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Muchiri RN, van Breemen RB. Chemical Standardization of Milk Thistle ( Silybum marianum L.) Extract Using UHPLC-MS/MS and the Method of Standard Addition. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:1726-1732. [PMID: 38953246 PMCID: PMC11311221 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.4c00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Extracts prepared from the seeds of the medicinal plant milk thistle [Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (Asteraceae)] are widely used as dietary supplements due to anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and hepatoprotective effects. Called silymarin, the main components of lipophilic extracts of milk thistle seeds are flavonoids and flavonolignans including silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A, isosilybin B, silydianin, silychristin, taxifolin, and 2,3-dehydrosilybins. The aim of this study was to develop a method based on UHPLC-MS/MS for the chemical authentication and standardization of milk thistle silymarin. Validation included the method of standard addition to account for the lack of a blank matrix. Potential matrix effects were investigated by analyzing silymarin standards dissolved only in the initial UHPLC mobile phase. Measurements of six flavonolignans and taxifolin in the milk thistle extract using UHPLC-MS/MS with standard addition or external standard calibration produced similar results for all analytes except silydianin and 2,3-dehydrosilybin B, which showed significant peak enhancement during negative ion electrospray due to botanical matrix effects. The UHPLC-MS/MS-based method of standard addition requires <10 min per injection and is suitable for the standardization of silymarin from milk thistle in support of preclinical and clinical studies of safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth N. Muchiri
- Linus Pauling Institute, Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Richard B. van Breemen
- Linus Pauling Institute, Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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Waidyanatha S, Collins BJ, Cristy T, Embry M, Gafner S, Johnson H, Kellogg J, Krzykwa J, Li S, Mitchell CA, Mutlu E, Pickett S, You H, Van Breemen R, Baker TR. Advancing botanical safety: A strategy for selecting, sourcing, and characterizing botanicals for developing toxicological tools. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 186:114537. [PMID: 38417538 PMCID: PMC11238631 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Increases in botanical use, encompassing herbal medicines and dietary supplements, have underlined a critical need for an advancement in safety assessment methodologies. However, botanicals present unique challenges for safety assessment due to their complex and variable composition arising from diverse growing conditions, processing methods, and plant varieties. Historically, botanicals have been largely evaluated based on their history of use information, based primarily on traditional use or dietary history. However, this presumption lacks comprehensive toxicological evaluation, demanding innovative and consistent assessment strategies. To address these challenges, the Botanical Safety Consortium (BSC) was formed as an international, cross-sector forum of experts to identify fit-for purpose assays that can be used to evaluate botanical safety. This global effort aims to assess botanical safety assessment methodologies, merging traditional knowledge with modern in vitro and in silico assays. The ultimate goal is to champion the development of toxicity tools for botanicals. This manuscript highlights: 1) BSC's strategy for botanical selection, sourcing, and preparation of extracts to be used in in vitro assays, and 2) the approach utilized to characterize botanical extracts, using green tea and Asian ginseng as examples, to build confidence for use in biological assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Bradley J Collins
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Michelle Embry
- Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Holly Johnson
- American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Josh Kellogg
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Julie Krzykwa
- Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Esra Mutlu
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Hong You
- Eurofins Botanical Testing US, Inc., Brea, CA, USA
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Sirois J, Reddy S, Nguyen T, Walker H, Rendall J, Bergen G, Reimers M, Cermak E, Tiwary A, Helmes E, Palmer J, Teo S, Mackle T, Park M, Wang C. Safety considerations for dietary supplement manufacturers in the United States. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 147:105544. [PMID: 38158034 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Due to significant dietary supplement use in the US, product manufacturers must understand the importance of implementing a robust approach to establishing safety for all ingredients, including dietary ingredients, components, and finished dietary supplement products. Different regulatory pathways exist by which the safety of dietary ingredients can be established, and thus allowed to be marketed in a dietary supplement. For individual dietary ingredients, safety information may come from a variety of sources including history of safe use, presence of the ingredient in foods, and/or non-clinical and clinical data. On occasion safety data gaps are identified for a specific ingredient, particularly those of botanical origin. Modern toxicological methods and models can prove helpful in satisfying data gaps and are presented in this review. For finished dietary supplement products, issues potentially impacting safety to consider include claims, product labeling, overages, contaminants, residual solvents, heavy metals, packaging, and product stability. In addition, a safety assessment does not end once a product is marketed. It is important that manufacturers actively monitor and record the occurrence of adverse events reported in association with the use of their products, in accordance with the law. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of considerations for assessing dietary supplement safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Sirois
- Consumer Healthcare Products Association, Washington, DC, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mimi Park
- Nestle Health Science, Bridgewater, NJ, USA
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