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Rizzolio S, Giordano S, Corso S. The importance of being CAFs (in cancer resistance to targeted therapies). J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:319. [PMID: 36324182 PMCID: PMC9632140 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02524-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, clinical oncology has been revolutionized by the advent of targeted drugs. However, the efficacy of these therapies is significantly limited by primary and acquired resistance, that relies not only on cell-autonomous mechanisms but also on tumor microenvironment cues. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are extremely plastic cells of the tumor microenvironment. They not only produce extracellular matrix components that build up the structure of tumor stroma, but they also release growth factors, chemokines, exosomes, and metabolites that affect all tumor properties, including response to drug treatment. The contribution of CAFs to tumor progression has been deeply investigated and reviewed in several works. However, their role in resistance to anticancer therapies, and in particular to molecular therapies, has been largely overlooked. This review specifically dissects the role of CAFs in driving resistance to targeted therapies and discusses novel CAF targeted therapeutic strategies to improve patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Giordano
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Simona Corso
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy.
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
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2
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Zhu Y, Yu F, Tan Y, Yuan H, Hu F. Strategies of targeting pathological stroma for enhanced antitumor therapies. Pharmacol Res 2019; 148:104401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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3
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Apicella M, Giannoni E, Fiore S, Ferrari KJ, Fernández-Pérez D, Isella C, Granchi C, Minutolo F, Sottile A, Comoglio PM, Medico E, Pietrantonio F, Volante M, Pasini D, Chiarugi P, Giordano S, Corso S. Increased Lactate Secretion by Cancer Cells Sustains Non-cell-autonomous Adaptive Resistance to MET and EGFR Targeted Therapies. Cell Metab 2018; 28:848-865.e6. [PMID: 30174307 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The microenvironment influences cancer drug response and sustains resistance to therapies targeting receptor-tyrosine kinases. However, if and how the tumor microenvironment can be altered during treatment, contributing to resistance onset, is not known. We show that, under prolonged treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), EGFR- or MET-addicted cancer cells displayed a metabolic shift toward increased glycolysis and lactate production. We identified secreted lactate as the key molecule instructing cancer-associated fibroblasts to produce hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in a nuclear factor κB-dependent manner. Increased HGF, activating MET-dependent signaling in cancer cells, sustained resistance to TKIs. Functional or pharmacological targeting of molecules involved in the lactate axis abrogated in vivo resistance, demonstrating the crucial role of this metabolite in the adaptive process. This adaptive resistance mechanism was observed in lung cancer patients progressed on EGFR TKIs, demonstrating the clinical relevance of our findings and opening novel scenarios in the challenge to drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Apicella
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, Torino, Candiolo 10060, Italy
| | - Elisa Giannoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Stephany Fiore
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, Torino, Candiolo 10060, Italy; University of Torino, Department of Oncology, 10060, Torino, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Karin Johanna Ferrari
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Isella
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, Torino, Candiolo 10060, Italy
| | | | | | - Antonino Sottile
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, Torino, Candiolo 10060, Italy
| | - Paolo Maria Comoglio
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, Torino, Candiolo 10060, Italy
| | - Enzo Medico
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, Torino, Candiolo 10060, Italy; University of Torino, Department of Oncology, 10060, Torino, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Filippo Pietrantonio
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Volante
- University of Torino, Department of Oncology, 10060, Torino, Candiolo, Italy; Pathology Unit, San Luigi Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Diego Pasini
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy; Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Chiarugi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy; Tuscany Tumor Institute and "Center for Research, Transfer and High Education DenoTHE", 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Giordano
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, Torino, Candiolo 10060, Italy; University of Torino, Department of Oncology, 10060, Torino, Candiolo, Italy.
| | - Simona Corso
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, Torino, Candiolo 10060, Italy; University of Torino, Department of Oncology, 10060, Torino, Candiolo, Italy.
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Liao S, Bouta EM, Morris LM, Jones D, Jain RK, Padera TP. Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and CD11b +Gr1 + Cells Impair Lymphatic Contraction of Tumor-Draining Lymphatic Vessels. Lymphat Res Biol 2018; 17:294-300. [PMID: 30358484 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2018.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Metastatic tumor cells spread through lymphatic vessels and colonize draining lymph nodes (LNs). It is known that tumors induce lymphangiogenesis to enhance lymphatic metastasis and that metastatic cancer cells are carried by lymph flow to LNs. Methods and Results: Here, we investigated the molecular and cellular regulation of collecting lymphatic vessel contraction in vessels draining a metastatic tumor using intravital microscopy. In tumor-draining collecting lymphatic vessels, we found vessel contraction was suppressed. The infiltration of peritumor tissue by inducible nitric oxide synthase positive and CD11b+Gr1+ myeloid cells played a critical role in the suppression of lymphatic contraction. Depletion of Gr1+ cells with an anti-Gr1 antibody improved contraction of tumor-draining lymphatic vessels. In addition, inducing tumor cell death restored lymphatic contraction in nude mice. Conclusions: These findings indicate that tumors contribute to regulation of lymphatic transport in a reversible manner, warranting further investigation into the role of impaired lymphatic transport in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liao
- 1 Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Echoe M Bouta
- 1 Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Linda M Morris
- 1 Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dennis Jones
- 1 Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rakesh K Jain
- 1 Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy P Padera
- 1 Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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5
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Role of Transglutaminase 2 in Migration of Tumor Cells and How Mouse Models Fit. Med Sci (Basel) 2018; 6:medsci6030070. [PMID: 30200219 PMCID: PMC6164270 DOI: 10.3390/medsci6030070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A search for the "magic bullet", a molecule, the targeting abilities of which could stop the migration of tumor cells, is currently underway, but remains in the early stages. There are still many unknowns regarding the cell migration. The main approach is the employment of mouse models, that are sources of valuable information, but still cannot answer all of the questions. One of the molecules of interest is Transglutaminase 2 (TG2). It is a well-described molecule involved in numerous pathways and elevated in metastatic tumors. The question remains whether mice and humans can give the same answer considering TG2.
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Hida K, Maishi N, Annan DA, Hida Y. Contribution of Tumor Endothelial Cells in Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051272. [PMID: 29695087 PMCID: PMC5983794 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor progression depends on the process of angiogenesis, which is the formation of new blood vessels. These newly formed blood vessels supply oxygen and nutrients to the tumor, supporting its progression and providing a gateway for tumor metastasis. Tumor angiogenesis is regulated by the balance between angiogenic activators and inhibitors within the tumor microenvironment. Because the newly formed tumor blood vessels originate from preexisting normal vessels, tumor blood vessels, and tumor endothelial cells (TECs) have historically been considered to be the same as normal blood vessels and endothelial cells; however, evidence of TECs’ distinctive abnormal phenotypes has increased. In addition, it has been revealed that TECs constitute a heterogeneous population. Thus, TECs that line tumor blood vessels are important targets in cancer therapy. We have previously reported that TECs induce cancer metastasis. In this review, we describe recent studies on TEC abnormalities related to cancer progression to provide insight into new anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Hida
- Vascular Biology, Frontier Research Unit, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan.
| | - Nako Maishi
- Vascular Biology, Frontier Research Unit, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan.
| | - Dorcas A Annan
- Vascular Biology, Frontier Research Unit, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Hida
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan.
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7
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Tan W, Zakka LR, Gao L, Wang J, Zhou F, Selig MK, Anvari R, Sukanthanag A, Wang G, Mihm MC, Nelson JS. Pathological alterations involve the entire skin physiological milieu in infantile and early-childhood port-wine stain. Br J Dermatol 2017; 177:293-296. [PMID: 27639180 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W Tan
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92617, U.S.A
| | - L R Zakka
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, U.S.A
| | - L Gao
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92617, U.S.A.,Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - J Wang
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92617, U.S.A.,The Third Xiangya Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 412000, China
| | - F Zhou
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92617, U.S.A.,The Third Xiangya Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 412000, China
| | - M K Selig
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, U.S.A
| | - R Anvari
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92617, U.S.A
| | - A Sukanthanag
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92617, U.S.A
| | - G Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92617, U.S.A
| | - M C Mihm
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, U.S.A
| | - J S Nelson
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92617, U.S.A.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92617, U.S.A
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8
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Hida K, Maishi N, Sakurai Y, Hida Y, Harashima H. Heterogeneity of tumor endothelial cells and drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 99:140-147. [PMID: 26626622 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
To date anti-angiogenic therapy has been used for cancer therapy widely, yielding promising results. However, it has been elucidated that current anti-angiogenic drug has several issues to be solved, such as side-effects and drug resistance. It has been reported that tumor endothelial cells (TECs) differ from normal counterparts. In addition, it was shown that the TECs are heterogeneous according to the malignancy status of tumor. The development of novel strategy for targeting tumor vasculature is required. Recently, we have developed an active targeting system, which targets TECs specifically. In this review, we will discuss how TECs in tumor vasculature are heterogeneous and offer new perspectives on a drug delivery system, which can target heterogeneous tumor blood vessels from a viewpoint of personalized medicine.
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9
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Tumor angiogenesis--characteristics of tumor endothelial cells. Int J Clin Oncol 2016; 21:206-212. [PMID: 26879652 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-016-0957-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumor blood vessels provide nutrition and oxygen to the tumor, resulting in tumor progression. They also act as gatekeepers, inducing tumor metastasis. Thus, targeting tumor blood vessels is an important strategy in cancer therapy. Tumor endothelial cells (TECs), which line the inner layer of blood vessels of the tumor stromal tissue, are the main targets of anti-angiogenic therapy. Because new tumor blood vessels generally sprout from pre-existing vasculature, they have been considered to be the same as normal blood vessels. However, tumor blood vessels demonstrate a markedly abnormal phenotype that includes several important morphological changes. The degree of angiogenesis is determined by the balance between the angiogenic stimulators and inhibitors released by the tumor and host cells. Recent studies have revealed that TECs also exhibit altered characteristics which depend on the tumor microenvironment. Here, we review recent studies on TEC abnormalities and heterogeneity with respect to tumor progression and consider their therapeutic implications.
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10
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Peluso MO, Campbell VT, Harari JA, Tibbitts TT, Proctor JL, Whitebread N, Conley JM, White KF, Kutok JL, Read MA, McGovern K, Faia KL. Impact of the Smoothened inhibitor, IPI-926, on smoothened ciliary localization and Hedgehog pathway activity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90534. [PMID: 24608250 PMCID: PMC3946503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A requisite step for canonical Hedgehog (Hh) pathway activation by Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) ligand is accumulation of Smoothened (Smo) to the primary cilium (PC). Activation of the Hh pathway has been implicated in a broad range of cancers, and several Smo antagonists are being assessed clinically, one of which is approved for the treatment of advanced basal cell carcinoma. Recent reports demonstrate that various Smo antagonists differentially impact Smo localization to the PC while still exerting inhibitory activity. In contrast to other synthetic small molecule Smo antagonists, the natural product cyclopamine binds to and promotes ciliary accumulation of Smo and “primes” cells for Hh pathway hyper-responsiveness after compound withdrawal. We compared the properties of IPI-926, a semi-synthetic cyclopamine analog, to cyclopamine with regard to potency, ciliary Smo accumulation, and Hh pathway activity after compound withdrawal. Like cyclopamine, IPI-926 promoted accumulation of Smo to the PC. However, in contrast to cyclopamine, IPI-926 treatment did not prime cells for hyper-responsiveness to Shh stimulation after compound withdrawal, but instead demonstrated continuous inhibition of signaling. By comparing the levels of drug-induced ciliary Smo accumulation with the degree of Hh pathway activity after compound withdrawal, we propose that a critical threshold of ciliary Smo is necessary for “priming” activity to occur. This “priming” appears achievable with cyclopamine, but not IPI-926, and is cell-line dependent. Additionally, IPI-926 activity was evaluated in a murine tumor xenograft model and a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship was examined to assess for in vivo evidence of Hh pathway hyper-responsiveness. Plasma concentrations of IPI-926 correlated with the degree and duration of Hh pathway suppression, and pathway activity did not exceed baseline levels out to 96 hours post dose. The overall findings suggest that IPI-926 possesses unique biophysical and pharmacological properties that result in Hh pathway inhibition in a manner that differentiates it from cyclopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa O. Peluso
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Veronica T. Campbell
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joseph A. Harari
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thomas T. Tibbitts
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Proctor
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nigel Whitebread
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James M. Conley
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kerry F. White
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeffery L. Kutok
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Margaret A. Read
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Karen McGovern
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kerrie L. Faia
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor/diphtheria toxin receptor in normal and neoplastic hematopoiesis. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:1180-1201. [PMID: 23888518 PMCID: PMC3717776 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5061180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) belongs to the EGF family of growth factors. It is biologically active either as a molecule anchored to the membrane or as a soluble form released by proteolytic cleavage of the extracellular domain. HB-EGF is involved in relevant physiological and pathological processes spanning from proliferation and apoptosis to morphogenesis. We outline here the main activities of HB-EGF in connection with normal or neoplastic differentiative or proliferative events taking place primitively in the hematopoietic microenvironment.
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12
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Abstract
The vascular endothelium is a dynamic cellular "organ" that controls passage of nutrients into tissues, maintains the flow of blood, and regulates the trafficking of leukocytes. In tumors, factors such as hypoxia and chronic growth factor stimulation result in endothelial dysfunction. For example, tumor blood vessels have irregular diameters; they are fragile, leaky, and blood flow is abnormal. There is now good evidence that these abnormalities in the tumor endothelium contribute to tumor growth and metastasis. Thus, determining the biological basis underlying these abnormalities is critical for understanding the pathophysiology of tumor progression and facilitating the design and delivery of effective antiangiogenic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Dudley
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA; and McAllister Heart Institute, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
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13
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Duyverman AMMJ, Steller EJA, Fukumura D, Jain RK, Duda DG. Studying primary tumor-associated fibroblast involvement in cancer metastasis in mice. Nat Protoc 2012; 7:756-62. [PMID: 22441294 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2012.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stromal cells have been studied extensively in the primary tumor microenvironment. In addition, mesenchymal stromal cells may participate in several steps of the metastatic cascade. Studying this interaction requires methods to distinguish and target stromal cells originating from the primary tumor versus their counterparts in the metastatic site. Here we illustrate a model of human tumor stromal cell-mouse cancer cell coimplantation. This model can be used to selectively deplete human stromal cells (using diphtheria toxin, DT) without affecting mouse cancer cells or host-derived stromal cells. Establishment of novel genetic models (e.g., transgenic expression of the DT receptor in specific cells) may eventually allow analogous models using syngeneic cells. Studying the role of stromal cells in metastasis using the model outlined above may take 8 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annique M M J Duyverman
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory for Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Heterogeneity of tumor endothelial cells: comparison between tumor endothelial cells isolated from high- and low-metastatic tumors. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 180:1294-1307. [PMID: 22245217 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An important concept in tumor angiogenesis is that tumor endothelial cells (TECs) are genetically normal and homogeneous. However, we previously reported that TECs differ from normal ECs. Whether the characteristics of TECs derived from different tumors differ remains unknown. To elucidate this, in this study, we isolated two types of TECs from high-metastatic (HM) and low-metastatic (LM) tumors and compared their characteristics. HM tumor-derived TECs (HM-TECs) showed higher proliferative activity and invasive activity than LM tumor-derived TECs (LM-TECs). Moreover, the mRNA expression levels of pro-angiogenic genes, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors 1 and 2, VEGF, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, were higher in HM-TECs than in LM-TECs. The tumor blood vessels themselves and the surrounding area in HM tumors were exposed to hypoxia. Furthermore, HM-TECs showed higher mRNA expression levels of the stemness-related gene stem cell antigen and the mesenchymal marker CD90 compared with LM-TECs. HM-TECs were spheroid, with a smoother surface and higher circularity in the stem cell spheroid assay. HM-TECs differentiated into osteogenic cells, expressing activated alkaline phosphatase in an osteogenic medium at a higher rate than either LM-TECs or normal ECs. Furthermore, HM-TECs contained more aneuploid cells than LM-TECs. These results indicate that TECs from HM tumors have a more pro-angiogenic phenotype than those from LM tumors.
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15
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Muraki C, Ohga N, Hida Y, Nishihara H, Kato Y, Tsuchiya K, Matsuda K, Totsuka Y, Shindoh M, Hida K. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition causes antiangiogenic effects on tumor endothelial and vascular progenitor cells. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:59-70. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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HuR keeps an angiogenic switch on by stabilising mRNA of VEGF and COX-2 in tumour endothelium. Br J Cancer 2011; 104:819-29. [PMID: 21285980 PMCID: PMC3048211 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tumour stromal cells differ from its normal counterpart. We have shown that tumour endothelial cells (TECs) isolated from tumour tissues are also abnormal. Furthermore, we found that mRNAs of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were upregulated in TECs. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A and COX-2 are angiogenic factors and their mRNAs contain an AU-rich element (ARE). AU-rich element-containing mRNAs are reportedly stabilised by Hu antigen R (HuR), which is exported to the cytoplasm. Methods: Normal endothelial cell (NEC) and two types of TECs were isolated. We evaluated the correlation of HuR and accumulation of VEGF-A and COX-2 mRNAs in TECs and effects of HuR on biological phenotypes of TECs. Results: The HuR protein was accumulated in the cytoplasm of TECs, but not in NECs. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A and COX-2 mRNA levels decreased due to HuR knockdown and it was shown that these ARE-mRNA were bound to HuR in TECs. Furthermore, HuR knockdown inhibited cell survival, random motility, tube formation, and Akt phosphorylation in TECs. Conclusion: Hu antigen R is associated with the upregulation of VEGF-A and COX-2 mRNA in TECs, and has an important role in keeping an angiogenic switch on, through activating angiogenic phenotype in tumour endothelium.
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Malignant cells facilitate lung metastasis by bringing their own soil. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:21677-82. [PMID: 21098274 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1016234107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic cancer cells (seeds) preferentially grow in the secondary sites with a permissive microenvironment (soil). We show that the metastatic cells can bring their own soil--stromal components including activated fibroblasts--from the primary site to the lungs. By analyzing the efferent blood from tumors, we found that viability of circulating metastatic cancer cells is higher if they are incorporated in heterotypic tumor-stroma cell fragments. Moreover, we show that these cotraveling stromal cells provide an early growth advantage to the accompanying metastatic cancer cells in the lungs. Consistent with this hypothesis, we demonstrate that partial depletion of the carcinoma-associated fibroblasts, which spontaneously spread to the lung tissue along with metastatic cancer cells, significantly decreases the number of metastases and extends survival after primary tumor resection. Finally, we show that the brain metastases from lung carcinoma and other carcinomas in patients contain carcinoma-associated fibroblasts, in contrast to primary brain tumors or normal brain tissue. Demonstration of the direct involvement of primary tumor stroma in metastasis has important conceptual and clinical implications for the colonization step in tumor progression.
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Hida K, Ohga N, Hida Y, Shindoh M. Significance of anti-angiogenic therapy in head and neck cancer—Heterogeneity of tumor endothelium. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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19
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Akino T, Hida K, Hida Y, Tsuchiya K, Freedman D, Muraki C, Ohga N, Matsuda K, Akiyama K, Harabayashi T, Shinohara N, Nonomura K, Klagsbrun M, Shindoh M. Cytogenetic abnormalities of tumor-associated endothelial cells in human malignant tumors. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 175:2657-67. [PMID: 19875502 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.090202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Tumor blood vessels are thought to contain genetically normal and stable endothelial cells (ECs), unlike tumor cells, which typically display genetic instability. Yet, chromosomal aberration in human tumor-associated ECs (hTECs) in carcinoma has not yet been investigated. Here we isolated TECs from 20 human renal cell carcinomas and analyzed their cytogenetic abnormalities. The degree of aneuploidy was analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization using chromosome 7 and chromosome 8 DNA probes in isolated hTECs. In human renal cell carcinomas, 22-58% (median, 33%) of uncultured hTECs were aneuploid, whereas normal ECs were diploid. The mechanisms governing TEC aneuploidy were then studied using mouse TECs (mTECs) isolated from xenografts of human epithelial tumors. To investigate the contribution of progenitor cells to aneuploidy in mTECs, CD133(+) and CD133(-) mTECs were compared for aneuploidy. CD133(+) mTECs showed aneuploidy more frequently than CD133(-) mTECs. This is the first report showing cytogenetic abnormality of hTECs in carcinoma, contrary to traditional belief. Cytogenetic alterations in tumor vessels of carcinoma therefore can occur and may play a significant role in modifying tumor- stromal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoshige Akino
- Division of Oral Pathobiological Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
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20
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Ohga N, Hida K, Hida Y, Muraki C, Tsuchiya K, Matsuda K, Ohiro Y, Totsuka Y, Shindoh M. Inhibitory effects of epigallocatechin-3 gallate, a polyphenol in green tea, on tumor-associated endothelial cells and endothelial progenitor cells. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:1963-70. [PMID: 19650861 PMCID: PMC11159695 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01255.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The polyphenol epigallocatechin-3 gallate (EGCG) in green tea suppresses tumor growth by direct action on tumor cells and by inhibition of angiogenesis, but it is not known whether it specifically inhibits tumor angiogenesis. We examined the anti-angiogenic effect of EGCG on tumor-associated endothelial cells (TEC), endothelial progenitor cells (EPC), and normal endothelial cells (NEC). EGCG suppressed the migration of TEC and EPC but not NEC. EGCG also inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt in TEC but not in NEC. Furthermore, vascular endothelial growth factor-induced mobilization of EPC into circulation was inhibited by EGCG. MMP-9 in the bone marrow plasma plays key roles in EPC mobilization into circulation. We observed that expression of MMP-9 mRNA was downregulated by EGCG in mouse bone marrow stromal cells. In an in vivo model, EGCG suppressed growth of melanoma and reduced microvessel density. Our study showed that EGCG has selective anti-angiogenic effects on TEC and EPC. It is suggested that EGCG could be a promising angiogenesis inhibitor for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Ohga
- Department of Oral Pathology and Biology, Division of Oral Pathological Science, University of Hokkaido, Sapporo, Japan
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21
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Vakoc BJ, Lanning RM, Tyrrell JA, Padera TP, Bartlett LA, Stylianopoulos T, Munn LL, Tearney GJ, Fukumura D, Jain RK, Bouma BE. Three-dimensional microscopy of the tumor microenvironment in vivo using optical frequency domain imaging. Nat Med 2009; 15:1219-23. [PMID: 19749772 DOI: 10.1038/nm.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 479] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Intravital multiphoton microscopy has provided powerful mechanistic insights into health and disease and has become a common instrument in the modern biological laboratory. The requisite high numerical aperture and exogenous contrast agents that enable multiphoton microscopy, however, limit the ability to investigate substantial tissue volumes or to probe dynamic changes repeatedly over prolonged periods. Here we introduce optical frequency domain imaging (OFDI) as an intravital microscopy that circumvents the technical limitations of multiphoton microscopy and, as a result, provides unprecedented access to previously unexplored, crucial aspects of tissue biology. Using unique OFDI-based approaches and entirely intrinsic mechanisms of contrast, we present rapid and repeated measurements of tumor angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, tissue viability and both vascular and cellular responses to therapy, thereby demonstrating the potential of OFDI to facilitate the exploration of physiological and pathological processes and the evaluation of treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Vakoc
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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22
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Dudley AC, Shih SC, Cliffe AR, Hida K, Klagsbrun M. Attenuated p53 activation in tumour-associated stromal cells accompanies decreased sensitivity to etoposide and vincristine. Br J Cancer 2008; 99:118-25. [PMID: 18594537 PMCID: PMC2453010 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the tumour suppressor p53 have been reported in tumour-associated stromal cells; however, the consequence of these alterations has not been elucidated. We investigated p53 status and responses to p53-activating drugs using tumour-associated stromal cells from A375 melanoma and PC3 prostate carcinoma xenografts, and a spontaneous prostate tumour model (TRAMP). p53 accumulation after treatment with different p53-activating drugs was diminished in tumour-associated stromal cells compared to normal stromal cells. Tumour-associated stromal cells were also less sensitive to p53-activating drugs - this effect could be reproduced in normal stromal cells by p53 knockdown. Unlike normal stromal cells, tumour stromal cells failed to arrest in G(2) after etoposide treatment, failed to upregulate p53-inducible genes, and failed to undergo apoptosis after treatment with vincristine. The lower levels of p53 in tumour stromal cells accompanied abnormal karyotypes and multiple centrosomes. Impaired p53 function in tumour stroma might be related to genomic instability and could enable stromal cell survival in the destabilising tumour microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Dudley
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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23
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Hida K, Hida Y, Shindoh M. Understanding tumor endothelial cell abnormalities to develop ideal anti-angiogenic therapies. Cancer Sci 2008; 99:459-66. [PMID: 18167133 PMCID: PMC11159852 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00704.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor angiogenesis is necessary for solid tumor progression and metastasis. Tumor blood vessels have been shown to differ from their normal counterparts, for example, by changes in morphology. An important concept in tumor angiogenesis is that tumor endothelial cells are assumed to be genetically normal, even though these endothelial cells are structurally and functionally abnormal. To date, many anti-angiogenic drugs have been developed, but, their therapeutic efficacy is not dramatic and they have also been reported to cause toxic side effects. To develop ideal antiangiogenic therapies, understanding tumor endothelial cell abnormalities is important. We have isolated tumor endothelial cells from mouse tumor xenografts and have shown that tumor-associated endothelial cells are abnormal. Tumor-associated endothelial cells upregulate many genes, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Tumor-associated endothelial cells are also more sensitive to EGF. They also have relatively large, heterogeneous nuclei. Unexpectedly, tumor endothelial cells are cytogenetically abnormal. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis showed that freshly isolated uncultured tumor endothelial cells were aneuploid and had abnormal multiple centrosomes. The degree of aneuploidy was exacerbated by passage in culture. In marked contrast, freshly isolated normal skin and adipose endothelial cells were diploid. They had normal centrosomes and remained cytogenetically stable in culture even up to 20 passages. We conclude that tumor endothelial cells can acquire cytogenetic abnormalities while in the tumor microenvironment. Questions as to whether or not tumor endothelial cells become resistant to antiangiogenic drugs are thus raised. Our preliminary data show that tumor endothelial cells are more resistant to certain chemotherapeutic drugs. Studies to evaluate the mechanism for cytogenetic abnormalities in tumor endothelial cells are underway. It is becoming quite clear that the tumor vasculature is much more complex and unpredictable than initially perceived. Here, we provide an overview of the current studies on tumor endothelial cell abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Hida
- Department of Oral Pathology and Biology, Division of Oral Pathobiological Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School, N13 W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan.
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24
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Charalambous C, Virrey J, Kardosh A, Jabbour MN, Qazi-Abdullah L, Pen L, Zidovetzki R, Schönthal AH, Chen TC, Hofman FM. Glioma-associated endothelial cells show evidence of replicative senescence. Exp Cell Res 2007; 313:1192-202. [PMID: 17291495 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2006] [Revised: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The innately programmed process of replicative senescence has been studied extensively with respect to cancer, but primarily from the perspective of tumor cells overcoming this stringent innate barrier and acquiring the capacity for unlimited proliferation. In this study, we focus on the potential role of replicative senescence affecting the non-transformed endothelial cells of the blood vessels within the tumor microenvironment. Based on the well-documented aberrant structural and functional features of blood vessels within solid tumors, we hypothesized that tumor-derived factors may lead to premature replicative senescence in tumor-associated brain endothelial cells (TuBEC). We show here that glioma tissue, but not normal brain tissue, contains cells that express the signature of replicative senescence, senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-beta-gal), on CD31-positive endothelial cells. Primary cultures of human TuBEC stain for SA-beta-gal and exhibit characteristics of replicative senescence, including increased levels of the cell cycle inhibitors p21 and p27, increased resistance to cytotoxic drugs, increased growth factor production, and inability to proliferate. These data provide the first demonstration that tumor-derived brain endothelial cells may have reached an end-stage of differentiation known as replicative senescence and underscore the need for anti-angiogenic therapies to target this unique tumor-associated endothelial cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana Charalambous
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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25
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Amin DN, Hida K, Bielenberg DR, Klagsbrun M. Tumor Endothelial Cells Express Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) but not ErbB3 and Are Responsive to EGF and to EGFR Kinase Inhibitors. Cancer Res 2006; 66:2173-80. [PMID: 16489018 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor family members are expressed by tumor cells and contribute to tumor progression. The expression and activity of EGF receptors in endothelial cells are less well characterized. Analysis of tumor-derived endothelial cells showed that they express EGFR, ErbB2, and ErbB4, whereas their normal counterparts express ErbB2, ErbB3, and ErbB4. The gain in expression of EGFR and the loss of ErbB3 expression in tumor vasculature was also observed in vivo. As a consequence of their expressing EGFR, tumor endothelial cells responded to EGF and other EGF family members by activating both EGFR and ErbB2, by activating the downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, and by enhanced proliferation. On the other hand, normal endothelial cells did not respond to EGF but instead were responsive to neuregulin (NRG), a ligand for ErbB3 and ErbB4. NRG activated ErbB3 in normal endothelial cells and inhibited growth of these cells. In contrast, tumor endothelial cells, which do not express ErbB3, were not growth inhibited by NRG. Furthermore, due to their expression of EGFR, tumor endothelial cells, unlike normal endothelial cells, are direct targets for EGFR kinase inhibitors. These low-molecular-weight compounds block EGF-induced EGFR activation and proliferation of tumor endothelial cells. These results suggest that a gain of EGF-induced endothelial cell proliferation, and loss of NRG-induced growth inhibition in tumor endothelial cells constitutes a switch that promotes tumor angiogenesis. In addition, these results suggest that EGFR kinase inhibitors may be effective for antiangiogenesis therapy by specifically targeting the tumor, but not the normal, vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhara N Amin
- Vascular Biology Program, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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26
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Padera TP, Stoll BR, Tooredman JB, Capen D, di Tomaso E, Jain RK. Pathology: cancer cells compress intratumour vessels. Nature 2004; 427:695. [PMID: 14973470 DOI: 10.1038/427695a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 555] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The delivery of therapeutic drugs to solid tumours may be impaired by structural and functional abnormalities in blood and lymphatic vessels. Here we provide evidence that proliferating cancer cells cause intratumour vessels to compress and collapse. By reducing this compressive mechanical force and opening vessels, cytotoxic cancer treatments have the potential to increase blood perfusion, thereby improving drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Padera
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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27
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Morikawa S, Baluk P, Kaidoh T, Haskell A, Jain RK, McDonald DM. Abnormalities in pericytes on blood vessels and endothelial sprouts in tumors. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2002; 160:985-1000. [PMID: 11891196 PMCID: PMC1867175 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64920-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 711] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2001] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells of tumor vessels have well-documented alterations, but it is less clear whether pericytes on these vessels are abnormal or even absent. Here we report that alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) and desmin-immunoreactive pericytes were present on >97% of blood vessels viewed by confocal microscopy in 100-microm-thick sections of three different spontaneous or implanted tumors in mice. However, the cells had multiple abnormalities. Unlike pericytes on capillaries in normal pancreatic islets, which had desmin but not alpha-SMA immunoreactivity, pericytes on capillary-size vessels in insulinomas in RIP-Tag2 transgenic mice expressed both desmin and alpha-SMA. Furthermore, pericytes in RIP-Tag2 tumors, as well as those in MCa-IV breast carcinomas and Lewis lung carcinomas, had an abnormally loose association with endothelial cells and extended cytoplasmic processes deep into the tumor tissue. alpha-SMA-positive pericytes also covered 73% of endothelial sprouts in RIP-Tag2 tumors and 92% of sprouts in the other tumors. Indeed, pericyte sleeves were significantly longer than the CD31-immunoreactive endothelial cell sprouts themselves in all three types of tumors. All three tumors also contained alpha-SMA-positive myofibroblasts that resembled pericytes but were not associated with blood vessels. We conclude that pericytes are present on most tumor vessels but have multiple abnormalities, including altered expression of marker proteins. In contrast to some previous studies, the almost ubiquitous presence of pericytes on tumor vessels found in the present study may be attributed to our use of both desmin and alpha-SMA as markers and 100-microm-thick tissue sections. The association of pericytes with endothelial sprouts raises the possibility of an involvement in sprout growth or retraction in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunichi Morikawa
- Department of Anatomy and Cardiovascular Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0130, USA
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28
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Reactive Oxygen-induced Carcinogenesis Causes Hypermethylation of p16Ink4a and Activation of MAP Kinase. Mol Med 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03401997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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29
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Arbiser JL, Petros J, Klafter R, Govindajaran B, McLaughlin ER, Brown LF, Cohen C, Moses M, Kilroy S, Arnold RS, Lambeth JD. Reactive oxygen generated by Nox1 triggers the angiogenic switch. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:715-20. [PMID: 11805326 PMCID: PMC117371 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.022630199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The reactive oxygen-generating enzyme Nox1 transforms NIH 3T3 cells, rendering them highly tumorigenic and, as shown herein, also increases tumorigenicity of DU-145 prostate epithelial cells. Although Nox1 modestly stimulates cell division in both fibroblasts and epithelial cells, an increased mitogenic rate alone did not account fully for the marked tumorigenicity. Herein, we show that Nox1 is a potent trigger of the angiogenic switch, increasing the vascularity of tumors and inducing molecular markers of angiogenesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA becomes markedly up-regulated by Nox1 both in cultured cells and in tumors, and VEGF receptors (VEGFR1 and VEGFR2) are highly induced in vascular cells in Nox1-expressing tumors. Matrix metalloproteinase activity, another marker of the angiogenic switch, also is induced by Nox1. Nox1 induction of VEGF is eliminated by coexpression of catalase, indicating that hydrogen peroxide signals part of the switch to the angiogenic phenotype.
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MESH Headings
- 3T3 Cells
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Endothelial Growth Factors/genetics
- In Situ Hybridization
- Lymphokines/genetics
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinases/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases/genetics
- NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases/metabolism
- NADPH Oxidase 1
- Neoplasms, Experimental/blood supply
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic
- Phenotype
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/biosynthesis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/biosynthesis
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Receptors, Growth Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
- Up-Regulation
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack L Arbiser
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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30
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Arbiser JL, Yeung R, Weiss SW, Arbiser ZK, Amin MB, Cohen C, Frank D, Mahajan S, Herron GS, Yang J, Onda H, Zhang HB, Bai X, Uhlmann E, Loehr A, Northrup H, Au P, Davis I, Fisher DE, Gutmann DH. The generation and characterization of a cell line derived from a sporadic renal angiomyolipoma: use of telomerase to obtain stable populations of cells from benign neoplasms. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2001; 159:483-91. [PMID: 11485907 PMCID: PMC1850536 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)61720-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Angiomyolipomas are benign tumors of the kidney derived from putative perivascular epithelioid cells, that may undergo differentiation into cells with features of melanocytes, smooth muscle, and fat. To gain further insight into angiomyolipomas, we have generated the first human angiomyolipoma cell line by sequential introduction of SV40 large T antigen and human telomerase into human angiomyolipoma cells. These cells show phenotypic characteristics of angiomyolipomas, namely differentiation markers of smooth muscle (smooth muscle actin), adipose tissue (peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor gamma, PPARgamma), and melanocytes (microophthalmia, MITF), thus demonstrating that a single cell type can exhibit all of these phenotypes. These cells should serve as a valuable tool to elucidate signal transduction pathways underlying renal angiomyolipomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Arbiser
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1639 Pierce Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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