1
|
Pesau G, Zierfuss B, Hoebaus C, Koppensteiner R, Schernthaner GH. Serum Trefoil Factor-3 Predicts Survival in Peripheral Artery Disease. Angiology 2024:33197241230973. [PMID: 38312093 DOI: 10.1177/00033197241230973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) has been studied in processes leading to atherosclerosis. Data are scarce in manifest disease and missing in peripheral artery disease (PAD). This study aims to elucidate TFF3 with disease stages, degrees of atherosclerosis, and outcomes. TFF3 was measured in serum in 364 PAD patients without critical limb ischemia and mild to moderate chronic kidney disease (CKD). Mortality data were retrieved from the Austrian central death registry (median observation 9.6 years). Survival analyses were performed using Cox regression and the Kaplan-Meier method. A negative association between ankle-brachial index and TFF3 (P < .001) was observed, while levels were similar in asymptomatic and symptomatic PAD. TFF3 increased with history of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease (P < .001). TTF3 was associated with the estimated glomerular filtration rate (R = -0.617, P < .001) and urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (R = 0.229, P < .001). One SD increase in TFF3 showed a worsening in all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 1.68, CI 1.37-2.05) which persisted after multiple adjustment for cardiovascular risk, inflammatory, and angiogenetic markers (hazard ratio 1.35, CI 1.01-1.81). This study is the first to link TFF3 with both disease markers and outcomes in PAD. TFF3 demonstrated associations with renal function, PAD severity measured by ankle-brachial index, and additional atherosclerotic burden in PAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerfried Pesau
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Zierfuss
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Hoebaus
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Koppensteiner
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerit-Holger Schernthaner
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mohamed MR, Haybaeck J, Wu H, Su H, Bartneck M, Lin C, Boekschoten MV, Boor P, Goeppert B, Rupp C, Strnad P, Davis RJ, Cubero FJ, Trautwein C. JNKs protect from cholestatic liver disease progression by modulating Apelin signalling. JHEP Rep 2023; 5:100854. [PMID: 37791376 PMCID: PMC10543210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Cholestatic liver injury is associated with c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) activation in distinct cell types. Its hepatocyte-specific function during cholestasis, however, has not yet been established. Therefore, in our present study, we investigated the role of JNK1/2 during cholestasis and dissected its hepatocyte-specific function. Methods A cohort of patients with primary biliary cholangitis (n = 29) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (n = 37) was examined. Wild-type, hepatocyte-specific knockout mice for Jnk2 (Jnk2Δhepa) or Jnk1 and Jnk2 (Jnk1Δhepa/2Δhepa) were generated. Mice were subjected to bile duct ligation (BDL) or carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) treatment. Finally, Apelin signalling was blocked using a specific inhibitor. As an interventional approach, Jnk1/2 were silenced in wild-type mice using lipid nanoparticles for small interfering RNA delivery. Results JNK activation was increased in liver specimens from patients with chronic cholestasis (primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis) and in livers of Mdr2-/- and BDL-treated animals. In Jnk1Δhepa/2Δhepa animals, serum transaminases increased after BDL, and liver histology demonstrated enhanced cell death, compensatory proliferation, hepatic fibrogenesis, and inflammation. Furthermore, microarray analysis revealed that hepatocytic Jnk1/2 ablation induces JNK-target genes involved in oxidative stress and Apelin signalling after BDL. Consequently, blocking Apelin signalling attenuated BDL-induced liver injury and fibrosis in Jnk1Δhepa/2Δhepa mice. Finally, we established an interventional small interfering RNA approach of selective Jnk1/2 targeting in hepatocytes in vivo, further demonstrating the essential protective role of Jnk1/2 during cholestasis. Conclusions Jnk1 and Jnk2 work together to protect hepatocytes from cholestatic liver disease by controlling Apelin signalling. Dual modification of JNK signalling in hepatocytes is feasible, and enhancing its expression might be an attractive therapeutic approach for cholestatic liver disease. Impact and Implications The cell-specific function of Jnk genes during cholestasis has not been explicitly explored. In this study, we showed that combined Jnk1/2, but not Jnk2 deficiency, in hepatocytes exacerbates liver damage and fibrosis by enhancing Apelin signalling, which contributes to cholestasis progression. Combined cell-specific Jnk targeting may be a new molecular strategy for treating cholestatic liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Institute of Pathology, Neuropathology and Molecular Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hanghang Wu
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - Huan Su
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Bartneck
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Cheng Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mark V. Boekschoten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Boor
- Institute of Pathology and Department of Nephrology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Goeppert
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Rupp
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pavel Strnad
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Roger J. Davis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Francisco Javier Cubero
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim JH, Mun SJ, Kim JH, Son MJ, Kim SY. Integrative analysis of single-cell RNA-seq and ATAC-seq reveals heterogeneity of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatic organoids. iScience 2023; 26:107675. [PMID: 37680467 PMCID: PMC10481365 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To gain deeper insights into transcriptomes and epigenomes of organoids, liver organoids from two states (expandable and more differentiated) were subjected to single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) and single-cell ATAC-seq (scATAC-seq) analyses. Mitochondrial gene expression was higher in differentiated than in non-differentiated hepatocytes, with ATAC-seq peaks increasing near the mitochondrial control region. Differentiation of liver organoids resulted in the expression of transcription factors that act as enhancers and repressors. In addition, epigenetic mechanisms regulating the expression of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and albumin (ALB) differed in liver organoids and adult liver. Knockdown of PDX1, an essential transcription factor for pancreas development, led to the hepatic maturation of liver organoids through regulation of AFP and ALB expression. This integrative analysis of the transcriptomes and epigenomes of liver organoids at the single-cell level may contribute to a better understanding of the regulatory networks during liver development and the further development of mature in vitro human liver models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Seon Ju Mun
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwan Kim
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Myung Jin Son
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Young Kim
- Korean Bioinformation Center, Daejeon, Korea
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Salm F, Znalesniak EB, Laskou A, Harder S, Schlüter H, Hoffmann W. Expression Profiling along the Murine Intestine: Different Mucosal Protection Systems and Alterations in Tff1-Deficient Animals. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12684. [PMID: 37628863 PMCID: PMC10454331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tff1 is a typical gastric peptide secreted together with the mucin, Muc5ac. Tff1-deficient (Tff1KO) mice are well known for their prominent gastric phenotype and represent a recognized model for antral tumorigenesis. Notably, intestinal abnormalities have also been reported in the past in these animals. Here, we have compared the expression of selected genes in Tff1KO mice and their corresponding wild-type littermates (RT-PCR analyses), focusing on different mucosal protection systems along the murine intestine. As hallmarks, genes were identified with maximum expression in the proximal colon and/or the duodenum: Agr2, Muc6/A4gnt/Tff2, Tff1, Fut2, Gkn2, Gkn3, Duox2/Lpo, Nox1. This is indicative of different protection systems such as Tff2/Muc6, Tff1-Fcgbp, gastrokines, fucosylation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the proximal colon and/or duodenum. Few significant transcriptional changes were observed in the intestine of Tff1KO mice when compared with wild-type littermates, Clca1 (Gob5), Gkn1, Gkn2, Nox1, Tff2. We also analyzed the expression of Tff1, Tff2, and Tff3 in the pancreas, liver, and lung of Tff1KO and wild-type animals, indicating a cross-regulation of Tff gene expression. Furthermore, on the protein level, heteromeric Tff1-Fcgbp and various monomeric Tff1 forms were identified in the duodenum and a high-molecular-mass Tff2/Muc6 complex was identified in the proximal colon (FPLC, proteomics).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franz Salm
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Eva B. Znalesniak
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Aikaterini Laskou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sönke Harder
- Section Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Diagnostic Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Schlüter
- Section Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Diagnostic Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Werner Hoffmann
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Huang H, Wu L, Lu L, Zhang Z, Qiu B, Mo J, Luo Y, Xi Z, Feng M, Wan P, Zhu J, Yu D, Wu W, Tan K, Liu J, Sheng Q, Xu T, Huang J, Lv Z, Tang Y, Xia Q. Single-cell transcriptomics uncovers cellular architecture and developmental trajectories in hepatoblastoma. Hepatology 2023; 77:1911-1928. [PMID: 36059151 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hepatoblastoma (HB) is the predominant type of childhood liver cancer. Treatment options for the clinically advanced HB remain limited. We aimed to dissect the cellular and molecular basis underlying HB oncogenesis and heterogeneity at the single-cell level, which could facilitate a better understanding of HB at both the biological and clinical levels. APPROACH AND RESULTS Single-cell transcriptome profiling of tumor and paired distal liver tissue samples from five patients with HB was performed. Deconvolution analysis was used for integrating the single-cell transcriptomic profiles with the bulk transcriptomes of our HB cohort of post-neoadjuvant chemotherapy tumor samples. A single-cell transcriptomic landscape of early human liver parenchymal development was established for exploring the cellular root and hierarchy of HB oncogenesis. As a result, seven distinct tumor cell subpopulations were annotated, and an effective HB subtyping method was established based on their compositions. A HB tumor cell hierarchy was further revealed to not only fit with the classical cancer stem cell (CSC) model but also mirror the early human liver parenchymal development. Moreover, FACT inhibition, which could disrupt the oncogenic positive feedback loop between MYC and SSRP1 in HB, was identified as a promising epigenetic-targeted therapeutic strategy against the CSC-like HB1-Pro-like1 subpopulation and its related high-risk "Pro-like1" subtype of HB. CONCLUSIONS Our findings illustrate the cellular architecture and developmental trajectories of HB via integrative bulk and single-cell transcriptome analyses, thus establishing a resourceful framework for the development of targeted diagnostics and therapeutics in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongting Huang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine , Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Liang Wu
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of National Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology , Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital, School of Medicine , Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Li Lu
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of National Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology , Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital , Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Zijie Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine , Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Bijun Qiu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine , Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Jialin Mo
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of National Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology , Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine , Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Zhifeng Xi
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine , Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Mingxuan Feng
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine , Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Ping Wan
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine , Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Jianjun Zhu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine , Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Dingye Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery , Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital , Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Kezhe Tan
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital , Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Jiangbin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital , Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Qingfeng Sheng
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital , Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital , Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Jinyan Huang
- Biomedical Big Data Center , The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease , Zhejiang University School of Medicine First Affiliated Hospital , Hangzhou , China
- Zhejiang University Cancer Center , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Zhibao Lv
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital , Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Yujie Tang
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of National Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology , Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histoembryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology , Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Qiang Xia
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine , Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai , China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Transplantation and Immunology , Shanghai , China
- Shanghai Institute of Transplantation , Shanghai , China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kolobarić N, Mihalj M, Kozina N, Matić A, Mihaljević Z, Jukić I, Drenjančević I. Tff3-/- Knock-Out Mice with Altered Lipid Metabolism Exhibit a Lower Level of Inflammation following the Dietary Intake of Sodium Chloride for One Week. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087315. [PMID: 37108475 PMCID: PMC10138311 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A high salt intake causes hemodynamic changes and promotes immune response through cell activation and cytokine production, leading to pro-inflammatory conditions. Transgenic Tff3-/- knock-out mice (TFF3ko) (n = 20) and wild-type mice (WT) (n = 20) were each divided into the (1) low-salt (LS) group and (2) high-salt (HS) group. Ten-week-old animals were fed with standard rodent chow (0.4% NaCl) (LS) or food containing 4% NaCl (HS) for one week (7 days). Inflammatory parameters from the sera were measured by Luminex assay. The integrin expression and rates of T cell subsets of interest from the peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) were measured using flow cytometry. There was a significant increase in high-sensitivity C reactive protein (hsCRP) only in the WT mice following the HS diet, while there were no significant changes in the serum levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-4, or IL-6 as a response to treatment in either study groups. The rates of CD4+CD25+ T cells from MLNs decreased, while CD3+γδTCR+ from peripheral blood increased following the HS diet only in TFF3ko. γδTCR expressing T cell rates decreased in WT following the HS diet. The CD49d/VLA-4 expression decreased in the peripheral blood leukocytes in both groups following the HS diet. CD11a/LFA-1 expression significantly increased only in the peripheral blood Ly6C-CD11ahigh monocytes in WT mice following salt loading. In conclusion, salt-loading in knock-out mice caused a lower level of inflammatory response compared with their control WT mice due to gene depletion.
Collapse
Grants
- #IP-2014-09-6380/V-ELI Athero, PI I. Drenjančević Croatian Science Foundation
- VIF-2018-MEFOS-09-1509 (The influence of increased NaCl values on endothelial function in model TFF-/- mice and HAEC cell cultures) Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Croatia
- VIF-2019-MEFOS (The effect of increased NaCl values on the mechanisms of vascular reactivity in model of Tff3-/- mice and HAEC cell cultures, PI I. Drenjančević) Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Croatia
- VIF-2020-MEFOS (The effect of increased NaCl values on the mechanisms of vascular reactivity in model of Tff3-/- mice, Sprague-Dawley rats and HAEC cell cultures, PI I. Drenjančević) Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Croatia
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolina Kolobarić
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Martina Mihalj
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Osijek University Hospital, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Nataša Kozina
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Anita Matić
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Mihaljević
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivana Jukić
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ines Drenjančević
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tff3 Deficiency Protects against Hepatic Fat Accumulation after Prolonged High-Fat Diet. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12081288. [PMID: 36013467 PMCID: PMC9409972 DOI: 10.3390/life12081288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Trefoil factor 3 (Tff3) protein is a small secretory protein expressed on various mucosal surfaces and is involved in proper mucosal function and recovery via various mechanisms, including immune response. However, Tff3 is also found in the bloodstream and in various other tissues, including the liver. Its complete attenuation was observed as the most prominent event in the early phase of diabetes in the polygenic Tally Ho mouse model of diabesity. Since then, its role in metabolic processes has emerged. To elucidate the complex role of Tff3, we used a new Tff3-deficient mouse model without additional metabolically relevant mutations (Tff3-/-/C57BL/6NCrl) and exposed it to a high-fat diet (HFD) for a prolonged period (8 months). The effect was observed in male and female mice compared to wild-type (WT) counter groups (n = 10 animals per group). We monitored the animals’ general metabolic parameters, liver morphology, ultrastructure and molecular genes in relevant lipid and inflammatory pathways. Tff3-deficient male mice had reduced body weight and better glucose utilization after 17 weeks of HFD, but longer HFD exposure (32 weeks) resulted in no such change. We found a strong reduction in lipid accumulation in male Tff3-/-/C57BL/6NCrl mice and a less prominent reduction in female mice. This was associated with downregulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Pparγ) and upregulated interleukin-6 (Il-6) gene expression, although protein level difference did not reach statistical significance due to higher individual variations. Tff3-/-/C57Bl6N mice of both sex had reduced liver steatosis, without major fatty acid content perturbations. Our research shows that Tff3 protein is clearly involved in complex metabolic pathways. Tff3 deficiency in C57Bl6N genetic background caused reduced lipid accumulation in the liver; further research is needed to elucidate its precise role in metabolism-related events.
Collapse
|
8
|
Schreiter T, Gieseler RK, Vílchez-Vargas R, Jauregui R, Sowa JP, Klein-Scory S, Broering R, Croner RS, Treckmann JW, Link A, Canbay A. Transcriptome-Wide Analysis of Human Liver Reveals Age-Related Differences in the Expression of Select Functional Gene Clusters and Evidence for a PPP1R10-Governed 'Aging Cascade'. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122009. [PMID: 34959291 PMCID: PMC8709089 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A transcriptome-wide analysis of human liver for demonstrating differences between young and old humans has not yet been performed. However, identifying major age-related alterations in hepatic gene expression may pinpoint ontogenetic shifts with important hepatic and systemic consequences, provide novel pharmacogenetic information, offer clues to efficiently counteract symptoms of old age, and improve the overarching understanding of individual decline. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) data analyzed by the Mann-Whitney nonparametric test and Ensemble Feature Selection (EFS) bioinformatics identified 44 transcripts among 60,617 total and 19,986 protein-encoding transcripts that significantly (p = 0.0003 to 0.0464) and strikingly (EFS score > 0.3:16 transcripts; EFS score > 0.2:28 transcripts) differ between young and old livers. Most of these age-related transcripts were assigned to the categories 'regulome', 'inflammaging', 'regeneration', and 'pharmacogenes'. NGS results were confirmed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Our results have important implications for the areas of ontogeny/aging and the age-dependent increase in major liver diseases. Finally, we present a broadly substantiated and testable hypothesis on a genetically governed 'aging cascade', wherein PPP1R10 acts as a putative ontogenetic master regulator, prominently flanked by IGFALS and DUSP1. This transcriptome-wide analysis of human liver offers potential clues towards developing safer and improved therapeutic interventions against major liver diseases and increased insights into key mechanisms underlying aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schreiter
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany; (T.S.); (R.K.G.); (J.-P.S.); (S.K.-S.)
- Laboratory of Immunology & Molecular Biology, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - Robert K. Gieseler
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany; (T.S.); (R.K.G.); (J.-P.S.); (S.K.-S.)
- Laboratory of Immunology & Molecular Biology, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ramiro Vílchez-Vargas
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (R.V.-V.); (A.L.)
| | - Ruy Jauregui
- Data Science Grasslands, Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand;
| | - Jan-Peter Sowa
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany; (T.S.); (R.K.G.); (J.-P.S.); (S.K.-S.)
- Laboratory of Immunology & Molecular Biology, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - Susanne Klein-Scory
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany; (T.S.); (R.K.G.); (J.-P.S.); (S.K.-S.)
- Laboratory of Immunology & Molecular Biology, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ruth Broering
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Roland S. Croner
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany;
| | - Jürgen W. Treckmann
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Alexander Link
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (R.V.-V.); (A.L.)
| | - Ali Canbay
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany; (T.S.); (R.K.G.); (J.-P.S.); (S.K.-S.)
- Section of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-234-299-3401
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Esmail MM, Saeed NM, Michel HE, El-Naga RN. The ameliorative effect of niclosamide on bile duct ligation induced liver fibrosis via suppression of NOTCH and Wnt pathways. Toxicol Lett 2021; 347:23-35. [PMID: 33961984 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is the conjoint consequence of almost all chronic liver diseases. Cholestatic liver injury is a significant stimulus for fibrotic liver. This study was conducted to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of niclosamide as a NOTCH inhibitor and on the Wnt pathway against cholestatic liver fibrosis (CLF) which was experimentally induced by bile duct ligation (BDL). Rats were randomly divided into five main groups (6 per group): sham, BDL, BDL/niclosamide 5, BDL/niclosamide 10 and niclosamide 10 only group. Niclosamide was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) for 4 weeks starting at the same day of surgery at doses 5 and 10 mg/kg. Liver function, cholestasis, oxidative stress, inflammation, liver fibrosis, NOTCH signaling pathway and Wnt pathway markers were assessed. Niclosamide (5 and 10 mg/kg) significantly reduced liver enzymes levels, oxidative stress, inflammation and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription3 (p-STAT3). Niclosamide (5 and 10 mg/kg) also significantly reduced NOTCH pathway (Jagged1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, HES1, SOX9), Wnt pathway (Wnt5B, and Wnt10A), and fibrosis (transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1), alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen deposition with more prominent effect of the higher dose 10 mg/kg. So, this study presents nicloamide as a promising antifibrotic agent in CLF through inhibition of NOTCH and Wnt pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manar M Esmail
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noha M Saeed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Haidy E Michel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reem N El-Naga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hepatic cell mobilization for protection against ischemic myocardial injury. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15830. [PMID: 34349157 PMCID: PMC8339068 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94170-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart is capable of activating protective mechanisms in response to ischemic injury to support myocardial survival and performance. These mechanisms have been recognized primarily in the ischemic heart, involving paracrine signaling processes. Here, we report a distant cardioprotective mechanism involving hepatic cell mobilization to the ischemic myocardium in response to experimental myocardial ischemia–reperfusion (MI-R) injury. A parabiotic mouse model was generated by surgical skin-union of two mice and used to induce bilateral MI-R injury with unilateral hepatectomy, establishing concurrent gain- and loss-of-hepatic cell mobilization conditions. Hepatic cells, identified based on the cell-specific expression of enhanced YFP, were found in the ischemic myocardium of parabiotic mice with intact liver (0.2 ± 0.1%, 1.1 ± 0.3%, 2.7 ± 0.6, and 0.7 ± 0.4% at 1, 3, 5, and 10 days, respectively, in reference to the total cell nuclei), but not significantly in the ischemic myocardium of parabiotic mice with hepatectomy (0 ± 0%, 0.1 ± 0.1%, 0.3 ± 0.2%, and 0.08 ± 0.08% at the same time points). The mobilized hepatic cells were able to express and release trefoil factor 3 (TFF3), a protein mitigating MI-R injury as demonstrated in TFF3−/− mice (myocardium infarcts 17.6 ± 2.3%, 20.7 ± 2.6%, and 15.3 ± 3.8% at 1, 5, and 10 days, respectively) in reference to wildtype mice (11.7 ± 1.9%, 13.8 ± 2.3%, and 11.0 ± 1.8% at the same time points). These observations suggest that MI-R injury can induce hepatic cell mobilization to support myocardial survival by releasing TFF3.
Collapse
|
11
|
Mihalj M, Bujak M, Butković J, Zubčić Ž, Tolušić Levak M, Čes J, Kopić V, Baus Lončar M, Mihalj H. Differential Expression of TFF1 and TFF3 in Patients Suffering from Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyposis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215461. [PMID: 31683988 PMCID: PMC6862153 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trefoil family factor (TFF) proteins contribute to antimicrobial defense and the maintenance of sinonasal epithelial barrier integrity. Dysregulation of TFF expression may be involved in the development of chronic inflammation and tissue remodeling characteristically found in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP). Expressions of TFF1 and TFF3 were determined in specimens of middle nasal turbinate (MNT-0), bulla ethmoidalis (BE), and nasal polyps (NP) from CRSwNP patients (n = 29) and inferior nasal turbinate from a group of control patients (underwent nasal septoplasty, n = 25). An additional MNT sample was collected 6 months after functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS, MNT-6). TFF1 mRNA levels were significantly reduced in all specimens by approximately three- to five-fold, while TFF3 was increased in MNT-0, as compared with controls. Six months after surgery their levels were reversed to control values. CRSwNP patients with S. epidermidis isolated from sinus swabs showed upregulation of TFF3 in MNT and NP as compared with patients with sterile swabs. Target gene regulation was not affected by the presence of type 2 inflammation in patients with confirmed allergy. Results of this study imply participation of TFFs genes in the development of CRSwNP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Mihalj
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Maro Bujak
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Josip Butković
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Osijek, 310000 Osijek, Croatia.
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Željko Zubčić
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Osijek; 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Maja Tolušić Levak
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Josip Čes
- Dental Centre Čes, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Vlatko Kopić
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Osijek, 310000 Osijek, Croatia.
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Mirela Baus Lončar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Hrvoje Mihalj
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Osijek; 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wu X, Zheng H, Yang R, Luan X, Zhang L, Jin Q, Jin Y, Xue J. Mouse trefoil factor 3 ameliorated high-fat-diet-induced hepatic steatosis via increasing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α-mediated fatty acid oxidation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E436-E445. [PMID: 31211621 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00454.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic trefoil factor 3 (Tff3) was identified as a potential protein for the treatment of diabetes, yet the effect of Tff3 on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has never been explored. Here, we found that the expression of hepatic Tff3 was significantly decreased in NAFLD mice models, suggesting that Tff3 was a potential marker gene for NAFLD. Restoring the expression of Tff3 in the liver of NAFLD mice, including diabetic (db), obese (ob/ob), and diet-induced obese mice, with adenovirus-mediated Tff3 (Ad-Tff3) apparently attenuates the fatty liver phenotype. In contrast, adenovirus-mediated knockdown of Tff3 (Ad-shTff3) in C57BL/6J mice results in an obvious fatty liver phenotype. Furthermore, our molecular experiments indicated that hepatic Tff3 could alleviate hepatic steatosis via upregulating the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) directly, thereby enhancing the fatty acid oxidation process in the liver. Notably, we found that Tff3 attenuates the fatty liver phenotype independent of modulation of lipogenesis and improves the capacity of anti-inflammation. Overall, our results suggested that hepatic Tff3 could be effectively used as a potential therapy target for the treatment of NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Wu
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
- Central Laboratory, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Hongze Zheng
- Central Laboratory, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiying Luan
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Lingyun Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Qingsong Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Yongjun Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Jiangnan Xue
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Demetris AJ, Bellamy COC, Gandhi CR, Prost S, Nakanuma Y, Stolz DB. Functional Immune Anatomy of the Liver-As an Allograft. Am J Transplant 2016; 16:1653-80. [PMID: 26848550 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The liver is an immunoregulatory organ in which a tolerogenic microenvironment mitigates the relative "strength" of local immune responses. Paradoxically, necro-inflammatory diseases create the need for most liver transplants. Treatment of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and acute T cell-mediated rejection have redirected focus on long-term allograft structural integrity. Understanding of insults should enable decades of morbidity-free survival after liver replacement because of these tolerogenic properties. Studies of long-term survivors show low-grade chronic inflammatory, fibrotic, and microvascular lesions, likely related to some combination of environment insults (i.e. abnormal physiology), donor-specific antibodies, and T cell-mediated immunity. The resultant conundrum is familiar in transplantation: adequate immunosuppression produces chronic toxicities, while lightened immunosuppression leads to sensitization, immunological injury, and structural deterioration. The "balance" is more favorable for liver than other solid organ allografts. This occurs because of unique hepatic immune physiology and provides unintended benefits for allografts by modulating various afferent and efferent limbs of allogenic immune responses. This review is intended to provide a better understanding of liver immune microanatomy and physiology and thereby (a) the potential structural consequences of low-level, including allo-antibody-mediated injury; and (b) how liver allografts modulate immune reactions. Special attention is given to the microvasculature and hepatic mononuclear phagocytic system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Demetris
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - C O C Bellamy
- Department of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - C R Gandhi
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - S Prost
- Department of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Y Nakanuma
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - D B Stolz
- Center for Biologic Imaging, Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rui W, Zou Y, Lee J, Nambiar SM, Lin J, Zhang L, Yang Y, Dai G. Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 Deficiency Results in Amplification of the Liver Fat-Lowering Effect of Estrogen. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 358:14-21. [PMID: 27189962 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.231316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) regulates multiple biologic processes, including hepatic lipid metabolism. Estrogen exerts actions affecting energy homeostasis, including a liver fat-lowering effect. Increasing evidence indicates the crosstalk between these two molecules. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether Nrf2 modulates estrogen signaling in hepatic lipid metabolism. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) was induced in wild-type and Nrf2-null mice fed a high-fat diet and the liver fat-lowering effect of exogenous estrogen was subsequently assessed. We found that exogenous estrogen eliminated 49% and 90% of hepatic triglycerides in wild-type and Nrf2-null mice with NAFLD, respectively. This observation demonstrates that Nrf2 signaling is antagonistic to estrogen signaling in hepatic fat metabolism; thus, Nrf2 absence results in striking amplification of the liver fat-lowering effect of estrogen. In addition, we found the association of trefoil factor 3 and fatty acid binding protein 5 with the liver fat-lowering effect of estrogen. In summary, we identified Nrf2 as a novel and potent inhibitor of estrogen signaling in hepatic lipid metabolism. Our finding may provide a potential strategy to treat NAFLD by dually targeting Nrf2 and estrogen signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Rui
- Department of Pharmacology and Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (W.R., L.Z., Y.Y.); Department of Biology, School of Science, Center for Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.R., Y.Z., S.M.N., G.D.); and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.L.)
| | - Yuhong Zou
- Department of Pharmacology and Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (W.R., L.Z., Y.Y.); Department of Biology, School of Science, Center for Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.R., Y.Z., S.M.N., G.D.); and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.L.)
| | - Joonyong Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (W.R., L.Z., Y.Y.); Department of Biology, School of Science, Center for Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.R., Y.Z., S.M.N., G.D.); and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.L.)
| | - Shashank Manohar Nambiar
- Department of Pharmacology and Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (W.R., L.Z., Y.Y.); Department of Biology, School of Science, Center for Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.R., Y.Z., S.M.N., G.D.); and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.L.)
| | - Jingmei Lin
- Department of Pharmacology and Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (W.R., L.Z., Y.Y.); Department of Biology, School of Science, Center for Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.R., Y.Z., S.M.N., G.D.); and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.L.)
| | - Linjie Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (W.R., L.Z., Y.Y.); Department of Biology, School of Science, Center for Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.R., Y.Z., S.M.N., G.D.); and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.L.)
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (W.R., L.Z., Y.Y.); Department of Biology, School of Science, Center for Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.R., Y.Z., S.M.N., G.D.); and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.L.)
| | - Guoli Dai
- Department of Pharmacology and Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (W.R., L.Z., Y.Y.); Department of Biology, School of Science, Center for Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.R., Y.Z., S.M.N., G.D.); and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jiang GX, Cao LP, Kang PC, Zhong XY, Lin TY, Cui YF. Interleukin‑6 induces epithelial‑mesenchymal transition in human intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:1563-9. [PMID: 26708270 PMCID: PMC4732846 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the role of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of human intrahepatic biliary epithelial cell (HIBEC) lines in vitro. HIBECs were stimulated with IL-6 at concentrations of 0, 10, 20, 50 and 100 µg/l for 24 h. A wound healing and Transwell assay were performed to determine the migratory and invasive capacity of HIBECs, respectively. Following 24 h of incubation, IL-6 at 10 and 20 µg/l significantly increased the number of migrated and invaded cells (P<0.05), while stimulation with 50 and 100 µg/l IL-6 resulted in a further increase of the migratory and invasive capacity compared to that in all other groups (P<0.05). Furthermore, reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression of EMT markers E-cadherin and vimentin in HIBECs. Decreased mRNA levels of E-cadherin accompanied by higher mRNA levels of vimentin were observed in the 10, 20, 50, 100 µg/l IL-6 groups compared to those in the 0 µg/l group (all P<0.05). Furthermore, the protein expression of E-cadherin was decreased, while that of vimentin was increased in the 50 and 100 µg/l IL-6 groups compared to those in the 0, 10 and 20 µg/l IL-6 groups (all P<0.05). The present study therefore indicated that IL-6 promoted the process of EMT in HIBECs as characterized by increased migration and invasion of HIBECs and the typical changes in mRNA and protein expression of the EMT markers E-cadherin and vimentin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Xing Jiang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Li-Ping Cao
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Peng-Cheng Kang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Yu Zhong
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Tian-Yu Lin
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Fu Cui
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ge H, Gardner J, Wu X, Rulifson I, Wang J, Xiong Y, Ye J, Belouski E, Cao P, Tang J, Lee KJ, Coberly S, Wu X, Gupte J, Miao L, Yang L, Nguyen N, Shan B, Yeh WC, Véniant MM, Li Y, Baribault H. Trefoil Factor 3 (TFF3) Is Regulated by Food Intake, Improves Glucose Tolerance and Induces Mucinous Metaplasia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126924. [PMID: 26083576 PMCID: PMC4471263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Trefoil factor 3 (TFF3), also called intestinal trefoil factor or Itf, is a 59 amino acid peptide found as a homodimer predominantly along the gastrointestinal tract and in serum. TFF3 expression is elevated during gastrointestinal adenoma progression and has been shown to promote mucosal wound healing. Here we show that in contrast to other trefoil factor family members, TFF1 and TFF2, TFF3 is highly expressed in mouse duodenum, jejunum and ileum and that its expression is regulated by food intake. Overexpression of TFF3 using a recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector, or daily administration of recombinant TFF3 protein in vivo improved glucose tolerance in a diet-induced obesity mouse model. Body weight, fasting insulin, triglyceride, cholesterol and leptin levels were not affected by TFF3 treatment. Induction of mucinous metaplasia was observed in mice with AAV-mediated TFF3 overexpression, however, no such adverse histological effect was seen after the administration of recombinant TFF3 protein. Altogether these results suggest that the therapeutic potential of targeting TFF3 to treat T2D may be limited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongfei Ge
- Amgen, Metabolic Disorders, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jonitha Gardner
- Amgen, Metabolic Disorders, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Xiaosu Wu
- Amgen, Metabolic Disorders, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ingrid Rulifson
- Amgen, Metabolic Disorders, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jinghong Wang
- Amgen, Metabolic Disorders, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yumei Xiong
- Amgen, Metabolic Disorders, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jingjing Ye
- Amgen, Protein Technologies, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Edward Belouski
- Amgen, Protein Technologies, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ping Cao
- Amgen, Protein Technologies, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jie Tang
- Amgen, Protein Technologies, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ki Jeong Lee
- Amgen, Lead Discovery, Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
| | - Suzanne Coberly
- Amgen, Pathology, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Xinle Wu
- Amgen, Metabolic Disorders, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jamila Gupte
- Amgen, Metabolic Disorders, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lynn Miao
- Amgen, Metabolic Disorders, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Li Yang
- Amgen, Metabolic Disorders, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Natalie Nguyen
- Amgen, Metabolic Disorders, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Bei Shan
- Amgen, Metabolic Disorders, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Wen-Chen Yeh
- Amgen, Metabolic Disorders, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Murielle M. Véniant
- Amgen, Metabolic Disorders, Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
| | - Yang Li
- Amgen, Metabolic Disorders, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Helene Baribault
- Amgen, Metabolic Disorders, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Xiao Y, Wang J, Yan W, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Zhou K, Wen J, Wang Y, Cai W. Dysregulated miR-124 and miR-200 expression contribute to cholangiocyte proliferation in the cholestatic liver by targeting IL-6/STAT3 signalling. J Hepatol 2015; 62:889-96. [PMID: 25450715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cholestatic liver disease is associated with dysregulated expression of microRNAs (miRNAs). However, it remains unknown whether miRNAs are involved in the cholestasis-induced proliferation of cholangiocytes. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that miRNAs modulate cholangiocyte proliferation through effects on the IL-6 pathway, a known regulator of cholangiocyte proliferation. METHODS Expression of IL-6, Foxa2, and phosphorylated signal transducer activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) was investigated in patients with biliary atresia (BA) and in rats subjected to bile duct ligation (BDL). miRNA expression was determined in BA patients and BDL rats, with miRNA array and quantitative real-time PCR. Biological functions of miRNAs were studied using immunoblot, immunohistochemical and proliferation assays. Luciferase reporter assays and Western blots were performed to identify miRNA targets. RESULTS Hepatic interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression was significantly elevated in BA patients and BDL rats, while the expression of miR-124 was dramatically decreased in comparison to controls. Moreover, mRNA levels of STAT3 and IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) were inversely correlated with those of miR-124. Ectopic expression of miR-124 inhibited IL-6-mediated cholangiocyte proliferation in vitro and cholangiocyte hyperplasia in vivo, through a mechanism involving direct targeting of the 3'-untranslated region of STAT3 and IL-6R. We further demonstrated that miR-200 family members were significantly upregulated in cholestasis and inhibited FOXA2 expression in cholangiocytes, which further enhanced the expression of IL-6. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that downregulation of miR-124 and upregulation of miR-200 collaboratively promote bile duct proliferation through the IL-6/STAT3 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Xiao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihui Yan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingwei Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Kejun Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Wen
- Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang Q, Yu H, Wu SD. Immune function of biliary epithelial cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:925-931. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i6.925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biliary epithelial cells (BECs) are the epithelial cells lining the bile duct, constituting the biliary system's first line of defense against pathogenic microorganisms. BECs can express many kinds of pathogen recognition receptors, activate intracellular signal transduction pathways, initiate the internal microbial defense system, including the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and antibacterial peptide synthesis, and maintain the integrity of the biliary epithelium. By expressing and releasing adhesion molecules and immune mediators, BECs interact with other cells in the liver, such as lymphocytes and Kupffer's cells. BECs are involved in a complex feedback mechanism of liver cells and thereby regulate the response to microbial infection. BECs actively participate in the biliary duct mucosal immunity and form an important component of liver immunity.
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Cholangiocytes, or bile duct epithelia, were once thought to be the simple lining of the conduit system comprising the intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts. Growing experimental evidence demonstrated that cholangiocytes are in fact the first line of defense of the biliary system against foreign substances. Experimental advances in recent years have unveiled previously unknown roles of cholangiocytes in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Cholangiocytes can release inflammatory modulators in a regulated fashion. Moreover, they express specialized pattern-recognizing molecules that identify microbial components and activate intracellular signaling cascades leading to a variety of downstream responses. The cytokines secreted by cholangiocytes, in conjunction with the adhesion molecules expressed on their surface, play a role in recruitment, localization, and modulation of immune responses in the liver and biliary tract. Cholangiocyte survival and function is further modulated by cytokines and inflammatory mediators secreted by immune cells and cholangiocytes themselves. Because cholangiocytes act as professional APCs via expression of major histocompatibility complex antigens and secrete antimicrobial peptides in bile, their role in response to biliary infection is critical. Finally, because cholangiocytes release mediators critical to myofibroblastic differentiation of portal fibroblasts and hepatic stellate cells, cholangiocytes may be essential in the pathogenesis of biliary cirrhosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Syal
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Michel Fausther
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Jonathan A. Dranoff
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Open versus closed abdomen treatment on liver function in rats with sepsis and abdominal compartment syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 71:1319-25; discussion 1325-6. [PMID: 22071931 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e3182325e02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of sepsis and abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) and of improvements in their management, the mortality rates from these conditions remain high. Few studies have compared liver injuries in patients undergoing open and closed abdomen treatment. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of open versus conservative abdominal closure approaches upon liver function using a controlled and randomized model of intra-abdominal hypertension and sepsis in a rat model. METHODS Healthy Sprague-Dawley rats underwent cecal ligation and puncture to induce sepsis, followed by intraperitoneal injection of air to induce intra-abdominal hypertension. Twenty-four hours later, the rats were randomly divided into two groups, one (n = 36) undergoing abdominal closure and the other (n = 36) undergoing open abdomen. Rats were killed after 1 hour, 6 hours, 1 day, 3 days, 5 days, and 7 days. Liver injury was evaluated by Hepatic Injury Severity Scoring. The levels of expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, signaling transducer and activator of transcription 3 mRNA, and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 mRNA were assayed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and signaling transducer and activator of transcription 3 mRNA were higher, and those of TLR4 and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 mRNA were lower, in the open than in the closed group (p < 0.05 each). Serum concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were also lower in the open group (p < 0.05 each). CONCLUSIONS Open abdominal management may improve liver regeneration soon after surgery, as well as reducing inflammatory responses, by reducing TLR4 expression.
Collapse
|
21
|
Biliary epithelial apoptosis, autophagy, and senescence in primary biliary cirrhosis. HEPATITIS RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2010; 2010:205128. [PMID: 21152179 PMCID: PMC2989862 DOI: 10.1155/2010/205128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disease characterized serologically by the high prevalence of anti-mitochondrial autoantibodies (AMAs) and histologically by the cholangitis of small bile ducts, eventually followed by extensive loss of the small bile duct. An autoimmune pathogenesis is suggested by clinical and experimental studies, but there remain issues regarding the etiology, the significance of AMAs in the pathogenesis of bile duct lesions, and so on. The unique properties of apoptosis in biliary epithelial cells (BECs), in which there is exposure of autoantigen to the effectors of the immune system, are proposed to be a cause of bile duct lesions in PBC. Recent progress disclosed that cellular senescence and autophagy are involved in bile duct lesions in PBC. Senescent BECs may modulate the periductal microenvironment by expressing senescence-associated secretory phenotypes, including various chemokines, and contribute to the pathogenesis of bile duct lesions in PBC.
Collapse
|
22
|
|
23
|
Jiang GX, Zhong XY, Cui YF, Liu W, Tai S, Wang ZD, Shi YG, Zhao SY, Li CL. IL-6/STAT3/TFF3 signaling regulates human biliary epithelial cell migration and wound healing in vitro. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 37:3813-8. [PMID: 20229017 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0036-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6), through activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and trefoil factor family 3 (TFF3), has been implicated in the promotion of mouse biliary epithelial cell (BEC) proliferation and migration. However, it is still unclear whether the IL-6/STAT3/TFF3 signaling had similar effects on human BECs. Here, we showed that exposure of human BECs to recombinant IL-6 resulted in STAT3 phosphorylation and increased the expression of TFF3 at both mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, inhibition of STAT3 using RNA interference significantly abrogated IL-6-induced TFF3 expression. In an in-vitro wound healing model, IL-6 facilitated human BEC migration. This promotion of cell migration by IL-6 was blocked when STAT3 was knocked down. Interestingly, the addition of exogenous TFF3 could rescue the cell migration defects caused by STAT3 silencing. In conclusion, our data indicate that STAT3 plays a critical role in IL-6-induced TFF3 expression in human BECs and the IL-6/STAT3/TFF3 signaling is involved in human BEC migration and wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gui-xing Jiang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Isse K, Specht SM, Lunz JG, Kang LI, Mizuguchi Y, Demetris AJ. Estrogen stimulates female biliary epithelial cell interleukin-6 expression in mice and humans. Hepatology 2010; 51:869-80. [PMID: 20043322 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Females are more susceptible than males to several biliary tract diseases. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is critical to triggering autoimmune reactions and contributes substantially to biliary epithelial cell (BEC) barrier function and wound repair, and estrogen differentially regulates IL-6 expression in various cell types. We hypothesized that estrogen might stimulate BEC IL-6 production. Exposure to physiologic levels of estradiol, in vitro, increased female mouse BEC (mBEC) IL-6 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression, but either inhibited or had no effect on male mBECs. Female mBECs expressed higher concentrations of estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha) mRNA and protein and were also more dependent on estradiol for survival, in vitro. In vivo, elevated estrogen during estrous cycling in mice, and estrogen treatment of mice harboring an ERalpha(+) human cholangiocarcinoma resulted in increased BEC IL-6 mRNA and tumor viability, respectively. Both responses could be blocked by an ERalpha antagonist. Human cholangiocarcinoma cell lines differentially expressing ERalpha were treated with specific ERalpha and ERbeta agonists/antagonists to further test the relationship between estrogen stimulation, ERalpha expression, and IL-6 production. Results show that ERalpha, and not the underlying BEC sex, was responsible for estrogen-induced IL-6 production. Estrogen-induced proliferation of ERalpha-expressing cholangiocarcinoma was blocked by anti-IL-6 antibodies, indicating that at least some of the estrogen-trophic effects are mediated via IL-6. Finally, an association between ERalpha, IL-6, and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3) signaling was shown in female-predominant polycystic livers using immunohistochemical analyses, including multiplex quantum dot labeling. CONCLUSION Estrogens stimulate IL-6 production in non-neoplastic female BECs and in neoplastic BECs expressing ERalpha. An association between these signaling pathways was demonstrated for female-predominant polycystic livers and might also influence autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, and cholangiocarcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Isse
- Department of Pathology, Division of Transplantation, and Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Li Z, White P, Tuteja G, Rubins N, Sackett S, Kaestner KH. Foxa1 and Foxa2 regulate bile duct development in mice. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:1537-45. [PMID: 19436110 DOI: 10.1172/jci38201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The forkhead box proteins A1 and A2 (Foxa1 and Foxa2) are transcription factors with critical roles in establishing the developmental competence of the foregut endoderm and in initiating liver specification. Using conditional gene ablation during a later phase of liver development, we show here that deletion of both Foxa1 and Foxa2 (Foxa1/2) in the embryonic liver caused hyperplasia of the biliary tree. Abnormal bile duct formation in Foxa1/2-deficient liver was due, at least in part, to activation of IL-6 expression, a proliferative signal for cholangiocytes. The glucocorticoid receptor is a negative regulator of IL-6 transcription; in the absence of Foxa1/2, the glucocorticoid receptor failed to bind to the IL-6 promoter, causing enhanced IL-6 expression. Thus, after liver specification, Foxa1/2 are required for normal bile duct development through prevention of excess cholangiocyte proliferation. Our data suggest that Foxa1/2 function as terminators of bile duct expansion in the adult liver through inhibition of IL-6 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyu Li
- Department of Genetics and Institute of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6145, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Activation of interleukin-6/STAT3 in rat cholangiocyte proliferation induced by lipopolysaccharide. Dig Dis Sci 2009; 54:547-54. [PMID: 18649135 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-008-0401-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholangiocytes are exposed to endotoxins (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) in a variety of biliary inflammations. It is known that LPS enhances the release of interleukin (IL)-6, a potent cholangiocyte mitogen. However, the role of LPS in cholangiocyte proliferation in vivo is unknown. Aims To investigate whether LPS stimulates cholangiocyte proliferation in vivo via the IL-6/STAT3 pathway. METHODS Rats were randomized into four groups: the LPS group (injected intravenously with LPS 2.5 mg/kg), anti-IL-6 group (injected intravenously with anti-IL-6 0.5 mg/kg 1 h after LPS injection), RPM group (treated with RPM 0.4 mg/kg intraperitoneally 30 min before LPS injection), and control group. At 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after LPS injection, LPS in plasma was detected by kinetic turbidimetric limulus test. IL-6 concentrations in liver homogenate and cholangiocyte proliferation were determined by ELISA or immunohistochemistry, respectively. Expression of IL-6 mRNA and phosphorylated-STAT3 (P-STAT3) protein in cholangiocytes was analyzed by real-time RT-PCR and western blotting. RESULTS Cholangiocytes responded to LPS by a marked increase in cell proliferation, IL-6 secretion, and P-STAT3 expression. Anti-IL-6 neutralizing antibody inhibited LPS-induced proliferation of cholangiocytes and decreased levels of IL-6 and STAT3. Furthermore, after being treated with RPM, STAT3 activation was also depressed, which resulted a decreased proliferation of cholangiocytes. CONCLUSIONS LPS promotes cholangiocyte proliferation through the IL-6/STAT3 pathway, while RPM shows a depressive effect in this pathway.
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Cholangiocytes, the epithelial cells lining bile ducts, provide the first line of defense against lumenal microbes in the biliary system. Recent advances in biliary immunity indicate that cholangiocytes express a variety of pathogen-recognition receptors and can activate a set of intracellular signaling cascades to initiate a profound antimicrobial defense, including release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, production of antimicrobial peptides and maintenance of biliary epithelial integrity. Cholangiocytes also interact with other cell types in the liver (for example, lymphocytes and Kupffer cells) through expression and release of adhesion molecules and immune mediators. Subsequently, through an intricate feedback mechanism involving both epithelial and other liver cells, a set of intracellular signaling pathways are activated to regulate the functional state of cholangiocyte responses during microbial infection. Thus, cholangiocytes are actively involved in mucosal immunity of the biliary system and represent a fine-tuned, integral component of liver immunity.
Collapse
|
28
|
Kida H, Mucenski ML, Thitoff AR, Le Cras TD, Park KS, Ikegami M, Müller W, Whitsett JA. GP130-STAT3 regulates epithelial cell migration and is required for repair of the bronchiolar epithelium. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 172:1542-54. [PMID: 18467707 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.071052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Following injury, bronchiolar cells undergo rapid squamous metaplasia, followed by proliferation and re-establishment of the complex columnar epithelium that is characteristic of the normal airway. Mechanisms that regulate the repair of bronchiolar epithelium are of considerable relevance for understanding the pathogenesis of both acute and chronic lung diseases associated with airway remodeling. This study was designed to identify the role of the GP130-STAT3 signaling pathway during repair of the bronchiolar epithelium. STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) and GP130 (glycoprotein 130) were each selectively deleted from the pulmonary epithelial cells of transgenic mice in vivo, producing Stat3(Delta/Delta) and Gp130(Delta/Delta) mice, respectively. Airway injury was induced in adult mice by administration of naphthalene, a toxicant of nonciliated respiratory epithelial cells (Clara cells). Nuclear STAT3 staining was induced in bronchiolar epithelial cells following naphthalene-mediated injury in control (Stat3(flox/flox)) mice. Whereas nearly complete repair of the bronchiolar epithelium was observed in control mice within 13 days, restoration of cell shape, cell density, and the pattern of ciliated and nonciliated cells did not occur in the peripheral bronchioles of either Stat3(Delta/Delta) or Gp130(Delta/Delta) mice. Expression of dominant-negative STAT3 inhibited airway epithelial cell migration during repair in vitro; wild-type STAT3 expression activated such migration. In the present study, we show that GP130-STAT3 signaling functions in a cell-autonomous manner to restore cell shape and numbers required for repair of the bronchiolar epithelium following injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kida
- Section of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Small proline-rich proteins (SPRR) function as SH3 domain ligands, increase resistance to injury and are associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cholangiocytes. J Hepatol 2008; 48:276-88. [PMID: 18155796 PMCID: PMC2263141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2007.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Revised: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Deficient biliary epithelial cell (BEC) expression of small proline-rich protein (SPRR) 2A in IL-6(-/-) mice is associated with defective biliary barrier function after bile duct ligation. And numerous gene array expression studies show SPRR2A to commonly be among the most highly up-regulated genes in many non-squamous, stressed and remodeling barrier epithelia. Since the function of SPRR in these circumstances is unknown, we tested the exploratory hypothesis that BEC SPRR2A expression contributes to BEC barrier function and wound repair. METHODS The effect of SPRR2A expression was studied in primary mouse BEC cultures; in a BEC cell line after forced overexpression of SPRR2A; and in human livers removed at the time of liver transplantation. RESULTS Forced SPRR2A overexpression showed that it functions as a SH3 domain ligand that increases resistance to oxidative injury and promotes wound restitution by enhancing migration and acquisition of mesenchymal characteristics. Low confluency non-neoplastic mouse BEC cultures show a phenotype similar to the stable transfectants, as did spindle-shaped BEC participating in atypical ductular reactions in primary biliary cirrhosis. CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest that SPRR2A-related BEC barrier modifications represent a novel, but widely utilized and evolutionarily conserved, response to stress that is worthy of further study.
Collapse
|
30
|
Kumar KG, Smith Richards BK. Transcriptional profiling of chromosome 17 quantitative trait Loci for carbohydrate and total calorie intake in a mouse congenic strain reveals candidate genes and pathways. JOURNAL OF NUTRIGENETICS AND NUTRIGENOMICS 2008; 1:155-71. [PMID: 19776624 DOI: 10.1159/000113657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The genetic basis for ingestive behaviors is virtually unknown. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for carbohydrate and energy intake map to mouse chromosome 17 and were previously confirmed by a congenic strain bearing CAST/Ei (CAST) donor segment on the C57BL/6J (B6) background. METHODS We used microarray technology to facilitate gene identification. Gene expression was compared between the B6.CAST-17 (BC-17) congenic and B6 strains in two diets: (1) chow, and (2) carbohydrate/protein vs. fat/protein. RESULTS Within the QTL and unique to macronutrient selection, Agpat1 (acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase 1) was differentially expressed in hypothalamus. Irrespective of diet, the gene with the highest fold difference in congenic mice was trefoil factor 3 (Tff3) in liver. Several genes involved in fat metabolism were decreased in carbohydrate-preferring congenic mice, while genes associated with carbohydrate metabolism were increased. In particular, the glyoxalase pathway was enhanced including Glo1, Glo2, and dLDH. Higher expression of Glo1 mRNA in BC-17 congenic mice corresponded to increased protein expression revealed by Western blot, and to higher GLO1 activity in blood. CONCLUSION These genes represent new candidates for nutrient intake phenotypes. We propose that increased GLO1 in the BC-17 strain supports its need to protect against dietary oxidants resulting from high carbohydrate intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Ganesh Kumar
- Division of Experimental Obesity, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, La., USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Komori A, Nakamura M, Fujiwara S, Yano K, Fujioka H, Migita K, Yatsuhashi H, Ishibashi H. Human intrahepatic biliary epithelial cell as a possible modulator of hepatic regeneration: Potential role of biliary epithelial cell for hepatic remodeling in vivo. Hepatol Res 2007; 37 Suppl 3:S438-43. [PMID: 17931199 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2007.00237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During liver regeneration, the process of hepatic wound healing, a complex cascade of inflammatory signals, recruit inflammatory cells, stimulate hepatobiliary cell proliferation, direct cell migration and induce vascularization to restore tissue integrity, irrespective of its etiology. This might also be the case in cholangiopathies, in which the initial target is the branch of the intrahepatic biliary tree; that is, primary biliary cirrhosis. Previous studies about biliary wound healing focused mainly on the inducers of compensatory biliary proliferation following bile duct insult. Nevertheless, the microenvironment around biliary wound healing responses, which in turn might affect hepatic remodeling, possibly by biliary epithelial cells themselves via paracrine manner, is still less known. METHODS In this study, we defined the humoral factors that are released from human intrahepatic biliary epithelial cell lines (HIBEC) with human cytokine array, and reviewed their relevance according to the previous published work. RESULTS Conditioned medium of HIBEC were revealed to be rich in multiple cytokines and chemokines, including ELR(+)CXC chemokines, such as interleukin-8/CXCL8, growth-related oncoprotein (GRO), epithelial neutrophil chemoattractant (ENA-78), known chemoattractants with a wide range of non-leukocytic activities. Subsequent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analyses confirmed that the secretion was commonly observed in various culture conditions and in both an apical and basolateral direction. CONCLUSIONS Considering that some of these factors had been already reported to have direct autocrine mitogenic influence on HIBEC, these findings could further strengthen an active role of HIBEC as a modulator of hepatic regeneration, through its biological reactivity on inflamed milieu.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsumasa Komori
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization (NHO) Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Nagasaki, and Department of Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sasaki M, Ikeda H, Nakanuma Y. Expression profiles of MUC mucins and trefoil factor family (TFF) peptides in the intrahepatic biliary system: physiological distribution and pathological significance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 42:61-110. [PMID: 17616258 DOI: 10.1016/j.proghi.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mucin secreted by mucosal epithelial cells plays a role in the protection of the mucosal surface and also is involved in pathological processes. So far, MUC1-4, 5AC, 5B, 6-8, 11-13 and 15-17 genes coding the backbone mucin core protein have been identified in humans. Their diverse physiological distribution and pathological alterations have been reported. Trefoil factor family (TFF) peptides are mucin-associated molecules co-expressed with MUC mucins and involved in the maintenance of mucosal barrier and the biological behavior of epithelial and carcinoma cells. Intrahepatic biliary system is a route linking the bile canaliculi and the extrahepatic bile duct for the excretion of bile synthesized by hepatocytes. Biliary epithelial cells line in the intrahepatic biliary system, secreting mucin and other molecules involved in the maintenance and regulation of the system. In this review, the latest information regarding properties, expression profiles and regulation of MUC mucins and TFF peptides in the intrahepatic biliary system is summarized. In particular, we focus on the expression profiles and their significance of MUC mucins in developmental and normal livers, various hepatobiliary diseases and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Sasaki
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Takaramachi 13-1, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Fainboim L, Cherñavsky A, Paladino N, Flores AC, Arruvito L. Cytokines and chronic liver disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2007; 18:143-57. [PMID: 17324606 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2007.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
From an immunological point of view, the healthy liver has been usually associated with the phenomenon of tolerance. A microenvironment of regulatory cytokines produced by liver Kuppfer cells and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells has contributed, together with resident dendritic cells, to generate a tolerogenic environment in this tissue. In this review we discussed the intrahepatic responses to different sorts of liver injury, such as hepatotrophic viruses, alcohol or putative self-antigens. In each case we analyzed the impact of different cytokines in the clinical outcome of the different pathological situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Fainboim
- Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, and Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Sasaki M, Ikeda H, Kataoka H, Nakanuma Y. Augmented expression of hepatocytes growth factor activator inhibitor type 1 (HAI-1) in intrahepatic small bile ducts in primary biliary cirrhosis. Virchows Arch 2006; 449:462-71. [PMID: 16941151 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-006-0257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2006] [Accepted: 06/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The repair system of damaged biliary mucosa was not fully clarified so far in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). Given that related factors of the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) such as HGF activator (HGFA) and HGFA inhibitor type 1 (HAI-1) participate in the repair of injured gastrointestinal mucosa, we investigated the involvement of the HGF/HGFA/HAI-1 system in PBC and control livers. The expression of HGFA, HAI-1, and c-Met was examined in PBC livers (n=24), diseased livers (control, n=30), and normal livers (n=15) by immunohistochemistry and semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. We examined the expression of HGFA, HAI-1, and c-Met, and the effect of HGF administration on cell proliferation and wound healing, and HAI expression in cultured mouse biliary epithelial cells (BECs). HAI-1 expression was faint in control livers, whereas it was significantly augmented in damaged small bile ducts, bile ductules, and periportal hepatocytes in PBC (p<0.05). HGFA and c-Met were homogeneously expressed in BECs in PBC and control livers. HAI-1 expression was increased at the front of wound healing and the treatment with HGF-enhanced HAI-1 expression, cell proliferation, and wound healing in cultured BECs. HGF/HGFA/HAI-1 system may participate in biliary mucosal repair as reported in gastrointestinal mucosal repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Sasaki
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Demetris AJ, Fontes P, Lunz JG, Specht S, Murase N, Marcos A. Wound healing in the biliary tree of liver allografts. Cell Transplant 2006; 15 Suppl 1:S57-65. [PMID: 16826796 DOI: 10.3727/000000006783982386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing need for liver transplantation requires evaluation and triage of organs harvested from "extended criteria" donors. Although there is currently no widely accepted definition, most would agree that "extended criteria" includes organs donated by individuals that are old (>65 years), obese, infected with HBV or HCV, non-heart beating (NHBD), or had an unstable blood pressure before harvesting or the organ experienced a long cold ischemic time. These organs carry a statistical risk of dysfunction early after transplantation, but in the majority of recipients, hepatic parenchymal function recovers. Later, however, a small but significant percentage of extended criteria donors develop biliary strictures within several months after transplantation. The strictures occur primarily because of preservation injury that leads to "ischemic cholangitis" or deep wounding of the bile duct wall. Subsequent partial wound healing and wound contraction, but failed restitution of the biliary epithelial cell (BEC) lining, result in biliary tract strictures that cause progressive biliary fibrosis, increased morbidity, and decreased organ half-life. Better understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms that lead to biliary strictures in extended criteria donors provides an ideal proving ground for regenerative medicine; it also can provide insights into other diseases, such as extrahepatic biliary atresia and primary sclerosing cholangitis, that likely share certain pathogenic mechanisms. Possible points of therapeutic intervention include limiting cold and warm ischemic times, donor and/or donor organ treatment, ex vivo, to minimize the ischemic/preservation injury, maximize blood flow after transplantation, promote BEC wound healing, and limit myofibroblasts activation and proliferation in the bile duct wall. The pathobiology of biliary wound healing and therapeutic potential of interleukin-6 (IL-6) are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Demetris
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Demetris AJ, Lunz JG, Specht S, Nozaki I. Biliary wound healing, ductular reactions, and IL-6/gp130 signaling in the development of liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:3512-22. [PMID: 16773708 PMCID: PMC4087567 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i22.3512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Basic and translational wound healing research in the biliary tree lag significantly behind similar studies on the skin and gastrointestinal tract. This is at least partly attributable to lack of easy access to the biliary tract for study. But clinical relevance, more interest in biliary epithelial cell (BEC) pathophysiology, and widespread availability of BEC cultures are factors reversing this trend. In the extra-hepatic biliary tree, ineffectual wound healing, scarring and stricture development are pressing issues. In the smallest intra-hepatic bile ducts either impaired BEC proliferation or an exuberant response can contribute to liver disease. Chronic inflammation and persistent wound healing reactions in large and small bile ducts often lead to liver cancer. General concepts of wound healing as they apply to the biliary tract, importance of cellular processes dependent on IL-6/gp130/STAT3 signaling pathways, unanswered questions, and future directions are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A-J Demetris
- The Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Pathology, Division of Transplantation, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, UPMC-Montefiore E-741, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2582, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Primary canalicular bile undergoes a process of fluidization and alkalinization along the biliary tract that is influenced by several factors including hormones, innervation/neuropeptides, and biliary constituents. The excretion of bicarbonate at both the canaliculi and the bile ducts is an important contributor to the generation of the so-called bile-salt independent flow. Bicarbonate is secreted from hepatocytes and cholangiocytes through parallel mechanisms which involve chloride efflux through activation of Cl- channels, and further bicarbonate secretion via AE2/SLC4A2-mediated Cl-/HCO3- exchange. Glucagon and secretin are two relevant hormones which seem to act very similarly in their target cells (hepatocytes for the former and cholangiocytes for the latter). These hormones interact with their specific G protein-coupled receptors, causing increases in intracellular levels of cAMP and activation of cAMP-dependent Cl- and HCO3- secretory mechanisms. Both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes appear to have cAMP-responsive intracellular vesicles in which AE2/SLC4A2 colocalizes with cell specific Cl- channels (CFTR in cholangiocytes and not yet determined in hepatocytes) and aquaporins (AQP8 in hepatocytes and AQP1 in cholangiocytes). cAMP-induced coordinated trafficking of these vesicles to either canalicular or cholangiocyte lumenal membranes and further exocytosis results in increased osmotic forces and passive movement of water with net bicarbonate-rich hydrocholeresis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús-M Banales
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, University of Navarra School of Medicine, Clinica Universitaria and CIMA, Avda. Pio XII 55, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Publications concerning liver histopathology in fatty liver disease and chronic hepatitis C, iron and copper overload, and liver transplantation from the past year have been surveyed to highlight useful concepts and diagnostic information. RECENT FINDINGS Two microscopic forms of pediatric nonalcoholic steatohepatitis have been described: type 1 in which hepatocyte ballooning and/or pericellular fibrosis accompany the steatosis; and type 2 which has portal tract inflammation and/or fibrosis as the salient accompanying feature. In chronic hepatitis C, the ductular reaction appears to be a major factor associated with fibrosis. In patients transplanted for hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis, immunostaining of post-transplant liver biopsies for alpha-smooth muscle actin (i.e. in activated hepatic stellate cells) may identify those individuals at risk for severe recurrence. Clinicopathological papers on several forms of non-HFE hemochromatosis were published and Wilson's disease was described in individuals of 60 years or more in age. Cholestasis in childhood was expertly reviewed and histopathologic precursor lesions of hepatocellular carcinoma were also examined in a comprehensive article. SUMMARY Recent publications with impact on liver biopsy interpretation include a morphologic classification of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in childhood, the differential diagnosis of childhood cholestasis and pathogenetic factors involved in fibrogenesis in chronic hepatitis C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jay H Lefkowitch
- Department of Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lunz JG, Tsuji H, Nozaki I, Murase N, Demetris AJ. An inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase, stress-induced p21Waf-1/Cip-1, mediates hepatocyte mito-inhibition during the evolution of cirrhosis. Hepatology 2005; 41:1262-71. [PMID: 15880761 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During the evolution of cirrhosis, there is a relative decrease in volume percentage of hepatocytes and a relative increase in biliary epithelial cells and myofibroblasts. This is recognized histopathologically as a ductular reaction and leads to gradual distortion of the normal hepatic architecture. The final or decompensated stage of cirrhosis is characterized by a further decline in hepatocyte proliferation and loss of functional liver mass that manifests clinically as ascites, encephalopathy, and other signs of liver failure. In this report, we tested the hypothesis that p21-mediated hepatocyte mito-inhibition accelerates the evolution of cirrhosis using an established mouse model of decompensated biliary cirrhosis, p21-deficient mice, and liver tissue from humans awaiting liver replacement. Despite the same insult of long-term (12-week) bile duct ligation, mice prone to decompensation showed significantly more oxidative stress and hepatocyte nuclear p21 expression, which resulted in less hepatocyte proliferation, an exaggerated ductular reaction, and more advanced disease compared with compensation-prone controls. Mice deficient in p21 were better able than wild-type controls to compensate for long-term bile duct ligation because of significantly greater hepatocyte proliferation, which led to a larger liver mass and less architectural distortion. Mito-inhibitory hepatocyte nuclear p21 expression in humans awaiting liver replacement directly correlated with pathological disease stage and model of end-stage liver disease scoring. In conclusion, stress-induced upregulation of hepatocyte p21 inhibits hepatocyte proliferation during the evolution of cirrhosis. These findings have implications for understanding the evolution of cirrhosis and associated carcinogenesis. Supplementary material for this article can be found on the HEPATOLOGY website (http://interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0270-9139/suppmat/index.html).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John G Lunz
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Division of Transplantation, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2582, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Nozaki I, Lunz JG, Specht S, Stolz DB, Taguchi K, Subbotin VM, Murase N, Demetris AJ. Small proline-rich proteins 2 are noncoordinately upregulated by IL-6/STAT3 signaling after bile duct ligation. J Transl Med 2005; 85:109-23. [PMID: 15558059 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Small proline-rich proteins 2 (SPRR2) are coordinately expressed with other epidermal differential complex (EDC) genes in the skin. They function as crosslinking proteins that form bridges between other proteins that comprise the cornified cell envelope, which is the major barrier against the environment. IL-6 is invariably produced at sites of biliary tract injury and IL-6-deficient (IL-6(-/-)) mice show impaired barrier function after bile duct ligation (BDL). Screening microarray analysis identified noncoordinate expression of SPRR2 as a candidate gene that is: (a) expressed in biliary epithelial cells (BEC); (b) IL-6 responsive; and (c) potentially related to biliary barrier function. Therefore, we studied in detail the regulation of BEC SPRR2A expression, in vitro; and tested the hypothesis that if BEC SPRR2 expression contributes to biliary barrier function, it should be increased after BDL in IL-6-wild type (IL-6(+/+)) mice and not in IL-6(-/-) mice. In vitro studies confirmed that IL-6/gp130-signaling, mediated primarily by signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), stimulated noncoordinate BEC SPRR2 expression. In vivo, noncoordinate upregulation of BEC SPRR2 expression after BDL was seen in the IL-6(+/+) mice and was unrelated to squamous metaplasia. IL-6(-/-) mice showed deficient BEC SPRR2 expression after BDL associated with impaired barrier function, as evidenced by smaller diameters of obstructed ducts, decreased bile volume, and an inability to form 'white bile' compared to IL-6(+/+) mice at 12 weeks after BDL. IL-6 replacement therapy reversed the barrier defect in IL-6(-/-) mice after BDL, coincident with recovery of SPRR2A expression. SPRR2 in diseased mouse and human liver localized subjacent to the apical plasma membrane of BEC lining bile ducts, but was more diffusely expressed throughout the cytoplasm of cholangioles. In conclusion, BEC IL-6/gp130/STAT3 signaling noncoordinately upregulates BEC SPRR2 that appears to contribute to modification of the biliary barrier under conditions of stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isao Nozaki
- Thomas E Starzl Transplantation Institute, Divisions of Transplantation, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|