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Solomon OD, Villarreal P, Domingo ND, Ochoa L, Vanegas D, Cardona SM, Cardona AE, Stephens R, Vargas G. Dynamic intravital imaging reveals reactive vessel-associated microglia play a protective role in cerebral malaria coagulopathy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19526. [PMID: 37945689 PMCID: PMC10636186 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43208-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular congestion and coagulopathy have been shown to play a role in human and experimental cerebral malaria (eCM), but little is known about the role of microglia, or microglia-vascular interactions and hypercoagulation during disease progression in this fatal infection. Recent studies show microglia bind to fibrinogen, a glycoprotein involved in thrombosis. An eCM model of Plasmodium chabaudi infection in mice deficient in the regulatory cytokine IL-10 manifests neuropathology, including hypercoagulation with extensive fibrin(ogen) deposition and neuroinflammation. Intravital microscopy and immunofluorescence are applied to elucidate the role of microglia in eCM. Results show microgliosis and coagulopathy occur early in disease at 3 dpi (day post-infection), and both are exacerbated as disease progresses to 7dpi. Vessel associated microglia increase significantly at 7 dpi, and the expression of the microglial chemoattractant CCL5 (RANTES) is increased versus uninfected and localized with fibrin(ogen) in vessels. PLX3397 microglia depletion resulted in rapid behavioral decline, severe hypothermia, and greater increase in vascular coagulopathy. This study suggests that microglia play a prominent role in controlling infection-initiated coagulopathy and supports a model in which microglia play a protective role in cerebral malaria by migrating to and patrolling the cerebral vasculature, potentially regulating degree of coagulation during systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia D Solomon
- The Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences Group, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Paula Villarreal
- The Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences Group, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Nadia D Domingo
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Lorenzo Ochoa
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences Group, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Difernando Vanegas
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Sandra M Cardona
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Astrid E Cardona
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Robin Stephens
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
| | - Gracie Vargas
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences Group, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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2
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Akide Ndunge OB, Kilian N, Salman MM. Cerebral Malaria and Neuronal Implications of Plasmodium Falciparum Infection: From Mechanisms to Advanced Models. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2202944. [PMID: 36300890 PMCID: PMC9798991 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Reorganization of host red blood cells by the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum enables their sequestration via attachment to the microvasculature. This artificially increases the dwelling time of the infected red blood cells within inner organs such as the brain, which can lead to cerebral malaria. Cerebral malaria is the deadliest complication patients infected with P. falciparum can experience and still remains a major public health concern despite effective antimalarial therapies. Here, the current understanding of the effect of P. falciparum cytoadherence and their secreted proteins on structural features of the human blood-brain barrier and their involvement in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria are highlighted. Advanced 2D and 3D in vitro models are further assessed to study this devastating interaction between parasite and host. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms leading to neuronal and cognitive deficits in cerebral malaria will be pivotal in devising new strategies to treat and prevent blood-brain barrier dysfunction and subsequent neurological damage in patients with cerebral malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Bate Akide Ndunge
- Department of Internal MedicineSection of Infectious DiseasesYale University School of Medicine300 Cedar StreetNew HavenCT06510USA
| | - Nicole Kilian
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, ParasitologyHeidelberg University HospitalIm Neuenheimer Feld 32469120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Mootaz M. Salman
- Department of PhysiologyAnatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3QUUK
- Kavli Institute for NanoScience DiscoveryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease CentreUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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3
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Rodríguez AM, Rodríguez J, Giambartolomei GH. Microglia at the Crossroads of Pathogen-Induced Neuroinflammation. ASN Neuro 2022; 14:17590914221104566. [PMID: 35635133 PMCID: PMC9158411 DOI: 10.1177/17590914221104566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident tissue macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). Recent findings point out that in the steady state the major role of microglia, is to instruct and regulate the correct function of the neuronal networks and different components of the neurovascular unit in the adult CNS, while providing immune surveillance. Paradoxically, during CNS infection immune activation of microglia generates an inflammatory milieu that contributes to the clearance of the pathogen but can, in the process, harm nearby cells of CNS. Most of the knowledge about the harmful effects of activated microglia on CNS has arisen from studies on neurodegenerative diseases. In this review we will focus on the beneficial role and detrimental functions of microglial cells on the neighboring cells of the CNS upon infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Rodríguez
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM). CONICET. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, 28196Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julia Rodríguez
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM). CONICET. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, 28196Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Hernán Giambartolomei
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM). CONICET. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, 28196Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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4
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Qin J, Lovelace MD, Mitchell AJ, de Koning-Ward T, Grau GE, Pai S. Perivascular macrophages create an intravascular niche for CD8 + T cell localisation prior to the onset of fatal experimental cerebral malaria. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1273. [PMID: 33854773 PMCID: PMC8026342 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The immunologic events that build up to the fatal neurological stage of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) are incompletely understood. Here, we dissect immune cell behaviour occurring in the central nervous system (CNS) when Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA)‐infected mice show only minor clinical signs. Methods A 2‐photon intravital microscopy (2P‐IVM) brain imaging model was used to study the spatiotemporal context of early immunological events in situ during ECM. Results Early in the disease course, antigen‐specific CD8+ T cells came in contact and arrested on the endothelium of post‐capillary venules. CD8+ T cells typically adhered adjacent to, or were in the near vicinity of, perivascular macrophages (PVMs) that line post‐capillary venules. Closer examination revealed that CD8+ T cells crawled along the inner vessel wall towards PVMs that lay on the abluminal side of large post‐capillary venules. ‘Activity hotspots’ in large post‐capillary venules were characterised by T‐cell localisation, activated morphology and clustering of PVM, increased abutting of post‐capillary venules by PVM and augmented monocyte accumulation. In the later stages of infection, when mice exhibited neurological signs, intravascular CD8+ T cells increased in number and changed their behaviour, actively crawling along the endothelium and displaying frequent, short‐term interactions with the inner vessel wall at hotspots. Conclusion Our study suggests an active interaction between PVM and CD8+ T cells occurs across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) in early ECM, which may be the initiating event in the inflammatory cascade leading to BBB alteration and neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael D Lovelace
- Applied Neurosciences Program Peter Duncan Neurosciences Research Unit St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research Sydney NSW Australia.,UNSW St Vincent's Clinical School Faculty of Medicine UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Andrew J Mitchell
- Materials Characterisation and Fabrication Platform Department of Chemical Engineering University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | | | - Georges Er Grau
- Vascular Immunology Unit Discipline of Pathology School of Medical Sciences University of Sydney Camperdown NSW Australia
| | - Saparna Pai
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine James Cook University Cairns QLD Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
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5
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Moreira DR, Uberti ACMG, Gomes ARQ, Ferreira MES, da Silva Barbosa A, Varela ELP, Dolabela MF, Percário S. Dexamethasone increased the survival rate in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2623. [PMID: 33514836 PMCID: PMC7846581 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82032-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of dexamethasone on the redox status, parasitemia evolution, and survival rate of Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Two-hundred and twenty-five mice were infected with Plasmodium berghei and subjected to stimulation or inhibition of NO synthesis. The stimulation of NO synthesis was performed through the administration of L-arginine, while its inhibition was made by the administration of dexamethasone. Inducible NO synthase (iNOS) inhibition by dexamethasone promoted an increase in the survival rate of P. berghei-infected mice, and the data suggested the participation of oxidative stress in the brain as a result of plasmodial infection, as well as the inhibition of brain NO synthesis, which promoted the survival rate of almost 90% of the animals until the 15th day of infection, with possible direct interference of ischemia and reperfusion syndrome, as seen by increased levels of uric acid. Inhibition of brain iNOS by dexamethasone caused a decrease in parasitemia and increased the survival rate of infected animals, suggesting that NO synthesis may stimulate a series of compensatory redox effects that, if overstimulated, may be responsible for the onset of severe forms of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Reymão Moreira
- grid.271300.70000 0001 2171 5249Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém, PA 66075-110 Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Musa Gonçalves Uberti
- grid.271300.70000 0001 2171 5249Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém, PA 66075-110 Brazil
| | - Antonio Rafael Quadros Gomes
- grid.271300.70000 0001 2171 5249Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém, PA 66075-110 Brazil
| | - Michelli Erica Souza Ferreira
- grid.411204.20000 0001 2165 7632Laboratory of Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Research, Centro de Ciências Sociais Saúde e Tecnologia – CCSST, Federal University of Maranhão, Campus Avançado - Bom Jesus, Prédio de Medicina, Av. da Universidade, S/N, Imperatriz, MA 65915-240 Brazil
| | - Aline da Silva Barbosa
- grid.271300.70000 0001 2171 5249Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém, PA 66075-110 Brazil
| | - Everton Luiz Pompeu Varela
- grid.271300.70000 0001 2171 5249Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém, PA 66075-110 Brazil
| | - Maria Fani Dolabela
- grid.271300.70000 0001 2171 5249Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém, PA 66075-110 Brazil
| | - Sandro Percário
- grid.271300.70000 0001 2171 5249Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém, PA 66075-110 Brazil
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6
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Vandermosten L, Pham TT, Knoops S, De Geest C, Lays N, Van der Molen K, Kenyon CJ, Verma M, Chapman KE, Schuit F, De Bosscher K, Opdenakker G, Van den Steen PE. Adrenal hormones mediate disease tolerance in malaria. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4525. [PMID: 30375380 PMCID: PMC6207723 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06986-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria reduces host fitness and survival by pathogen-mediated damage and inflammation. Disease tolerance mechanisms counter these negative effects without decreasing pathogen load. Here, we demonstrate that in four different mouse models of malaria, adrenal hormones confer disease tolerance and protect against early death, independently of parasitemia. Surprisingly, adrenalectomy differentially affects malaria-induced inflammation by increasing circulating cytokines and inflammation in the brain but not in the liver or lung. Furthermore, without affecting the transcription of hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes, adrenalectomy causes exhaustion of hepatic glycogen and insulin-independent lethal hypoglycemia upon infection. This hypoglycemia is not prevented by glucose administration or TNF-α neutralization. In contrast, treatment with a synthetic glucocorticoid (dexamethasone) prevents the hypoglycemia, lowers cerebral cytokine expression and increases survival rates. Overall, we conclude that in malaria, adrenal hormones do not protect against lung and liver inflammation. Instead, they prevent excessive systemic and brain inflammation and severe hypoglycemia, thereby contributing to tolerance. Disease tolerance mechanisms counter the negative effects of infection without decreasing the pathogen load. Here, the authors show that in mouse models of malaria, such disease tolerance can be conferred by adrenal hormones, by preventing excessive inflammation and hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Vandermosten
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Thao-Thy Pham
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Sofie Knoops
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Charlotte De Geest
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Natacha Lays
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Kristof Van der Molen
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Christopher J Kenyon
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Manu Verma
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Karen E Chapman
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Frans Schuit
- Gene Expression Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- Nuclear Receptor Lab, Receptor Research Laboratories, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent University, Gent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Philippe E Van den Steen
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.
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7
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Hempel C, Sporring J, Kurtzhals JAL. Experimental cerebral malaria is associated with profound loss of both glycan and protein components of the endothelial glycocalyx. FASEB J 2018; 33:2058-2071. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800657r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Casper Hempel
- Centre for Medical ParasitologyDepartment of Clinical MicrobiologyCopenhagen University HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Micro- and NanotechnologyTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
| | - Jon Sporring
- Department for Computer SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Jørgen Anders Lindholm Kurtzhals
- Centre for Medical ParasitologyDepartment of Clinical MicrobiologyCopenhagen University HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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8
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Oliveira KRHM, Kauffmann N, Leão LKR, Passos ACF, Rocha FAF, Herculano AM, do Nascimento JLM. Cerebral malaria induces electrophysiological and neurochemical impairment in mice retinal tissue: possible effect on glutathione and glutamatergic system. Malar J 2017; 16:440. [PMID: 29096633 PMCID: PMC5668953 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2083-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebral malaria (CM) is a severe complication resulting from Plasmodium falciparum infection. This condition has usually been associated with cognitive, behavioural and motor dysfunctions, being the retinopathy the most serious consequence resulting from the disease. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this complication remain incompletely understood. Several experimental models of CM have already been developed in order to clarify those mechanisms related to this syndrome. In this context, the present work has been performed to investigate which possible electrophysiological and neurochemistry alterations could be involved in the CM pathology. Methods Experimental CM was induced in Plasmodium berghei-infected male and female C57Bl/6 mice. The survival and neurological symptoms of CM were registered. Brains and retina were assayed for TNF levels and NOS2 expression. Electroretinography measurements were recorded to assessed a- and b-wave amplitudes and neurochemicals changes were evaluated by determination of glutamate and glutathione levels by HPLC. Results Susceptible C57Bl/6 mice infected with ≈ 106 parasitized red blood cells (P. berghei ANKA strain), showed a low parasitaemia, with evident clinical signs as: respiratory failure, ataxia, hemiplegia, and coma followed by animal death. In parallel to the clinical characterization of CM, the retinal electrophysiological analysis showed an intense decrease of a- and-b-wave amplitude associated to cone photoreceptor response only at the 7 days post-infection. Neurochemical results demonstrated that the disease led to a decrease in the glutathione levels with 2 days post inoculation. It was also demonstrated that the increase in the glutathione levels during the infection was followed by the increase in the 3H-glutamate uptake rate (4 and 7 days post-infection), suggesting that CM condition causes an up-regulation of the transporters systems. Furthermore, these findings also highlighted that the electrophysiological and neurochemical alterations occurs in a manner independent on the establishment of an inflammatory response, once tumour necrosis factor levels and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression were altered only in the cerebral tissue but not in the retina. Conclusions In summary, these findings indicate for the first time that CM induces neurochemical and electrophysiological impairment in the mice retinal tissue, in a TNF-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen R H M Oliveira
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia Experimental, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, R. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil.
| | - Nayara Kauffmann
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia Experimental, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, R. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Luana K R Leão
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia Experimental, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, R. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Adelaide C F Passos
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia Experimental, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, R. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Fernando A F Rocha
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia Eduardo Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Anderson M Herculano
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia Experimental, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, R. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - José L M do Nascimento
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica Molecular e Celular Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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9
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Differential modulation of glial cell mediated neuroinflammation in Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection by TGF β and IL 6. Cytokine 2017; 99:249-259. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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10
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Shrivastava SK, Dalko E, Delcroix-Genete D, Herbert F, Cazenave PA, Pied S. Uptake of parasite-derived vesicles by astrocytes and microglial phagocytosis of infected erythrocytes may drive neuroinflammation in cerebral malaria. Glia 2016; 65:75-92. [PMID: 27696532 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes and microglia are activated during cerebral malaria (CM) and contribute to the production and release of several mediators during neuroinflammatory processes. Whether these changes are the consequence of a direct crosstalk between glial cells and the malarial parasite and how these cells participate in the pathogenesis of CM is not yet clear. We therefore examined the interaction of astrocytes and microglia with Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected red blood cells using primary cell cultures derived from newborn C57BL/6 mice. We observed a dynamic transfer of vesicles from the parasite to astrocytes within minutes of contact, and the phagocytosis of infected red blood cells by microglia. Differential gene expression studies using the Affymetrix GeneChip® microarray, and quantitative PCR analyses showed the increase in expression of the set of genes belonging to the immune response network in parasite activated astrocytes and microglia. Interestingly, expression of these genes was also significantly upregulated in brains of mice dying from CM compared with uninfected mice or infected mice that did not develop the neuropathology. Accumulation of parasite-derived vesicles within astrocytes, and the phagocytosis of infected red blood cells by microglia induced a subsequent increase in interferon gamma inducible protein 10 (IP10) in both the brain and plasma of infected mice at the onset of CM, confirming a role for this molecule in CM pathogenesis. Altogether, these observations point to a possible role for glial cells in the neuropathological processes leading to CM. GLIA 2016 GLIA 2017;65:75-92.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep K Shrivastava
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Esther Dalko
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Delphine Delcroix-Genete
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Fabien Herbert
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Pierre-André Cazenave
- Unité d'Immunophysiopathologie Infectieuse, CRNS URA 1961, UPMC, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sylviane Pied
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, F-59000, France.,Unité d'Immunophysiopathologie Infectieuse, CRNS URA 1961, UPMC, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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11
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Baetas-da-Cruz W, Macedo-Silva RM, Santos-Silva A, Henriques-Pons A, Madeira MF, Corte-Real S, Cavalcante LA. Destiny and Intracellular Survival of Leishmania amazonensis in Control and Dexamethasone-treated Glial Cultures: Protozoa-specific Glycoconjugate Tagging and TUNEL Staining. J Histochem Cytochem 2016; 52:1047-55. [PMID: 15258180 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.3a6242.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania amazonensis, an obligatory intracellular parasite, survives internalization by macrophages, but no information is available on the involvement of microglia. We have investigated microglia-protozoa interactions in mixed glial cultures infected with promastigote forms of L. amazonensis after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or dexamethasone (DM) treatment. After 2 hr of exposure to parasites in control cultures, there was a small number of infected microglia (1%). Preincubation with LPS or DM led to 14% or 60% of microglial cells with attached parasites, respectively. DM treatment resulted in 39% of microglial cells with internalized parasites (controls or LPS-treated cells had ≤1%). Scanning electron micrographs showed numerous filopodia in DM-treated cells, whereas these projections were rarely observed in LPS-treated or control cells. DM treatment also affected the intramicroglial survival of Leishmania. In control cultures, internalized parasites, tagged with an anti-lipophosphoglycan (anti-LPG) antibody, showed fragmented DNA [terminal deoxyribonucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP-X nick end labeling (TUNEL+)] after 4 hr of interaction, but changes seemed slightly delayed in DM-treated cultures. After 12 hr, there were no LPG+/TUNEL+ profiles in controls, whereas rare LPG+ profiles still persisted in DM-treated cells. Our results suggest that microglia are highly effective in the elimination of Leishmania and that the process can be effectively studied by LPG/TUNEL double labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagner Baetas-da-Cruz
- Departmento de Ultra-estrutura e Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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12
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13
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Jenkins SI, Pickard MR, Khong M, Smith HL, Mann CL, Emes RD, Chari DM. Identifying the cellular targets of drug action in the central nervous system following corticosteroid therapy. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:51-63. [PMID: 24147833 PMCID: PMC3894723 DOI: 10.1021/cn400167n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticosteroid (CS) therapy is used widely in the treatment of a range of pathologies, but can delay production of myelin, the insulating sheath around central nervous system nerve fibers. The cellular targets of CS action are not fully understood, that is, "direct" action on cells involved in myelin genesis [oligodendrocytes and their progenitors the oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs)] versus "indirect" action on other neural cells. We evaluated the effects of the widely used CS dexamethasone (DEX) on purified OPCs and oligodendrocytes, employing complementary histological and transcriptional analyses. Histological assessments showed no DEX effects on OPC proliferation or oligodendrocyte genesis/maturation (key processes underpinning myelin genesis). Immunostaining and RT-PCR analyses show that both cell types express glucocorticoid receptor (GR; the target for DEX action), ruling out receptor expression as a causal factor in the lack of DEX-responsiveness. GRs function as ligand-activated transcription factors, so we simultaneously analyzed DEX-induced transcriptional responses using microarray analyses; these substantiated the histological findings, with limited gene expression changes in DEX-treated OPCs and oligodendrocytes. With identical treatment, microglial cells showed profound and global changes post-DEX addition; an unexpected finding was the identification of the transcription factor Olig1, a master regulator of myelination, as a DEX responsive gene in microglia. Our data indicate that CS-induced myelination delays are unlikely to be due to direct drug action on OPCs or oligodendrocytes, and may occur secondary to alterations in other neural cells, such as the immune component. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comparative molecular and cellular analysis of CS effects in glial cells, to investigate the targets of this major class of anti-inflammatory drugs as a basis for myelination deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart I. Jenkins
- Institute for Science
and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele University, David Weatherall building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5
5BG, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R. Pickard
- Institute for Science
and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele University, David Weatherall building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5
5BG, United Kingdom
| | - Melinda Khong
- School of Veterinary
Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Heather L. Smith
- School of Veterinary
Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Carl L.A. Mann
- Neurology Department, University Hospital of North Staffordshire NHS Trust, City General, Newcastle Road, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire ST4 6QG, United Kingdom
| | - Richard D. Emes
- School of Veterinary
Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
- Advanced Data Analysis Centre, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Divya M. Chari
- Institute for Science
and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele University, David Weatherall building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5
5BG, United Kingdom
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14
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Waknine-Grinberg JH, Even-Chen S, Avichzer J, Turjeman K, Bentura-Marciano A, Haynes RK, Weiss L, Allon N, Ovadia H, Golenser J, Barenholz Y. Glucocorticosteroids in nano-sterically stabilized liposomes are efficacious for elimination of the acute symptoms of experimental cerebral malaria. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72722. [PMID: 23991146 PMCID: PMC3753236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria is the most severe complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection, and a leading cause of death in children under the age of five in malaria-endemic areas. We report high therapeutic efficacy of a novel formulation of liposome-encapsulated water-soluble glucocorticoid prodrugs, and in particular β-methasone hemisuccinate (BMS), for treatment of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM), using the murine P. berghei ANKA model. BMS is a novel derivative of the potent steroid β-methasone, and was specially synthesized to enable remote loading into nano-sterically stabilized liposomes (nSSL), to form nSSL-BMS. The novel nano-drug, composed of nSSL remote loaded with BMS, dramatically improves drug efficacy and abolishes the high toxicity seen upon administration of free BMS. nSSL-BMS reduces ECM rates in a dose-dependent manner and creates a survival time-window, enabling administration of an antiplasmodial drug, such as artemisone. Administration of artemisone after treatment with the nSSL-BMS results in complete cure. Treatment with BMS leads to lower levels of cerebral inflammation, demonstrated by changes in cytokines, chemokines, and cell markers, as well as diminished hemorrhage and edema, correlating with reduced clinical score. Administration of the liposomal formulation results in accumulation of BMS in the brains of sick mice but not of healthy mice. This steroidal nano-drug effectively eliminates the adverse effects of the cerebral syndrome even when the treatment is started at late stages of disease, in which disruption of the blood-brain barrier has occurred and mice show clear signs of neurological impairment. Overall, sequential treatment with nSSL-BMS and artemisone may be an efficacious and well-tolerated therapy for prevention of CM, elimination of parasites, and prevention of long-term cognitive damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith H. Waknine-Grinberg
- Laboratory of Membrane and Liposome Research, Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Medical Research – Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University - Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hebrew University - Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Simcha Even-Chen
- Laboratory of Membrane and Liposome Research, Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Medical Research – Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University - Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jasmine Avichzer
- Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Keren Turjeman
- Laboratory of Membrane and Liposome Research, Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Medical Research – Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University - Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Annael Bentura-Marciano
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hebrew University - Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Richard K. Haynes
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Lola Weiss
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cancer Immunotherapy, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nahum Allon
- Laboratory of Membrane and Liposome Research, Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Medical Research – Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University - Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Haim Ovadia
- Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jacob Golenser
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hebrew University - Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yechezkel Barenholz
- Laboratory of Membrane and Liposome Research, Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Medical Research – Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University - Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail: (YB), (JG)
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15
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Alister GC, Mohd Fadzli Mustaffa K. Cytoadherence and severe malaria. Malays J Med Sci 2012; 19:5-18. [PMID: 22973133 PMCID: PMC3431742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a disease that causes enormous human morbidity and mortality. One feature of mature Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes leading to the development of severe malaria is thought to be cytoadherence and blockage of the microvasculature. Therefore, an understanding of mechanisms that mediate parasite adhesion leading to malaria pathology is needed to yield new treatments for malaria. However, to date, cytoadherence-associated pathology is still under debate. Is cytoadherence needed to develop severe malaria? This review will discuss the available information on associations of cytoadherence with the development of severe malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Craig Alister
- Department of Molecular and Biochemical
Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA
Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Khairul Mohd Fadzli Mustaffa
- Department of Molecular and Biochemical
Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA
Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Institute for Research in Molecular
Medicine, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan,
Malaysia
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16
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Geurts N, Opdenakker G, Van den Steen PE. Matrix metalloproteinases as therapeutic targets in protozoan parasitic infections. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 133:257-79. [PMID: 22138604 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are associated with processes of tissue remodeling and are expressed in all infections with protozoan parasites. We here report the status of MMP research in malaria, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis and toxoplasmosis. In all these infections, the balances between MMPs and endogenous MMP inhibitors are disturbed, mostly in favor of active proteolysis. When the infection is associated with leukocyte influx into specific organs, immunopathology and collateral tissue damage may occur. These pathologies include cerebral malaria, sleeping sickness (human African trypanosomiasis), Chagas disease (human American trypanosomiasis), leishmaniasis and toxoplasmic encephalitis in immunocompromised hosts. Destruction of the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a common denominator that may be executed by leukocytic MMPs under the control of host cytokines and chemokines as well as influenced by parasite products. Mechanisms by which parasite-derived products alter host expression of MMP and endogenous MMP inhibitors, have only been described for hemozoin (Hz) in malaria. Hence, understanding these interactions in other parasitic infections remains an important challenge. Furthermore, the involved parasites are also known to produce their own metalloproteinases, and this forms an extra stimulus to investigate MMP inhibitory drugs as therapeutics. MMP inhibitors (MMPIs) may dampen collateral tissue damage, as is anecdotically reported for tetracyclines as MMP regulators in parasite infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Geurts
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
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17
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Neuroinflammation and brain infections: historical context and current perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 66:152-73. [PMID: 20883721 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
An overview of current concepts on neuroinflammation and on the dialogue between neurons and non-neuronal cells in three important infections of the central nervous systems (rabies, cerebral malaria, and human African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness) is here presented. Large numbers of cases affected by these diseases are currently reported. In the context of an issue dedicated to Camillo Golgi, historical notes on seminal discoveries on these diseases are also presented. Neuroinflammation is currently closely associated with pathogenetic mechanisms of chronic neurodegenerative diseases. Neuroinflammatory signaling in brain infections is instead relatively neglected in the neuroscience community, despite the fact that the above infections provide paradigmatic examples of alterations of the intercellular crosstalk between neurons and non-neuronal cells. In rabies, strategies of immune evasion of the host lead to silencing neuroinflammatory signaling. In the intravascular pathology which characterizes cerebral malaria, leukocytes and Plasmodium do not enter the brain parenchyma. In sleeping sickness, leukocytes and African trypanosomes invade the brain parenchyma at an advanced stage of infection. Both the latter pathologies leave open many questions on the targeting of neuronal functions and on the pathogenetic role of non-neuronal cells, and in particular astrocytes and microglia, in these diseases. All three infections are hallmarked by very severe clinical pictures and relative sparing of neuronal structure. Multidisciplinary approaches and a concerted action of the neuroscience community are needed to shed light on intercellular crosstalk in these dreadful brain diseases. Such effort could also lead to new knowledge on non-neuronal mechanisms which determine neuronal death or survival.
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18
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Mariani MM, Kielian T. Microglia in infectious diseases of the central nervous system. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2009; 4:448-61. [PMID: 19728102 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-009-9170-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident macrophage population in the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma and, as such, are poised to provide a first line of defense against invading pathogens. Microglia are endowed with a vast repertoire of pattern recognition receptors that include such family members as Toll-like receptors and phagocytic receptors, which collectively function to sense and eliminate microbes invading the CNS parenchyma. In addition, microglial activation elicits a broad range of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that are involved in the recruitment and subsequent activation of peripheral immune cells infiltrating the infected CNS. Studies from several laboratories have demonstrated the ability of microglia to sense and respond to a wide variety of pathogens capable of colonizing the CNS including bacterial, viral, and fungal species. This review will highlight the role of microglia in microbial recognition and the resultant antipathogen response that ensues in an attempt to clear these infections. Implications as to whether microglial activation is uniformly beneficial to the CNS or in some circumstances may exacerbate pathology will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M Mariani
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900, USA
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19
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MHC class II expression by beta2 integrin (CD18)-positive microglia, macrophages and macrophage-like cells in rabbit retina. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 4:285-94. [PMID: 19575844 DOI: 10.1017/s1740925x0999007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the developmental expression of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) by microglia and macrophages and their relationship to blood vessels in the retina, a representative tissue of the central nervous system. Such information is crucial to understanding the role of these cells in immune surveillance. Wholemount preparations of retinas from late embryonic, postnatal and adult rabbits were subjected to three-colour fluorescence microscopy using beta2 integrin (CD18) and MHCII antibodies and biotinylated Griffonia simplicifolia B4 isolectin labelling of blood vessels. CD18+ cells consistently exhibited characteristics of macrophages or microglia in the vascularized and non-vascularized regions of the retina, respectively. At all ages, MHCII was expressed by a high proportion of cells in the vascularized region, which contained macrophage-like 'parenchymal cells' as well as typical perivascular macrophages. MHCII expression by ramified microglia, first detected on postnatal day 30, was lower in the peripheral retina and intermediate in the avascular region of the myelinated streak. The observed localization of MHCII+ cells in relation to blood vessels and location-dependent differences in MHCII expression point to the possibility that these cells may be distributed strategically within the retina to provide multiple lines of defence against immune challenge arriving via the retinal vasculature.
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20
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Lackner P, Part A, Burger C, Dietmann A, Broessner G, Helbok R, Reindl M, Schmutzhard E, Beer R. Glatiramer acetate reduces the risk for experimental cerebral malaria: a pilot study. Malar J 2009; 8:36. [PMID: 19250545 PMCID: PMC2651188 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-8-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebral malaria (CM) is associated with high mortality and morbidity caused by a high rate of transient or persistent neurological sequelae. Studies on immunomodulatory and neuroprotective drugs as ancillary treatment in murine CM indicate promising potential. The current study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of glatiramer acetate (GA), an immunomodulatory drug approved for the treatment of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis, in preventing the death of C57Bl/6J mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Methods and Results GA treatment led to a statistically significant lower risk for developing CM (57.7% versus 84.6%) in treated animals. The drug had no effect on the course of parasitaemia. The mechanism of action seems to be an immunomodulatory effect since lower IFN-gamma levels were observed in treated animals in the early course of the disease (day 4 post-infection) which also led to a lower number of brain sequestered leukocytes in treated animals. No direct neuro-protective effect such as an inhibition of apoptosis or reduction of micro-bleedings in the brain was found. Conclusion These findings support the important role of the host immune response in the pathophysiology of murine CM and might lead to the development of new adjunctive treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lackner
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
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21
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Desruisseaux MS, Gulinello M, Smith DN, Lee SC, Tsuji M, Weiss LM, Spray DC, Tanowitz HB. Cognitive dysfunction in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei strain ANKA. J Infect Dis 2008; 197:1621-7. [PMID: 18419550 DOI: 10.1086/587908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria complicated by cognitive sequelae is a major cause of morbidity in humans infected with Plasmodium falciparum. To model cognitive function after malaria, we created a rodent model of cerebral malaria by infecting C57BL/6 mice with Plasmodium berghei strain ANKA. After 7 days, an object-recognition test of working memory revealed a significant impairment in the visual memory of infected mice. This impairment was observed in the absence of confounding effects of infection. The cognitive dysfunction correlated with hemorrhage and inflammation. Furthermore, microglial activity and morphological changes detected throughout the brains of infected mice were absent from the brains of control mice, and this correlated with the measured cognitive defects. Similar testing methods in human studies could help identify subjects at risk for an adverse cognitive outcome. This murine model should facilitate the study of adjunctive methods to ameliorate adverse neurological outcomes in cerebral malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahalia S Desruisseaux
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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22
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Predominance of interferon-related responses in the brain during murine malaria, as identified by microarray analysis. Infect Immun 2008; 76:1812-24. [PMID: 18299338 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01650-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) can be a fatal manifestation of Plasmodium falciparum infection. We examined global gene expression patterns during fatal murine CM (FMCM) and noncerebral malaria (NCM) by microarray analysis. There was differential expression of a number of genes, including some not yet characterized in the pathogenesis of FMCM. Some gene induction was observed during Plasmodium berghei infection regardless of the development of CM, and there was a predominance of genes linked to interferon responses, even in NCM. However, upon real-time PCR validation and quantitation, these genes were much more highly expressed in FMCM than in NCM. The observed changes included genes belonging to pathways such as interferon signaling, major histocompatibility complex processing and presentation, apoptosis, and immunomodulatory and antimicrobial processes. We further characterized differentially expressed genes by examining the cellular source of their expression as well as their temporal expression patterns during the course of malaria infection. These data identify a number of novel genes that represent interesting candidates for further investigation in FMCM.
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23
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Finney CA, Liles WC, Kain KC. Severe malaria and host response: time for a paradigm shift in therapeutic strategies to improve clinical outcome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmec.2008.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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24
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Szklarczyk A, Stins M, Milward EA, Ryu H, Fitzsimmons C, Sullivan D, Conant K. Glial activation and matrix metalloproteinase release in cerebral malaria. J Neurovirol 2007; 13:2-10. [PMID: 17454443 DOI: 10.1080/13550280701258084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although neurological symptoms associated with cerebral malaria (CM) are largely reversible, recent studies suggest that lasting neurological sequelae can occur. This may be especially true for children, in whom persistent deficits include problems with memory and attention. Because the malaria parasite is not thought to enter the brain parenchyma, lasting deficits are likely related to factors including the host response to disease. Studies with a rodent model, and with human postmortem tissue, suggest that glial activation occurs with CM. In this review, the authors will highlight studies focused on such activation in CM. Likely causes will be discussed, which include ischemia and activation of blood brain barrier endothelial cells. The potential consequences of glial activation will also be discussed, highlighting the possibility that glial-derived proteinases contribute to structural damage of the central nervous system (CNS). Of note, for the purposes of this focused review, glial activation will refer to the activation of astrocytes and microglial cells; discussion of oligodendroglial cells will not be included. In addition, although events thought to be critical to the pathogenesis of CM and glial activation will be covered, a comprehensive review of cerebral malaria will not be presented. Excellent reviews are already available, including Coltel et al (2004; Curr Neurovasc Res 1: 91-110), Medana and Turner (2006; Int J Parasitol 36: 555-568), and Hunt et al (2006; Int J Parasitol 36: 569-582).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Szklarczyk
- Departments of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
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25
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Parekh SB, Bubb WA, Hunt NH, Rae C. Brain metabolic markers reflect susceptibility status in cytokine gene knockout mice with murine cerebral malaria. Int J Parasitol 2006; 36:1409-18. [PMID: 16934816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2006] [Revised: 07/13/2006] [Accepted: 07/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of cerebral malaria, a complication of the world's most significant parasitic disease, remains problematic due to lack of understanding of its pathogenesis. Metabolic changes, along with cytokine expression alterations and blood cell sequestration in the brain, have previously been reported during severe disease in human infection and mouse models leading to the "cytopathic hypoxia" and "sequestration" theories of pathogenesis. Here, to determine the robustness of the metabolic changes and their relationship to disease development, we investigated changes in cerebral metabolic markers in a mouse model of cerebral malaria (CM) in wildtype (C57BL/6) and cytokine knockout (TNF(-/-), IFNgamma(-/-) and LTalpha(-/-)) mice using multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Mice susceptible to CM (wildtype, TNF(-/-)) showed decreased cerebral glucose use, decreased Krebs cycle metabolism and decreased high-energy phosphates. Conversely, mice resistant to CM (IFNgamma(-/-), LTalpha(-/-)) showed little sign of these effects, despite identical levels of parasitemia. Previously reported changes in lactate were shown to be strain dependent. Elevated glutamine and decreased phosphorylation potential emerged as robust metabolic markers of susceptibility, further implicating the trytophan/NAD(+) pathway in disease development. Thus these metabolic changes are firmly linked both to the immune system response to malaria and to the occurrence of pathogenic changes in experimental CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapan B Parekh
- Discipline of Pathology, Institute for Biomedical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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26
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Lackner P, Beer R, Heussler V, Goebel G, Rudzki D, Helbok R, Tannich E, Schmutzhard E. Behavioural and histopathological alterations in mice with cerebral malaria. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2006; 32:177-88. [PMID: 16599946 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2006.00706.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Different features of sensorimotor function and behaviour were studied in murine cerebral malaria (CM) and malaria without cerebral involvement (non-CM) applying the primary screen of the SHIRPA protocol. Histopathological analysis of distinct brain regions was performed and the relative size of haemorrhages and plugging of blood cells to brain vasculature was analysed. Animals suffering from CM develop a wide range of behavioural and functional alterations in the progressive course of the disease with a statistically significant impairment in all functional categories assessed 36 h prior to death when compared with control animals. Early functional indicators of cerebral phenotype are impairments in reflex and sensory system and in neuropsychiatric state. Deterioration in function is paralleled by the degree of histopathological changes with a statistically significant correlation between the SHIRPA score of CM animals and the mean size of brain haemorrhage. Furthermore, image analysis yielded that the relative area of the brain lesions was significantly larger in the forebrain and brainstem compared with the other regions of interest. Our results indicate that assessment of sensory and motor tasks by the SHIRPA primary screen is appropriate for the early in vivo discrimination of cerebral involvement in experimental murine malaria. Our findings also suggest a correlation between the degree of functional impairment and the size of the brain lesions as indicated by parenchymal haemorrhage. Applying the SHIRPA protocol in the functional characterization of animals suffering from CM might prove useful in the preclinical assessment of new antimalarial and potential neuroprotective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lackner
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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27
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Rock RB, Gekker G, Hu S, Sheng WS, Cheeran M, Lokensgard JR, Peterson PK. Role of microglia in central nervous system infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004; 17:942-64, table of contents. [PMID: 15489356 PMCID: PMC523558 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.17.4.942-964.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 493] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The nature of microglia fascinated many prominent researchers in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and in a classic treatise in 1932, Pio del Rio-Hortega formulated a number of concepts regarding the function of these resident macrophages of the brain parenchyma that remain relevant to this day. However, a renaissance of interest in microglia occurred toward the end of the 20th century, fueled by the recognition of their role in neuropathogenesis of infectious agents, such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1, and by what appears to be their participation in other neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disorders. During the same period, insights into the physiological and pathological properties of microglia were gained from in vivo and in vitro studies of neurotropic viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, and prions, which are reviewed in this article. New concepts that have emerged from these studies include the importance of cytokines and chemokines produced by activated microglia in neurodegenerative and neuroprotective processes and the elegant but astonishingly complex interactions between microglia, astrocytes, lymphocytes, and neurons that underlie these processes. It is proposed that an enhanced understanding of microglia will yield improved therapies of central nervous system infections, since such therapies are, by and large, sorely needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bryan Rock
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, and University of Minnesota Medical School, USA
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28
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Adams S, Brown H, Turner G. Breaking down the blood-brain barrier: signaling a path to cerebral malaria? Trends Parasitol 2002; 18:360-6. [PMID: 12377286 DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4922(02)02353-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria is a major killer in the developing world, but we still know very little about the causes of this disease. How does Plasmodium falciparum cause such a devastating neurological disease while it is in the brain vasculature? Why do some patients die, whereas others survive? What processes contribute to disease in the brain, and can we reverse them? Here, the latest evidence from post-mortem, in vitro and animal studies is reviewed to highlight the role of blood-brain barrier breakdown in cerebral malaria. Blood-brain barrier integrity is disturbed during severe malaria, causing leakage of cerebral vessels. Understanding how this happens and how it contributes to the pathogenesis of coma may provide new opportunities for the treatment of cerebral malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Adams
- Malaria Research Group, Nuffield Dept of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Oxford Wellcome Centre for Tropical and Infectious Diseases, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK OX3 9DU
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Sugishita H, Kuwabara Y, Toku K, Doi L, Yang L, Mitoma J, Furuya S, Hirabayashi Y, Maeda N, Sakanaka M, Tanaka J. L-Serine regulates the activities of microglial cells that express very low level of 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase, an enzyme for L-Serine biosynthesis. J Neurosci Res 2001; 64:392-401. [PMID: 11340646 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.1090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are well known to become activated during various kinds of neuropathological events. The factors that are responsible for the activation, however, are not fully determined. In the present study, L-Ser was shown to enhance production of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated cultured rat microglial cells. L-Ser, however, did not enhance the expression of mRNAs encoding inducible NO synthase, IL-6 and TNF alpha. On the other hand, astrocytes did not depend on L-Ser for release of IL-6 and TNF alpha. The expression of an enzyme 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (3PGDH), which is essential for L-Ser biosynthesis from a glycolytic intermediate 3-phosphoglycerate, was investigated. As revealed by Western blotting and immunocytochemical staining, 3PGDH-protein expression in vitro was the highest in astrocytes, intermediate in neurons and the lowest in microglial cells. Semiquantitative RT-PCR showed that microglial cells expressed 3PGDH-mRNA at a lower level than astrocytes. In frozen sections from rat forebrain, only astrocytes were immunoreactive for 3PGDH. The present study suggested that L-Ser is able to modulate microglial function mainly at the translation level because microglial cells cannot synthesize sufficient amount of L-Ser due to the scarce expression of 3PGDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sugishita
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shigenobu, Ehime, Japan
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van der Heyde HC, Bauer P, Sun G, Chang WL, Yin L, Fuseler J, Granger DN. Assessing vascular permeability during experimental cerebral malaria by a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody technique. Infect Immun 2001; 69:3460-5. [PMID: 11292776 PMCID: PMC98312 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.5.3460-3465.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial integrity, assessed by Evans blue dye extrusion and radiolabeled monoclonal antibody leakage, was markedly compromised in the brain, lung, kidney, and heart during Plasmodium berghei infection, a well-recognized model for human cerebral malaria. The results for vascular permeability from both methods were significantly (P < 0.001) related.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C van der Heyde
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130, USA.
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Medana IM, Chaudhri G, Chan-Ling T, Hunt NH. Central nervous system in cerebral malaria: 'Innocent bystander' or active participant in the induction of immunopathology? Immunol Cell Biol 2001; 79:101-20. [PMID: 11264703 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1711.2001.00995.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a major life-threatening complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection in humans, responsible for up to 2 million deaths annually. The mechanisms underlying the fatal cerebral complications are still not fully understood. Many theories exist on the aetiology of human CM. The sequestration hypo-thesis suggests that adherence of parasitized erythrocytes to the cerebral vasculature leads to obstruction of the microcirculation, anoxia or metabolic disturbances affecting brain function, resulting in coma. This mechanism alone seems insufficient to explain all the known features of CM. In this review we focus on another major school of thought, that CM is the result of an over-vigorous immune response originally evolved for the protection of the host. Evidence in support of this second hypothesis comes from studies in murine malaria models in which T cells, monocytes, adhesion molecules and cytokines, have been implicated in the development of the cerebral complications. Recent studies of human CM also indicate a role for the immune system in the neurological complications. However, it is likely that multiple mechanisms are involved in the induction of cerebral complications and both the presence of parasitized erythrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) and immunopathological processes contribute to the pathogenesis of CM. Most studies examining immunopathological responses in CM have focused on reactions occurring primarily in the systemic circulation. However, these also do not fully account for the development of cerebral complications in CM. In this review we summarize results from human and mouse studies that demonstrate morphological and functional changes in the resident glial cells of the CNS. The degree of immune activation and degeneration of glial cells was shown to reflect the extent of neurological complications in murine cerebral malaria. From these results we highlight the need to consider the potentially important contribution within the CNS of glia and their secreted products, such as cytokines, in the development of human CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Medana
- Departments of Pathology and Anatomy/Histology, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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