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Hays SM, Kirman CR, Cox LA, Sarang SS. Benzene metabolism and health risk evaluation: insights gained from biomonitoring. Crit Rev Toxicol 2024; 54:685-693. [PMID: 39287186 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2024.2379896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic conversion of benzene (Bz) is thought to be required for the hematotoxic effects observed following Bz exposures. Most safe exposure limits set for Bz utilize epidemiology data on the hematotoxic effects of Bz for the dose-response assessments. These hematotoxic effects occurred among workers exposed to elevated Bz levels, thus dose extrapolation is required for assessing relevant risks for populations exposed orders of magnitude lower. Thus, understanding how Bz is metabolized over a wide range of air Bz levels is an important topic for risk assessments for Bz. Here, we analyze biomonitoring data for workers exposed to Bz to make evaluations of how the metabolism of Bz varies across a wide range of exposures. Our analysis indicates that the presence of metabolites derived from exposures to sources other than Bz (nonspecific metabolites of Bz) are significant confounders among biomonitoring studies and this precludes making any assessments of how Bz metabolism differs below approximately 3 ppm air Bz exposures using such nonspecific metabolites.
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Zhou C, Wang S, Ju L, Zhang R, Yang Y, Liu Y. Positive association between blood ethylene oxide levels and metabolic syndrome: NHANES 2013-2020. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1365658. [PMID: 38699390 PMCID: PMC11063307 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1365658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The exposure of Ethylene oxide (EO) is linked to systemic inflammatory response and various cardiovascular risk factors. Hemoglobin's binding to ethylene oxide (HbEO) was used to measure serum EO level. This research aims to explore the association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and HbEO, and between HbEO and components of metabolic syndrome. Method This research included 1842 participants from 2013 to 2020 in National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database. Weighted logistic regression models were used to analyze the relationship between HbEO and metabolic syndrome risk, using odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). The restricted cubic spline plot explores whether there is a dose-response relationship between HbEO and MetS risk. Subgroup analysis was performed to analyze study heterogeneity. Results Significant differences were found in gender, educational level, marital status, diabetes status and hypertension among different groups (P < 0.001, P = 0.007, P = 0.003, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively). The serum HbEO level exhibited positive correlation with metabolic syndrome risk in Q2 level (OR=1.64, 1.04~2.48), Q3 level (OR=1.99, 1.29~3.08), and Q4 level (OR=2.89, 1.92~4.34). The dose-response association suggested a possible linear association between serum HbEO and metabolic syndrome risk (P-overall=0.0359, P-non-linear=0.179). L-shaped association was found between HbEO and the risk of MetS in female population, obese population and mid-age and elder population (P-overall<0.001, P-non-linear=0.0024; P-overall=0.0107, P-non-linear=0.0055 P-overall<0.001 P-non-linear=0.0157). Conclusion This study indicates a linear correlation between MetS and HbEO, with MetS risk escalating as HbEO levels increase. The prevalence of MetS varies depending on BMI, age and gender, and these factors can also influence MetS prevalence when exposed to EO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqi Zhou
- College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Senlin Wang
- College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lingling Ju
- College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ruimin Zhang
- College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunning Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanjun Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Jiang S, Wang Y, Wang M, Xu Y, Zhang W, Zhou X, Niu X, Sun M, Feng C, Wang L, Yang T, Zhang M, Li B, Qiao Y. Sex difference in the non-linear relationship between ethylene oxide exposure and depressive symptoms: A cross-sectional study. J Affect Disord 2024; 345:386-393. [PMID: 37918573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethylene oxide (EO) has been recognized as an animal carcinogen and environmental EO exposure was linked to several diseases. However, the association of EO exposure with depression prevalence is still not clear. METHODS We included 6016 participants with complete data on HbEO concentrations, depression diagnosis, and necessary covariates using the 2013-2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Weighted multivariable logistic model was applied to examine the association of HbEO concentrations with depression risk. Weighted restricted cubic spline model was applied to draw the dose-response curve. RESULTS In the total population, individuals in the second, third, and fourth quartile of HbEO respectively had an adjusted OR of 0.99 (95%CI: 0.60, 1.63), 1.13 (95%CI: 0.73, 1.75), and 2.87 (95%CI: 1.86, 4.45) (Ptrend < 0.001) for depression with a significant "J" shaped non-linear dose-response relationship (Pnon-linear < 0.001). Females, drinkers, and smokers were susceptible to the depressive effect of EO. Doubling the HbEO concentrations was respectively associated with a 1.50-fold (95%CI: 1.25, 1.79), 1.29-fold (1.15, 1.44), and 1.17-fold (1.04, 1.33) increased risk of depression for females, drinkers, and smokers. LIMITATIONS Cross-sectional study design and self-reported depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Environmental EO exposure was associated with increased depression risk, especially among females, drinkers, and smokers. Further prospective studies are required to affirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunli Jiang
- Department of Public Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, China.
| | - Yongxin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Jining Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong 272000, China
| | - Yaru Xu
- Jining Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong 272000, China
| | - Weitao Zhang
- Jiaxiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong 272400, China
| | - Xinyong Zhou
- Luqiao Township Health Center, Weishan, Jining, Shandong 272000, China
| | - Xinpeng Niu
- Department of Public Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, China
| | - Mingjia Sun
- Department of Public Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, China
| | - Chen Feng
- Department of Public Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, China
| | - Liqun Wang
- Department of Public Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, China
| | - Tiankai Yang
- Department of Public Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, China
| | - Mingrong Zhang
- Department of Public Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China.
| | - Yi Qiao
- Department of Public Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, China.
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Wu S, Yang YM, Zhu J, Wang LL, Xu W, Lyu SQ, Wang J, Shao XH, Zhang H. Impact of hemoglobin adducts of ethylene oxide on the prevalence and prognosis of chronic kidney disease in US adults: an analysis from NHANES 2013-2016. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:2802-2812. [PMID: 38066258 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30712-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Animal experiments have shown that high exposure to ethylene oxide (EO) can cause multiple system damages including the renal system. Recent studies have reported associations between exposure to EO and cancer, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. However, the impact of exposure to EO on the prevalence and prognosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in humans is scarcely investigated. The study was designed to investigate the associations between EO exposure and incidence and prognosis of CKD among 2900 US adults. Exposure to EO was measured by detecting the levels of hemoglobin adducts of EO (HbEO). The diagnosis of CKD was made according to an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and/or a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) > 30 mg/g. Prognosis of CKD was assessed based on the evaluation system initiated by KDIGO that consists of eGFR and UACR. Survey-weighted generalized linear models and proportional odds models were constructed to assess the associations between HbEO and prevalence and prognosis of CKD, with odds ratios (ORs) and proportional odds ratios (PORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) reported, respectively. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) function was performed to depict the correlation between HbEO and CKD. The weighted median (interquartile range) of HbEO was 31.3 (23.1-60.3) pmol/g Hb. A total of 491 participants (16.9%) were diagnosed with CKD, and 153 participants (5.31%) were identified to be at high or very high risk. Referred to the first tertile of HbEO, the adjusted ORs (95% CIs) for CKD in the second and third tertile were 1.46 (0.85, 2.50) and 1.69 (1.00, 2.85), and the adjusted PORs (95% CIs) for prognosis of CKD in the second and third tertile were 1.37 (0.94, 1.99) and 1.58 (1.10, 2.26). When HbEO was analyzed as a continuous variable, the adjusted OR (95% CI) for CKD and POR (95% CI for prognosis of CKD were 1.24 (0.97, 1.58) and 1.22 (1.01, 1.47), respectively. RCS analysis revealed a non-linear positive correlation between HbEO and prevalence of CKD (P for nonlinearity < 0.05). Subgroup analysis indicated smoking status had a significant impact on this association, which remained significant among never smokers but lost significance among smokers. Among US adults, increased EO exposure was independently related to increased CKD prevalence and poor CKD outcomes, which was established in never smokers but not among ever smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wu
- Emergency Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 167 Beilishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Min Yang
- Emergency Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 167 Beilishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Jun Zhu
- Emergency Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 167 Beilishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lu-Lu Wang
- Emergency Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 167 Beilishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Emergency Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 167 Beilishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Si-Qi Lyu
- Emergency Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 167 Beilishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Emergency Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 167 Beilishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xing-Hui Shao
- Emergency Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 167 Beilishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Emergency Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 167 Beilishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Mei EJ, Moore AC, Kaiser J. Suitability of new and existing ambient ethylene oxide measurement techniques for cancer inhalation risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 336:122481. [PMID: 37660772 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene oxide (EtO) is an industrial gas that was recently reassessed to pose significant additional cancer risk at low ambient concentrations. The objective of this study is to evaluate the capabilities of existing and novel techniques to measure ambient EtO at concentrations relevant for assessing cancer risk. We present the first comparison of background ambient EtO measurements between the standard offline TO-15 techniques and two new cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CRDS) instruments, the Picarro G2920 Ethylene Oxide Gas Analyzer and the Entanglement Technologies AROMA-ETO, at a site in Atlanta, GA. Then, we analyzed background EtO measured at EPA NATTS sites across the US. Finally, we used TO-15 measurement data to assess EtO cancer risk at three near-source sites. We find that the TO-15 method has low precision for collocated samples (NME ranges from 24% to 63%), and measurements made with TO-15 pressurized samplers are biased 27% low compared to those from TO-15 passive samplers. Both CRDS methods are biased low compared to TO-15 methods (88% and 31% low bias for Picarro and AROMA, respectively), and TO-15 methods observe a seasonal peak during summer (June to September) whereas Picarro observes no seasonal trend. From our near-source assessment, we find only one site with notable elevation in cancer risk prior to EtO controls installation. Our results suggest that measurement techniques need further development to accurately assess near-source EtO cancer risk. Because different techniques measure distinct EtO trends, EtO cancer risk studies that rely on current measurement capabilities should subtract simultaneous background observations from near-source observations measured by the same method to account for these real or artificial background trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric John Mei
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Aryiana Cemari Moore
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Jennifer Kaiser
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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Li Z, Shi P, Chen Z, Zhang W, Lin S, Zheng T, Li M, Fan L. The association between ethylene oxide exposure and asthma risk: a population-based study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:24154-24167. [PMID: 36334203 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23782-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene oxide (EO) is a reactive epoxide. However, the association between EO exposure and the risk of developing asthma in humans is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between EO exposure and the risk of developing asthma in the general US population. In this cross-sectional study, data of 2542 patients from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2013 and 2016 were obtained and analyzed. Hemoglobin adducts of EO (HbEO) level be used as the main factor for predicting EO exposure. The association between the level of EO exposure and the risk of developing asthma was evaluated with logistic regression models and dose-response analysis curves of restricted cubic spline function. Mediation analysis and linear regression analysis were utilized to evaluate the association between EO exposure and inflammation indicators. According to the quartiles of HbEO level, the patients were divided into four groups. The results indicated that an increased HbEO level was associated with a higher risk of asthma onset. Compared with the lowest quartile, the odds ratio (OR) with the 95% confidence interval (CI) for the highest quartile was 1.960 (95% CI: 1.348-2.849, P = 0.003). After being adjusted for numerous potential confounders, the OR of quartile 4 relative to quartile 1 was 1.991 (95% CI: 1.359-2.916, P = 0.001). Consistent results were also obtained in most subgroup analyses and dose-response analysis curves. In addition, EO levels were positively correlated with the inflammatory indicators (P = 0.006 for WBC, P = 0.015 for lymphocyte, and P = 0.015 for neutrophil). This study revealed a positive correlation between the level of EO exposure and the risk of asthma in a representative US population. In addition, inflammatory response may prove to be a potential biological mechanism underlying EO-induced asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziye Li
- Shanghai Clinical College, Anhui Medical University, Shanghai, 200072, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 301 Yanchang Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200072, China
- Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Pulmonary Nodules Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Pingfan Shi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 301 Yanchang Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200072, China
- Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Pulmonary Nodules Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Zhibo Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjia Zhang
- Shanghai Clinical College, Anhui Medical University, Shanghai, 200072, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 301 Yanchang Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200072, China
- Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Pulmonary Nodules Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Shumeng Lin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 301 Yanchang Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200072, China
- Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Pulmonary Nodules Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Tiansheng Zheng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 301 Yanchang Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200072, China
- Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Pulmonary Nodules Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 301 Yanchang Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200072, China
- Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Pulmonary Nodules Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Lihong Fan
- Shanghai Clinical College, Anhui Medical University, Shanghai, 200072, China.
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 301 Yanchang Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200072, China.
- Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Pulmonary Nodules Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China.
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Kobets T, Smith BPC, Williams GM. Food-Borne Chemical Carcinogens and the Evidence for Human Cancer Risk. Foods 2022; 11:2828. [PMID: 36140952 PMCID: PMC9497933 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Commonly consumed foods and beverages can contain chemicals with reported carcinogenic activity in rodent models. Moreover, exposures to some of these substances have been associated with increased cancer risks in humans. Food-borne carcinogens span a range of chemical classes and can arise from natural or anthropogenic sources, as well as form endogenously. Important considerations include the mechanism(s) of action (MoA), their relevance to human biology, and the level of exposure in diet. The MoAs of carcinogens have been classified as either DNA-reactive (genotoxic), involving covalent reaction with nuclear DNA, or epigenetic, involving molecular and cellular effects other than DNA reactivity. Carcinogens are generally present in food at low levels, resulting in low daily intakes, although there are some exceptions. Carcinogens of the DNA-reactive type produce effects at lower dosages than epigenetic carcinogens. Several food-related DNA-reactive carcinogens, including aflatoxins, aristolochic acid, benzene, benzo[a]pyrene and ethylene oxide, are recognized by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as causes of human cancer. Of the epigenetic type, the only carcinogen considered to be associated with increased cancer in humans, although not from low-level food exposure, is dioxin (TCDD). Thus, DNA-reactive carcinogens in food represent a much greater risk than epigenetic carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Kobets
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Benjamin P. C. Smith
- Future Ready Food Safety Hub, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Gary M. Williams
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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Zhu X, Kong X, Chen M, Shi S, Cheang I, Zhu Q, Lu X, Yue X, Tang Y, Liao S, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Yao W, Li X. Blood ethylene oxide, systemic inflammation, and serum lipid profiles: Results from NHANES 2013-2016. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 299:134336. [PMID: 35337822 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), this study aimed to explore the relationship between ethylene oxide (EO) exposure and serum lipid profiles as well as the mediation effect of systemic inflammation among the general adult population. METHODS This cross-sectional study analyzed NHANES data from 2013 to 2016, examining a total of 2721 participants. The EO biomarker (hemoglobin adduct of EO [HbEO]) was quantified in blood using a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method. The association among HbEO levels, inflammatory biomarkers, and four serum lipids was evaluated using a multivariable linear regression model. Mediating analysis was performed to examine the effect of inflammatory biomarkers on the relationship between HbEO levels and serum lipid profiles. RESULTS As the quartiles of HbEO increased, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) monotonically decreased (p for trend <0.001). Using the lowest quartile of HbEO as a reference, the percent change for HDL-C was 6.30% (95% CI: 3.89%, 8.71%) in the highest quartile of HbEO. HbEO levels were dose-dependently associated with triglycerides (TG) (p for trend = 0.001). The percent change in TG in the fourth quartile of HbEO was 17.24% (95% CI: 2.01%, 32.48%) compared to the first quartile. Overall, inflammatory biomarkers (hs-CRP, alkaline phosphatase, white blood cell count, neutrophil count, and lymphocyte count) increased monotonically in correlation with increasing HbEO levels (all p for trend <0.01); were positively correlated with total cholesterol (TC), TG, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C); and were negatively associated with HDL-C. Additionally, inflammatory biomarkers strongly mediated the relationships between HbEO and HDL-C and TG with maximum mediated proportions of 21.40% and 33.40%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that HbEO is closely linked to serum lipid profiles and that systemic inflammation may be a key mediator of this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Xiangying Kong
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Mengli Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Shi Shi
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Iokfai Cheang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Xinyi Lu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Xin Yue
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yuan Tang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Shengen Liao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yanli Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China; Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, 215002, China
| | - Wenming Yao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China.
| | - Xinli Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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Rietjens IMCM, Michael A, Bolt HM, Siméon B, Andrea H, Nils H, Christine K, Angela M, Gloria P, Daniel R, Natalie T, Gerhard E. The role of endogenous versus exogenous sources in the exposome of putative genotoxins and consequences for risk assessment. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:1297-1352. [PMID: 35249149 PMCID: PMC9013691 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03242-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The "totality" of the human exposure is conceived to encompass life-associated endogenous and exogenous aggregate exposures. Process-related contaminants (PRCs) are not only formed in foods by heat processing, but also occur endogenously in the organism as physiological components of energy metabolism, potentially also generated by the human microbiome. To arrive at a comprehensive risk assessment, it is necessary to understand the contribution of in vivo background occurrence as compared to the ingestion from exogenous sources. Hence, this review provides an overview of the knowledge on the contribution of endogenous exposure to the overall exposure to putative genotoxic food contaminants, namely ethanol, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, acrylamide, acrolein, α,β-unsaturated alkenals, glycation compounds, N-nitroso compounds, ethylene oxide, furans, 2- and 3-MCPD, and glycidyl esters. The evidence discussed herein allows to conclude that endogenous formation of some contaminants appears to contribute substantially to the exposome. This is of critical importance for risk assessment in the cases where endogenous exposure is suspected to outweigh the exogenous one (e.g. formaldehyde and acrolein).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Arand Michael
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hermann M Bolt
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Hartwig Andrea
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hinrichsen Nils
- Food Oils and Fats Research, ADM Hamburg AG, Research, Seehafenstraße 24, 21079, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kalisch Christine
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Straße 9, 97078, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Mally Angela
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Straße 9, 97078, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Pellegrino Gloria
- Scientific Affairs and Research, Luigi Lavazza SpA, Strada Settimo, 410, 10156, Turin, Italy
| | - Ribera Daniel
- Regulatory and Scientific Affairs EMEA, Cargill R&D, Havenstraat 84, 1800, Vivoorde, Belgium
| | - Thatcher Natalie
- Food Safety, Mondelez International, Bournville Lane, Birmingham, B30 2LU, UK
| | - Eisenbrand Gerhard
- Department of Toxicology and Food Chemistry, University of Kaiserslautern, Kühler Grund 48/1, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany
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10
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Monitored and Modeled Ambient Air Concentrations of Ethylene Oxide: Contextualizing Health Risk for Potentially Exposed Populations in Georgia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063364. [PMID: 35329049 PMCID: PMC8954488 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have monitored and modeled long-term ambient air concentrations of ethylene oxide (EO) around emitting facilities in Georgia with the intent of informing risk management of potentially exposed nearby residential populations. Providing health context for these data is challenging because the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s risk-specific concentrations lack practical utility in distinguishing a health significant increase in exposure. This study analyzes EO data for eight emitting facilities, using a previously published alternative exposure metric, the total equivalent concentration, which is based on U.S. Centers for Disease Control biomarker data for the non-smoking U.S. population. Mean concentrations for monitoring sites were compared to mean background concentrations to assess whether emissions contribute significantly to environmental concentrations. To assess the health significance of potential exposure at nearby residential locations, the 50th percentile concentration was added to the 50th percentile endogenous equivalent concentration and compared to the total equivalent concentration distribution for the non-smoking U.S. population. The findings demonstrate that impacts from nearby emission sources are small compared to mean background concentrations at nearby locations, and the total equivalent concentrations for exposed populations are generally indistinguishable from that of the 50th percentile for the non-smoking U.S. population.
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11
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Guo J, Wan Z, Cui G, Pan A, Liu G. Association of exposure to ethylene oxide with risk of diabetes mellitus: results from NHANES 2013-2016. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:68551-68559. [PMID: 34273079 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15444-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Animal studies suggested that exposure to ethylene oxide (EO) might induce hepatic lipid peroxidation and inflammatory lesions in various organs. However, the association between EO exposure and diabetes risk in humans is unknown. This study aimed to examine the association of EO exposure with the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in a general population of US adults. This study consisted of 3448 participants aged 20 years and older from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013-2014 cycle and 2015-2016 cycle. Circulating levels of EO biomarker (hemoglobin adducts of EO (HbEO)) was measured by using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using multivariate logistic regression. The weighted median level of HbEO was 29.9 (95% CI: 21.8, 56.0) pmol/g Hb. Elevated levels of HbEO were associated with higher HbA1c and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (both Ptrend <0.01). After multivariate adjustment including demographics, lifestyle factors, and body mass index (BMI), higher HbEO levels were significantly associated with an increased prevalence of diabetes mellitus. The OR (95% CI) of diabetes across increasing quartiles of HbEO was 1.00 (reference), 1.45 (1.08, 1.96), 1.76 (1.31, 2.36), and 1.77 (1.22, 2.57), respectively (Ptrend <0.001). Similar results were observed when analyses were stratified by smoking status, age, sex, race/ethnicity, and BMI. In a nationally representative sample of US adults, higher levels of HbEO were significantly associated with an increased prevalence of diabetes mellitus. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Guanglin Cui
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - An Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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12
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Sheehan PJ, Lewis RC, Kirman CR, Watson HN, Winegar ED, Bus JS. Ethylene Oxide Exposure in U.S. Populations Residing Near Sterilization and Other Industrial Facilities: Context Based on Endogenous and Total Equivalent Concentration Exposures. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18020607. [PMID: 33445726 PMCID: PMC7828163 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Given ubiquitous human exposure to ethylene oxide (EO), regardless of occupation or geography, the current risk-specific concentrations (RSCs: 0.0001-0.01 ppb) from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) cancer risk assessment for EO are not useful metrics for managing EO exposures to the general U.S. population. The magnitude of the RSCs for EO are so low, relative to typical endogenous equivalent metabolic concentrations (1.1-5.5 ppb) that contribute ~93% of total exposure, that the RSCs provide little utility in identifying excess environmental exposures that might increase cancer risk. EO monitoring data collected in the vicinity of eight EO-emitting facilities and corresponding background locations were used to characterize potential excess exogenous concentrations. Both 50th and 90th percentile exogenous exposure concentrations were combined with the 50th percentile endogenous exposure concentration for the nonsmoking population, and then compared to percentiles of total equivalent concentration for this population. No potential total exposure concentration for these local populations exceeded the normal total equivalent concentration 95th percentile, indicating that excess facility-related exposures are unlikely to require additional management to protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan C Lewis
- Health Sciences, Exponent, Inc., Oakland, CA 94612, USA
| | | | | | | | - James S Bus
- Health Sciences, Exponent, Inc., Alexandria, VA 22314, USA
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13
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Kirman CR, Li AA, Sheehan PJ, Bus JS, Lewis RC, Hays SM. Ethylene oxide review: characterization of total exposure via endogenous and exogenous pathways and their implications to risk assessment and risk management. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2021; 24:1-29. [PMID: 33323046 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2020.1852988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This review is intended to provide risk assessors and risk managers with a better understanding of issues associated with total exposures of human populations to ethylene oxide from endogenous and exogenous pathways. Biomonitoring of human populations and lab animals exposed to ethylene oxide has relied upon the detection of hemoglobin adducts such as 2-hydroxyethylvaline (HEV), which provides a useful measure of total exposure to ethylene oxide from all pathways. Recent biomonitoring data from CDC provide an excellent characterization of total exposure to ethylene oxide to the general U.S. population by demographic factors such as age, gender, and race as well as smoking habit, which might be comparable to previous measurements reported for humans and lab animals. The biochemical pathways including gastrointestinal (production by bacteria) and systemic (enzymatic production) pathways by which endogenous ethylene is generated and converted to ethylene oxide are described. The relative importance of endogenous pathways and exogenous pathways via ambient air or tobacco smoke was quantified based upon available data to characterize their relative importance to total exposure. Considerable variation was noted for HEV measurements in human populations, and important sources of variation for all pathways are discussed. Issues related to risk assessment and risk management of human populations exposed to ethylene oxide are provided within the context of characterizing total exposure, and data needs for supporting future risk assessment identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A A Li
- Exponent , Oakland, CA, USA
| | | | - J S Bus
- Exponent , Alexandria, MI, USA
| | | | - S M Hays
- Summit Toxicology , Bozeman, MT, USA
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14
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Gollapudi BB, Su S, Li AA, Johnson GE, Reiss R, Albertini RJ. Genotoxicity as a toxicologically relevant endpoint to inform risk assessment: A case study with ethylene oxide. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2020; 61:852-871. [PMID: 32926486 PMCID: PMC7756744 DOI: 10.1002/em.22408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present investigation is to analyze the in vivo genotoxicity dose-response data of ethylene oxide (EO) and the applicability of the derived point-of-departure (PoD) values when estimating permitted daily exposure (PDE) values. A total of 40 data sets were identified from the literature, and benchmark dose analyses were conducted using PROAST software to identify a PoD value. Studies employing the inhalation route of exposure and assessing gene or chromosomal mutations and chromosomal damage in various tissues were considered the most relevant for assessing risk from EO, since these effects are likely to contribute to adverse health consequences in exposed individuals. The PoD estimates were screened for precision and the values were divided by data-derived adjustment factors. For gene mutations, the lowest PDE was 285 parts per trillion (ppt) based on the induction of lacI mutations in the testes of mice following 48 weeks of exposure to EO. The corresponding lowest PDE value for chromosomal mutations was 1,175 ppt for heritable translocations in mice following 8.5 weeks of EO exposure. The lowest PDE for chromosomal aberrations was 238 ppt in the mouse peripheral blood lymphocytes following 48 weeks of inhalation exposure. The diverse dose-response data for EO-induced genotoxicity enabled the derivation of PoDs for various endpoints, tissues, and species and identified 238 ppt as the lowest PDE in this retrospective analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steave Su
- Exponent, Inc., Center for Health SciencesNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Abby A. Li
- Exponent, Inc., Center for Health SciencesOaklandCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Richard Reiss
- Exponent, Inc., Center for Health SciencesAlexandriaVirginiaUSA
| | - Richard J. Albertini
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Vermont College of MedicineBurlingtonVermontUSA
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15
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Jain RB. Associations between observed concentrations of ethylene oxide in whole blood and smoking, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, and cancers including breast cancer: data for US children, adolescents, and adults. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:20912-20919. [PMID: 32249385 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08564-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey released data on ethylene oxide (ETO) into public domain for US children aged 6-11 years, adolescents aged 12-19 years, and adults aged ≥ 20 years for 2013-2016. This study was undertaken to evaluate the associations between concentrations of ETO in whole blood and smoking, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), and self-reported diagnosis of cancers including breast cancer. Both adolescent (29.6 vs. 49.6 pmol/g Hb, p < 0.01) and adult smokers (31.5 vs. 142.7 pmol/g Hb, p < 0.01) were found to have substantially higher adjusted levels of ethylene oxide than nonsmokers. Non-Hispanic blacks had higher levels of ethylene oxide than other race/ethnicities for children and adolescents. Non-Hispanic Asians had higher levels of ethylene oxide than other race/ethnicities for adults. Exposure to ETO measured by the number of smokers smoking inside the home (p < 0.01) and number of days smokers smoked inside the home (p = 0.03) during the prior week was found to be associated with elevated levels of ETO (p < 0.01) among US adults. Increased age was associated with elevated levels of ETO among adolescents (p = 0.02) and adults (p < 0.01) but the reverse was true for children (p = 0.04). For the general US population, levels of ETO were not found to be associated with cancers including breast cancer.
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16
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Klapacz J, Gollapudi BB. Considerations for the Use of Mutation as a Regulatory Endpoint in Risk Assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2020; 61:84-93. [PMID: 31301246 DOI: 10.1002/em.22318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of a chemical's potential to cause permanent changes in the genetic code has been a common practice in the industry and regulatory settings for decades. Furthermore, the genetic toxicity battery of tests has typically been employed during the earliest stages of the research and development programs of new product development. A positive outcome from such battery has a major impact on the chemical's utility, industrial hygiene, product stewardship practices, and product life cycle analysis, among many other decisions that need to be taken by the industry, even before the registration of a chemical is undertaken. Under the prevailing regulatory paradigm, the dichotomous (yes/no) evaluation of the chemical's genotoxic potential leads to a conservative, linear no-threshold (LNT) risk assessment, unless compelling and undeniable data to the contrary can be provided to satisfy regulators, typically in a number of different global jurisdictions. With the current advent of predictive methods, new testing paradigms, mode-of-action/adverse outcome pathways, and quantitative risk assessment approaches, various stakeholders are starting to employ these state-of-the-science methodologies to further the conversation on decision making and advance the regulatory paradigm beyond the dominant LNT status quo. This commentary describes these novel methodologies, relevant biological responses, and how these can affect internal and regulatory risk assessment approaches. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 61:84-93, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Klapacz
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan
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17
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Vincent MJ, Kozal JS, Thompson WJ, Maier A, Dotson GS, Best EA, Mundt KA. Ethylene Oxide: Cancer Evidence Integration and Dose-Response Implications. Dose Response 2019; 17:1559325819888317. [PMID: 31853235 PMCID: PMC6906442 DOI: 10.1177/1559325819888317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the United States
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) classified ethylene oxide (EtO) as a
known human carcinogen. Critically, both noted that the epidemiological evidence
based on lymphoid and breast cancers was “limited,” but that the evidence in
animal studies was “sufficient” and “extensive” (respectively) and that EtO is
genotoxic. The USEPA derived one of the highest published inhalation unit risk
(IUR) values (3 × 10−3 per [µg/m3 EtO]), based on results
from 2 epidemiological studies. We performed focused reviews of the
epidemiological and toxicological evidence on the carcinogenicity of EtO and
considered the USEPA’s reliance on a genotoxic mode of action to establish EtO’s
carcinogenicity and to determine likely dose–response patterns. Higher quality
epidemiological studies demonstrated no increased risk of breast cancers or
lymphohematopoietic malignancies (LHM). Similarly, toxicological studies and
studies of early effect biomarkers in animals and humans provided no strong
indication that EtO causes LHM or mammary cancers. Ultimately, animal data are
inadequate to define the actual dose–response shape or predict tumor response at
very low doses with any confidence. We conclude that the IARC and USEPA
classification of EtO as a known human carcinogen overstates the underlying
evidence and that the IUR derived by USEPA grossly overestimates risk.
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18
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Improving risk assessment approaches for chemicals with both endogenous and exogenous exposures. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 103:210-215. [PMID: 30703408 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
To conduct risk assessments of exogenous chemicals for which there are also endogenous exposures, knowledge of the chemistry and biology of both types of exposures needs to be integrated into problem formulation and carried through to risk characterization. This issue is framed in a risk assessment context, highlighting the importance of quantifying increments of dose from all sources of the same or similar chemicals interacting with biological targets; understanding the influence of endogenous chemical concentrations on disease risk; and assessing total dose to targets in evaluating risk from incremental environmental exposures. Examples of recent assessments illustrate the importance of addressing this issue. Evaluations of data on blood or organ concentrations of ammonia, methanol, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and three gaseous signaling molecules (hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, and nitric oxide) provide examples where current data are already informing perspectives on relative exposures at the portal of entry and systemically. To facilitate quality risk assessments of exogenous chemicals with endogenous exposures, a series of specific questions are presented that need to be addressed in systematic review to enhance problem formulation, improve the development of holistic conceptual models, and to facilitate the identification of priority data needs for improving risk assessments.
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