products, is also found in most electronic cigarettes, calling into question their purported "safety". Although it is known that nicotine is toxic, the pathophysiology of disease in exposed people remains under investigation. One plausible contributor to altered disease susceptibility is altered hematopoiesis and associated immune dysfunction. In this review, we focus on research that has addressed how HSCs and mature blood cells respond to nicotine, as well as identify remaining questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Cool
- Program in Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Institute for the Biology of Stem Cells, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA; (T.C.); (A.R.y.B.)
| | - Alessandra Rodriguez y Baena
- Program in Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Institute for the Biology of Stem Cells, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA; (T.C.); (A.R.y.B.)
| | - E. Camilla Forsberg
- Institute for the Biology of Stem Cells, Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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Fourteen days of smoking cessation improves muscle fatigue resistance and reverses markers of systemic inflammation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12286. [PMID: 34112815 PMCID: PMC8192509 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91510-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking has a negative effect on respiratory and skeletal muscle function and is a risk factor for various chronic diseases. To assess the effects of 14 days of smoking cessation on respiratory and skeletal muscle function, markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in humans. Spirometry, skeletal muscle function, circulating carboxyhaemoglobin levels, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), markers of oxidative stress and serum cytokines were measured in 38 non-smokers, and in 48 cigarette smokers at baseline and after 14 days of smoking cessation. Peak expiratory flow (p = 0.004) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity (p = 0.037) were lower in smokers compared to non-smokers but did not change significantly after smoking cessation. Smoking cessation increased skeletal muscle fatigue resistance (p < 0.001). Haemoglobin content, haematocrit, carboxyhaemoglobin, total AGEs, malondialdehyde, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10 (p < 0.05) levels were higher, and total antioxidant status (TAS), IL-12p70 and eosinophil numbers were lower (p < 0.05) in smokers. IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12p70 had returned towards levels seen in non-smokers after 14 days smoking cessation (p < 0.05), and IL-2 and TNF-α showed a similar pattern but had not yet fully returned to levels seen in non-smokers. Haemoglobin, haematocrit, eosinophil count, AGEs, MDA and TAS did not significantly change with smoking cessation. Two weeks of smoking cessation was accompanied with an improved muscle fatigue resistance and a reduction in low-grade systemic inflammation in smokers.
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Haziza C, de La Bourdonnaye G, Donelli A, Skiada D, Poux V, Weitkunat R, Baker G, Picavet P, Lüdicke F. Favorable Changes in Biomarkers of Potential Harm to Reduce the Adverse Health Effects of Smoking in Smokers Switching to the Menthol Tobacco Heating System 2.2 for 3 Months (Part 2). Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22:549-559. [PMID: 31125079 PMCID: PMC7164580 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco Heating System (THS) 2.2, a candidate modified-risk tobacco product, aims at offering an alternative to cigarettes for smokers while substantially reducing the exposure to harmful and potentially harmful constituents found in cigarette smoke. METHODS One hundred and sixty healthy adult US smokers participated in this randomized, three-arm parallel group, controlled clinical study. Subjects were randomized in a 2:1:1 ratio to menthol Tobacco Heating System 2.2 (mTHS), menthol cigarette, or smoking abstinence for 5 days in confinement and 86 subsequent ambulatory days. Endpoints included biomarkers of exposure to harmful and potentially harmful constituents (reported in our co-publication, Part 1) and biomarkers of potential harm (BOPH). RESULTS Compliance (protocol and allocated product exposure) was 51% and 18% in the mTHS and smoking abstinence arms, respectively, on day 90. Nonetheless, favorable changes in BOPHs of lipid metabolism (total cholesterol and high- and low-density cholesterol), endothelial dysfunction (soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1), oxidative stress (8-epi-prostaglandin F2α), and cardiovascular risk factors (eg, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein) were observed in the mTHS group. Favorable effects in other BOPHs, including ones related to platelet activation (11-dehydrothromboxane B2) and metabolic syndrome (glucose), were more pronounced in normal weight subjects. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the reduced exposure demonstrated when switching to mTHS is associated with overall improvements in BOPHs, which are indicative of pathomechanistic pathways underlying the development of smoking-related diseases, with some stronger effects in normal weight subjects. IMPLICATIONS Switching to mTHS was associated with favorable changes for some BOPHs indicative of biological pathway alterations (eg, oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction). The results suggest that switching to mTHS has the potential to reduce the adverse health effects of smoking and ultimately the risk of smoking-related diseases. Switching to mTHS for 90 days led to reductions in a number of biomarkers of exposure in smokers, relative to those who continued smoking cigarettes, which were close to those observed when stopping smoking (reported in our co-publication, Part 1). Initial findings suggest reduced levels of 8-epi-prostaglandin F2α and intercellular adhesion molecule 1, when switching to mTHS for 90 days. These changes are comparable to what is observed upon smoking cessation. In normal weight subjects, additional favorable changes were seen in 11-dehydrothromboxane B2, fibrinogen, homocysteine, hs-CRP, percentage of predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, glucose, high-density lipoprotein, apolipoprotein A1, and triglycerides. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT01989156.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Haziza
- PMI Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Andrea Donelli
- PMI Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Dimitra Skiada
- PMI Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Valerie Poux
- PMI Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Weitkunat
- PMI Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gizelle Baker
- PMI Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Picavet
- PMI Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Frank Lüdicke
- PMI Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Soder HE, Berumen AM, Gomez KE, Green CE, Suchting R, Wardle MC, Vincent J, Teixeira AL, Schmitz JM, Lane SD. Elevated Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio in Older Adults with Cocaine Use Disorder as a Marker of Chronic Inflammation. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 18:32-40. [PMID: 31958903 PMCID: PMC7006975 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2020.18.1.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Objective The neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a non-specific, easy-to-obtain marker of inflammation associated with morbidity and mortality in systemic, psychiatric, and age-related inflammatory conditions. Given the growing trend of substance use disorder (SUD) in older adults, and the relationship between inflammation and SUD elevated NLR may serve as a useful inflammatory biomarker of the combined burden of aging and SUD. The present study focused on cocaine use disorder (CUD) to examine if cocaine adds further inflammatory burden among older adults, by comparing NLR values between older adults with CUD and a non-cocaine using, aged-matched, nationally representative sample. Methods The dataset included 107 (86% male) participants (aged 50-65 years) with cocaine use disorder. NLR was derived from complete blood count tests by dividing the absolute value of peripheral neutrophil concentration by lymphocyte concentration. For comparison, we extracted data from age-matched adults without CUD using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Individuals with immunocompromising conditions were excluded (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis and sexually transmitted infections such as HIV). A doubly-robust inverse probability-weighted regression adjustment (IPWRA) propensity score method was used to estimate group differences on NLR while controlling for potential confounding variables (age, gender, race, income, nicotine, marijuana and alcohol use). Results The IPWRA model revealed that the CUD sample had significantly elevated NLR in comparison to non-cocaine users, with a moderate effect size (β weight = 0.67). Conclusion Although non-specific, NLR represents a readily obtainable inflammatory marker for SUD research. CUD may add further inflammatory burden to aging cocaine users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E Soder
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, TX, USA
| | - Amber M Berumen
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, TX, USA
| | - Kira E Gomez
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, TX, USA
| | - Charles E Green
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, TX, USA.,epartment of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston,TX, USA
| | - Robert Suchting
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, TX, USA
| | - Margaret C Wardle
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, TX, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jessica Vincent
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, TX, USA
| | | | - Joy M Schmitz
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, TX, USA
| | - Scott D Lane
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, TX, USA
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Szostak J, Wong ET, Titz B, Lee T, Wong SK, Low T, Lee KM, Zhang J, Kumar A, Schlage WK, Guedj E, Phillips B, Leroy P, Buettner A, Xiang Y, Martin F, Sewer A, Kuczaj A, Ivanov NV, Luettich K, Vanscheeuwijck P, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. A 6-month systems toxicology inhalation study in ApoE -/- mice demonstrates reduced cardiovascular effects of E-vapor aerosols compared with cigarette smoke. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 318:H604-H631. [PMID: 31975625 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00613.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Smoking cigarettes is harmful to the cardiovascular system. Considerable attention has been paid to the reduced harm potential of alternative nicotine-containing inhalable products such as e-cigarettes. We investigated the effects of E-vapor aerosols or cigarette smoke (CS) on atherosclerosis progression, cardiovascular function, and molecular changes in the heart and aorta of female apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice. The mice were exposed to aerosols from three different E-vapor formulations: 1) carrier (propylene glycol and vegetable glycerol), 2) base (carrier and nicotine), or 3) test (base and flavor) or to CS from 3R4F reference cigarettes for up to 6 mo. Concentrations of CS and base or test aerosols were matched at 35 µg nicotine/L. Exposure to CS, compared with sham-exposed fresh air controls, accelerated atherosclerotic plaque formation, whereas no such effect was seen for any of the three E-vapor aerosols. Molecular changes indicated disease mechanisms related to oxidative stress and inflammation in general, plus changes in calcium regulation, and altered cytoskeletal organization and microtubule dynamics in the left ventricle. While ejection fraction, fractional shortening, cardiac output, and isovolumic contraction time remained unchanged following E-vapor aerosols exposure, the nicotine-containing base and test aerosols caused an increase in isovolumic relaxation time similar to CS. A nicotine-related increase in pulse wave velocity and arterial stiffness was also observed, but it was significantly lower for base and test aerosols than for CS. These results demonstrate that in comparison with CS, E-vapor aerosols induce substantially lower biological responses associated with smoking-related cardiovascular diseases.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Analysis of key urinary oxidative stress markers and proinflammatory cytokines showed an absence of oxidative stress and inflammation in the animals exposed to E-vapor aerosols. Conversely, animals exposed to conventional cigarette smoke had high urinary levels of these markers. When compared with conventional cigarette smoke, E-vapor aerosols induced smaller atherosclerotic plaque surface area and volume. Systolic and diastolic cardiac function, as well as endothelial function, were further significantly less affected by electronic cigarette aerosols than conventional cigarette smoke. Molecular analysis demonstrated that E-vapor aerosols induce significantly smaller transcriptomic dysregulation in the heart and aorta compared with conventional cigarette smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Szostak
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ee Tsin Wong
- Philip Morris International Research and development, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories, Singapore
| | - Bjoern Titz
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Tom Lee
- Philip Morris International Research and development, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories, Singapore
| | - Sin Kei Wong
- Philip Morris International Research and development, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories, Singapore
| | - Tiffany Low
- Philip Morris International Research and development, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | - Emmanuel Guedj
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Blaine Phillips
- Philip Morris International Research and development, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories, Singapore
| | - Patrice Leroy
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Yang Xiang
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Martin
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Alain Sewer
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Arkadiusz Kuczaj
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Karsta Luettich
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Vanscheeuwijck
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Caponnetto P, Caruso M, Maglia M, Emma R, Saitta D, Busà B, Polosa R, Prosperini U, Pennisi A, Benfatto F, Sartorio C, Guastella M, Mondati E. Non-inferiority trial comparing cigarette consumption, adoption rates, acceptability, tolerability, and tobacco harm reduction potential in smokers switching to Heated Tobacco Products or electronic cigarettes: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2020; 17:100518. [PMID: 31956726 PMCID: PMC6962654 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2020.100518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the introduction of tobacco control measures, smoking remains highly prevalent in most EU countries. In Italy, one in four adults were still regular smokers in 2017. Increasing use of combustion-free delivering nicotine technologies for cigarette substitution may accelerate the current downward trends in smoking prevalence. Whether Heated Tobacco Products (HTPs) are more effective tobacco smoking substitutes that may potentially facilitate adoption and full conversion compared to e-cigarettes (ECs) is not known. We have designed a prospective study to compare changes in cigarette consumption and adoption rates among smokers randomized to either HTPs or ECs. Product acceptability, tolerability, and their tobacco harm reduction potential will be also compared. Methods 220 healthy smokers, not motivated to quit, will be randomized into a 12-weeks single-center, open label, non-inferiority trial comparing study outcomes from HTPs vs. ECs use. The primary outcome will be biochemically verified self-reported continuous abstinence at 12-weeks from the previous visit. Secondary outcomes will include: smoking reduction from baseline, adoption rates and product acceptability, tolerability, changes in step test values and in the level of selected biomarkers of exposure in exhaled breath (i.e. eCO) and in spot urine samples. A follow-up visit will be also included at 24-weeks to review product usage and smoking behavior under naturalistic condition of use. Recruitment of participants started in May 2019 and enrolment is expected to be completed in November 2019. Discussion This will be the first study directly comparing Heated Tobacco Products with Electronic Cigarettes in term of reduction in cigarette consumption, adoption rates, product acceptability, tolerability, and tobacco harm reduction potential. This knowledge can contribute to a better understanding of the potential role of this new technology in the evolving nicotine consumer market. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03569748. Registered June 25, 2018. https://register.clinicaltrials.gov/prs/app/action/LoginUser?ts=1&cx=-jg9qo4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Caponnetto
- Centro per La Prevenzione e Cura Del Tabagismo (CPCT), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Policlinico-V. Emanuele", Università di Catania, Catania, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Massimo Caruso
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Marilena Maglia
- Centro per La Prevenzione e Cura Del Tabagismo (CPCT), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Policlinico-V. Emanuele", Università di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosalia Emma
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Daniela Saitta
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Barbara Busà
- UOC Farmacia Ospedaliera, ARNAS Garibaldi, Catania, Italy
| | - Riccardo Polosa
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy.,Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Alfio Pennisi
- Casa di Cura Musumeci-Gecas, Gravina di Catania, Italy
| | - Francesca Benfatto
- Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Carlo Sartorio
- Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Matteo Guastella
- Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Enrico Mondati
- Centro per La Prevenzione e Cura Del Tabagismo (CPCT), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Policlinico-V. Emanuele", Università di Catania, Catania, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy.,Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy
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Sakaguchi C, Miura N, Ohara H, Nagata Y. Effects of reduced exposure to cigarette smoking on changes in biomarkers of potential harm in adult smokers: results of combined analysis of two clinical studies. Biomarkers 2019; 24:457-468. [PMID: 31084221 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2019.1609579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Nonconventional vapor products (NVP), designed to reduce exposure to cigarette smoke toxicants (CSTs), could cause changes in biomarkers of potential harm (BoPH). Although, NVPs reduced CSTs exposure compared to conventional cigarettes (CC), the changes in the BoPH values varied among the studies. Hence, further information on BoPH using NVPs is needed. Material and methods: The data of two similarly designed studies using a kind of NVP, a noncombustion and nonheating inhaler type of smokeless tobacco product (NCIT) used under 31-day confinement, were pooled, and the differences in 15 BoPH between smokers and nonsmokers at baseline and between the 1 mg tar CC (CC1) group and NCIT group at Day 28/29 were analyzed. Results: At baseline, the levels of eight BoPH (red blood cells, white blood cells, 8-epi-prostaglandin F2α, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, malondialdehyde, 11-dehydrothromboxane B2, total cholesterol and glucose) were significantly different between smokers and nonsmokers. At Day 28/29, the levels of six BoPH were significantly different between NCIT and CC1 (8-epi-prostaglandin F2α, malondialdehyde, 11-dehydrothromboxane B2: CC1 > NCIT, total bilirubin, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol: CC1 < NCIT). Conclusions: Reduced exposure to CSTs has favorable effects on BoPH associated with oxidative stress, antioxidant capacity and platelet activation/coagulation but not in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Sakaguchi
- a Scientific and Regulatory Affairs , Japan Tobacco Inc , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Naoki Miura
- a Scientific and Regulatory Affairs , Japan Tobacco Inc , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Hiromi Ohara
- b R&D group , Japan Tobacco Inc , Yokohama , Japan
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12
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Pedersen KM, Çolak Y, Ellervik C, Hasselbalch HC, Bojesen SE, Nordestgaard BG. Smoking and Increased White and Red Blood Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:965-977. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.312338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
Whether tobacco smoking causally affects white and red blood cells and thrombocyte counts is unknown. Using a Mendelian randomization approach, we tested the hypothesis that smoking causes increases in these blood cell indices.
Approach and Results—
We included 104 607 white Danes aged 20 to 100 years from the Copenhagen General Population Study with information on blood cell indices, smoking habits, and
CHRNA3
(alpha 3 nicotinic cholinergic receptor) rs1051730 genotype, where the T allele causes higher tobacco consumption; 41 759 were former smokers and 17 852 current smokers. In multivariable adjusted observational analyses and compared with never smokers, white blood cells were associated with up to 19% increases, thrombocytes with up to 4.7% increases, and red blood cell indices with up to 2.3% increases in former and current smokers. All associations were dose dependent, with tobacco consumption but for white blood cells and thrombocytes also dependent on smoking cessation time in former smokers; highest increases were for <1-year smoking cessation and lowest increases for >10-year smoking cessation. In age- and sex-adjusted genetic analyses, percent differences per T allele increase in current smokers were 1.15% (95% CI, 0.61%–1.68%) for leukocytes, 1.07% (0.38%–1.76%) for neutrophils, 1.34% (0.66%–2.02%) for lymphocytes, 1.50% (0.83%–2.18%) for monocytes, −0.60% (−1.91% to 0.74%) for eosinophils, 0.17% (−0.94% to 1.29%) for basophils, 0.38% (−0.17% to 0.93%) for thrombocytes, 0.04% (−0.14% to 0.23%) for erythrocytes, 0.34% (0.17% to 0.50%) for hematocrit, 0.26% (0.09% to 0.43%) for hemoglobin, and 0.29% (0.18% to 0.41%) for mean corpuscular volume.
Conclusions—
Smoking causes increased blood leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes, as well as increased hematocrit, hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular volume. The observational smoking relationships were long term for white blood cells and short term for red blood cell indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Mønsted Pedersen
- From the Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark (K.M.P., Y.Ç., S.E.B., B.G.N.)
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (K.M.P., Y.Ç., C.E., H.C.H., S.E.B., B.G.N.)
| | - Yunus Çolak
- From the Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark (K.M.P., Y.Ç., S.E.B., B.G.N.)
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (K.M.P., Y.Ç., C.E., H.C.H., S.E.B., B.G.N.)
| | - Christina Ellervik
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (K.M.P., Y.Ç., C.E., H.C.H., S.E.B., B.G.N.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, MA (C.E.)
- The Danish General Suburban Population Study, Copenhagen University Hospital, Næstved, Slagelse, and Ringsted Hospital, Næstved, Denmark (C.E.)
| | - Hans Carl Hasselbalch
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (K.M.P., Y.Ç., C.E., H.C.H., S.E.B., B.G.N.)
- Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde and Køge Hospital, Denmark (H.C.H.)
| | - Stig Egil Bojesen
- From the Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark (K.M.P., Y.Ç., S.E.B., B.G.N.)
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (K.M.P., Y.Ç., C.E., H.C.H., S.E.B., B.G.N.)
| | - Børge Grønne Nordestgaard
- From the Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark (K.M.P., Y.Ç., S.E.B., B.G.N.)
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (K.M.P., Y.Ç., C.E., H.C.H., S.E.B., B.G.N.)
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Marchand M, Brossard P, Merdjan H, Lama N, Weitkunat R, Lüdicke F. Nicotine Population Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Adult Smokers: A Retrospective Analysis. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2018; 42:943-954. [PMID: 28283988 PMCID: PMC5681983 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-017-0405-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective Characterizing nicotine pharmacokinetics is challenging in the presence of background exposure. We performed a combined retrospective population pharmacokinetic analysis of 8 trials, including exposure to Tobacco Heating System and cigarettes (both inhaled), nicotine nasal spray and oral nicotine gum. Method Data from 4 single product use trials were used to develop a population pharmacokinetic model with Phoenix® NLME™ and to derive exposure parameters. Data from 4 separate ad libitum use studies were used for external validation. A total of 702 healthy adult smokers (54% males; 21–66 years of age; smoking ≥10 cigarettes/day; from US, Europe and Japan) were eligible for participation. Results Two-compartment linear disposition combined with zero-order absorption model was adequate to describe nicotine pharmacokinetics, and a mono-exponentially decreasing background component was utilized to account for nicotine carry-over effects. Apparent nicotine clearance was typically 0.407 L/min in males and 26% higher in females (68% inter-individual variability). Bioavailability was product-specific, decreased with increasing nicotine ISO yield, and increased with increasing body weight. Absorption duration was apparently prolonged with nicotine gum. The typical initial and terminal half-lives were 1.35 and 17 h, respectively. The presence of menthol did not impact the determinants of the area under the curve. The model adequately described the external validation data. Conclusions The population model was able to describe in different populations the nicotine pharmacokinetics after single product use and after 4 days of ad libitum use of Tobacco Heating System, cigarettes, and of different nicotine replacement therapies with various routes of administration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13318-017-0405-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Brossard
- PMI R&D (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Nicola Lama
- PMI R&D (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Weitkunat
- PMI R&D (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Frank Lüdicke
- PMI R&D (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Suitability of biomarkers of biological effects (BOBEs) for assessing the likelihood of reducing the tobacco related disease risk by new and innovative tobacco products: A literature review. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 94:203-233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Peck MJ, Sanders EB, Scherer G, Lüdicke F, Weitkunat R. Review of biomarkers to assess the effects of switching from cigarettes to modified risk tobacco products. Biomarkers 2018; 23:213-244. [PMID: 29297706 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2017.1419284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Context: One approach to reducing the harm caused by cigarette smoking, at both individual and population level, is to develop, assess and commercialize modified risk alternatives that adult smokers can switch to. Studies to demonstrate the exposure and risk reduction potential of such products generally involve the measuring of biomarkers, of both exposure and effect, sampled in various biological matrices.Objective: In this review, we detail the pros and cons for using several biomarkers as indicators of effects of changing from conventional cigarettes to modified risk products.Materials and methods: English language publications between 2008 and 2017 were retrieved from PubMed using the same search criteria for each of the 25 assessed biomarkers. Nine exclusion criteria were applied to exclude non-relevant publications.Results: A total of 8876 articles were retrieved (of which 7476 were excluded according to the exclusion criteria). The literature indicates that not all assessed biomarkers return to baseline levels following smoking cessation during the study periods but that nine had potential for use in medium to long-term studies.Discussion and conclusion: In clinical studies, it is important to choose biomarkers that show the biological effect of cessation within the duration of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Frank Lüdicke
- Research & Development, Philip Morris International, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Weitkunat
- Research & Development, Philip Morris International, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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16
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Brossard P, Weitkunat R, Poux V, Lama N, Haziza C, Picavet P, Baker G, Lüdicke F. Nicotine pharmacokinetic profiles of the Tobacco Heating System 2.2, cigarettes and nicotine gum in Japanese smokers. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 89:193-199. [PMID: 28760390 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Two open-label randomized cross-over studies in Japanese smokers investigated the single-use nicotine pharmacokinetic profile of the Tobacco Heating System (THS) 2.2, cigarettes (CC) and nicotine replacement therapy (Gum). In each study, one on the regular and one on the menthol variants of the THS and CC, both using Gum as reference, 62 subjects were randomized to four sequences: Sequence 1: THS - CC (n = 22); Sequence 2: CC - THS (n = 22); Sequence 3: THS - Gum (n = 9); Sequence 4: Gum - THS (n = 9). Plasma nicotine concentrations were measured in 16 blood samples collected over 24 h after single use. Maximal nicotine concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve from start of product use to time of last quantifiable concentration (AUC0-last) were similar between THS and CC in both studies, with ratios varying from 88 to 104% for Cmax and from 96 to 98% for AUC0-last. Urge-to-smoke total scores were comparable between THS and CC. The THS nicotine pharmacokinetic profile was close to CC, with similar levels of urge-to-smoke. This suggests that THS can satisfy smokers and be a viable alternative to cigarettes for adult smokers who want to continue using tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Brossard
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Weitkunat
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Valerie Poux
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Lama
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Haziza
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Picavet
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gizelle Baker
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Frank Lüdicke
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Lüdicke F, Baker G, Magnette J, Picavet P, Weitkunat R. Reduced Exposure to Harmful and Potentially Harmful Smoke Constituents With the Tobacco Heating System 2.1. Nicotine Tob Res 2017; 19:168-175. [PMID: 27613951 PMCID: PMC5234364 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Heating rather than burning tobacco reduces levels of harmful and potentially harmful constituents, and consumer products using this approach aim to reduce exposure to tobacco toxicants. The Tobacco Heating System (THS) version 2.1 has been enhanced from earlier prototypes with an improved heat control and sensorial experience and thereby user acceptance. Exposure measurements are required to determine whether it may be possible to reduce the individual health risk compared to smoking combustible cigarettes (CCs). METHODS This controlled clinical study randomly assigned 40 smokers to either a group continuing to use of their own CC brand (n = 20) or a group switching to THS 2.1 (n = 20) for 5 days. Biomarkers of exposure were measured at baseline and on day 1 through day 5. Product consumption, Human Puffing Topography, the occurrence of adverse events, and an assessment of subjective effects, such as smoking satisfaction and enjoyment of respiratory tract sensations, were also determined. RESULTS The group of smokers who switched to THS 2.1 adapted their puffing behavior initially through longer puff duration and more puffs. During the duration of the study, total puff volume returned to baseline levels and the mean daily product consumption increased but with similar nicotine exposure compared to baseline CC use. Biomarkers of exposure to tobacco smoke toxicants which inform product risk assessment were significantly reduced with THS use compared to the CC group. THS 2.1 users experienced less reinforcing effects with THS 2.1 than with their own cigarette brand. CONCLUSIONS THS 2.1 is a promising alternative to smoking CCs. Notwithstanding possible use adaption through consumption or puffing behavior, the exposure to harmful smoke constituents was markedly reduced with the new heated tobacco platform. IMPLICATIONS Exposure markers to harmful and potentially harmful smoke constituents were lowered with the THS 2.1. Heating tobacco instead of burning can offer a potentially lower risk of delivering nicotine compared to CCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Lüdicke
- Philip Morris Products S.A., Research & Development, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gizelle Baker
- Philip Morris Products S.A., Research & Development, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - John Magnette
- Philip Morris Products S.A., Research & Development, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Picavet
- Philip Morris Products S.A., Research & Development, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Weitkunat
- Philip Morris Products S.A., Research & Development, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Haziza C, de La Bourdonnaye G, Skiada D, Ancerewicz J, Baker G, Picavet P, Lüdicke F. Evaluation of the Tobacco Heating System 2.2. Part 8: 5-Day randomized reduced exposure clinical study in Poland. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 81 Suppl 2:S139-S150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Martin F, Talikka M, Ivanov NV, Haziza C, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. Evaluation of the tobacco heating system 2.2. Part 9: Application of systems pharmacology to identify exposure response markers in peripheral blood of smokers switching to THS2.2. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 81 Suppl 2:S151-S157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Tsuji H, Fujimoto H, Lee KM, Renne R, Iwanaga A, Okubo C, Onami S, Nomura AK, Nishino T, Yoshimura H. Characterization of biochemical, functional and structural changes in mice respiratory organs chronically exposed to cigarette smoke. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 27:342-53. [DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1051248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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21
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Nordskog BK, Brown BG, Marano KM, Campell LR, Jones BA, Borgerding MF. Study of cardiovascular disease biomarkers among tobacco consumers, part 2: biomarkers of biological effect. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 27:157-66. [PMID: 25787701 PMCID: PMC4496813 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1013227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
An age-stratified, cross-sectional study was conducted in the US among healthy adult male cigarette smokers, moist snuff consumers, and non-tobacco consumers to evaluate cardiovascular biomarkers of biological effect (BoBE). Physiological assessments included flow-mediated dilation, ankle-brachial index, carotid intima-media thickness and expired carbon monoxide. Approximately one-half of the measured serum BoBE showed statistically significant differences; IL-12(p70), sICAM-1 and IL-8 were the BoBE that best differentiated among the three groups. A significant difference in ABI was observed between the cigarette smokers and non-tobacco consumer groups. Significant group and age effect differences in select biomarkers were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian K Nordskog
- R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company , Winston-Salem, NC 27102 , USA and
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22
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Degens H, Gayan-Ramirez G, van Hees HWH. Smoking-induced Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction. From Evidence to Mechanisms. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 191:620-5. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201410-1830pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Kim M, Chang H, Yang HC, Kim YJ, Lee CT, Lee JH, Jheon S, Kim K, Chung JH, Lee JS. Preoperative thrombocytosis is a significant unfavorable prognostic factor for patients with resectable non-small cell lung cancer. World J Surg Oncol 2014; 12:37. [PMID: 24520974 PMCID: PMC3925288 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-12-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have reported that pretreatment thrombocytosis is associated with poor outcomes in several cancer types. This study was designed to evaluate the prognostic significance of preoperative thrombocytosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who undergo surgery. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the records of 199 patients who underwent R0 resection for NSCLC between May 2003 and July 2006 at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea. Results The frequency of preoperative thrombocytosis was 7.5% (15/199). Patients with preoperative thrombocytosis had shorter overall survival (OS, P = 0.003) and disease-free survival (DFS, P = 0.005) than those without thrombocytosis. In multivariable analysis, patients with preoperative thrombocytosis had a significantly greater risk of death and recurrence than those without preoperative thrombocytosis (risk of death: hazard ratio (HR) 2.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.39 to 6.37, P = 0.005; risk of recurrence: HR 2.47, 95% CI 1.22 to 5.01, P = 0.012). A tendency towards a shorter OS and DFS was observed in three patients with persistent thrombocytosis during the follow-up period when compared with those of patients who recovered from thrombocytosis after surgery. Conclusions Preoperative thrombocytosis was valuable for predicting the prognosis of patients with NSCLC. Special attention should be paid to patients with preoperative and postoperative thrombocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jong Seok Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea.
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Abstract
It is estimated that 1.3 billion people currently smoke cigarettes or other tobacco products. Smoking is becoming an epidemic worldwide and is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis and heart disease. Research has shown that smoking causes changes in platelet membrane fluidity and Na(+)/K(+)ATPase activity. The aim of the current research is to determine if these changes in membrane fluidity are ultrastructurally visible. Thirty-five experimental and control subjects were selected for the study. Smokers had smoked on average 2 cigarettes per day for 5-10 years. Smears of platelet-rich plasma were prepared for scanning electron microscopy and viewed with a Zeiss ULTRA plus FEG-SEM with InLens capabilities. Platelet surface morphology was viewed at 1 kV and micrographs were taken at 80,000-200,000× machine magnification. A difference in the globular nature of the platelet membrane of smokers was visible; additionally, it seemed as if surface pseudopodia were more pronounced than in healthy individuals. No apoptotic or necrotic platelet morphology was noted. Research has noted changed membrane fluidity and the study concludes by suggesting that this is visible ultrastructurally. Therefore, changes in membrane fluidity are structurally visible and translate into a more globular and bulbous appearance of the membrane surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
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Martin Leroy C, Jarus-Dziedzic K, Ancerewicz J, Lindner D, Kulesza A, Magnette J. Reduced exposure evaluation of an Electrically Heated Cigarette Smoking System. Part 7: A one-month, randomized, ambulatory, controlled clinical study in Poland. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 64:S74-84. [PMID: 22951349 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This randomized, open-label, ambulatory, controlled clinical study investigated biomarkers associated with cardiovascular risk and biomarkers of exposure to 10 selected harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHC) in cigarette smoke in 316 male and female Polish smokers. Subjects were randomized to continue smoking conventional cigarettes (CC; N=79) or switch to smoking the Electrically Heated Cigarette Smoking System series-K cigarette (EHCSS-K6; N=237). Biomarker assessments were performed at several time points during the study at baseline and during the 1-month investigational period. The primary biomarkers were high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and white blood cell counts. No statistically significant differences in the two primary biomarkers were found between the study groups at the end of the study. End-of-study comparisons of secondary biomarkers between study groups indicated an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and reductions in red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels in the EHCSS-K6 group. All biomarkers of exposure to cigarette smoke HPHC were decreased in the EHCSS-K6 group, despite an increase in cigarette consumption, compared to the CC group. There were no apparent differences in any of the safety assessment parameters between the groups, and the overall incidence of study-related adverse events was low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Martin Leroy
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products SA, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Gleim S, Stitham J, Tang WH, Martin KA, Hwa J. An eicosanoid-centric view of atherothrombotic risk factors. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:3361-80. [PMID: 22491820 PMCID: PMC3691514 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-0982-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the foremost cause of morbidity and mortality in the Western world. Atherosclerosis followed by thrombosis (atherothrombosis) is the pathological process underlying most myocardial, cerebral, and peripheral vascular events. Atherothrombosis is a complex and heterogeneous inflammatory process that involves interactions between many cell types (including vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, macrophages, and platelets) and processes (including migration, proliferation, and activation). Despite a wealth of knowledge from many recent studies using knockout mouse and human genetic studies (GWAS and candidate approach) identifying genes and proteins directly involved in these processes, traditional cardiovascular risk factors (hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus, sex, and age) remain the most useful predictor of disease. Eicosanoids (20 carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid derivatives of arachidonic acid and other essential fatty acids) are emerging as important regulators of cardiovascular disease processes. Drugs indirectly modulating these signals, including COX-1/COX-2 inhibitors, have proven to play major roles in the atherothrombotic process. However, the complexity of their roles and regulation by opposing eicosanoid signaling, have contributed to the lack of therapies directed at the eicosanoid receptors themselves. This is likely to change, as our understanding of the structure, signaling, and function of the eicosanoid receptors improves. Indeed, a major advance is emerging from the characterization of dysfunctional naturally occurring mutations of the eicosanoid receptors. In light of the proven and continuing importance of risk factors, we have elected to focus on the relationship between eicosanoids and cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Gleim
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Jeremiah Stitham
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Wai Ho Tang
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Kathleen A. Martin
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - John Hwa
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
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Fernández JAF, Prats JM, Artero JVM, Mora AC, Fariñas AV, Espinal A, Méndez JAG. Systemic inflammation in 222.841 healthy employed smokers and nonsmokers: white blood cell count and relationship to spirometry. Tob Induc Dis 2012; 10:7. [PMID: 22613769 PMCID: PMC3419079 DOI: 10.1186/1617-9625-10-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Smoking has been linked to low-grade systemic inflammation, a known risk factor for disease. This state is reflected in elevated white blood cell (WBC) count. Objective We analyzed the relationship between WBC count and smoking in healthy men and women across several age ranges who underwent preventive medical check-ups in the workplace. We also analysed the relationship between smoking and lung function. Methods Cross-sectional descriptive study in 163 459 men and 59 382 women aged between 16 and 70 years. Data analysed were smoking status, WBC count, and spirometry readings. Results Total WBC showed higher counts in both male and female smokers, around 1000 to 1300 cell/ml (t test, P < 0.001). Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1%) was higher in nonsmokers for both sexes between 25 to 54 years (t test, P < 0.001). Analysis of covariance showed a multiple variable effect of age, sex, smoking status, body mass index on WBC count. The relationship between WBC blood count and smoking status was confirmed after the sample was stratified for these variables. Smokers with airway obstruction measured by FEV1% were found to have higher WBC counts, in comparison to smokers with a normal FEV1% among similar age and BMI groups. Conclusions Smoking increases WBC count and affects lung function. The effects are evident across a wide age range, underlining the importance of initiating preventive measures as soon as an individual begins to smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Fiz Fernández
- Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Servicio de Neumología, Planta 8, Carretera del Canyet s/n, Badalona, Barcelona, 08916, Spain.
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