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Inada A, Fukatsu A. Persistence and expansion of hypoxia detected by pimonidazole adduct immunostaining during progression of diabetic nephropathy in diabetic mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 325:F527-F535. [PMID: 37615048 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00160.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia and oxidative stress are considered to be underlying factors in the deterioration of renal function and pathogenesis in acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease, including diabetic nephropathy (DN). However, the long-term role of hypoxia in DN is unknown. Here, we investigated the distribution, severity, and time course of hypoxia during DN development in our well-established severely diabetic transgenic (Tg) DN mouse model that mimics human DN up to 80 wk of age, using pimonidazole adduct immunohistochemistry. The relationship between pimonidazole adduct distribution and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) expression was also examined. We found 1) persistent pimonidazole immunostaining mainly in the outer zone of the outer medulla, extending into the inner zone, 2) significant expansion of area and intensity up to 40 wk of age, and 3) characteristic subcellular localization mainly at apical sites in vesicular form by laser scanning microscopy of thin slices. The distribution of pimonidazole adducts was different from that of HIF reported previously, indicating that hypoxia does not directly contribute to persistent abnormal HIF expression. These results suggest that pimonidazole adducts produced under low [Formula: see text] conditions are sustained by a mechanism distinct from direct ischemia. We propose that in the long course of DN development, persistent hyperfiltration and hyperexcretion of glucose, albumin, and water increase metabolism and energy expenditure in the tubules, and such chronic stimulation leads to relative ischemia and local hypoxia, which may contribute in part to the loss of nephrons.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study provides new insights into hypoxia during the long course of diabetic nephropathy development. Hypoxia was persistently localized only in limited areas and its distribution differed significantly from that of hypoxia-inducible factors. These findings suggests that in the long course of diabetic nephropathy development, increased energy requirements and limited blood supply may lead to relative ischemia and induction of local and persistent hypoxia, which may contribute in part to the loss of nephrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akari Inada
- Clinical Research Department, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe, Japan
- Diabetes and Genes, Advanced Medical Initiatives, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Inada A, Yasunami Y, Yoshiki A, Nabeshima YI, Inada O. Greb1 Transiently Accelerates Pancreatic β-Cell Proliferation in Diabetic Mice Exposed to Estradiol. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:1081-1100. [PMID: 37516458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Decrease of pancreatic β cells leads to diabetes. In an inducible cAMP early suppressor (ICER-Iγ) transgenic mouse model of severe type 2 diabetes with reduced insulin production and depleted β cells, supplementation with high concentrations of 17β-estradiol (E2) markedly enhances β-cell proliferation and normalizes glucose levels. The current study explored the underlying mechanisms leading to a dynamic increase of β cells and pathologic changes in diabetic mice exposed to E2. Gene expression profiling of pancreatic islets of 6-month-old ICER-transgenic mice recovering from diabetes due to elevated E2 levels identified growth regulation by estrogen in breast cancer 1 (Greb1) as a gene significantly up-regulated during the recovery phase. To substantiate this, β-cell-specific Greb1-deficient mice were generated, and Greb1 was shown to be essential for recovery of depleted β cells in diabetic mice. Graft growth and glucose lowering were observed in 50 islets with increased Greb1 expression transplanted adjacent to E2 pellets beneath the kidney capsule of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Greb1 expression due to a drastic increase in exogenous or endogenous E2 was transient and closely correlated with changes in E2-related and some cell cycle-related genes. These findings provide new insights into in vivo proliferation of deficient β cells and suggest the possibility of new therapeutic approaches targeting pancreatic β cells that could revolutionize the concept of diabetes treatment, which has been considered difficult to cure completely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akari Inada
- Clinical Research Department, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe, Japan; Diabetes and Genes, Advanced Medical Initiatives, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | | | - Atsushi Yoshiki
- Experimental Animal Division, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yo-Ichi Nabeshima
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe, Japan
| | - Oogi Inada
- Diabetes and Genes, Advanced Medical Initiatives, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Inada A, Inada O. Differences in long-term effects of standard rodent diets on blood glucose and body weight of offspring. Diabetol Int 2022; 13:615-623. [PMID: 36117929 PMCID: PMC9477981 DOI: 10.1007/s13340-022-00578-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Standard rodent diets are similar and contain well-balanced components, such as crude protein, fat, fiber, and ash. However, it is not clear whether there are differences in their long-term effects on metabolism. Here, we investigated the effects of long-term feeding of major standard diets, CRF-1, CE-2, and FR-1 to wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice on the blood glucose levels and body weight gain of their offspring, which were raised on the same diet and in the same environment as the mothers. The offspring have been influenced by the maternal diet during the fetal and neonatal stages, and were maintained on the same diet thereafter (until 60 weeks of age). In the CE-2 group, the offspring showed stable blood glucose levels and had the lowest body weight. The FR1 group showed the lowest blood glucose level, but body weight was increased significantly compared to the CE-2 group. In the CRF-1 group, higher blood glucose levels were seen from the neonatal stage and body weight increased more rapidly than in the other groups. Next, to determine the effects of blood glucose level and housing pattern on food and water consumption, severely diabetic (hyperglycemic) inducible cAMP early repressor (ICER) transgenic (Tg) mice and littermate WT mice (normoglycemic) were fed CE-2 diet and housed individually or in groups. Food and water consumption of WT mice was independent of housing pattern, whereas Tg mice showed significantly increased food and water consumption when housed individually, compared to group housing, and this did not change at different ages. Thus, the selection of standard diet and rearing method can have a marked impact on experimental outcomes in experiments using mice and presumably mouse cells, especially in studies of metabolism, diabetes, and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akari Inada
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Diabetes and Genes, Advanced Medical Initiatives, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- grid.417982.10000 0004 0623 246XPresent Address: Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation (IBRI), 6-3-7 Minatojima Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| | - Oogi Inada
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Diabetes and Genes, Advanced Medical Initiatives, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Inada A, Inada O, Yasunami Y, Arakawa K, Nabeshima YI, Fukatsu A. Amelioration of Murine Diabetic Nephropathy with a SGLT2 Inhibitor Is Associated with Suppressing Abnormal Expression of Hypoxia-Inducible Factors. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:1028-1052. [PMID: 35460614 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN), once manifested, is unlikely to completely recover. Factors that influence DN progression were explored by investigating the process of glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis and chronological changes in glucose, albuminuria, hyperfiltration, and expressions of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) and hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) up to 50 weeks in inducible cAMP early repressor transgenic mice, a model of severe DN. Long-term intervention with the SGLT2 inhibitor canagliflozin or islet transplantation or heminephrectomy was used. Inducible cAMP early repressor transgenic mice exhibited progressive diabetic glomerulosclerosis and mild interstitial fibrosis, and expressed extensive HIF-1α and HIF-2α in glomerulus and tubules, with sustained hyperfiltration up to 50 weeks. Canagliflozin ameliorated glomerulosclerosis/interstitial fibrosis gradually and reduced HIF overexpression. Islet-transplanted mice exhibited no amelioration. None of the heminephrectomized diabetic mice survived the hyperfiltration overload, but all of the canagliflozin-treated mice survived with re-expressions of HIF-1α and HIF-2α. These results suggest that persistent glomerular hyperfiltration might initiate glomerular injury, and persistent overexpression of HIFs could promote the development of glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis. Canagliflozin attenuated both changes. Oxidative stress or hypoxia was undetectable in this model. The abnormal expression of HIF-1α and HIF-2α may be a potential therapeutic target for preventing glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akari Inada
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation (IBRI), Kobe, Japan; Clinical Research Department, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation (IBRI), Kobe, Japan.
| | - Oogi Inada
- Diabetes and Genes, Advanced Medical Initiatives, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Arakawa
- Medical Intelligence Department, Ikuyaku, Integrated Value Development Division, Tanabe Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yo-Ichi Nabeshima
- Clinical Research Department, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation (IBRI), Kobe, Japan
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Cabral-Pacheco GA, Garza-Veloz I, Castruita-De la Rosa C, Ramirez-Acuña JM, Perez-Romero BA, Guerrero-Rodriguez JF, Martinez-Avila N, Martinez-Fierro ML. The Roles of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Inhibitors in Human Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9739. [PMID: 33419373 PMCID: PMC7767220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 602] [Impact Index Per Article: 150.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling endopeptidases that have the capacity to degrade almost every component of the ECM. The degradation of the ECM is of great importance, since it is related to embryonic development and angiogenesis. It is also involved in cell repair and the remodeling of tissues. When the expression of MMPs is altered, it can generate the abnormal degradation of the ECM. This is the initial cause of the development of chronic degenerative diseases and vascular complications generated by diabetes. In addition, this process has an association with neurodegeneration and cancer progression. Within the ECM, the tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) inhibit the proteolytic activity of MMPs. TIMPs are important regulators of ECM turnover, tissue remodeling, and cellular behavior. Therefore, TIMPs (similar to MMPs) modulate angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. An interruption in the balance between MMPs and TIMPs has been implicated in the pathophysiology and progression of several diseases. This review focuses on the participation of both MMPs (e.g., MMP-2 and MMP-9) and TIMPs (e.g., TIMP-1 and TIMP-3) in physiological processes and on how their abnormal regulation is associated with human diseases. The inclusion of current strategies and mechanisms of MMP inhibition in the development of new therapies targeting MMPs was also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Idalia Garza-Veloz
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Académica de Medicina Humana y Ciencias de la Salud, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km.6. Ejido la Escondida, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (G.AC.-P.); (C.C.-D.l.R.); (J.MR.-A.); (B.AP.-R.); (J.FG.-R.); (N.M.-A.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Margarita L Martinez-Fierro
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Académica de Medicina Humana y Ciencias de la Salud, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km.6. Ejido la Escondida, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (G.AC.-P.); (C.C.-D.l.R.); (J.MR.-A.); (B.AP.-R.); (J.FG.-R.); (N.M.-A.)
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Matrix Metalloproteinases in Diabetic Kidney Disease. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020472. [PMID: 32046355 PMCID: PMC7073625 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Around the world diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the main cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD), which is characterized by mesangial expansion, glomerulosclerosis, tubular atrophy, and interstitial fibrosis. The hallmark of the pathogenesis of DKD is an increased extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation causing thickening of the glomerular and tubular basement membranes, mesangial expansion, sclerosis, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. The matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) family are composed of zinc-dependent enzymes involved in the degradation and hydrolysis of ECM components. Several MMPs are expressed in the kidney; nephron compartments, vasculature and connective tissue. Given their important role in DKD, several studies have been performed in patients with DKD proposing that the measurement of their activity in serum or in urine may become in the future markers of early DKD. Studies from diabetic nephropathy experimental models suggest that a balance between MMPs levels and their inhibitors is needed to maintain renal homeostasis. This review focuses in the importance of the MMPs within the kidney and their modifications at the circulation, kidney and urine in patients with DKD. We also cover the most important studies performed in experimental models of diabetes in terms of MMPs levels, renal expression and its down-regulation effect.
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Parrish AR. Matrix Metalloproteinases in Kidney Disease: Role in Pathogenesis and Potential as a Therapeutic Target. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 148:31-65. [PMID: 28662825 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are large family of proteinases. In addition to a fundamental role in the remodeling of the extracellular matrix, they also cleave a number of cell surface proteins and are involved in multiple cellular processes. MMP activity is regulated via numerous mechanisms, including inhibition by endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Similar to MMPs, a role for TIMPs has been established in multiple cell signaling pathways. Aberrant expression of MMPs and TIMPS in renal pathophysiology has long been recognized, and with the generation of specific knockout mice, the mechanistic role of several MMPs and TIMPs is becoming more understood and has revealed both pathogenic and protective roles. This chapter will focus on the expression and localization of MMPs and TIMPs in the kidney, as well as summarizing the current information linking these proteins to acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. In addition, we will summarize studies suggesting that MMPs and TIMPs may be biomarkers of renal dysfunction and represent novel therapeutic targets to attenuate kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Parrish
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.
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8
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Inada A, Fujii NL, Inada O, Higaki Y, Furuichi Y, Nabeshima YI. Effects of 17β-Estradiol and Androgen on Glucose Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle. Endocrinology 2016; 157:4691-4705. [PMID: 27653033 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes develops predominantly in males in experimental models, and extensive evidence suggests that 17β-estradiol (E2) modulates progression of diabetes in humans. We previously developed a severely diabetic transgenic (Tg) mouse model by β-cell-specific overexpression of inducible cAMP early repressor (ICER) and found that male ICER-Tg mice exhibit sustained severe hyperglycemia, but female ICER-Tg mice gradually became normoglycemic with aging. This implies that differences in circulating androgen and E2 levels might influence skeletal muscle glucose uptake and glycemic status. Here we examined whether a decrease of androgen or E2 excess can improve muscle glucose uptake in hyperglycemic male ICER-Tg mice and, conversely, whether a decrease of E2 or androgen excess can elevate blood glucose levels and impair muscle glucose uptake in normoglycemic female ICER-Tg mice. We treated hyperglycemic male ICER-Tg mice with orchiectomy (ORX) or ORX+E2 pellet implantation and normoglycemic female ICER-Tg mice with ovariectomy (OVX) or OVX+5α-DHT pellet implantation to alter the androgen to E2 ratio. ORX+E2 treatment of male ICER-Tg mice caused a rapid drop in blood glucose via both a dramatic increase of β-cells and significantly improved muscle glucose uptake due to the induction of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) expression and translocation of GLUT4 to the cell membrane. In contrast, OVX+5α-DHT-treated female ICER-Tg mice showed an elevation of blood glucose without any decrease of β-cells; instead, they showed decreased muscle glucose uptake due to decreased activation of serine/threonine-specific protein kinase AKT and GLUT4 expression. These findings suggest that androgen (5α-DHT) promotes insulin resistance in females, whereas E2 improves insulin sensitivity in severely diabetic male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akari Inada
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science (A.I., Y.N.), Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Department of Diabetes and Genes (A.I., O.I.), Advanced Medical Initiatives, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Department of Health Promotion Sciences (N.L.F.), Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan; and Faculty of Sports and Health Science (Y.H.) and Institute for Physical Activity (Y.H.), Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Nobuharu L Fujii
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science (A.I., Y.N.), Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Department of Diabetes and Genes (A.I., O.I.), Advanced Medical Initiatives, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Department of Health Promotion Sciences (N.L.F.), Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan; and Faculty of Sports and Health Science (Y.H.) and Institute for Physical Activity (Y.H.), Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Oogi Inada
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science (A.I., Y.N.), Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Department of Diabetes and Genes (A.I., O.I.), Advanced Medical Initiatives, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Department of Health Promotion Sciences (N.L.F.), Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan; and Faculty of Sports and Health Science (Y.H.) and Institute for Physical Activity (Y.H.), Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Yasuki Higaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science (A.I., Y.N.), Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Department of Diabetes and Genes (A.I., O.I.), Advanced Medical Initiatives, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Department of Health Promotion Sciences (N.L.F.), Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan; and Faculty of Sports and Health Science (Y.H.) and Institute for Physical Activity (Y.H.), Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Yasuro Furuichi
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science (A.I., Y.N.), Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Department of Diabetes and Genes (A.I., O.I.), Advanced Medical Initiatives, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Department of Health Promotion Sciences (N.L.F.), Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan; and Faculty of Sports and Health Science (Y.H.) and Institute for Physical Activity (Y.H.), Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Yo-Ichi Nabeshima
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science (A.I., Y.N.), Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Department of Diabetes and Genes (A.I., O.I.), Advanced Medical Initiatives, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Department of Health Promotion Sciences (N.L.F.), Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan; and Faculty of Sports and Health Science (Y.H.) and Institute for Physical Activity (Y.H.), Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
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Inada A, Inada O, Fujii NL, Nagafuchi S, Katsuta H, Yasunami Y, Matsubara T, Arai H, Fukatsu A, Nabeshima YI. Adjusting the 17β-Estradiol-to-Androgen Ratio Ameliorates Diabetic Nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 27:3035-3050. [PMID: 26940099 PMCID: PMC5042662 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015070741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is manifested predominantly in males in experimental models, and compelling evidence suggests that 17β-estradiol (E2) supplementation improves hyperglycemia in humans. We previously generated a severely diabetic transgenic (Tg) mouse model by β-cell–specific overexpression of inducible cAMP early repressor (ICER) and found that male but not female ICER-Tg mice exhibit sustained hyperglycemia and develop major clinical and pathologic features of human diabetic nephropathy (DN). Thus, we hypothesized that differences in circulating hormone levels have a key role in determining susceptibility to diabetes. Here, we examined whether DN in male ICER-Tg mice is rescued by adjusting the androgen-to-E2 ratio to approximate that in normoglycemic female ICER-Tg mice. We treated hyperglycemic male ICER-Tg mice with orchiectomy (ORX), E2 pellet implantation, or both. E2 pellet implantation at an early stage of DN with or without ORX caused a rapid drop in blood glucose and a dramatic increase in β-cell number, and it markedly inhibited DN progression [namely, E2 reduced glomerulosclerosis, collagen 4 deposition and albuminuria, and prevented hyperfiltration]. Furthermore, E2 pellet implantation was more effective than ORX alone and induced a remarkable improvement, even when initiated at advanced-stage DN. In contrast, induction of normoglycemia by islet transplant in ICER-Tg mice eliminated albuminuria but was less effective than E2 + ORX in reducing glomerulosclerosis, collagen 4 deposition, and hyperfiltration. These findings indicate that E2 treatment is effective, even after establishment of DN, whereas glucose normalization alone does not improve sclerotic lesions. We propose that E2 intervention is a potential therapeutic option for DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akari Inada
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe, Japan;
| | - Oogi Inada
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe, Japan; Diabetes and Genes, Advanced Medical Initiatives and
| | - Nobuharu L Fujii
- Health Promotion Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiho Nagafuchi
- Department of Medical Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Katsuta
- Department of Medical Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Matsubara
- Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidenori Arai
- Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan; and
| | | | - Yo-Ichi Nabeshima
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe, Japan
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Brings S, Zhang S, Choong YS, Hogl S, Middleditch M, Kamalov M, Brimble MA, Gong D, Cooper GJS. Diabetes-induced alterations in tissue collagen and carboxymethyllysine in rat kidneys: Association with increased collagen-degrading proteinases and amelioration by Cu(II)-selective chelation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:1610-8. [PMID: 25900786 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) comprise a group of non-enzymatic post-translational modifications of proteins and are elevated in diabetic tissues. AGE-modification impairs the digestibility of collagen in vitro but little is known about its relation to collagen-degrading proteinases in vivo. N(ε)-carboxymethyllysine (CML) is a stable AGE that forms on lysyl side-chains in the presence of glucose, probably via a transition metal-catalysed mechanism. Here, rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes and non-diabetic controls were treated for 8weeks with placebo or the Cu(II)-selective chelator, triethylenetetramine (TETA), commencing 8weeks after disease induction. Actions of diabetes and drug treatment were measured on collagen and collagen-degrading proteinases in kidney tissue. The digestibility and CML content of collagen, and corresponding levels of mRNAs and collagen, were related to changes in collagen-degrading-proteinases. Collagen-degrading proteinases, cathepsin L (CTSL) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) were increased in diabetic rats. CTSL-levels correlated strongly and positively with increased collagen-CML levels and inversely with decreased collagen digestibility in diabetes. The collagen-rich mesangium displayed a strong increase of CTSL in diabetes. TETA treatment normalised kidney collagen content and partially normalised levels of CML and CTSL. These data provide evidence for an adaptive proteinase response in diabetic kidneys, affected by excessive collagen-CML formation and decreased collagen digestibility. The normalisation of collagen and partial normalisation of CML- and CTSL-levels by TETA treatment supports the involvement of Cu(II) in CML formation and altered collagen metabolism in diabetic kidneys. Cu(II)-chelation by TETA may represent a treatment option to rectify collagen metabolism in diabetes independent of alterations in blood glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Brings
- The School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Shaoping Zhang
- The School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BioDiscovery, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yee S Choong
- The School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sebastian Hogl
- The School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Martin Middleditch
- The School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BioDiscovery, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Meder Kamalov
- The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BioDiscovery, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; The School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BioDiscovery, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; The School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Deming Gong
- The School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Garth J S Cooper
- The School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BioDiscovery, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Department of Pharmacology, Division of Medical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Inada A, Inada O, Fujii NL, Fujishima K, Inai T, Fujii H, Sueishi K, Kurachi K. β-cell induction in vivo in severely diabetic male mice by changing the circulating levels and pattern of the ratios of estradiol to androgens. Endocrinology 2014; 155:3829-42. [PMID: 25057794 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Previously we have generated transgenic (Tg) mice developing severe diabetes early in life with a profound depletion of β-cells with β-cell-directed expression of inducible cAMP early repressor-Iγ. Only male mice continue to demonstrate hyperglycemia throughout life. To investigate this sexual dimorphism, we treated severely diabetic male Tg mice with orchiectomy (ORX) or 17β-estradiol (E2) pellet implantation alone or in combination with ORX and E2-implantation to change the circulating levels and patterns of the ratio of estradiol to androgens. In the Tg-ORX group, the blood-glucose levels decreased to a certain level within several weeks but never reached the female Tg-control level. In contrast, the Tg-ORX+E2 or Tg-E2 group showed a more rapid drop in blood glucose to the basal level with a substantial increase in β-cells, thus preventing the occurrence of severe diabetes in the male mice. The β-cells, not only within islet but also in and adjacent to ducts and scattered β-cell clusters, were strongly induced by 1 week after treatment, and the islet morphology dramatically changed. Enhanced β-cell induction in the ducts occurred concomitantly with markedly increased levels of pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 and related transcription factors. The glucose-lowering and β-cell-increasing effects were independent of the age at which the treatment is started. These data provide evidence that the circulating level of E2 and the ratio of E2 to T greatly affect the blood glucose levels, the β-cell induction, and the islet morphology in diabetic male Tg mice. This novel mechanism offers great potential for developing strategies to increase the number of β-cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akari Inada
- Departments of Diabetes and Genes and Advanced Medical Initiatives (A.I., O.I., K.F.), Developmental Molecular Anatomy (T.I.), and Pathophysiological and Experimental Pathology (HY.F., K.S.), and Medical Institute of Bioregulation (K.K.), Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; and Department of Health Promotion Sciences (N.L.F.), Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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12
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Zou C, Xie R, Bao Y, Liu X, Sui M, M S, Li S, Yin H. Iron chelator alleviates tubulointerstitial fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy rats by inhibiting the expression of tenascinC and other correlation factors. Endocrine 2013; 44:666-74. [PMID: 23468095 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-013-9907-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Tubulointerstitial fibrosis is the final common pathway to diabetic nephropathy. However, only a few drugs are responsible for this pathologic process. We investigated the possible effect of deferiprone (iron chelator) treatment on experimental diabetic nephropathy (DN) rats, as well as the mechanisms involved in this process. Diabetic nephropathy was induced in rats by feeding on high-carbohydrate-fat food and injecting streptozotocin. After 20 weeks of deferiprone treatment, tubulointerstitial morphology was detected by staining with hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome. Tubulointerstitial fibrosis was measured using the point-counting technique. Biochemical parameters including fasting glucose, insulin resistance (IR), serum iron, ferritin, transferrin saturation (TS), and urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (UA/C) were detected in diabetic nephropathy models. Semiquantitative RT-PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry were utilized for evaluating mRNA and protein levels of tenascin C, fibronectin 1 (Fn1), TGF-β1, and collagen IV in nephridial tissue, respectively. Malonialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined by pyrogallol and thiobarbituric acid method. Tubulointerstitial fibrosis was significantly ameliorated after deferiprone treatment, and both mRNA and protein expressions of profibrotic factors were inhibited in treatment groups. Meanwhile, high levels of serum iron, ferritin, TS, and UA/C were observed in DN rats. These factors were down-regulated by deferiprone treatment. Furthermore, deferiprone effectively relieved serum IR and regulated oxidative stress process. Our results demonstrated the anti-fibrosis potential and renoprotective effects of deferiprone for diabetic nephropathy, and this process was partially mediated by tenascin C blocking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunbo Zou
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Str, Nangang District, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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13
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Kim JT, Kim SS, Jun DW, Hwang YH, Park WH, Pak YK, Lee HK. Serum arylhydrocarbon receptor transactivating activity is elevated in type 2 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy. J Diabetes Investig 2013; 4:483-91. [PMID: 24843699 PMCID: PMC4025111 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims/Introduction Evidence is emerging that exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is a risk factor for obesity‐related diseases and for diabetes mellitus (DM). We found that POPs could be measured by a cell‐based arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR)‐dependent reporter assay. We tested if serum AhR transactivating (AHRT) activities are a risk factor for diabetic nephropathy in people with type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods We enrolled diabetic patients with normoalbuminuria (n = 36), microalbuminuria (n = 29), macroalbuminuria (n = 8) and end‐stage renal disease (n = 31). Sera were tested for their AHRT activities, which were standardized by an AhR ligand, 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD) and expressed as TCDD equivalents (TCDDeq pmol/L). Results Mean serum AHRT activities were higher in patients with microalbuminuria (40.1 ± 7.1 pmol/L), macroalbuminuria (37.4 ± 5.5 pmol/L) and end‐stage renal disease (59.1 ± 20.0 pmol/L) than in subjects with normoalbuminuria (12.7 ± 5.4 pmol/L; P < 0.05 for all comparisons). Serum AhR ligands showed a correlation with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; r = −0.663, P < 0.001), serum creatinine level (r = 0.635, P < 0.001), systolic blood pressure (r = 0.223, P = 0.026), glycated hemoglobim (r = 0.339, P < 0.001) and diabetic duration (r = 0.394, P < 0.001). In a multiple regression analysis, diabetic nephropathy was found to be an independent risk factor for higher AHRT activity after controlling for the confounding factors. Conclusions The present findings suggest serum AHRT activity, thus serum AhR ligands, is a risk factor for diabetic nephropathy. Further studies are required to clarify if an accumulation of POPs in the body is causally related to diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Taek Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine College of Medicine Eulji University Seoul Korea
| | | | - Dae Won Jun
- Department of Internal Medicine College of Medicine Hanyang University Seoul Korea
| | - Young Hwan Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine College of Medicine Eulji University Seoul Korea
| | - Wook-Ha Park
- Department of Physiology College of Medicine Kyung Hee University Seoul Korea
| | - Youngmi Kim Pak
- Department of Physiology College of Medicine Kyung Hee University Seoul Korea
| | - Hong Kyu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine College of Medicine Eulji University Seoul Korea
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14
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He Y, Wang J, Gou L, Shen C, Chen L, Yi C, Wei X, Yang J. Comprehensive analysis of expression profile reveals the ubiquitous distribution of PPPDE peptidase domain 1, a Golgi apparatus component, and its implications in clinical cancer. Biochimie 2013; 95:1466-75. [PMID: 23567336 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PPPDE peptidase domain 1 (PPPDE1) is a recently identified gene; however, its expression regulation and biological function are unclear. Previous studies have indicated that PPPDE1 is involved in embryogenesis, apoptosis induction and cell cycle regulation. In the present study, we first used an anti-PPPDE1 antibody to determine that endogenous PPPDE1 is located in the Golgi apparatus. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) of mouse embryos indicated that PPPDE1 was markedly distributed in liver, skin, intestinal villi, and muscles, whereas Western blot analysis of mouse mature organs revealed its ubiquitous expression, without an appreciable distinction in protein abundance. Surprisingly, another potential isoform of PPPDE1 with a molecular weight of 18 kD (rather than its predicted molecular weight of 21 kD) was detected in the mouse kidney, testis, and intestine. Moreover, microarrays that were derived from twelve tumor types revealed that PPPDE1 expression was significantly lower in pancreas, stomach, and skin tumors compared with normal tissue from these organs. We specifically and extensively analyzed PPPDE1 expression in clinical samples and observed strong associations between PPPDE1 expression and (i) differentiation grade in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and (ii) T stage in skin squamous cell carcinoma. Our data are the first to reveal the expression profile of PPPDE1 protein and its implications in cancer. These results will contribute to the understanding of the expression regulation and biological functions of PPPDE1 in development and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, No. 1, Keyuan Road 4, Gaopeng Street, Chengdu 610041, China
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15
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Takamiya Y, Fukami K, Yamagishi SI, Kaida Y, Nakayama Y, Obara N, Iwatani R, Ando R, Koike K, Matsui T, Nishino Y, Ueda S, Cooper ME, Okuda S. Experimental diabetic nephropathy is accelerated in matrix metalloproteinase-2 knockout mice. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012; 28:55-62. [PMID: 23028104 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfs387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) is responsible for the degradation of various types of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins such as type IV collagen. Decreased MMP-2 expression and activity has been generally thought to contribute to increased accumulation of ECM at the advanced stage of diabetic nephropathy. However, the kinetics and role of MMP-2 in the early phase of diabetic nephropathy remain unclear. To address this issue, we examined whether streptozotocin (STZ)-induced early diabetic nephropathy was accelerated in MMP-2 knockout (KO) mice. METHODS Diabetes was induced by the injection of STZ in 6-week-old control and MMP-2 KO mice. Animals were killed after 16 weeks of diabetes of after observation alone. RESULTS Compared with non-diabetic control mice, renal MMP-2 expression and activity were increased in 16-week old diabetic mice. Serum levels of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine and urinary excretion levels of albumin and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase were significantly elevated in diabetic MMP-2 KO mice when compared with wild-type diabetic littermates. Further, accumulation of ECM in the glomeruli and atrophy and fibrosis in the tubulointerstitium were exacerbated, and renal α-smooth muscle actin expression was enhanced in diabetic MMP-2 KO mice. CONCLUSIONS Our present study suggests that renal expression and activity of MMP-2 are increased as a compensatory mechanism in the early phase of diabetic nephropathy. Since MMP-2 could play a protective role against the progression of diabetic nephropathy, further enhancement of MMP-2 expression and/or activity in the kidney may be a therapeutic target for the treatment of early diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Takamiya
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
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16
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Kim SH, Jang YW, Hwang P, Kim HJ, Han GY, Kim CW. The reno-protective effect of a phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin on streptozotocin-induced proteinuric renal disease rats. Exp Mol Med 2012; 44:45-51. [PMID: 22056625 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2012.44.1.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a progressive kidney disease that is caused by injury to kidney glomeruli. Podocytes are glomerular epithelial cells and play critical roles in the glomerular filtration barrier. Recent studies have shown the importance of regulating the podocyte actin cytoskeleton in early DN. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, wortmannin, simultaneously regulates Rac1 and Cdc42, which destabilize the podocyte actin cytoskeleton during early DN. In this study, in order to evaluate the reno-protective effects of wortmannin in early DN by regulating Rac1 and Cdc42, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced proteinuric renal disease (SPRD) rats were treated with wortmannin. The albuminuria value of the SPRD group was 3.55 ± 0.56 mg/day, whereas wortmannin group was 1.77 ± 0.48 mg/day. Also, the albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) value of the SPRD group was 53.08 ± 10.82 mg/g, whereas wortmannin group was 20.27 ± 6.41 mg/g. Changes in the expression level of nephrin, podocin and Rac1/Cdc42, which is related to actin cytoskeleton in podocytes, by wortmannin administration were confirmed by Western blotting. The expression levels of nephrin (79.66 ± 0.02), podocin (87.81 ± 0.03) and Rac1/Cdc42 (86.12 ± 0.02) in the wortmannin group were higher than the expression levels of nephrin (55.32 ± 0.03), podocin (53.40 ± 0.06) and Rac1/Cdc42 (54.05 ± 0.04) in the SPRD group. In addition, expression and localization of nephrin, podocin and desmin were confirmed by immunofluorescence. In summary, we found for the first time that wortmannin has a reno-protective effect on SPRD rats during the early DN. The beneficial effects of wortmannin in SPRD rats indicate that this compound could be used to delay the progression of the disease during the early DN stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hoon Kim
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology Korea University Seoul, Korea
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17
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Tang WX, Wu WH, Zeng XX, Bo H, Huang SM. Early protective effect of mitofusion 2 overexpression in STZ-induced diabetic rat kidney. Endocrine 2012; 41:236-47. [PMID: 22095488 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-011-9555-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a serious complication of diabetes with a poorly defined etiology and limited treatment options. Early intervention is key to preventing the progression of DN. Mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) regulates mitochondrial morphology and signaling, and is involved in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases. Furthermore, Mfn2 is also closely associated with the development of diabetes, but its functional roles in the diabetic kidney remain unknown. This study investigated the effect of Mfn2 at an early stage of DN. Mfn2 was overexpressed by adenovirus-mediated gene transfer in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Clinical parameters (proteinuria, albumin/creatinine ratio), pathological changes, ultra-microstructural changes in nephrons, expression of collagen IV and phosph-p38, ROS production, mitochondrial function, and apoptosis were evaluated and compared with diabetic rats expressing control levels of Mfn2. Endogenous Mfn2 expression decreased with time in DN. Compared to the blank transfection control group, overexpression of Mfn2 decreased kidney weight relative to body weight, reduced proteinuria and ACR, and improved pathological changes typical of the diabetic kidney, like enlargement of glomeruli, accumulation of ECM, and thickening of the basement membrane. In addition, Mfn2 overexpression inhibited activation of p38, and the accumulation of ROS; prevented mitochondrial dysfunction; and reduced the synthesis of collagen IV, but did not affect apoptosis of kidney cells. This study demonstrates that Mfn2 overexpression can attenuate pathological changes in the kidneys of diabetic rats. Further studies are needed to clarify the underlying mechanism of this protective function. Mfn2 might be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of early stage DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Xin Tang
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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18
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Abstract
The appearance of multicellular organisms imposed the development of several mechanisms for cell-to-cell communication, whereby different types of cells coordinate their function. Some of these mechanisms depend on the intercellular diffusion of signal molecules in the extracellular spaces, whereas others require cell-to-cell contact. Among the latter mechanisms, those provided by the proteins of the connexin family are widespread in most tissues. Connexin signaling is achieved via direct exchanges of cytosolic molecules between adjacent cells at gap junctions, for cell-to-cell coupling, and possibly also involves the formation of membrane "hemi-channels," for the extracellular release of cytosolic signals, direct interactions between connexins and other cell proteins, and coordinated influence on the expression of multiple genes. Connexin signaling appears to be an obligatory attribute of all multicellular exocrine and endocrine glands. Specifically, the experimental evidence we review here points to a direct participation of the Cx36 isoform in the function of the insulin-producing β-cells of the endocrine pancreas, and of the Cx40 isoform in the function of the renin-producing juxtaglomerular epithelioid cells of the kidney cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Bosco
- Department of Surgery, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
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19
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Koppel H, Riedl E, Braunagel M, Sauerhoefer S, Ehnert S, Godoy P, Sternik P, Dooley S, Yard BA. L-carnosine inhibits high-glucose-mediated matrix accumulation in human mesangial cells by interfering with TGF- production and signalling. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 26:3852-8. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfr324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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20
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Lewandowski KC, Banach E, Bieńkiewicz M, Lewiński A. Matrix metalloproteinases in type 2 diabetes and non-diabetic controls: effects of short-term and chronic hyperglycaemia. Arch Med Sci 2011; 7:294-303. [PMID: 22291770 PMCID: PMC3258712 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2011.22081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is not clear as increased activation of MMPs in the vasculature contrasts with decreased activity of MMPs in the kidneys, contributing to development of nephropathy. MATERIAL AND METHODS We measured serum MMP-2 and MMP-9 in 22 subjects with type 2 DM age (mean ± SD) 56.7 ±16.8 years, BMI 31.8 ±4.6 kg/m(2), HbA(1c) 8.45 ±1.78% and in 32 controls, age 39.2 ±16.0 years, BMI 35.2 ±8.5 kg/m(2). In 15 subjects with 2 DM we also measured MMP-2 and MMP-9 at discharge from hospital and after 3 months (n = 8). In controls, MMP-2 and -9 were also measured during 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). RESULTS Concentrations of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were lower in subjects with type 2 DM (219 ±62 ng/ml vs. 305 ±63 ng/ml and 716 ±469 ng/ml vs. 1285 ±470 ng/ml, for MMP-2 and MMP-9, respectively, p < 0.05). MMP-9 concentrations fell at 120 min of OGTT from 1675 ±372 ng/ml to 1276 ±422 ng/ml (p < 0.05). In diabetic subjects there was a correlation between MMP-9 and HbA(1c) (r = 0.51, p< 0.05). In subjects with diabetes there was a fall of HbA(1c) from 9.77 ±1.76% to 8.36 ±1.54% (p < 0.01), at three months post-discharge. There was no difference in MMP-2, but there was a fall in MMP-9 at three months post-discharge in comparison to concentrations observed at admission (854 ±560 ng/ml vs. 500 ±235 ng/ml, p= 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Matrix metalloproteinases in type 2 and MMP-9 concentrations were lower in subjects with 2 DM than in non-diabetic controls. Regulation of MMPs appears to be complex as hyperglycaemia during OGTT results in a decrease in MMP-9, while chronic hyperglycaemia, reflected by HbA(1c), correlates with MMP-9 concentrations in subjects with 2 DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof C. Lewandowski
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital – Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Banach
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Alexander Hospital, Kielce, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Bieńkiewicz
- Department of Quality Control and Radiation Protection, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Lewiński
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital – Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
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Shiomi T, Lemaître V, D’Armiento J, Okada Y. Matrix metalloproteinases, a disintegrin and metalloproteinases, and a disintegrin and metalloproteinases with thrombospondin motifs in non-neoplastic diseases. Pathol Int 2010; 60:477-96. [PMID: 20594269 PMCID: PMC3745773 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2010.02547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cellular functions within tissues are strictly regulated by the tissue microenvironment which comprises extracellular matrix and extracellular matrix-deposited factors such as growth factors, cytokines and chemokines. These molecules are metabolized by matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), a disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAM) and ADAM with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS), which are members of the metzincin superfamily. They function in various pathological conditions of both neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases by digesting different substrates under the control of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP) and reversion-inducing, cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs (RECK). In neoplastic diseases MMP play a central role in cancer cell invasion and metastases, and ADAM are also important to cancer cell proliferation and progression through the metabolism of growth factors and their receptors. Numerous papers have described the involvement of these metalloproteinases in non-neoplastic diseases in nearly every organ. In contrast to the numerous review articles on their roles in cancer cell proliferation and progression, there are very few articles discussing non-neoplastic diseases. This review therefore will focus on the properties of MMP, ADAM and ADAMTS and their implications for non-neoplastic diseases of the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, central nervous system, digestive system, renal system, wound healing and infection, and joints and muscular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Shiomi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vincent Lemaître
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jeanine D’Armiento
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yasunori Okada
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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Lin S, Li D, Jia J, Zheng Z, Jia Z, Shang W. Spironolactone ameliorates podocytic adhesive capacity via restoring integrin alpha 3 expression in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2010; 11:149-57. [PMID: 20525748 DOI: 10.1177/1470320310369603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocyte responses to various injuries include detachment from the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) with impaired adhesion ability. Growing evidence suggests inappropriately enhanced aldosterone levels in glomeruli may contribute to podocytic injury and subsequently glomerulosclerosis in diabetic nephropathy (DN). In the present study, we aimed to investigate podocytic integrin alpha 3 expression and urinary podocyte excretion in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, and to evaluate their responses to spironolactone (SPL). STZ-induced male diabetic Wistar rats were treated with vehicle (the STZ group, n=7), or spironolactone (the STZ+SPL group, n=6) for 12 weeks, six additional rats of similar body weight serving as control. Urine specimens were obtained for measurement of urine albumin concentration and urinary podocyte quantitation upon completion of the 12 weeks. Urinary podocyte excretion was quantified by immunofluorescence and expression of integrin alpha 3 was detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. At 12 weeks, rats given STZ alone revealed an increase in blood glucose and were unaffected by spironolactone, whereas the STZ+SPL group showed considerable improvement in urine albumin and podocyte excretion, as well as up-regulation of integrin alpha 3. Our results suggest that spironolactone ameliorates impaired podocytic adhesion capacity and prevents STZ-induced DN progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Lin
- Department of Nephrology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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23
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Shimohata H, Yoh K, Fujita A, Morito N, Ojima M, Tanaka H, Hirayama K, Kobayashi M, Kudo T, Yamagata K, Takahashi S. MafA-deficient and beta cell-specific MafK-overexpressing hybrid transgenic mice develop human-like severe diabetic nephropathy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 389:235-40. [PMID: 19715672 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.08.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factor MafA is a key molecule in insulin secretion and the development of pancreatic islets. Previously, we demonstrated that some of the MafA-deficient mice develop overt diabetes mellitus, and the phenotype of these mice seems to be mild probably because of redundant functions of other Maf proteins. In this study, we generated hybrid transgenic mice that were MafA-deficient and also over-expressed MafK specifically in beta cells (MafA(-/-)MafK(+)). MafA(-/-)MafK(+) mice developed severe overt diabetes mellitus within 5weeks old, and showed higher levels of proteinuria and serum creatinine. Histological analysis revealed that embryonic development of beta cells in the MafA(-/-)MafK(+) mice was significantly suppressed and the reduced number of beta cells was responsible for the early onset of diabetes. Furthermore, after uninephrectomy, these mice demonstrated three characteristics of human diabetic nephropathy: diffuse, nodular, and exudative lesions. MafA(-/-)MafK(+) mice might be a useful model for the analysis of human diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homare Shimohata
- Pathophysiology of Renal Diseases, Doctoral Program in Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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Thrailkill KM, Clay Bunn R, Fowlkes JL. Matrix metalloproteinases: their potential role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Endocrine 2009; 35:1-10. [PMID: 18972226 PMCID: PMC2629499 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-008-9114-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Revised: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a family of proteinases including collagenases, gelatinases, stromelysins, matrilysins, and membrane-type MMPs, affect the breakdown and turnover of extracellular matrix (ECM). Moreover, they are major physiologic determinants of ECM degradation and turnover in the glomerulus. Renal hypertrophy and abnormal ECM deposition are hallmarks of diabetic nephropathy (DN), suggesting that altered MMP expression or activation contributes to renal injury in DN. Herein, we review and summarize recent information supporting a role for MMPs in the pathogenesis of DN. Specifically, studies describing dysregulated activity of MMPs and/or their tissue inhibitors in various experimental models of diabetes, including animal models of type 1 or type 2 diabetes, clinical investigations of human type 1 or type 2 diabetes, and kidney cell culture studies are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Thrailkill
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA.
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Han BG, Hao CM, Tchekneva EE, Wang YY, Lee CA, Ebrahim B, Harris RC, Kern TS, Wasserman DH, Breyer MD, Qi Z. Markers of glycemic control in the mouse: comparisons of 6-h- and overnight-fasted blood glucoses to Hb A1c. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 295:E981-6. [PMID: 18664598 PMCID: PMC2575908 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90283.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present studies examined the relationship between fasting blood glucose and Hb A(1c) in C57BL/6J, DBA/2J, and KK/HlJ mice with and without diabetes mellitus. Daily averaged blood glucose levels based on continuous glucose monitoring and effects of 6-h vs. overnight fasting on blood glucose were determined. Daily averaged blood glucose levels were highly correlated with Hb A(1c), as determined with a hand-held automated device using an immunodetection method. R(2) values were 0.90, 0.95, and 0.99 in KK/HIJ, C57BL/6J, and DBA/2J, respectively. Six-hour fasting blood glucose correlated more closely with the level of daily averaged blood glucose and with Hb A(1c) than did blood glucose following an overnight fast. To validate the immunoassay-determined Hb A(1c), we also measured total glycosylated hemoglobin using boronate HPLC. Hb A(1c) values correlated well with total glycosylated hemoglobin in all three strains but were relatively lower than total glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetic DBA/2J mice. These results show that 6-h fasting glucose provides a superior index of glycemic control and correlates more closely with Hb A(1c) than overnight-fasted blood glucose in these strains of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Geun Han
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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26
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A Nonpeptide, Piperidine Renin Inhibitor Provides Renal and Cardiac Protection in Double-Transgenic Mice Expressing Human Renin and Angiotensinogen Genes. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2008; 22:469-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s10557-008-6131-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Misund K, Steigedal TS, Laegreid A, Thommesen L. Inducible cAMP early repressor splice variants ICER I and IIgamma both repress transcription of c-fos and chromogranin A. J Cell Biochem 2008; 101:1532-44. [PMID: 17340624 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Inducible cAMP early repressor (ICER) splice variants are generated upon activation of an alternative, intronic promoter within the CREM gene. ICER is proposed to downregulate both its own expression, and the expression of other genes, containing cAMP-responsive promoter elements. To examine the biological function of the two ICER splice variants, I and IIgamma, in comparable cellular systems, we generated HEK 293 cell variants with controllable overexpression of either ICER I or IIgamma. These two splice variants contain two different variants of DNA binding domains. Overexpression of either ICER I or IIgamma strongly represses CRE-driven reportergene transcription but not AP1- or NFkappaB-driven transcription. Thus, high specificity is maintained even at ICER overexpression. We here show that both ICER I and IIgamma repress Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)-mediated c-fos mRNA induction with similar efficiency, indicating that both splice variants play an important role in modulating PACAP-mediated transcriptional activation of the c-fos gene. ICER I and IIgamma also repress cAMP-mediated activation of chromogranin A (CgA), indicating that these splice variants may function as negative feedback regulators in CgA synthesis. The proliferation rate was not altered in cells overexpressing ICER I or IIgamma. Thus, in the epithelial cells HEK 293, ICER I and IIgamma splice variants seem to exert similar biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Misund
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7489 Trondheim, Norway
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28
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A model for diabetic nephropathy: Advantages of the inducible cAMP early repressor transgenic mouse over the streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse. J Cell Physiol 2008; 215:383-91. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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29
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Thrailkill KM, Bunn RC, Moreau CS, Cockrell GE, Simpson PM, Coleman HN, Frindik JP, Kemp SF, Fowlkes JL. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 dysregulation in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 30:2321-6. [PMID: 17563344 PMCID: PMC2239013 DOI: 10.2337/dc07-0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dysregulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 may contribute pathologically to the development of diabetes complications, including diabetic retinopathy and coronary and peripheral arterial disease. Our objective was to explore whether systemic MMP-2 dysregulation could be demonstrated in type 1 diabetes and to determine how MMP-2 concentration relates to disease status. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In this cross-sectional study, MMP-2 concentrations and MMP-2 activity were measured in plasma and timed urine samples from 93 type 1 diabetic and 50 healthy control subjects, aged 14-40 years. Relationships between MMP-2 concentrations in these biological fluids and subject characteristics (sex, age, and duration of type 1 diabetes), indexes of glycemic control (A1C, fasting plasma glucose, and continuous glucose monitoring system average daily glucose), and measurements of renal function (urinary albumin excretion and glomerular filtration rate) were examined. RESULTS Urine and plasma MMP-2 concentrations and plasma MMP-2 activity were all significantly elevated in type 1 diabetic subjects compared with those in control subjects. Urine MMP-2 concentrations, in particular, were correlated with several clinical parameters that infer increased risk for diabetic comorbidity and specifically for diabetic nephropathy, including higher A1C, longer duration of disease, evidence of renal hyperfiltration, and the presence of microalbuminuria. CONCLUSIONS Urine and plasma MMP-2 concentrations are dysregulated in type 1 diabetes; urinary excretion of MMP-2, in particular, might provide a unique biomarker of diabetes-induced intrarenal pathologic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Thrailkill
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, USA.
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30
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Inada A, Arai H, Nagai K, Miyazaki JI, Yamada Y, Seino Y, Fukatsu A. Gender difference in ICER Igamma transgenic diabetic mouse. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2007; 71:1920-6. [PMID: 17690470 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have been done to examine gender differences in diabetic mouse models. Here we examined a gender difference in Inducible cAMP Early Repressor (ICER) transgenic (Tg) mice, a diabetic mouse model. Longitudinal changes in diabetes and nephropathy were investigated in male and female Tg mice. Both male and female Tg mice developed severe diabetes early in life due to severely impaired insulin synthesis and decreased beta-cell numbers, but only female Tg mice became less hyperglycemic later in life, and most female Tg mice did not develop diabetic nephropathy. Even some female Tg mice that remained hyperglycemic showed less renal expansion than age-matched male Tg mice. Thus the gender difference in the severity of diabetes and diabetic nephropathy was evident with age in this model. This study indicates that sex hormones may play a role in glucose metabolism in diabetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akari Inada
- Department of Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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31
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Liu E, Morimoto M, Kitajima S, Koike T, Yu Y, Shiiki H, Nagata M, Watanabe T, Fan J. Increased Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Kidney Leads to Progressive Impairment of Glomerular Functions. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 18:2094-104. [PMID: 17554151 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2006010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important mediator in maintaining normal kidney functions. In addition, several lines of evidence suggest that upregulation of VEGF in glomeruli may be associated with or cause renal dysfunction such as diabetic nephropathy. For elucidation of the pathologic consequences of high levels of VEGF in glomeruli, transgenic (Tg) rabbits that express human VEGF(165) isoform in both kidney and liver under the control of the human alpha-1-antitrypsin promoter were generated and characterized. With the use of heterozygous Tg rabbits and their littermates aged 8 to 55 wk, renal functions and structures were investigated. Compared with control rabbits, Tg rabbits exhibited progressive proteinuria with increased GFR at the early stage and decreased GFR at the later stage. Histologic examinations revealed that Tg rabbit kidneys were characterized by considerable glomerular hypertrophy as a result of increased proliferation of both glomerular capillaries and mesangial cells accompanied by prominent podocyte hypertrophy. With increasing age starting from 20 wk, Tg rabbit kidneys showed prominent formation of microaneurysms and capillary proliferation at the vascular pole area. At a later stage (55 wk), many glomeruli showed sclerosis and tuft collapse with the formation of glomerular cysts on a background of tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis. This study provides the first evidence that increased expression of VEGF in glomeruli directly causes the glomerular hypertrophy that is associated with proteinuria, suggesting that VEGF exerts multiple effects on the glomerular pathophysiologic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enqi Liu
- Analytical Research Center for Experimental Sciences, Saga University, Saga, Japan
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Wiwanitkit V. Glucosuria and albuminuria in diabetic nephropathy: a consideration at nanolevel. J Diabetes Complications 2007; 21:164-5. [PMID: 17493549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2005.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2005] [Accepted: 11/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In diabetes, the appearance of albumin in the urine has long been recognized as a cardinal feature of kidney disease. Physiologically, the glomerular capillary wall provides a barrier to protein in blood not to cross into urine. However, in the pathological condition, the change in the glomerular permeability, protein can be detected in urine. Here, the author reviewed the reported size of the glomerular pore size as well as the molecular size of glucose and albumin in the literature. According to this study, it can conclude that the appearance of glucosuria in diabetic patient is due to the impairment of renal tubular function. With prolonged glucosuria, the impairment of glomerulus, decrease in pore size, develops. Finally, the albuminuria occurs as late complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viroj Wiwanitkit
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Catania JM, Chen G, Parrish AR. Role of matrix metalloproteinases in renal pathophysiologies. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006; 292:F905-11. [PMID: 17190907 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00421.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a large family of proteinases that remodel extracellular matrix (ECM) components and cleave a number of cell surface proteins. MMP activity is regulated via a number of mechanisms, including inhibition by tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Originally thought to cleave only ECM proteins, MMP substrates are now known to include signaling molecules (growth factor receptors) and cell adhesion molecules. Recent data suggest a role for MMPs in a number of renal pathophysiologies, both acute and chronic. This review will focus on the expression and localization of MMPs and TIMPs in the kidney, as well as summarizing the current information linking these proteins to acute kidney injury, glomerulosclerosis/tubulointerstitial fibrosis, chronic allograft nephropathy, diabetic nephropathy, polycystic kidney disease, and renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Catania
- Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Advances in mouse genetics have made this species particularly useful as a model for human disease. This review will summarize recent advances regarding the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy discovered in mice. RECENT FINDINGS Diabetic nephropathy has been characterized in novel genetic models of murine diabetes including the Akita, Ove26, and ICER-Igamma mice. Mutagenesis resources targeting every gene of the genome and the importance of inbred genetic background are discussed. SUMMARY Through the use of these resources mouse models should provide new insight into the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, and complement human studies and validate the identity of candidate genes contributing to diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Breyer
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 3723, USA.
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Kanetsuna Y, Hirano K, Nagata M, Gannon MA, Takahashi K, Harris RC, Breyer MD, Takahashi T. Characterization of diabetic nephropathy in a transgenic model of hypoinsulinemic diabetes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006; 291:F1315-22. [PMID: 16705146 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00379.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic mouse models provide a unique opportunity to investigate gene function in the natural course of the disease. Although diabetic nephropathy (DN) in models of type II diabetes has been well characterized, diabetic renal disease in hypoinsulinemic diabetic mice is still incompletely understood. Here, we characterized renal changes in the pdx1(PB)-HNF6 transgenic mouse that exhibits beta-cell dysfunction and nonobese hypoinsulinemic diabetes. Male transgenic mice developed hyperglycemia by the age of 7 wk and survived for over 1 yr without insulin treatment. Diabetes ensued earlier and progressed more severely in the HNF6 males than the females. The HNF6 males exhibited albuminuria as early as 10 wk of age, and the urinary albumin excretion increased with age, exceeding 150 microg/24 h at 11 mo of age. Diabetic males developed renal hypertrophy after 7 wk of age, whereas glomerular hyperfiltration was not observed in the mice. Hypertension and hyperlipidemia were not observed in the diabetic mice. Histological analysis of the HNF6 kidneys displayed diabetic glomerular changes, including glomerular enlargement, diffuse mesangial proliferation and matrix expansion, thickened glomerular basement membrane, and arteriolar hyalinosis. Mesangial matrix accumulation increased with age, resulting in nodular lesions by 44 wk of age. Immunohistochemistry showed accumulation of type IV collagen and TGF-beta1 in the mesangial area. No significant immune complex deposition was observed in the HNF6 glomeruli. Thus the HNF6 mouse exhibits diabetic renal changes that parallel the early phase of human DN. The model should facilitate studies of genetic and environmental factors that may affect DN in hypoinsulinemic diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Kanetsuna
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Fetal deaths in Alabama, 1974-1983: a birth weight-specific analysis. Obstet Gynecol 1988; 2013:519130. [PMID: 23819050 PMCID: PMC3684115 DOI: 10.1155/2013/519130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Although angiotensin II-mediated inflammation and extracellular matrix accumulation are considered to be associated with the progression of diabetic nephropathy, these processes have not yet been sufficiently clarified. The objective of this study was to determine whether the correction of the abnormal renal expression of MMPs and its inhibitors (MMPs/TIMPs) and cytokines following the administration of aliskiren to KK-Ay mice results in a renoprotective effect. Methods. KK-Ay mice were divided into two groups, that is, untreated (saline) and treated (aliskiren) groups. Systolic BP, HbA1c levels, and the albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) were measured. The renal expression of MMPs/TIMPs, fibronectin, type IV collagen, MCP-1, and (pro)renin receptor ((P)RR) was examined using real-time PCR and/or immunohistochemical staining. Renal MAPK and NF-κB activity were also examined by Western blot analyses and ELISA, respectively. Results. Significant decreases in systolic BP and ACR levels were observed in treated KK-Ay mice compared with the findings in untreated KK-Ay mice. Furthermore, increases in MMPs/TIMPs, fibronectin, type IV collagen, MCP-1, and (P)RR expression, in addition to MAPK and NF-κB activity, were significantly attenuated by aliskiren administration. Conclusions. It appears that aliskiren improves albuminuria and renal fibrosis by regulating inflammation and the alteration of collagen synthesis and degradation.
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