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Jurowski K, Krośniak M. The Toxicological Risk Assessment of Dermal Exposure of Patients Exposed to Lead and Cadmium Due to Application of Ointments with Marjoram Herb Extract ( Majoranae herbae extractum). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2701. [PMID: 36768068 PMCID: PMC9916081 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Potential heavy metal impurities (HMI) in pharmaceuticals/pharmaceutical products/drugs based on plant raw materials (e.g., herbs) are an important problem in the pharmaceutical industry; however, there is a lack of scientific articles on the comprehensive toxicological risk assessment of HMI in ointment applied dermally. To make the appropriate toxicological risk assessment, we consider: (1) the raw results of the levels of lead and cadmium in the ointments (metal per kg of mass), (2) one-time administration of the applied ointment, (3) daily exposure of Pb and Cd in the applied ointments according to the maximum daily dose of applied pharmaceuticals, including transcutaneous penetration, (4) human health risk assessment based on the USEPA model, and 5) the margin of exposure (MoE). The raw results indicated that lead (7.05-101.78 µg/kg) and cadmium (0.32-0.81 µg/kg) were present in all samples. The levels of analyzed HMI (independently of the producer and declared composition) were similar. Pb and Cd contamination associated with daily doses met the standards of the ICH Q3D (R2) guide on elemental impurities in pharmaceuticals, including the cutaneous route of administration. Taking into account the daily amount of lead and cadmium (ointment, ug/day) the results were satisfactory, confirming the safety of marjoram herb extract ointments available in Polish pharmacies according to the ICH guideline Q3D (R2) on elemental impurities. The HQ values obtained for Pb and Cd in all samples were less than 1; therefore, exposure to these HMI would not cause a health risk based on the USEPA model strategy. Furthermore, the obtained values of MoE for Pb and Cd in ointments were above 100, so exposure to these elements would not cause a health risk based on the MoE-based strategy. The original contribution of this work is that this is the first study on the triple approach strategy to evaluate the safety of heavy metal impurities in traditional herbal medicinal products applied dermally in solid form (ointments with marjoram herb extract). The research is novel and has not been previously published; The proposed procedure includes transcutaneous penetration of heavy metal (Pb and Cd) impurities described for the first time in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Jurowski
- Laboratory of Innovative Toxicological Research and Analyses, Institute of Medical Studies, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
- Department of Regulatory and Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Medical Expertises, Łódź, ul. Aleksandrowska 67/93, 91-205 Łódź, Poland
| | - Mirosław Krośniak
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
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Wan Mohamed Radzi CWJ, Nordin FNM. Status of cosmetic safety in Malaysia market: Mercury contamination in selected skin whitening products. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:6875-6882. [PMID: 36181345 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concern on cosmetic safety has been a subject of interest in recent years and is commonly associated with the exposure of the consumers to chemicals and impurities such as mercury contamination. Moreover, cancellations of notified cosmetic products were recurrently being reported by the Malaysia authority, namely the National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Authority (NPRA). Among the cosmetic categories was skin whitening product, which is still in high demand whilst reported to cause health risks. Besides, low number of studies on cosmetic safety and mercury contamination were recorded in Malaysia. The lack of scientific evidence on the safety and risks of the ingredients used in cosmetic formulation is a major concern to many consumers. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify the presence of mercury in skin whitening products, and to identify products containing mercury with the concentration exceeding the limitation of 1 ppm. METHODOLOGY A total of 104 whitening products were selected from the market via random sampling technique. The mercury concentration was determined by accredited laboratory, and the results were later compared with the cosmetic guideline of Malaysia and the list of banned products issued by NPRA. RESULTS A total of 51.9% (n = 54) whitening products were found registered under the NPRA Quest system and remaining 48.1% (n = 50) were non-registered products. None of the whitening products listed mercury as an ingredient, but laboratory analysis showed 15.4% (n = 16) of the products contained mercury with the concentration exceeding the maximum limit of 1 ppm. A total of 87.5% of the whitening products (14 out of 16) containing high mercury concentration were non-registered products which were not registered in NPRA Quest system. The exceeded concentration recorded ranged between 1.81 ppm and 838 123 ppm. Besides that, 50% (8 out of 16) of the products were found in the list of banned products issued by the NPRA of Malaysia. CONCLUSIONS This study presents the status of cosmetic products, particularly the skin whitening products available in Malaysia market. Concern arises when some of the products were found to have presence of harmful substances such as mercury. Even though the presence of mercury in a cosmetic product can either be non-intentional or intentionally used by the manufacturer in the cosmetic formulation, the impact of the ingredient can cause health risk to the users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatin Nur Majdina Nordin
- Department of Science and Technology Studies, Faculty of Science & Program of Applied Science and Islamic Studies, Academy of Islamic Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Cegolon L, Mastrangelo G, Covelli S, Petranich E, Pavoni E, Larese Filon F. Occupational exposure to mercury from cinnabar enriched sand in workers of Grado Beach, Gulf of Trieste (North-eastern Italy, upper Adriatic Sea). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 184:114057. [PMID: 36170761 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Health and safety of occupations entailing extensive skin contact with cinnabar-enriched sand in beaches of Friuli-Venezia Giulia (FVG) Region (North-eastern Italy) have been questioned for possible skin absorption of mercury (Hg). One hundred mg hair was collected from the occipital scalp of 50 male workers of Grado beach and 121 males from FVG general population. Factors associated with hair Hg content were investigated by multivariable logistic (considering Hg levels >1 vs ≤1 mg/kg) and log-transformed linear regression. The median hair concentration of Hg in male beach workers was 0.70 (IQR = 0.42; 1.34) mg/kg, lower than FVG general population's [1.29 (IQR = 0.87-2.06) mg/kg (p < 0.001)]. In both regression models the hair Hg increased with fish consumption, both among beach workers of Grado and FVG general population. The mean Hg levels in beach workers of Grado fell within an acceptable range, not requiring restrictions of their occupational activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Cegolon
- Occupational Medicine Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical & Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Public Health Department, University Health Agency Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), Trieste, Italy.
| | | | - Stefano Covelli
- Department of Mathematics and Geosciences, University of Trieste, Via Weiss 2, 34128 Trieste, Italy
| | - Elisa Petranich
- Department of Mathematics and Geosciences, University of Trieste, Via Weiss 2, 34128 Trieste, Italy
| | - Elena Pavoni
- Department of Mathematics and Geosciences, University of Trieste, Via Weiss 2, 34128 Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesca Larese Filon
- Occupational Medicine Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical & Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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Bastiansz A, Ewald J, Rodríguez Saldaña V, Santa-Rios A, Basu N. A Systematic Review of Mercury Exposures from Skin-Lightening Products. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:116002. [PMID: 36367779 PMCID: PMC9651181 DOI: 10.1289/ehp10808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Minamata Convention on Mercury (Article 4) prohibits the manufacture, import, or export of skin-lightening products containing mercury concentrations above 1 ppm. However, there is a lack of knowledge surrounding the global prevalence of mercury-added skin-lightening products. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to increase our understanding of worldwide human mercury exposure from skin-lightening products. METHODS A systematic search of peer-reviewed scientific literature was performed for relevant articles in four databases (PubMed, Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus, and TOXLINE). The search strategy, eligibility criteria, and data-extraction methods were established a priori. The search identified 2,303 unique scientific articles, of which 41 were ultimately deemed eligible for inclusion after iterative screens at the title, abstract, and whole-text levels. To facilitate data extraction and synthesis, all papers were organized according to four data groups a) "Mercury in products," b) "Usage of products," c) "Human biomarkers of exposure," and d) "Health impacts." RESULTS This review was based on data contained in 41 peer-reviewed scientific papers from 22 countries worldwide published between 2000 and 2022. In total, we captured mercury concentration values from 787 skin-lightening product samples [overall pooled central median mercury level was 0.49μg/g; interquartile range (IQR): 0.02-5.9] and 1,042 human biomarker measurements from 863 individuals. We also synthesized usage information from 3,898 individuals and self-reported health impacts associated with using mercury-added products from 832 individuals. DISCUSSION This review suggests that mercury widely exists as an active ingredient in many skin-lightening products worldwide and that users are at risk of variable and often high exposures. These synthesized findings identify data gaps and help increase our understanding of the health risks associated with the use of these products. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10808.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Bastiansz
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jessica Ewald
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Andrea Santa-Rios
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Niladri Basu
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Analysis of Prohibited and Restricted Ingredients in Cosmetics. COSMETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics9040087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The general public uses cosmetics daily. Cosmetic products contain substances (ingredients) with various functions, from skincare to enhancing appearance, as well as ingredients that preserve the cosmetic products. Some cosmetic ingredients are prohibited or restricted in certain geographical regions, such as the European Union and the United States of America, due to their potential to cause adverse effects such as cancer, birth defects, and/or developmental and reproductive disorders. However, the ingredients may be used in other regions, and, hence, the monitoring of the cosmetic ingredients actually used is important to ensure the safety of cosmetic products. This review provides an overview of recent analytical methods that have been developed for detecting certain ingredients that are restricted or prohibited by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and/or EU legislation on cosmetic products.
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Irfan M, Shafeeq A, Siddiq U, Bashir F, Ahmad T, Athar M, Butt MT, Ullah S, Mukhtar A, Hussien M, Lam SS. A mechanistic approach for toxicity and risk assessment of heavy metals, hydroquinone and microorganisms in cosmetic creams. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 433:128806. [PMID: 35398795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The demand and importance of fairness creams as a major cosmetic have increased significantly in recent years. However, some of these cosmetics contain heavy metals, hydroquinone and microorganism that can cause various health problems. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine and examine the concentration of metals (i.e. Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Zn, Hg), hydroquinone and microorganisms in nine different fairness creams produced by local and international brands. The health risk assessment of the tested substances for consumers was accessed through systemic exposure dosage (SED), margin of safety (MoS), lifetime cancer risk (LCR), hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI). The concentration of Zn and Hg were found the highest and measured in the range of 17.82-138.06 mg.kg-1 and 2.3-141 mg.kg-1, respectively. The concentrations of other metals were determined as 0.06-0.67 mg.kg-1 of Cd, 0.43-1.55 mg.kg-1 of Cr, 0.14-1.43 mg.kg-1 of Ni and 0.3-1.34 mg.kg-1 of Pb. HPLC results showed a significant presence of hydroquinone in the range of 0.12-7.2%. The total viable counts of cosmetic samples showed the substantial presence of microorganisms, and 44% of the collected samples surpassed the permissible limit of 100 cfu/g recommended by European Union. Many of the collected samples exceeded the MoS, HQ and HI tolerance limits. However, the LCR value in all samples was significantly higher than the acceptable limit. Therefore, it is advised to avoid overuse of these products in order to ensure human safety and reduce the risks to skin health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Irfan
- Centre for Environmental Protection Studies, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR), Laboratories Complex, Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Amir Shafeeq
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Umair Siddiq
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Farzana Bashir
- Centre for Environmental Protection Studies, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR), Laboratories Complex, Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tausif Ahmad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology (KFUEIT), Abu Dhabi Road, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Athar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Engineering and Technology, BCG Chowk, Multan 60000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tahir Butt
- Centre for Environmental Protection Studies, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR), Laboratories Complex, Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sami Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Mukhtar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, NFC Institute of Engineering and Fertilizer Research, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Mohamed Hussien
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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Abu-Taweel GM, Rudayni HA. Curcumin ameliorated the mercuric chloride induced depression and anxiety in female mice offspring. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112031. [PMID: 34534522 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the present investigation, the effect of mercuric chloride on gestation and lactation periods in mice was studied. The animals were treated with 10 ppm of HgCl2 and its complications were evaluated by supplementing 150 and 300 ppm of curcumin, respectively. Results indicated that HgCl2 increased depression-like behavior in treated animals compared to control and effects of depression in offspring significantly (p˂0.001) enhanced. Interestingly, the Tail suspension test clearly confirmed that the administration of curcumin enhanced the immobility (p˂0.001). The results confirmed that the curcumin administered mice spent less time in the closed arm (P < 0.001), whereas spent a very long time (P < 0.001) in the open arm. Related to the locomotor behaviors, number of squares crossed, wall rear, rear, and locomotion duration were decreased significantly (P < 0.001) while immobility duration was increased (P < 0.001) significantly compared to control. The anxiety and depression behaviors disorder due to mercuric chloride exposure indicated its availability via placenta or/and milk during lactation. The treatment with curcumin improved anxiety and depression behaviors compared to Hg experimental group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gasem Mohammad Abu-Taweel
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Jazan University, P.O. Box 2079, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hassan Ahmed Rudayni
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Muhammad bin Saud Islamic University, B.o.box 90950, Riyadh, 11623, Saudi Arabia
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Akhtar A, Kazi TG, Afridi HI, Khan M. Human exposure to toxic elements through facial cosmetic products: Dermal risk assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 131:105145. [PMID: 35219764 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Facial cosmetics are the most commonly consumed product, mainly by the women from all over the world irrespective of their age. The facial cosmetics may be contaminated with several toxic elements, which can get absorb on to the facial skin and migrate to the blood vessels. Hence the absorbed toxic elements can cause further adverse effects on the human body. The present study aims to assess the toxic element contents (arsenic, lead, nickel, mercury, and cadmium) in commonly consumed facial cosmetics (face powder, foundation, lightening creams, moisturizer, eye shadow, lipsticks, eyeliner, blush, mascara, sunscreen) and to carry out the risk assessment through different methods. The dermal risk was evaluated as SED, NOAEL, MoS, HQ and ILCR, which is linked with the exposure of selected toxic elements. The total CDDE for all selected elements in facial cosmetic products was found in increasing order as follow: face powder > foundation > lightening creams > moisturizer > eye shadow > lipsticks > eyeliner > blush > mascara > sunscreen. The HQ and HI values for selected elements were found to be < 1 in all facial cosmetics. Whereas the probable MoS of selected toxic elements in all facial cosmetics except eyeliner were found to be 3-4 folds lower than the minimum value of 100 regulated by the WHO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Akhtar
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan.
| | - Tasneem Gul Kazi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
| | - Hassan Imran Afridi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
| | - Mustafa Khan
- School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Hefei, China
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Yawei S, Jianhai L, Junxiu Z, Xiaobo P, Zewu Q. Epidemiology, clinical presentation, treatment, and follow-up of chronic mercury poisoning in China: a retrospective analysis. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 22:25. [PMID: 33941274 PMCID: PMC8091676 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-021-00493-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There are no reports on the incidence of chronic mercury poisoning in a large population in China. This study investigated the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, treatment, and follow-up of Chinese patients with chronic mercury poisoning. Methods Data for 288 mercury poisoning patients were collected at our hospital from July 2014 to September 2019, including sex, age, admission time, blood mercury content, urine mercury content, creatinine, urinary mercury/creatinine ratio, 24-h urinary protein levels, electromyography (EMG) findings, renal biopsy, and follow-up. Patient characteristics were evaluated by statistical and correlation analyses. Results First, mercury poisoning in China mainly occurred through occupational exposure and the inappropriate use of mercury-containing cosmetics and Chinese folk remedies (CFRs). Second, the most common symptoms were nervous system (50.3 %), kidney (16.4 %) and breathing (8.0 %). Mercury poisoning-induced Nephrotic syndrome (NS) and peripheral neuropathy are common long-term complications. The complications of occupational and cosmetics-induced mercury poisoning are consistent with international belief. However, the NS caused by CFRs is mainly membranous nephropathy and the probability of peripheral neuropathy caused by CFRs is higher than other pathogens. Third, follow-up data shows that 13 patients with EMG-confirmed neurological injury, 10 showed full recovery after 38.50 ± 8.03 months. Furthermore, among 18 patients with NS, 15 had normal urine protein and serum albumin levels after 22.67 ± 10.26 months. Conclusions Regulation of skin-lightening cosmetic products, safety surveillance of CFRs, and prevention and control of occupational exposure must be improved to decrease the incidence of mercury poisoning in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Yawei
- Department of Chemical Poisoning Treatment, Department of Hematology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 8 Dong da Street, Fengtai District, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Long Jianhai
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100050, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Junxiu
- Department of Chemical Poisoning Treatment, Department of Hematology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 8 Dong da Street, Fengtai District, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Xiaobo
- Department of Chemical Poisoning Treatment, Department of Hematology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 8 Dong da Street, Fengtai District, 100071, Beijing, China.
| | - Qiu Zewu
- Department of Chemical Poisoning Treatment, Department of Hematology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 8 Dong da Street, Fengtai District, 100071, Beijing, China.
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Meng Y, Li Y, Zheng N, Hou S, Li Y, Wang S, Sun S, Hua X, Liang D. Potential health risks of metals in skin care products used by Chinese consumers aged 19-29 years. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 216:112184. [PMID: 33839485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metal contamination of skin care products that occurs during their production poses potential health risks, which are of increasing concern, to consumers. Here, we collected 570 responses to an online survey to analyze the usage pattern of skin care products across China. Then a total of 30 commonly used skin care products with various prices and applications were purchased. The concentrations of metals (Al, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, Hg, and Cd) and metalloid As, were determined. Next, we improved the frequency calculation method and used the weighted exposure frequency to calculate the dermal absorption dose (DAD). The amounts of Zn, Cr, and Al that were assimilated by the human body via uptake were approximately 2 orders of magnitude greater than those of Pb, Hg, Cd, Ni and metalloid As. In addition, younger consumers were at higher risk of metals exposure than older consumers because of their higher frequency of use of skin care products. Al and Zn posed higher risk to consumers because of its high DAD. There was no significant chronic non-carcinogenic health risk (hazard index < 1) posed by skincare product use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikan Meng
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China
| | - Na Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China; Northeast Institute of Geography and Agricultural Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Shengnan Hou
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agricultural Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China; Northeast Institute of Geography and Agricultural Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Sujing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China
| | - Siyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China
| | - Xiuyi Hua
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China
| | - Dapeng Liang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China
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Topal M. Investigation of the potential human health risk of toxic mercury determined in the grapevine exposed to mine gallery waters. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 58:1604-1610. [PMID: 33746287 PMCID: PMC7925718 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-020-04673-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, mercury was selected because of its toxicity. It was detected in the grapevines exposed to mine gallery waters. The potential health risk of mercury in leaves of grapevine those are consumed by human worldwide was investigated. The grapevines were harvested and separated into organs of roots, stems, and leaves. The concentrations of mercury were determined in roots, stems, and leaves. The translocation and bioconcentration factors were calculated. Maximum concentrations of mercury were stem < root < leaf. The health risk potential of mercury on human health was calculated. The estimated daily exposure doses of mercury followed an order for children and adults: dietary > ingestion > inhalation > dermal. The HQ values calculated for exposure ways of dietary, ingestion and inhalation were male < female < children. As a result, it was determined that grapevine exposed to mine gallery waters that cause environmental contamination may cause non-carcinogenic risks on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Topal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Processing Technologies, Tunceli Vocation School, University of Munzur, Tunceli, Turkey
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12
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Pramanik S, Kumar M, Qureshi A. Mercury in skin-care products in India and consumer exposure risks. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 121:104870. [PMID: 33493584 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We report concentrations of mercury in skin-care products in India and the associated health risks. Mercury concentrations were 0.11 μg/kg (median; 5th percentile-95th percentile = 0.04-0.58 μg/kg; n = 24) in body lotions, 0.22 μg/kg (0.04-0.38 μg/kg, n = 10) in moisturizing lotions, 0.67 μg/kg (0.30-1.33 μg/kg, n = 8) in blemish balms, 0.16 μg/kg (0.06-7.43 μg/kg, n = 11) in bleaches, 0.13 μg/kg (0.04-0.98 μg/kg, n = 34) in skin lightning (fairness) creams manufactured within the country, and 9.24 × 106 μg/kg (2.92 × 106-3.17 × 107 μg/kg, n = 14) in imported skin lightning (fairness) creams, much higher than the 1 ppm (1 ppm = 103 μg/kg) regulatory limit. Probabilistic human health risk assessment for adult women (age > 21 y) revealed that computed hazard quotients from dermal exposure to the high-mercury fairness creams were >100 in all cases. The mass of mercury entering into the society via skin-care products is highly sensitive to the mass of high-mercury fairness creams that is imported to India; ten tonnes of import can introduce 29-317 kg of mercury every year. As such, analysis and labeling of mercury contents in skin-care products by manufacturers, and raising awareness among regulatory authorities to restrict the import of high-mercury fairness creams, is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriti Pramanik
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Hyderabad, Kandi, TS, 502285, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Hyderabad, Kandi, TS, 502285, India
| | - Asif Qureshi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Hyderabad, Kandi, TS, 502285, India.
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Nordin FNM, Aziz A, Zakaria Z, Wan Mohamed Radzi CWJ. A systematic review on the skin whitening products and their ingredients for safety, health risk, and the halal status. J Cosmet Dermatol 2020; 20:1050-1060. [PMID: 32854162 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin-whitening products are in the high trend of demand for skin beautifying and lightening. Sources of ingredients for cosmetics could be natural, semi-synthetic, and synthetic that may affect the halal status of a product. The lack of scientific evidence on the safety and risks of such ingredients is a major concern to many consumers. OBJECTIVE This review paper aimed to shed light on the skin-whitening ingredients and their issues related to safety, health risk, and halal status. METHODOLOGY Based on the reviews scientific publications published from January 2015 to July 2020 using Web of Science and Scopus engines. FINDINGS Based on the review, most of the common ingredients in the skin-whitening products are originated from plants, animals, microbes, and heavy metals. Health risk of the ingredients was evaluated based on the usage, chronic or acute adverse effect, frequency of incidence, and the hazardous chemical contents of a halal cosmetics. The halal status of the ingredients was investigated based on the sources of origin, safety evaluation, and associated health risk of the ingredients. ORIGINALITY This review shows that ingredients play a vital role in the halal status decision-making of a cosmetic product. Therefore, the categories of Halal-Safe, Haram-Prohibited, and Critical-Need further evaluation were suggested to integrate the sources of ingredients with safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatin N M Nordin
- Department of Science and Technology Studies, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Atiqah Aziz
- Universiti of Malaya Halal Research Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zalina Zakaria
- Universiti of Malaya Halal Research Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Che Wan Jasimah Wan Mohamed Radzi
- Department of Science and Technology Studies, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Universiti of Malaya Halal Research Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Protective effects of curcumin towards anxiety and depression-like behaviors induced mercury chloride. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 28:125-134. [PMID: 33424289 PMCID: PMC7783661 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this work is to analyze the perinatal protective effects of curcumin (Cur) on the toxicity of inorganic mercury (mercuric chloride - HgCl2) in the developing mice offspring on their behavioral and biochemical changes. Six groups of pregnant mice (consisting of ten animals in each) were allocated in a way that Group I consuming tap water was used as control. Groups II to VI were the experimentally treated groups in which Group II and III received 150 and 300 ppm of curcumin, respectively; Group IV was given 10 ppm of HgCl2; and Group V and VI were also exposed to 10 ppm of HgCl2 but concurrently they were also treated with 150 and 300 ppm of curcumin, respectively. Appearance of vaginal plug was considered as the first day of pregnancy and all treatment started from day one of pregnancy until post-natal day 15 (PD 15) and the mothers were switched to plain tap water thereafter. At the age of PD 40, the male pups were subjected to measuring the depression in the light-dark chambers, forced swimming and tail suspension tests and to measuring their anxiety in plus-maze and open-field tests. Subsequently, after behavioral tests, the levels of corticosterone and cortisol hormones were estimated in the plasma of the experimental offspring. Behavioral tests were measured in the HgCl2 treated offspring for the light-dark chambers; forced swimming test; tail suspension test; plus-maze test; and open -field test showed significant alterations in their depression, anxiety and locomotory activities. Biochemical estimation of corticosterone and cortisol hormones in the plasma of these offspring showed significant depletion in their levels. Treatment of these offspring with curcumin significantly and dose dependently ameliorated all the behavioral and biochemical disruptive effects in the offspring due to HgCl2 toxicity. In conclusion, curcumin ameliorates the toxic effects of HgCl2 in the offspring during gestation and lactation periods. Thus, exposure to HgCl2 to mothers during pregnancy needs careful monitoring for minimizing its toxicity. Curcumin appears to be a promising ameliorating agent for such HgCl2 toxicity; however, further studies are needed for establishing these preliminary findings.
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Shivakumar S, Jafferany M. "The unfair drive to be fair": Psychosocial aspects and implications of the use of skin lightening agents. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33:e14091. [PMID: 32720427 DOI: 10.1111/dth.14091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The quest to be fair is not a concept of the new world. For centuries untold, having a lighter skin tone has been considered as a trait of beauty and supremacy. Society implicates fairness as a factor for getting a prospective life partner. Media portrays fair skin tone as a predecessor for success. These subtle influences affect young minds and drive them towards wanting fair skin. Physicians observe that it is one of the most common forms of body dysmorphic disorder. This article aims to highlight the psychosocial factors that mold this mentality and the possible ill effects it can have on a person, both psychologically as well as physically.
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Ricketts P, Knight C, Gordon A, Boischio A, Voutchkov M. Mercury Exposure Associated with Use of Skin Lightening Products in Jamaica. J Health Pollut 2020; 10:200601. [PMID: 32509402 PMCID: PMC7269324 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-10.26.200601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin bleaching is a major health concern among Jamaicans. A common ingredient in skin lightening products is mercury. Mercury is a toxic substance that can cause damage to the gastrointestinal tract, nervous system and kidneys. OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to use different analytical techniques to measure mercury concentrations in popular skin lightening products used in Jamaica and to assess individual levels of mercury exposure based on product usage. METHODS Sixty skin lightening products were purchased from different vendors across various locations in Jamaica. Each product was initially screened for mercury using a portable handheld energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer. In addition, 25 out of 60 products were further measured using cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy (CVAAS). Questionnaires were distributed to users of skin lightening products to determine their usage patterns. RESULTS Six products had mercury concentrations above the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) allowable limit of 1 ppm, of which three products contained alarmingly high concentrations (i.e. > 400 ppm). The majority of products (57 out of 60) had mercury concentrations below 10 ppm. The mercury concentrations in skin lightening products ranged from 0.05 ppm to 17,547 ppm. In our sample, 51% of women and 49% of men used skin products more than once per day. CONCLUSIONS On average, creams contained more mercury than lotions and soaps. Individuals who use skin lightening products in Jamaica may be at risk for high mercury exposure, as some popular products were found to have mercury concentrations above the allowable limit. COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no competing financial interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phylicia Ricketts
- Department of Physics, Radioecological Lab, The University of the West Indies, Mona Jamaica
| | - Christopher Knight
- Analytical Services Department, Mines and Geology Division, Hope Gardens, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Andre Gordon
- Department of Physics, Radioecological Lab, The University of the West Indies, Mona Jamaica
| | - Ana Boischio
- Pan American Health Organization, Washington DC, USA
| | - Mitko Voutchkov
- Department of Physics, Radioecological Lab, The University of the West Indies, Mona Jamaica
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An Uncertainty Assessment of Human Health Risk for Toxic Trace Elements Using a Sequential Indicator Simulation in Farmland Soils. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12093852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Toxic trace elements in farmland soils are potential threats to human health. In this study, we collected soil samples from the farmlands of southern Guangzhou. We used a sequential indicator simulation (SIS) to deal with the problem of skewed distribution in the sample data. We assessed the human health risks, as well as the uncertainties, of five toxic trace elements: arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg). The results were as follows: (1) The risk indices of two trace elements (Cd and Hg) were less than the standard threshold, which means that there was no human health risk due to Cd and Hg in the study area. However, the maximum risk indices of As, Cr, and Pb exceeded the standard threshold. In particular, the maximum risk index of Pb was twice the standard threshold; (2) The risk probabilities of As and Cr were less than 25% in most areas, and only a few parcels of farmland have a 100% risk probability. The risk map of Pb was used to identify contiguous areas of high-risk probability (i.e., 75%–100%) in the center of the study area. (3) E-type estimation by the SIS method overestimates the risk when the number of samples with concentrations above the threshold have a large proportion of total samples. Our conclusions are as follows: (1) The simulation results show that areas with high-risk indices were concentrated in the Panyu District, which is close to the Pearl River and the core urban area of Guangzhou; (2) Except for Pb, these trace elements are not likely to pose health risks in southern Guangzhou; (3) This study considers the risk probability found with the SIS method to be more reliable for visualizing regional risk.
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Deepuppha N, Thongsaw A, Rutnakornpituk B, Chaiyasith WC, Rutnakornpituk M. Alginate-based magnetic nanosorbent immobilized with aptamer for selective and high adsorption of Hg 2+ in water samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:12030-12038. [PMID: 31983002 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07809-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Alginate-coated magnetic nanocluster (MNC) immobilized with Hg2+-specific aptamer was synthesized to obtain the nanosorbent with high adsorption capacity and high selectivity for trace analysis of inorganic mercury (Hg2+) in water samples. Magnetite nanoparticle was first synthesized by a co-precipitation of iron precursors in the presence of alginate to obtain alginate-coated MNC, followed by immobilization with avidin. Hg2+-Specific DNA aptamer labeled with biotin was then conjugated on the MNC surface via specific avidin-biotin interaction to form aptamer-immobilized MNC. Coating the MNC with alginate can improve its water dispersibility and also increase its adsorption capacity toward Hg2+ (350 mg/g). It exhibited high selectivity through thymine-Hg2+-thymine (T-Hg2+-T) interaction with high tolerance to other foreign ions. This nanosorbent showed linearity over the Hg2+ concentration range of 0.2-10 μg/L with a correlation coefficient of 0.9977, limit of detection of 0.46 μg/L, and enrichment factor of 13. Moreover, it also showed a potential for detection of Hg2+ in drinking and tap water samples with satisfactory recoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunthiya Deepuppha
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence in Biomaterials, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Arnont Thongsaw
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence in Biomaterials, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Boonjira Rutnakornpituk
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence in Biomaterials, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Wipharat Chuachuad Chaiyasith
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence in Biomaterials, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Metha Rutnakornpituk
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence in Biomaterials, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.
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Hasan A, Nanakali NMQ, Salihi A, Rasti B, Sharifi M, Attar F, Derakhshankhah H, Mustafa IA, Abdulqadir SZ, Falahati M. Nanozyme-based sensing platforms for detection of toxic mercury ions: An alternative approach to conventional methods. Talanta 2020; 215:120939. [PMID: 32312429 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is known as a poisonous heavy metal which stimulates a wide range of adverse effects on the human health. Therefore, development of some feasible, practical and highly sensitive platforms would be desirable in determination of Hg2+ level as low as nmol L-1 or pmol L-1. Different approaches such as ICP-MS, AAS/AES, and nanomaterial-based nanobiosensors have been manipulated for determination of Hg2+ level. However, these approaches suffer from expensive instruments and complicated sample preparation. Recently, nanozymes have been assembled to address some disadvantages of conventional methods in the detection of Hg2+. Along with the outstanding progress in nanotechnology and computational approaches, pronounced improvement has been attained in the field of nanozymes, recently. To accentuate these progresses, this review presents an overview on the different reports of Hg2+-induced toxicity on the different tissues followed by various conventional approaches validated for the determination of Hg2+ level. Afterwards, different types of nanozymes like AuNPs, PtNPs for quantitative detection of Hg2+ were surveyed. Finally, the current challenges and the future directions were explored to alleviate the limitation of nanozyme-based platforms with potential engineering in detection of heavy metals, namely Hg2+. The current overview can provide outstanding information to develop nano-based platforms for improvement of LOD and LOQ of analytical methods in sensitive detection of Hg2+ and other heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar; Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar.
| | - Nadir Mustafa Qadir Nanakali
- Department of Biology, College of Education, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq; Department of Biology, College of Science, Cihan University-Erbil, Iraq
| | - Abbas Salihi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Behnam Rasti
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Lahijan, Guilan, Iran
| | - Majid Sharifi
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farnoosh Attar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Food Industry and Agriculture, Standard Research Institute (SRI), Karaj, Iran
| | - Hossein Derakhshankhah
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Inaam Ahmad Mustafa
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Shang Ziyad Abdulqadir
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Mojtaba Falahati
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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A novel, anthracene-based naked eye probe for detecting Hg2+ ions in aqueous as well as solid state media. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Abu-Taweel GM. Neurobehavioral protective properties of curcumin against the mercury chloride treated mice offspring. Saudi J Biol Sci 2019; 26:736-743. [PMID: 31048998 PMCID: PMC6486524 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present investigation, the effects of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) on the neurobehavioural and neurochemical disruption in mice offspring was studied. A total of thirty pregnant mice were divided into six groups. Group II and III were received 150 and 300 ppm of curcumin respectively. Group IV was given 10 ppm of HgCl2. Group V and VI were given 10 ppm of HgCl2 with 150 and 300 ppm of curcumin respectively. In this study, treatment started from day one of pregnancy and continued until post-natal day 15 (PD 15). During weaning period, three pups in each experimental group were marked and were subjected to behavioral, physical and biochemical tests. The results revealed decreased body weight, delayed hair growth and eye opening. HgCl2 treated pups taken more time in righting, rotating reflexes to return to normal placement, cliff avoidance compared to that of control group. HgCl2 exposed pups showed memory and learning deficits. Anxiety behavior in treating pups was increased. Biochemical investigations showed decreased level of dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in forebrain of treated pups compared to the control and curcumin groups. The protective effect of curcumin doses were significant compared to HgCl2 group. The results indicated that the administration of curcumin showed effective activity towards biochemical and behavioral disorders obtained with the HgCl2 treated animals. Overall, the curcumin administration revealed increased cognetion and anxiety behaviors in the treated animals. Conclusively, curcumin has a good benefits for health which can use to avoid toxicants such as Hg and other heavy metals.
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Zhen X, Hao D, Pei J, Zhang F, Liu H, Wang J, Bian N, Zhang X, Li Y, Bu X. The study of inhibitory effects and mechanism of carboxylate chitooligomer on melanin, prepared by laccase/TEMPO system. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 207:391-397. [PMID: 30600021 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.11.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A carboxylate chitooligomer (C-COS) containing carboxyl groups attached to chitooligomer (COS) molecules has been prepared by laccase/2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) system, which is a green-chemistry method. Several experiments were designed to evaluate inhibition effects on melanin and mechanisms of C-COS. The results indicated that C-COS exhibited more distinct anti-melanogenic effects compared to COS. C-COS inhibits melanin production with tyrosine (Tyr) and DOPA as the substrate of melanin formation, and the inhibition rates are, respectively, 89.07% and 84.45%, which reach 1.4-2 times those of COS. UV-vis spectroscopy was used to elucidate the interaction mechanism between C-COS and tyrosinase (TYR). It is C-COS chelating with metal Cu ions in tyrosinase (TYR) that decreases the enzyme activity. Half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of C-COS were calculated as 13.49 and 4.07 mg/mL for monophenolase (cresolase) and diphenolase (catecholase), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Zhen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper, College of Papermaking Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Dongzhao Hao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper, College of Papermaking Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Jicheng Pei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper, College of Papermaking Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Fangdong Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper, College of Papermaking Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Haitang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper, College of Papermaking Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Guangxi, Nanning, 530004, China; Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education/Shandong Province, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong, Jinan, 250353, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper, College of Papermaking Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Nengyuan Bian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper, College of Papermaking Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Xinli Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper, College of Papermaking Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Ying Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper, College of Papermaking Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Xin Bu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper, College of Papermaking Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China.
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