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Li Y, Jiang C, Zhu W, Lu S, Yu H, Meng L. Exploring therapeutic targets for molecular therapy of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Sci Prog 2024; 107:368504241247402. [PMID: 38651330 PMCID: PMC11036936 DOI: 10.1177/00368504241247402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic and progressive interstitial lung disease with a poor prognosis. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by repeated alveolar epithelial damage leading to abnormal repair. The intercellular microenvironment is disturbed, leading to continuous activation of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, deposition of extracellular matrix, and ultimately fibrosis. Moreover, pulmonary fibrosis was also found as a COVID-19 complication. Currently, two drugs, pirfenidone and nintedanib, are approved for clinical therapy worldwide. However, they can merely slow the disease's progression rather than rescue it. These two drugs have other limitations, such as lack of efficacy, adverse effects, and poor pharmacokinetics. Consequently, a growing number of molecular therapies have been actively developed. Treatment options for IPF are becoming increasingly available. This article reviews the research platform, including cell and animal models involved in molecular therapy studies of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis as well as the promising therapeutic targets and their development progress during clinical trials. The former includes patient case/control studies, cell models, and animal models. The latter includes transforming growth factor-beta, vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, lysophosphatidic acid, interleukin-13, Rho-associated coiled-coil forming protein kinase family, and Janus kinases/signal transducers and activators of transcription pathway. We mainly focused on the therapeutic targets that have not only entered clinical trials but were publicly published with their clinical outcomes. Moreover, this work provides an outlook on some promising targets for further validation of their possibilities to cure the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- National Regional Children's Medical Center (Northwest), Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine to Pediatric Diseases of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Children's Health and Diseases, Shaanxi Institute for Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- First Department of Respiratory Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine (IMTM), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Congshan Jiang
- National Regional Children's Medical Center (Northwest), Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine to Pediatric Diseases of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Children's Health and Diseases, Shaanxi Institute for Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhua Zhu
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine (IMTM), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shemin Lu
- National Regional Children's Medical Center (Northwest), Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine to Pediatric Diseases of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Children's Health and Diseases, Shaanxi Institute for Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine (IMTM), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongchuan Yu
- First Department of Respiratory Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Liesu Meng
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine (IMTM), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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Diwan R, Bhatt HN, Beaven E, Nurunnabi M. Emerging delivery approaches for targeted pulmonary fibrosis treatment. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 204:115147. [PMID: 38065244 PMCID: PMC10787600 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/01/2024]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a progressive, and life-threatening interstitial lung disease which causes scarring in the lung parenchyma and thereby affects architecture and functioning of lung. It is an irreversible damage to lung functioning which is related to epithelial cell injury, immense accumulation of immune cells and inflammatory cytokines, and irregular recruitment of extracellular matrix. The inflammatory cytokines trigger the differentiation of fibroblasts into activated fibroblasts, also known as myofibroblasts, which further increase the production and deposition of collagen at the injury sites in the lung. Despite the significant morbidity and mortality associated with PF, there is no available treatment that efficiently and effectively treats the disease by reversing their underlying pathologies. In recent years, many therapeutic regimens, for instance, rho kinase inhibitors, Smad signaling pathway inhibitors, p38, BCL-xL/ BCL-2 and JNK pathway inhibitors, have been found to be potent and effective in treating PF, in preclinical stages. However, due to non-selectivity and non-specificity, the therapeutic molecules also result in toxicity mediated severe side effects. Hence, this review demonstrates recent advances on PF pathology, mechanism and targets related to PF, development of various drug delivery systems based on small molecules, RNAs, oligonucleotides, peptides, antibodies, exosomes, and stem cells for the treatment of PF and the progress of various therapeutic treatments in clinical trials to advance PF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimpy Diwan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States
| | - Himanshu N Bhatt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States
| | - Elfa Beaven
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States
| | - Md Nurunnabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States; The Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States.
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Islam R, Singh R. Curcumin and PCI-34051 combined treatment ameliorates inflammation and fibrosis by affecting MAP kinase pathway. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:3063-3079. [PMID: 37934384 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01371-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bronchoconstriction, along with inflammation and hyperresponsiveness is the characteristic feature associated with asthma, contributing to variable airflow obstruction, which manifests shortness of breath, cough and wheeze, etc. Histone deacetylases 8 (HDAC8) is the member of class I HDAC family and known to regulate microtubule integrity and muscle contraction. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effects of HDAC8 inhibition in murine model of asthma using Pan-HDAC inhibitor curcumin (CUR) and HDAC8-specific inhibitor PCI-34051 (PCI), alone and in combination. MATERIALS AND METHODS To develop asthmatic mouse model, Balb/c mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA). CUR (10 mg/kg, pre, post, alone and combined treatment) and PCI (0.5 mg/kg), were administered through intranasal (i.n) route, an hour before OVA aerosol challenge. Effects of HDAC8 inhibition by CUR and PCI pretreatments were evaluated in terms of inflammation, oxidative stress and fibrosis markers. Efficacy of curcumin post-treatment (CUR(p)) was also evaluated simultaneously. RESULTS Inflammatory cell recruitment, oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide), histamine and Immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels and expression of fibrosis markers including hydroxyproline, matrix metalloproteinases-9 and alpha smooth muscle actin (MMP-9 and α-SMA) were significantly reduced by CUR, CUR(p), PCI-alone and combined treatments. Protein expressions of HDAC8, Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) accompanied by MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases) were significantly reduced by the treatments. Structural alterations were examined by histopathological analysis and linked with the fibrotic changes. CONCLUSIONS Present study indicates protective effects of HDAC8 inhibition in asthma using HDAC8 using CUR and PCI alone or in combination, attenuates airway inflammation, fibrosis and remodeling; hence, bronchoconstriction was accompanied through modulation of MAP kinase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiya Islam
- Department of Zoology, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Rashmi Singh
- Department of Zoology, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Fließer E, Lins T, Berg JL, Kolb M, Kwapiszewska G. The endothelium in lung fibrosis: a core signaling hub in disease pathogenesis? Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C2-C16. [PMID: 37184232 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00097.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a progressive chronic lung disease characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) and structural destruction, associated with a severe 5-year mortality rate. The onset of the disease is thought to be triggered by chronic damage to the alveolar epithelium. Since the pulmonary endothelium is an important component of the alveolar-capillary niche, it is also affected by the initial injury. In addition to ensuring proper gas exchange, the endothelium has critical functional properties, including regulation of vascular tone, inflammatory responses, coagulation, and maintenance of vascular homeostasis and integrity. Recent single-cell analyses have shown that shifts in endothelial cell (EC) subtypes occur in PF. Furthermore, the increased vascular remodeling associated with PF leads to deteriorated outcomes for patients, underscoring the importance of the vascular bed in PF. To date, the causes and consequences of endothelial and vascular involvement in lung fibrosis are poorly understood. Therefore, it is of great importance to investigate the involvement of EC and the vascular system in the pathogenesis of the disease. In this review, we will outline the current knowledge on the role of the pulmonary vasculature in PF, in terms of abnormal cellular interactions, hyperinflammation, vascular barrier disorders, and an altered basement membrane composition. Finally, we will summarize recent advances in extensive therapeutic research and discuss the significant value of novel therapies targeting the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Fließer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Lins
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes Lorenz Berg
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Kolb
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Research Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Grazyna Kwapiszewska
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute for Lung Health, Member of the German Lung Center (DZL), Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
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Kumari S, Singh R. Protective effects of intranasal curcumin on silica-induced lung damage. Cytokine 2022; 157:155949. [PMID: 35764024 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Being anti-inflammatory and an antioxidant in nature, curcumin has been studied for its anti-asthmatic effects, but its impact on silicosis has not been investigated before. It is a form of occupational lung illness caused by inhaling crystalline silica. It is particularly common among those who work in construction-related sectors. Therefore, present study has been undertaken to investigate impact of intranasal curcumin on silica induced lung damage in mice model of silicosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice model of silicosis was developed by intranasal silica instillation (2.5 mg/mice) for different durations mainly 7, 14 and 21 days, where the longest duration of silica exposure (21 days) mimics chronic occupational exposure of silica dust leading to silicosis. Curcumin (5 mg/kg,i.n) and /or dexamethasone, a known corticosteroid (10 mg/kg,i.p) was administered an hour prior to silica administration. RESULTS Present study revealed silica induced lung damage in the mice model of silicosis characterized by airway inflammation, collagen deposition and enhanced expression of fibrosis markers (MMP-9, α-SMA, Hydroxyproline), which were significantly reduced in curcumin treatment groups. Inhibitory effects of curcumin were compared with standard drug, dexamethasone, a corticosteroid and was found better in protecting structural alterations in the lung. Damaged and abnormal mitochondria (enlarged and irregular shapes) were observed in silicosis group which were reduced in curcumin and dexamethasone treatment groups as revealed in transmission electron microscopic studies. CONCLUSIONS Present study shows protective effects of intranasal curcumin on silica-induced airway inflammation and structural changes thereby lung damage. Hence, it can be considered as an alternative and complementary medication for silicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Kumari
- Department of Zoology, MMV Unit, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Rashmi Singh
- Department of Zoology, MMV Unit, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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Saleh KS, Hewawasam R, Šerbedžija P, Blomberg R, Noreldeen SE, Edelman B, Smith BJ, Riches DWH, Magin CM. Engineering Hybrid-Hydrogels Comprised of Healthy or Diseased Decellularized Extracellular Matrix to Study Pulmonary Fibrosis. Cell Mol Bioeng 2022; 15:505-519. [PMID: 36444345 PMCID: PMC9700547 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-022-00726-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic disease characterized by progressive lung scarring that inhibits gas exchange. Evidence suggests fibroblast-matrix interactions are a prominent driver of disease. However, available preclinical models limit our ability to study these interactions. We present a technique for synthesizing phototunable poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based hybrid-hydrogels comprising healthy or fibrotic decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) to decouple mechanical properties from composition and elucidate their roles in fibroblast activation. Here, we engineered and characterized phototunable hybrid-hydrogels using molecular techniques such as ninhydrin and Ellman's assays to assess dECM functionalization, and parallel-plate rheology to measure hydrogel mechanical properties. These biomaterials were employed to investigate the activation of fibroblasts from dual-transgenic Col1a1-GFP and αSMA-RFP reporter mice in response to changes in composition and mechanical properties. We show that reacting functionalized dECM from healthy or bleomycin-injured mouse lungs with PEG alpha-methacrylate (αMA) in an off-stoichiometry Michael-addition reaction created soft hydrogels mimicking a healthy lung elastic modulus (4.99 ± 0.98 kPa). Photoinitiated stiffening increased the material modulus to fibrotic values (11.48 ± 1.80 kPa). Percent activation of primary murine fibroblasts expressing Col1a1 and αSMA increased by approximately 40% following dynamic stiffening of both healthy and bleomycin hybrid-hydrogels. There were no significant differences between fibroblast activation on stiffened healthy versus stiffened bleomycin-injured hybrid-hydrogels. Phototunable hybrid-hydrogels provide an important platform for probing cell-matrix interactions and developing a deeper understanding of fibrotic activation in pulmonary fibrosis. Our results suggest that mechanical properties are a more significant contributor to fibroblast activation than biochemical composition within the scope of the hybrid-hydrogel platform evaluated in this study. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12195-022-00726-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamiel S. Saleh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado, Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, 2115 N Scranton Street, Suite 3010, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Rukshika Hewawasam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado, Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, 2115 N Scranton Street, Suite 3010, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Predrag Šerbedžija
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado, Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, 2115 N Scranton Street, Suite 3010, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Rachel Blomberg
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado, Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, 2115 N Scranton Street, Suite 3010, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Saif E. Noreldeen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado, Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, 2115 N Scranton Street, Suite 3010, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Benjamin Edelman
- Program in Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO USA
| | - Bradford J. Smith
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado, Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, 2115 N Scranton Street, Suite 3010, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - David W. H. Riches
- Program in Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
- Department of Research, Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Aurora, CO USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Chelsea M. Magin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado, Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, 2115 N Scranton Street, Suite 3010, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
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Li R, Jia Y, Kong X, Nie Y, Deng Y, Liu Y. Novel drug delivery systems and disease models for pulmonary fibrosis. J Control Release 2022; 348:95-114. [PMID: 35636615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a serious and progressive lung disease which is possibly life-threatening. It causes lung scarring and affects lung functions including epithelial cell injury, massive recruitment of immune cells and abnormal accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM). There is currently no cure for PF. Treatment for PF is aimed at slowing the course of the disease and relieving symptoms. Pirfenidone (PFD) and nintedanib (NDNB) are currently the only two FDA-approved oral medicines to slow down the progress of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a specific type of PF. Novel drug delivery systems and therapies have been developed to improve the prognosis of the disease, as well as reduce or minimize the toxicities during drug treatment. The drug delivery routes for these therapies are various including oral, intravenous, nasal, inhalant, intratracheal and transdermal; although this is dependent on specific treatment mechanisms. In addition, researchers have also expanded current animal models that could not fully restore the clinicopathology, and developed a series of in vitro models such as organoids to study the pathogenesis and treatment of PF. This review describes recent advances on pathogenesis exploration, classifies and specifies the progress of drug delivery systems by their delivery routes, as well as an overview on the in vitro and in vivo models for PF research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yizhen Jia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiaohan Kong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yichu Nie
- Clinical Research Institute, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Yang Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
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Pelizzo G, Silvestro S, Avanzini MA, Zuccotti G, Mazzon E, Calcaterra V. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for the Treatment of Interstitial Lung Disease in Children: A Look from Pediatric and Pediatric Surgeon Viewpoints. Cells 2021; 10:3270. [PMID: 34943779 PMCID: PMC8699409 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been proposed as a potential therapy to treat congenital and acquired lung diseases. Due to their tissue-regenerative, anti-fibrotic, and immunomodulatory properties, MSCs combined with other therapy or alone could be considered as a new approach for repair and regeneration of the lung during disease progression and/or after post- surgical injury. Children interstitial lung disease (chILD) represent highly heterogeneous rare respiratory diseases, with a wild range of age of onset and disease expression. The chILD is characterized by inflammatory and fibrotic changes of the pulmonary parenchyma, leading to gas exchange impairment and chronic respiratory failure associated with high morbidity and mortality. The therapeutic strategy is mainly based on the use of corticosteroids, hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, and supportive care; however, the efficacy is variable, and their long-term use is associated with severe toxicity. The role of MSCs as treatment has been proposed in clinical and pre-clinical studies. In this narrative review, we report on the currently available on MSCs treatment as therapeutical strategy in chILD. The progress into the therapy of respiratory disease in children is mandatory to ameliorate the prognosis and to prevent the progression in adult age. Cell therapy may be a future therapy from both a pediatric and pediatric surgeon's point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Pelizzo
- Pediatric Surgery Department, Children’s Hospital “Vittore Buzzi”, 20154 Milano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences-L. Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy;
| | - Serena Silvestro
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (S.S.); (E.M.)
| | - Maria Antonietta Avanzini
- Cell Factory, Pediatric Hematology Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences-L. Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital “Vittore Buzzi”, 20154 Milano, Italy;
| | - Emanuela Mazzon
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (S.S.); (E.M.)
| | - Valeria Calcaterra
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital “Vittore Buzzi”, 20154 Milano, Italy;
- Pediatrics and Adolescentology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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9
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Islam R, Dash D, Singh R. Intranasal curcumin and sodium butyrate modulates airway inflammation and fibrosis via HDAC inhibition in allergic asthma. Cytokine 2021; 149:155720. [PMID: 34634654 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Asthma being an inflammatory disease of the airways lead to structural alterations in lungs which often results in the severity of the disease. Curcumin, diferuloylmethane, is well known for its medicinal properties but its anti-inflammatory potential via Histone deacetylase inhibition (HDACi) has not been revealed yet. Therefore, we have explored here, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic potential of intranasal curcumin via HDAC inhibition and compared its potential with Sodium butyrate (SoB), a known histone deacetylase inhibitor of Class I and II series. Anti-inflammatory potential of SoB, has been investigated in cancer but not been studied in asthma before. MATERIALS AND METHODS In present study, ovalbumin (OVA) was used to sensitize Balb/c mice and later exposed to (1%) OVA aerosol. Curcumin (5 mg/kg) and Sodium butyrate (50 mg/kg) was administered through intranasal route an hour before OVA aerosol challenge. Efficacies of SoB and Curcumin as HDAC inhibitors were evaluated in terms of different inflammatory parameters like, total inflammatory cell count, reactive oxygen species (ROS), histamine release, nitric oxide and serum IgE levels. Inflammatory cell recruitment was analyzed by H&E staining and structural alterations were revealed by Masson's Trichrome staining of lung sections. RESULTS Enhanced Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 and 9 (MMP-2 and MMP-9) activities were observed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of asthmatic mice by gelatin zymography which was inhibited in both treatment groups. Protein expressions of MMP-9, HDAC 1, H3acK9 and NF-kB p65 were modulated in intranasal curcumin and SoB pretreatment groups. CONCLUSION This is the first report where intranasal curcumin inhibited asthma severity via affecting HDAC 1 (H3acK9) leading to NF-kB suppression in mouse model of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiya Islam
- Department of Zoology, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - D Dash
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Rashmi Singh
- Department of Zoology, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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Zhu Y, Chang J, Tan K, Huang SK, Liu X, Wang X, Cao M, Zhang H, Li S, Duan X, Chang Y, Fan Y, Cao P. Clioquinol Attenuates Pulmonary Fibrosis through Inactivation of Fibroblasts via Iron Chelation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 65:189-200. [PMID: 33861690 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0279oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Strict control of iron homeostasis is critical for the maintenance of normal lung function. Iron accumulates in the lungs of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (PF), but the characteristics of iron metabolism in the pathogenesis of PF and related targeting therapeutics are not well studied. In this study, we investigated the cellular and molecular characteristics of iron metabolism in fibrotic lungs and further explored the efficacy of clioquinol (CQ) for the treatment of PF as well as its functional mechanism. Iron aggregates accumulated in the lungs of patients with idiopathic PF, and FTL (ferritin light chain) transcripts were increased in their pulmonary fibroblasts. In the bleomycin (BLM)-induced PF (BLM-PF) mouse model, pulmonary iron accumulation is a very early and concomitant event of PF. Labile iron pool levels in both fibroblasts and macrophages from the BLM-PF model were elevated, and iron metabolism was dysregulated. CQ attenuated PF induced by BLM and FITC, and iron-saturated CQ did not alleviate BLM-PF. Furthermore, CQ inhibited the activation of fibroblasts, including proliferation, fibrotic differentiation, proinflammatory cytokine secretion, and migration. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that CQ, acting as an iron chelator, attenuates experimental PF through inactivation of fibroblasts, providing support for targeting iron metabolism as a basis for PF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jing Chang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ke Tan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Steven K Huang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaofan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Mengshu Cao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongmin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Shuxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xianglin Duan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yanzhong Chang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yumei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Pengxiu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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11
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Ubieta K, Thomas MJ, Wollin L. The Effect of Nintedanib on T-Cell Activation, Subsets and Functions. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2021; 15:997-1011. [PMID: 33727792 PMCID: PMC7954282 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s288369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background T cells are important regulators of inflammation and, via release of mediators, can contribute to pulmonary fibrosis. Nintedanib is approved for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease (ILD) and chronic fibrosing ILDs with a progressive phenotype. However, how nintedanib targets T cells has not been elucidated. Materials and Methods We investigated the immunomodulatory effects of nintedanib on T cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from healthy donors. Cells were pre-incubated with different concentrations of nintedanib and then stimulated for 24 hours with anti-CD3 with or without anti-CD28 and with or without different cytokines. Levels of interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12p70 and IL-13 were quantitated. Western blotting with primary antibodies against phospho-Lck-Y394, phospho-Lck-Y505, Lck-total and Cofilin examined the phosphorylation level of the Lck protein. In vitro T-cell proliferation, T-cell clustering and different T-cell populations were also assessed. Results Nintedanib blocked T-cell activation through inhibiting Lck-Y394 phosphorylation. Pretreatment of T cells with nintedanib reduced cluster formation as a marker of activation and inhibited the release of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12p70 and IL-13 at clinically relevant concentrations ranging from 5–77 nmol/L. Nintedanib did not alter T-cell proliferation or numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, but did increase stimulated Th17-like cells without increasing IL-17A levels. Conclusion These immunomodulatory effects may further explain how nintedanib slows the progression of pulmonary fibrosis in various ILDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenia Ubieta
- Immunology & Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Matthew James Thomas
- Immunology & Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Lutz Wollin
- Immunology & Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
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12
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Miles T, Hoyne GF, Knight DA, Fear MW, Mutsaers SE, Prêle CM. The contribution of animal models to understanding the role of the immune system in human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1153. [PMID: 32742653 PMCID: PMC7385431 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis occurs in a heterogeneous group of lung disorders and is characterised by an excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins within the pulmonary interstitium, leading to impaired gas transfer and a loss of lung function. In the past 10 years, there has been a dramatic increase in our understanding of the immune system and how it contributes to fibrogenic processes within the lung. This review will compare some of the models used to investigate the pathogenesis and treatment of pulmonary fibrosis, in particular those used to study immune cell pathogenicity in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages in dissecting human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tylah Miles
- Institute for Respiratory Health Nedlands WA Australia.,Centre for Respiratory Health School of Biomedical Sciences University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia
| | - Gerard F Hoyne
- Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine School of Biomedical Sciences University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia.,School of Health Sciences University of Notre Dame Australia Fremantle WA Australia
| | - Darryl A Knight
- Providence Health Care Research Institute Vancouver BC Canada.,University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Mark W Fear
- Burn Injury Research Unit School of Biomedical Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia
| | - Steven E Mutsaers
- Institute for Respiratory Health Nedlands WA Australia.,Centre for Respiratory Health School of Biomedical Sciences University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine School of Biomedical Sciences University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia
| | - Cecilia M Prêle
- Centre for Respiratory Health School of Biomedical Sciences University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine School of Biomedical Sciences University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia.,Ear Science Institute Australia Nedlands WA Australia
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13
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Yanagihara T, Chong SG, Vierhout M, Hirota JA, Ask K, Kolb M. Current models of pulmonary fibrosis for future drug discovery efforts. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:931-941. [PMID: 32396021 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1755252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pulmonary fibrosis includes several lung disorders characterized by progressive fibrosis, of which idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a particularly severe form with a median survival time of 3-5 years after diagnosis. Although numerous compounds have shown efficacy in attenuating pulmonary fibrosis using animal models, only a few compounds have shown their beneficial effects for IPF in clinical trials. Thus, there is an emergent need to improve the preclinical development process to better identify, characterize and select clinically useful targets. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors extensively describe current models of pulmonary fibrosis, including rodent models, ex vivo models, and in vitro models. EXPERT OPINION Based upon our current understanding, improving the identification and characterization of clinically relevant molecules or pathways responsible for progressive fibrotic diseases and use of the appropriate preclinical model system to test these will likely be required to improve the drug development pipeline for pulmonary fibrosis. Combination with appropriate preclinical models with ex vivo (precision-cut lung slices) or in vitro models would be beneficial for high-throughput drug discovery or validation of drug effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyoshi Yanagihara
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Research Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare, Department of Medicine, McMaster University , Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University , Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sy Giin Chong
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Research Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare, Department of Medicine, McMaster University , Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Megan Vierhout
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Research Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare, Department of Medicine, McMaster University , Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jeremy A Hirota
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Research Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare, Department of Medicine, McMaster University , Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kjetil Ask
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Research Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare, Department of Medicine, McMaster University , Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Martin Kolb
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Research Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare, Department of Medicine, McMaster University , Hamilton, ON, Canada
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14
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Regulatory T cells are a double-edged sword in pulmonary fibrosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 84:106443. [PMID: 32334385 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a chronic progressive interstitial lung disease. The pathogenesis of PF has not been clearly elucidated, and there is no obvious effective treatment to arrest the progression of PF to date. A long-term chronic inflammatory response and inappropriate repair process after lung injury are important causes and pathological processes of PF. As an influential type of the body's immune cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an irreplaceable role in inhibiting the inflammatory response and promoting the repair of lung tissue. However, the exact roles of Tregs in the process of PF have not been clearly established, and the available literature concerning the roles of Tregs in PF are contradictory. First, Tregs can advance the progression of pulmonary fibrosis by secreting platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and other related factors, promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and affecting the Th1 and Th2 balance, etc. Second, Tregs can inhibit PF by promoting the repair of epithelial cell damage, inhibiting the accumulation of fibroblasts, and strongly inhibiting the production and function of other related pro-inflammatory factors and pro-inflammatory cells. Accordingly, in this review, we focus on the multiple roles of Tregs in different models and different pulmonary fibrosis phases, thereby providing theoretical support for a better understanding of the multiple roles of these cells in PF and a theoretical basis for identifying targets for PF therapy.
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15
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Safe Administration of Carbon Nanotubes by Intravenous Pathway in BALB/c Mice. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10020400. [PMID: 32102423 PMCID: PMC7075304 DOI: 10.3390/nano10020400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are nanomaterials with multiple possible uses as drug carriers or in nanovaccine development. However, the toxicity of CNTs administered intravenously in in vivo models has not been fully described to date. This work aimed to evaluate the toxic effect of pristine multi-walled CNTs (UP-CNTs), purified (P-CNTs), or CNTs functionalized with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC-CNTs) administered by intravenous injection in BALB/c mice. Biochemical and histopathological parameters were analyzed at 1, 14, 29, and 60 days post-exposure. Pristine CNTs were the most toxic nanoparticles in comparison with P-CNTs or FITC-CNTs, increasing serum AST (≈ 180%), ALT (≈ 300%), and LDH (≈ 200%) levels at one day post-exposure. The urea/creatinine ratio suggested pre-renal injury at the 14th day accompanied of extensive lesions in kidneys, lungs, and liver. Biochemical and histological findings in mice exposed to P-CNTs had not significant differences compared to the controls. A lower toxic effect was detected in animals exposed to FITC-CNTs which was attributable to FITC toxicity. These results demonstrate that the purification process of CNTs reduces in vivo toxicity, and that toxicity in functionalized CNTs is dependent on the functionalized compound. Therefore, P-CNTs are postulated as potential candidates for safe biomedical applications using an intravenous pathway.
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16
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Experimental Models of Pulmonary Fibrosis and their Translational Potential. ACTA MEDICA MARTINIANA 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/acm-2019-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis, represented mainly by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, develops chronic and progressive changes in lung parenchyma with high mortality and limited therapeutic options. The aim of this review was to summarize the most common experimental models used in the research of pulmonary fibrosis. Lung damage associated with development of pulmonary fibrosis can be caused by irradiation or by instillation of bleomycin, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), silicon dioxide (silica), asbestos, etc. This article reviews the characteristics of the most frequently used animal models of fibrosis, including the limitations of their use. Although none of the used animal models resembles completely the changes in human pulmonary fibrosis, similarities between them allow preclinical testing of novel treatment approaches or their combinations in the laboratory conditions before their use in the clinical practice.
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17
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Carrington R, Jordan S, Pitchford S, Page C. Use of animal models in IPF research. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2018; 51:73-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a debilitating disease and is often fatal. It may be the consequence of direct lung injury or the result of genetic defects and occupational, environmental, or drug-related exposures. In many cases the etiology is unknown. The pathogenesis of all forms of pulmonary fibrosis regardless of type of injury or etiology is incompletely understood. These disorders are characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix in the lung interstitium with a loss of lung compliance and impaired gas exchange that ultimately leads to respiratory failure. Animal models of pulmonary fibrosis have become indispensable in the improved understanding of these disorders. Multiple models have been developed each with advantages and disadvantages. In this chapter we discuss the application of two of the most commonly employed direct lung instillation models, namely, the induction of pulmonary fibrosis with bleomycin or fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). We provide details on design, materials, and methods and describe how these models can be best undertaken. We also discuss methods to induce fibrosis in aged mice using murine gamma-herpesvirus (γHV-68) and approaches to exacerbate bleomycin- or FITC-induced fibrosis using γHV-68.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N O'Dwyer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Bethany B Moore
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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19
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Wirsdörfer F, Jendrossek V. Modeling DNA damage-induced pneumopathy in mice: insight from danger signaling cascades. Radiat Oncol 2017; 12:142. [PMID: 28836991 PMCID: PMC5571607 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-017-0865-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced pneumonitis and fibrosis represent severe and dose-limiting side effects in the radiotherapy of thorax-associated neoplasms leading to decreased quality of life or - as a consequence of treatment with suboptimal radiation doses - to fatal outcomes by local recurrence or metastatic disease. It is assumed that the initial radiation-induced damage to the resident cells triggers a multifaceted damage-signalling cascade in irradiated normal tissues including a multifactorial secretory program. The resulting pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic microenvironment triggers a cascade of events that can lead within weeks to a pronounced lung inflammation (pneumonitis) or after months to excessive deposition of extracellular matrix molecules and tissue scarring (pulmonary fibrosis).The use of preclinical in vivo models of DNA damage-induced pneumopathy in genetically modified mice has helped to substantially advance our understanding of molecular mechanisms and signalling molecules that participate in the pathogenesis of radiation-induced adverse late effects in the lung. Herein, murine models of whole thorax irradiation or hemithorax irradiation nicely reproduce the pathogenesis of the human disease with respect to the time course and the clinical symptoms. Alternatively, treatment with the radiomimetic DNA damaging chemotherapeutic drug Bleomycin (BLM) has frequently been used as a surrogate model of radiation-induced lung disease. The advantage of the BLM model is that the symptoms of pneumonitis and fibrosis develop within 1 month.Here we summarize and discuss published data about the role of danger signalling in the response of the lung tissue to DNA damage and its cross-talk with the innate and adaptive immune systems obtained in preclinical studies using immune-deficient inbred mouse strains and genetically modified mice. Interestingly we observed differences in the role of molecules involved in damage sensing (TOLL-like receptors), damage signalling (MyD88) and immune regulation (cytokines, CD73, lymphocytes) for the pathogenesis and progression of DNA damage-induced pneumopathy between the models of pneumopathy induced by whole thorax irradiation or treatment with the radiomimetic drug BLM. These findings underline the importance to pursue studies in the radiation model(s) if we are to unravel the mechanisms driving radiation-induced adverse late effects.A better understanding of the cross-talk of danger perception and signalling with immune activation and repair mechanisms may allow a modulation of these processes to prevent or treat radiation-induced adverse effects. Vice-versa an improved knowledge of the normal tissue response to injury is also particularly important in view of the increasing interest in combining radiotherapy with immune checkpoint blockade or immunotherapies to avoid exacerbation of radiation-induced normal tissue toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Wirsdörfer
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstrasse 173, Essen, Germany
| | - Verena Jendrossek
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstrasse 173, Essen, Germany.
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20
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Cross J, Stenton GR, Harwig C, Szabo C, Genovese T, Di Paola R, Esposito E, Cuzzocrea S, Mackenzie LF. AQX-1125, small molecule SHIP1 activator inhibits bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3045-3057. [PMID: 28658529 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The phosphatase SHIP1 negatively regulates the PI3K pathway, and its predominant expression within cells of the haematopoietic compartment makes SHIP1 activation a novel strategy to limit inflammatory signalling generated through PI3K. AQX-1125 is the only clinical-stage, orally administered, SHIP1 activator. Here, we demonstrate the prophylactic and therapeutic effects of AQX-1125, in a mouse model of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH For prophylactic evaluation, AQX-1125 (3, 10 or 30 mg·kg-1 ·d-1 , p.o.) or dexamethasone (1 mg·kg-1 ·d-1 , i.p.) were given to CD-1 mice starting 3 days before intratracheal administration of bleomycin (0.1 IU per mouse) and continued daily for 7 or 21 days. Therapeutic potentials of AQX-1125 (3, 10 or 30 mg·kg-1 ·d-1 , p.o.) or pirfenidone (90 mg·kg-1 ·d-1 , p.o.) were assessed by initiating treatment 13 days after bleomycin instillation and continuing until day 28. KEY RESULTS Given prophylactically, AQX-1125 (10 and 30 mg·kg-1 ) reduced histopathological changes in lungs, 7 and 21 days following bleomycin-induced injury. At the same doses, AQX-1125 reduced the number of total leukocytes, neutrophil activity, TGF-β immunoreactivity and soluble collagen in lungs. Administered therapeutically, AQX-1125 (10 and 30 mg·kg-1 ) improved lung histopathology, cellular infiltration and reduced lung collagen content. At 30 mg·kg-1 , the effects of AQX-1125 were similar to those of pirfenidone (90 mg·kg-1 ) with corresponding improvements in disease severity. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS AQX-1125 prevented bleomycin-induced lung injury during the inflammatory and fibrotic phases. AQX-1125, given therapeutically, modified disease progression and improved survival, as effectively as pirfenidone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Cross
- Aquinox Pharmaceuticals (Canada) Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Grant R Stenton
- Aquinox Pharmaceuticals (Canada) Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Curtis Harwig
- Aquinox Pharmaceuticals (Canada) Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Aquinox Pharmaceuticals (Canada) Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tiziana Genovese
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuale Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Tashiro J, Rubio GA, Limper AH, Williams K, Elliot SJ, Ninou I, Aidinis V, Tzouvelekis A, Glassberg MK. Exploring Animal Models That Resemble Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:118. [PMID: 28804709 PMCID: PMC5532376 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Large multicenter clinical trials have led to two recently approved drugs for patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF); yet, both of these therapies only slow disease progression and do not provide a definitive cure. Traditionally, preclinical trials have utilized mouse models of bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis—though several limitations prevent direct translation to human IPF. Spontaneous pulmonary fibrosis occurs in other animal species, including dogs, horses, donkeys, and cats. While the fibrotic lungs of these animals share many characteristics with lungs of patients with IPF, current veterinary classifications of fibrotic lung disease are not entirely equivalent. Additional studies that profile these examples of spontaneous fibroses in animals for similarities to human IPF should prove useful for both human and animal investigators. In the meantime, studies of BLM-induced fibrosis in aged male mice remain the most clinically relevant model for preclinical study for human IPF. Addressing issues such as time course of treatment, animal size and characteristics, clinically irrelevant treatment endpoints, and reproducibility of therapeutic outcomes will improve the current status of preclinical studies. Elucidating the mechanisms responsible for the development of fibrosis and disrepair associated with aging through a collaborative approach between researchers will promote the development of models that more accurately represent the realm of interstitial lung diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tashiro
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Gustavo A Rubio
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Andrew H Limper
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Kurt Williams
- Department Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigations, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Sharon J Elliot
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Ioanna Ninou
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Athens, Greece
| | - Argyrios Tzouvelekis
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Athens, Greece
| | - Marilyn K Glassberg
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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Chauhan PS, Dash D, Singh R. Intranasal Curcumin Inhibits Pulmonary Fibrosis by Modulating Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in Ovalbumin-Induced Chronic Asthma. Inflammation 2017; 40:248-258. [PMID: 27866296 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0475-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is associated with irreversible, or partially reversible, airflow obstruction and ultimately unresponsiveness to asthma therapies such as corticosteroids. Intranasal curcumin, an anti-inflammatory molecule, has been found effective in allergic asthma. To study the effect of intranasal curcumin on airway remodeling and fibrosis in murine model of chronic asthma, BALB/c mice were sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) and exposed to OVA aerosol (2%) from day 21 (after sensitization) for 5 weeks (twice/week). Curcumin (intranasal) was administered during the OVA aerosol challenge. Mice exposed to OVA developed inflammation dominated by eosinophils which lead to fibrosis and airway remodeling. Intranasal administration of curcumin significantly inhibited airway inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis, where MMP-9 activities were decreased along with α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), MMP-9, TIMP-1, and eotaxin expressions. These results suggest that intranasal curcumin regulates airway inflammation and remodeling in chronic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D Dash
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Rashmi Singh
- Department of Zoology, MMV Unit, Varanasi, India.
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23
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Adegunsoye A, Hrusch CL, Bonham CA, Jaffery MR, Blaine KM, Sullivan M, Churpek MM, Strek ME, Noth I, Sperling AI. Skewed Lung CCR4 to CCR6 CD4 + T Cell Ratio in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Is Associated with Pulmonary Function. Front Immunol 2016; 7:516. [PMID: 27933058 PMCID: PMC5120085 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, fatal lung disease. While it has been suggested that T cells may contribute to IPF pathogenesis, these studies have focused primarily on T cells outside of the pulmonary interstitium. Thus, the role of T cells in the diseased lung tissue remains unclear. Objective To identify whether specific CD4+ T cell subsets are differentially represented in lung tissue from patients with IPF. Methods CD4+ T cell subsets were measured in lung tissue obtained from patients with IPF at the time of lung transplantation, and from age- and gender-matched organ donors with no known lung disease. Subsets were identified by their surface expression of CCR4, CCR6, and CXCR3 chemokine receptors. CD4+ T cell subsets were correlated with measurements of lung function obtained prior to transplantation. Results Compared to controls, IPF patients had a higher proportion of lung CD4+ T cells, a higher proportion of CCR4+ CD4+ T cells, and a lower proportion of CCR6+ CD4+ T cells. The increase in CCR4+ CD4+ T cells in IPF lung tissue was not due to increased Tregs. Intriguingly, the increase in the ratio of CCR4+ cells to CCR6+ cells correlated significantly with better lung function. Conclusion Our findings suggest a new paradigm that not all T cell infiltrates in IPF lungs are detrimental, but instead, specialized subsets may actually be protective. Thus, augmentation of the chemokines that recruit protective T cells, while blocking chemokines that recruit detrimental T cells, may constitute a novel approach to IPF therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodeji Adegunsoye
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - Cara L Hrusch
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Catherine A Bonham
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - Mohammad R Jaffery
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - Kelly M Blaine
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - Meghan Sullivan
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - Matthew M Churpek
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - Mary E Strek
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - Imre Noth
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - Anne I Sperling
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Curcumin inhibits paraquat induced lung inflammation and fibrosis by extracellular matrix modifications in mouse model. Inflammopharmacology 2016; 24:335-345. [PMID: 27766504 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-016-0286-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Paraquat (PQ), a potent herbicide can cause severe toxicity. We report here that fibroproliferation phase of acute lung injury (ALI) is initiated much earlier (within 48 h) after PQ intoxication than previously reported (after 2 weeks) and we aimed to study the protective effects of intranasal curcumin as new therapeutic strategy in mouse model. METHODS Mice (Park's strain) were divided into five experimental groups (I) control, received only saline (0.9 % NaCl) (II) PQ, mice intoxicated with PQ (50 mg/kg, i.p., single dose); (III) curcumin, treated with curcumin (5 mg/kg, i.n) an hour before PQ administration; (IV)Veh, DMSO (equal volume to curcumin) given an hour before PQ exposure; (V) DEXA, mice treated with dexamethasone (1 mg/kg, i.p) before an hour of PQ intoxication. After 48 h of the PQ exposure, all mice were sacrificed and samples were analyzed. RESULTS Pretreatment with intranasal curcumin (5 mg/kg) could modify the PQ-intoxication (50 mg/kg, i.p) induced structural remodeling of lung parenchyma at an early phase of acute lung injury. Significant increase in inflammatory cell count, reactive oxygen species and hydroxyproline levels were decreased after curcumin pretreatment (all p < 0.05). Histological examination and zymography results were also found consistent. CONCLUSION Our results show that curcumin pretreatment decreased the expression of alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9) and changed the expression of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP-1) after PQ intoxication. Single toxic dose of PQ has initiated fibroproliferation within 48 h and intranasal curcumin may prove as new therapeutic strategy for PQ induced ALI and fibroproliferation.
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CD4(+)CD25(hi)Foxp3(+) Cells Exacerbate Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:2008-2020. [PMID: 27317904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a fatal lung disease with a median survival of 2 to 5 years. A decade of studies has downplayed inflammation contributing to its pathogenesis. However, these studies preceded the discovery of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and all of their functions. On the basis of human studies demonstrating Tregs can decrease graft-versus-host disease and vasculitides, there is consideration of their use to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. We hypothesized that Treg therapy would attenuate the fibroplasia involved in a preclinical murine model of pulmonary fibrosis. IL-2 complex was used in vivo to expand CD4(+)CD25(hi)Foxp3(+) cells in the lung during intratracheal bleomycin challenge; however, this unexpectedly led to an increase in lung fibrosis. More important, this increase in fibrosis was a lymphocyte-dependent process. We corroborated these results using a CD4(+)CD25(hi)Foxp3(+) cellular-based therapy. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that CD4(+)CD25(hi)Foxp3(+) cells undergo alterations during bleomycin challenge and the IL-2 complex had no effect on profibrotic (eg, transforming growth factor-β) or type 17 immune response cytokines; however, there was a marked down-regulation of the type 1 and augmentation of the type 2 immune response cytokines from the lungs. Collectively, our animal studies show that a specific lung injury can induce Treg alterations, which can augment pulmonary fibrosis.
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Lechner J, Chen M, Hogg RE, Toth L, Silvestri G, Chakravarthy U, Xu H. Alterations in Circulating Immune Cells in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16754. [PMID: 26572732 PMCID: PMC4648089 DOI: 10.1038/srep16754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in developed countries. Recent advances have highlighted the essential role of inflammation in the development of the disease. In addition to local retinal chronic inflammatory response, systemic immune alterations have also been observed in AMD patients. In this study we investigated the association between the frequency of circulating leukocyte populations and the prevalence as well as clinical presentations of nAMD. Leukocyte subsets of 103 nAMD patients (most of them were receiving anti-VEGF therapy prior to enrolment) and 26 controls were analysed by flow cytometry by relative cell size, granularity and surface markers. Circulating CD11b(+) cells and CD16(hi)HLA-DR(-) neutrophils were significantly increased (P = 0.015 and 0.009 respectively) in nAMD when compared to controls. The percentage of circulating CD4(+) T-cells was reduced in nAMD patients without subretinal fibrosis (P = 0.026) compared to patients with subretinal fibrosis. There was no correlation between the percentage of circulating leukocytes and the responsiveness to anti-VEGF therapy in nAMD patients. Our results suggest that higher levels of circulating CD11b(+) cells and neutrophils are associated with nAMD and that reduced levels of CD4(+) T-cells are associated with the absence of subretinal fibrosis in nAMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Lechner
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Mei Chen
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Ruth E Hogg
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Levente Toth
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Giuliana Silvestri
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Usha Chakravarthy
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Heping Xu
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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O’Flaherty BM, Matar CG, Wakeman BS, Garcia A, Wilke CA, Courtney CL, Moore BB, Speck SH. CD8+ T Cell Response to Gammaherpesvirus Infection Mediates Inflammation and Fibrosis in Interferon Gamma Receptor-Deficient Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135719. [PMID: 26317335 PMCID: PMC4552722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), one of the most severe interstitial lung diseases, is a progressive fibrotic disorder of unknown etiology. However, there is growing appreciation for the role of viral infection in disease induction and/or progression. A small animal model of multi-organ fibrosis, which involves murine gammaherpesvirus (MHV68) infection of interferon gamma receptor deficient (IFNγR-/-) mice, has been utilized to model the association of gammaherpesvirus infections and lung fibrosis. Notably, several MHV68 mutants which fail to induce fibrosis have been identified. Our current study aimed to better define the role of the unique MHV68 gene, M1, in development of pulmonary fibrosis. We have previously shown that the M1 gene encodes a secreted protein which possesses superantigen-like function to drive the expansion and activation of Vβ4+ CD8+ T cells. Here we show that M1-dependent fibrosis is correlated with heightened levels of inflammation in the lung. We observe an M1-dependent cellular infiltrate of innate immune cells with most striking differences at 28 days-post infection. Furthermore, in the absence of M1 protein expression we observed reduced CD8+ T cells and MHV68 epitope specific CD8+ T cells to the lungs-despite equivalent levels of viral replication between M1 null and wild type MHV68. Notably, backcrossing the IFNγR-/- onto the Balb/c background, which has previously been shown to exhibit weak MHV68-driven Vβ4+ CD8+ T cell expansion, eliminated MHV68-induced fibrosis-further implicating the activated Vβ4+ CD8+ T cell population in the induction of fibrosis. We further addressed the role that CD8+ T cells play in the induction of fibrosis by depleting CD8+ T cells, which protected the mice from fibrotic disease. Taken together these findings are consistent with the hypothesized role of Vβ4+ CD8+ T cells as mediators of fibrotic disease in IFNγR-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigid M. O’Flaherty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Caline G. Matar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Brian S. Wakeman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - AnaPatricia Garcia
- Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta GA, United States of America
| | - Carol A. Wilke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Cynthia L. Courtney
- Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta GA, United States of America
| | - Bethany B. Moore
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Samuel H. Speck
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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B Moore B, Lawson WE, Oury TD, Sisson TH, Raghavendran K, Hogaboam CM. Animal models of fibrotic lung disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 49:167-79. [PMID: 23526222 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0094tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial lung fibrosis can develop as a consequence of occupational or medical exposure, as a result of genetic defects, and after trauma or acute lung injury leading to fibroproliferative acute respiratory distress syndrome, or it can develop in an idiopathic manner. The pathogenesis of each form of lung fibrosis remains poorly understood. They each result in a progressive loss of lung function with increasing dyspnea, and most forms ultimately result in mortality. To better understand the pathogenesis of lung fibrotic disorders, multiple animal models have been developed. This review summarizes the common and emerging models of lung fibrosis to highlight their usefulness in understanding the cell-cell and soluble mediator interactions that drive fibrotic responses. Recent advances have allowed for the development of models to study targeted injuries of Type II alveolar epithelial cells, fibroblastic autonomous effects, and targeted genetic defects. Repetitive dosing in some models has more closely mimicked the pathology of human fibrotic lung disease. We also have a much better understanding of the fact that the aged lung has increased susceptibility to fibrosis. Each of the models reviewed in this report offers a powerful tool for studying some aspect of fibrotic lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany B Moore
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA.
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Della Latta V, Cabiati M, Rocchiccioli S, Del Ry S, Morales MA. The role of the adenosinergic system in lung fibrosis. Pharmacol Res 2013; 76:182-9. [PMID: 23994158 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine (ADO) is a retaliatory metabolite that is expressed in conditions of injury or stress. During these conditions ATP is released at the extracellular level and is metabolized to adenosine. For this reason, adenosine is defined as a "danger signal" for cells and organs, in addition to its important role as homeostatic regulator. Its physiological functions are mediated through interaction with four specific transmembrane receptors called ADORA1, ADORA2A, ADORA2B and ADORA3. In the lungs of mice and humans all four adenosine receptors are expressed with different roles, having pro- and anti-inflammatory roles, determining bronchoconstriction and regulating lung inflammation and airway remodeling. Adenosine receptors can also promote differentiation of lung fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, typical of the fibrotic event. This last function suggests a potential involvement of adenosine in the fibrotic lung disease processes, which are characterized by different degrees of inflammation and fibrosis. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the pathology with the highest degree of fibrosis and is of unknown etiology and burdened by lack of effective treatments in humans.
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Key Words
- 1-deoxy-1,6[[(3-iodophenyl)methyl]amino]-9H-purin-9yl-N-methyl-B-d-ribofuronamide
- 1-propyl-8-p-sulfophenulxanthine
- 2 hexynyl-5′-N ethylcarboxamidoadenosine
- 2-(2-phenyl)ethynyl-N-ethylcarboxamido-adenosine
- 2-CI-IB MECA
- 2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine
- 2-cloro-N6-(3-iodobenzyl)-adenosine-50-N methyluronamide
- 2-methyl-6-phenyl-4-phenylethynyl-1,4-dihydro-pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylicacid-3-ethyl ester-5-(4-nitro-benzyl)ester
- 2-p-(2-carboxyethyl) phenethylamino-50-N-ethyl-carboxamidoadenosine
- 2-phenyl hydroxypropynyl-5′-N-ethylcarboxamido adenosine phosphoinositide 3
- 3-ethyl-1-propyl-8-(1-(3-(trifluoromethyl) benzyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1H-purine-2,6(3H,7H)-dione
- 3-ethyl-5-benzyl-2-methyl-4-phenylethynyl-6-phenyl-1,4-(±)-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate
- 3-propyl-6-ethyl-5-[(ethylthio)carbonyl]-2-phenyl-4-propyl-3-pyridinecarboxylate
- 4-(2-[7-amino-2-(2-furyl)-{1,2,4}-triazolo{2,3-a}{1,3,5}triazin-5-ylamino]ethyl)pieno
- 5-[[(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]carbonyl]amino-8-methyl-2-(2-furyl)pyra-zolo[4,3-e]1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine
- 7-methyl-[11C]-(E)-8-(3-bromostyryl)-3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthin
- 8-[4-[[[[(2-aminoethyl)amino]carbonyl]methyl]oxy]phenyl]-l,3-dipropylxanthine
- 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine
- 9-chloro-2-(2-furanyl)-5-[(phenylacetyl) amino] [1,2,4]-triazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline
- 9-chloro-2-(2-furanyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazolin-5-amine
- A(1)R
- A(2A)R
- A(2B)R
- A(3)R
- AB-MECA
- ADA
- ADO
- ADORA 1 receptor
- ADORA 2A receptor
- ADORA 2B receptor
- ADORA 3 receptor
- ADP
- AIP
- AK
- AMP
- ARs
- ATP
- Adenosine
- Adenosine receptors
- Bleomycin
- CCPA
- CD39
- CD73
- CGS 15943
- CGS21680
- CHA
- CNS
- CNT-1
- CNT-2
- COP
- COPD
- CPA
- CVT6883
- DAG
- DIP
- DPCPX
- E-8-(3,4-dimethoxystyryl)-1,3-dipropyl-7-methylxanthine
- ECM
- ENT-1
- ENT-2
- ET-1
- FITC
- HE-NECA
- IB-MECA
- IIPs
- ILD
- INO
- IPF
- Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
- KF17837
- LIP
- Lung disease
- MAP
- MRE3008-F207
- MRS 1191
- MRS 1220
- MRS 1334
- MRS 1523
- MRS 1754
- N-(4-cyanophenyl)-2-[4-(2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-2,6-dioxo-1,3-dipropyl-1H-purin-8-yl)-phenoxy]acetamide
- N-ethylcarboxamido-adenosine
- N6-(2-phenylisopropyl)adenosine
- N6-(4-aminobenzyl)-adenosine-5′-N-methyluronamidedihydrochloride
- N6-cyclohexyl adenosine
- N6-cyclopentyladenosine
- NECA
- NSPI
- PAH
- PENECA
- PHPNECA
- PIA
- PKC
- PLA2
- PLC
- PLD
- PSB1115
- RB-ILD
- ROS
- SCH-58261
- UIP
- XAC
- ZM 241385
- [11C]BS-DMPX
- [7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-(4,3-e)-1,2,4-triazolo(1,5-c) pyrimidine]
- acute interstitial pneumonia
- adenosine
- adenosine deaminase
- adenosine diphosphate
- adenosine kinase
- adenosine monophosphate
- adenosine receptors
- adenosine triphosphate
- cAMP
- central nervous system
- chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases
- concentrative nucleoside transporters-1
- concentrative nucleoside transporters-2
- cryptogenic organizing pneumonia
- cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- desquamative interstitial pneumonia
- diacylglycerol
- ecto-5′-nucleotidase
- ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase
- endothelin 1
- equilibrative nucleoside transporters-1
- equilibrative nucleoside transporters-2
- extracellular matrix
- fluorescein isothiocyanate
- idiopathic interstitial pneumonias
- idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
- inosine
- interstitial lung disease
- lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia
- mitogen-activated protein
- nonspecific interstitial pneumonia
- phospholipase A2
- phospholipase C
- phospholipase D
- protein kinase C
- pulmonary arterial hypertension
- reactive oxygen specie
- respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease
- usual interstitial pneumonia
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Lo Re S, Lison D, Huaux F. CD4+
T lymphocytes in lung fibrosis: diverse subsets, diverse functions. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 93:499-510. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0512261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Antoniu SA, Kolb MR. Update on models of pulmonary fibrosis therapy for preclinical drug research. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 4:939-46. [PMID: 23480541 DOI: 10.1517/17460440903186100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a disease with high morbidity and mortality for which current medications are not effective. Therefore, identification of potential therapies is of paramount importance. The preclinical evaluation of novel compounds in animal models represents a critical step in drug development. OBJECTIVE To describe features and limitations of common animal models of pulmonary fibrosis and discuss relevant preclinical and clinical data on novel potential IPF therapies. METHODS Review of the existing literature on such models with a special focus on the bleomycin model and its usefulness for the IPF preclinical drug testing. CONCLUSIONS The model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis has the advantages of being well established, reproducible and both time- and cost-efficient. However, it has major limitations as it only mimics some features of human IPF. Most importantly, it is initiated by acute lung injury and is at least partially reversible, which is strikingly different from IPF. The failure in establishing effective IPF therapies despite strong efforts in the last decade is partly attributable to our uncritical trust in the models of lung fibrosis and the false belief that they truly reflect what is going on in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Antonela Antoniu
- Assistant Lecturer, 'Gr T Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iaşi, Pulmonary Disease University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine-Pulmonary Disease, 30 Dr I Cihac Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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Agrawal V, Siu BF, Chao H, Hirschi KK, Raborn E, Johnson SA, Tottey S, Hurley KB, Medberry CJ, Badylak SF. Partial characterization of the Sox2+ cell population in an adult murine model of digit amputation. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 18:1454-63. [PMID: 22530556 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue regeneration in response to injury in adult mammals is generally limited to select tissues. Nonmammalian species such as newts and axolotls undergo regeneration of complex tissues such as limbs and digits via recruitment and accumulation of local and circulating multipotent progenitors preprogrammed to recapitulate the missing tissue. Directed recruitment and activation of progenitor cells at a site of injury in adult mammals may alter the default wound-healing response from scar tissue toward regeneration. Bioactive molecules derived from proteolytic degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins have been shown to recruit a variety of progenitor cells in vitro and in vivo to the site of injury. The present study further characterized the population of cells accumulating at the site of injury after treatment with ECM degradation products in a well-established model of murine digit amputation. After a mid-second phalanx digit amputation in 6-8-week-old adult mice, treatment with ECM degradation products resulted in the accumulation of a heterogeneous population of cells, a subset of which expressed the transcription factor Sox2, a marker of pluripotent and adult progenitor cells. Sox2+ cells were localized lateral to the amputated P2 bone and coexpressed progenitor cell markers CD90 and Sca1. Transgenic Sox2 eGFP/+ and bone marrow chimeric mice showed that the bone marrow and blood circulation did not contribute to the Sox2+ cell population. The present study showed that, in addition to circulating progenitor cells, resident tissue-derived cells also populate at the site of injury after treatment with ECM degradation products. Although future work is necessary to determine the contribution of Sox2+ cells to functional tissue at the site of injury, recruitment and/or activation of local tissue-derived cells may be a viable approach to tissue engineering of more complex tissues in adult mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Agrawal
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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McGrath EE, Lawrie A, Marriott HM, Mercer P, Cross SS, Arnold N, Singleton V, Thompson AAR, Walmsley SR, Renshaw SA, Sabroe I, Chambers RC, Dockrell DH, Whyte MKB. Deficiency of tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand exacerbates lung injury and fibrosis. Thorax 2012; 67:796-803. [PMID: 22496351 PMCID: PMC3426075 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-200863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The death receptor ligand tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) shows considerable clinical promise as a therapeutic agent. TRAIL induces leukocyte apoptosis, reducing acute inflammatory responses in the lung. It is not known whether TRAIL modifies chronic lung injury or whether TRAIL has a role in human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We therefore explored the capacity of TRAIL to modify chronic inflammatory lung injury and studied TRAIL expression in patients with IPF. METHODS TRAIL(-/-) and wild-type mice were instilled with bleomycin and inflammation assessed at various time points by bronchoalveolar lavage and histology. Collagen deposition was measured by tissue hydroxyproline content. TRAIL expression in human IPF lung samples was assessed by immunohistochemistry and peripheral blood TRAIL measured by ELISA. RESULTS TRAIL(-/-) mice had an exaggerated delayed inflammatory response to bleomycin, with increased neutrophil numbers (mean 3.19±0.8 wild type vs 11.5±5.4×10(4) TRAIL(-/-), p<0.0001), reduced neutrophil apoptosis (5.42±1.6% wild type vs 2.47±0.5% TRAIL(-/-), p=0.0003) and increased collagen (3.45±0.2 wild type vs 5.8±1.3 mg TRAIL(-/-), p=0.005). Immunohistochemical analysis showed induction of TRAIL in bleomycin-treated wild-type mice. Patients with IPF demonstrated lower levels of TRAIL expression than in control lung biopsies and their serum levels of TRAIL were significantly lower compared with matched controls (38.1±9.6 controls vs 32.3±7.2 pg/ml patients with IPF, p=0.002). CONCLUSION These data suggest TRAIL may exert beneficial, anti-inflammatory actions in chronic pulmonary inflammation in murine models and that these mechanisms may be compromised in human IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmet E McGrath
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Atamas SP, Fontenot AP. Regulatory T Cells and Lung Fibrosis: A Good Cell Gone Bad. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 184:1224-6. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201108-1572ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) remains a disease with an unknown cause and a poor prognosis. Among attempts to define disease pathogenesis, animal models of experimental lung fibrosis have a prominent role. Commonly used models include exposure to bleomycin, silica, fluorescein isothiocyanate; irradiation; or expression of specific genes through a viral vector or transgenic system. These all have been instrumental in the study of lung fibrosis, but all have limitations and fall short of recapitulating a pattern of usual interstitial pneumonia, the pathologic correlate to IPF. A model of repetitive bleomycin lung injury has recently been reported that results in marked lung fibrosis, prominent alveolar epithelial cell hyperplasia, a pattern of temporal heterogeneity and persistence of aberrant remodeling well after stimulus removal, representing a significant addition to the collection of animal lung fibrosis models. Taken together, animal models remain a key component in research strategies to better define IPF pathogenesis.
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TLR9-induced interferon β is associated with protection from gammaherpesvirus-induced exacerbation of lung fibrosis. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2011; 4:18. [PMID: 21810214 PMCID: PMC3163187 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-4-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background We have shown previously that murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (γHV68) infection exacerbates established pulmonary fibrosis. Because Toll-like receptor (TLR)-9 may be important in controlling the immune response to γHV68 infection, we examined how TLR-9 signaling effects exacerbation of fibrosis in response to viral infection, using models of bleomycin- and fluorescein isothiocyanate-induced pulmonary fibrosis in wild-type (Balb/c) and TLR-9-/- mice. Results We found that in the absence of TLR-9 signaling, there was a significant increase in collagen deposition following viral exacerbation of fibrosis. This was not associated with increased viral load in TLR-9-/- mice or with major alterations in T helper (Th)1 and Th2 cytokines. We examined alveolar epithelial-cell apoptosis in both strains, but this could not explain the altered fibrotic outcomes. As expected, TLR-9-/- mice had a defect in the production of interferon (IFN)-β after viral infection. Balb/c fibroblasts infected with γHV68 in vitro produced more IFN-β than did infected TLR-9-/- fibroblasts. Accordingly, in vitro infection of Balb/c fibroblasts resulted in reduced proliferation rates whereas infection of TLR-9-/- fibroblasts did not. Finally, therapeutic administration of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides ameliorated bleomycin-induced fibrosis in wild-type mice. Conclusions These results show a protective role for TLR-9 signaling in murine models of lung fibrosis, and highlight differences in the biology of TLR-9 between mice and humans.
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Abstract
PPARs, most notably PPAR-gamma, play a crucial role in regulating the activation of alveolar macrophages, which in turn occupy a pivotal place in the immune response to pathogens and particulates drawn in with inspired air. In this review, we describe the dual role of the alveolar macrophage as both a first-line defender through its phagocytotic activity and a regulator of the immune response. Depending on its state of activation, the alveolar macrophage may either enhance or suppress different aspects of immune function in the lung. We then review the role of PPAR-gamma and its ligands in deactivating alveolar macrophages-thus limiting the inflammatory response that, if unchecked, could threaten the essential respiratory function of the alveolus-while upregulating the cell's phagocytotic activity. Finally, we examine the role that inadequate or inappropriate PPAR-gamma responses play in specific lung diseases.
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38
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Inhibition of Wnt/beta-catenin/CREB binding protein (CBP) signaling reverses pulmonary fibrosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:14309-14. [PMID: 20660310 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1001520107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)/usual interstitial pneumonia is a ravaging condition of progressive lung scarring and destruction. Anti-inflammatory therapies including corticosteroids have limited efficacy in this ultimately fatal disorder. An important unmet need is to identify new agents that interact with key molecular pathways involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis to prevent progression or reverse fibrosis in these patients. Because aberrant activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling cascade occurs in lungs of patients with IPF, we have targeted this pathway for intervention in pulmonary fibrosis using ICG-001, a small molecule that specifically inhibits T-cell factor/beta-catenin transcription in a cyclic AMP response-element binding protein binding protein (CBP)-dependent fashion. ICG-001 selectively blocks the beta-catenin/CBP interaction without interfering with the beta-catenin/p300 interaction. We report here that ICG-001 (5 mg/kg per day) significantly inhibits beta-catenin signaling and attenuates bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in mice, while concurrently preserving the epithelium. Administration of ICG-001 concurrent with bleomycin prevents fibrosis, and late administration is able to reverse established fibrosis and significantly improve survival. Because no effective treatment for IPF exists, selective inhibition of Wnt/beta-catenin-dependent transcription suggests a potential unique therapeutic approach for pulmonary fibrosis.
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Degryse AL, Tanjore H, Xu XC, Polosukhin VV, Jones BR, McMahon FB, Gleaves LA, Blackwell TS, Lawson WE. Repetitive intratracheal bleomycin models several features of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 299:L442-52. [PMID: 20562227 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00026.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-dose intratracheal bleomycin has been instrumental for understanding fibrotic lung remodeling, but fails to recapitulate several features of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Since IPF is thought to result from recurrent alveolar injury, we aimed to develop a repetitive bleomycin model that results in lung fibrosis with key characteristics of human disease, including alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) hyperplasia. Wild-type and cell fate reporter mice expressing β-galactosidase in cells of lung epithelial lineage were given intratracheal bleomycin after intubation, and lungs were harvested 2 wk after a single or eighth biweekly dose. Lungs were evaluated for fibrosis and collagen content. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed for cell counts. TUNEL staining and immunohistochemistry were performed for pro-surfactant protein C (pro-SP-C), Clara cell 10 (CC-10), β-galactosidase, S100A4, and α-smooth muscle actin. Lungs from repetitive bleomycin mice had marked fibrosis with prominent AEC hyperplasia, similar to usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP). Compared with single dosing, repetitive bleomycin mice had greater fibrosis by scoring, morphometry, and collagen content; increased TUNEL+ AECs; and reduced inflammatory cells in BAL. Sixty-four percent of pro-SP-C+ cells in areas of fibrosis expressed CC-10 in the repetitive model, suggesting expansion of a bronchoalveolar stem cell-like population. In reporter mice, 50% of S100A4+ lung fibroblasts were derived from epithelial mesenchymal transition compared with 33% in the single-dose model. With repetitive bleomycin, fibrotic remodeling persisted 10 wk after the eighth dose. Repetitive intratracheal bleomycin results in marked lung fibrosis with prominent AEC hyperplasia, features reminiscent of UIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber L Degryse
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Univ. School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-2650, USA
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40
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Gong H, He J, Lee JH, Mallick E, Gao X, Li S, Homanics GE, Xie W. Activation of the liver X receptor prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:30113-21. [PMID: 19717840 PMCID: PMC2781566 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.047753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver X receptors (LXRs) have been known as sterol sensors that impact cholesterol and lipid homeostasis, as well as inflammation. Although the hepatic functions of LXRs are well documented, whether and how LXRs play a pathophysiological role in the lung remain largely unknown. Here we show that LXRalpha and LXRbeta are expressed in both type I and type II mouse lung epithelial cells, as well as in human lung cancer cells. To study the role of LXRalpha in vivo including the pulmonary function of this LXR isoform, we created LXRalpha knock-in (LXR-KI) mice in which a constitutively activated LXRalpha (VP-LXRalpha) was inserted into the mouse LXRalpha locus. We show that activation of LXR in LXR-KI mice or LXR agonist-treated wild type mice induced pulmonary expression of genes encoding multiple antioxidant enzymes. Consistent with the induction of antioxidant enzymes, LXR-KI mice and LXR ligand-treated wild type mice showed a substantial resistance to lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury and decreased production of reactive oxygen species. In summary, we have uncovered a novel role of LXR in regulating antioxidant enzymes in the lung and the implication of this regulation in pulmonary tissue protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibiao Gong
- From the
Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Jinhan He
- From the
Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Jung Hoon Lee
- From the
Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | | | - Xiang Gao
- From the
Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Song Li
- From the
Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Gregg E. Homanics
- the Departments of
Anesthesiology and
- Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Wen Xie
- From the
Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
- Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
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41
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Mozaffarian A, Brewer AW, Trueblood ES, Luzina IG, Todd NW, Atamas SP, Arnett HA. Mechanisms of oncostatin M-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:7243-53. [PMID: 18981146 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.10.7243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oncostatin M (OSM), an IL-6 family cytokine, has been implicated in a number of biological processes including the induction of inflammation and the modulation of extracellular matrix. In this study, we demonstrate that OSM is up-regulated in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and scleroderma, and investigate the pathological consequences of excess OSM in the lungs. Delivery of OSM to the lungs of mice results in a significant recruitment of inflammatory cells, as well as a dose-dependent increase in collagen deposition in the lungs, with pathological correlates to characteristic human interstitial lung disease. To better understand the relationship between OSM-induced inflammation and OSM-induced fibrosis, we used genetically modified mice and show that the fibrotic response is largely independent of B and T lymphocytes, eosinophils, and mast cells. We further explored the mechanisms of OSM-induced inflammation and fibrosis using both protein and genomic array approaches, generating a "fibrotic footprint" for OSM that shows modulation of various matrix metalloproteinases, extracellular matrix components, and cytokines previously implicated in fibrosis. In particular, although the IL-4/IL-13 and TGF-beta pathways have been shown to be important and intertwined of fibrosis, we show that OSM is capable of inducing lung fibrosis independently of these pathways. The demonstration that OSM is a potent mediator of lung inflammation and extracellular matrix accumulation, combined with the up-regulation observed in patients with pulmonary fibrosis, may provide a rationale for therapeutically targeting OSM in human disease.
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42
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Histological examination of PLGA nanospheres for intratracheal drug administration. Int J Pharm 2008; 356:267-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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43
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Abstract
Human pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by alveolar epithelial cell injury, areas of type II cell hyperplasia, accumulation of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, and the deposition of extracellular matrix proteins. The result is a progressive loss of normal lung architecture and impairment in gas exchange. Pertinent features of the human disease include temporal heterogeneity of the fibrotic lesions, progressive nature of the disease, development of fibrotic foci, and in some patients, a rapid worsening of symptoms known as an acute exacerbation. No current animal model recapitulates all of these cardinal manifestations of the human disease. However, investigations using murine models have led to the identification of many pathological cells and mediators that are believed to be important in human disease as well. In this review, we will summarize the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of many of the currently utilized murine models of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany B Moore
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA.
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44
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Luzina IG, Todd NW, Iacono AT, Atamas SP. Roles of T lymphocytes in pulmonary fibrosis. J Leukoc Biol 2007; 83:237-44. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0707504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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45
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Dell'Aica I, Niero R, Piazza F, Cabrelle A, Sartor L, Colalto C, Brunetta E, Lorusso G, Benelli R, Albini A, Calabrese F, Agostini C, Garbisa S. Hyperforin Blocks Neutrophil Activation of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9, Motility and Recruitment, and Restrains Inflammation-Triggered Angiogenesis and Lung Fibrosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 321:492-500. [PMID: 17289834 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.116459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperforin (Hyp), a polyphenol-derivative of St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum), has emerged as key player not only in the antidepressant activity of the plant but also as an inhibitor of bacteria lymphocyte and tumor cell proliferation, and matrix proteinases. We tested whether as well as inhibiting leukocyte elastase (LE) activity, Hyp might be effective in containing both polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) leukocyte recruitment and unfavorable eventual tissue responses. The results show that, without affecting in vitro human PMN viability and chemokine-receptor expression, Hyp (as stable dicyclohexylammonium salt) was able to inhibit in a dose-dependent manner their chemotaxis and chemoinvasion (IC50=1 microM for both); this effect was associated with a reduced expression of the adhesion molecule CD11b by formyl-Met-Leu-Phe-stimulated neutrophils and block of LE-triggered activation of the gelatinase matrix metalloproteinase-9. PMN-triggered angiogenesis is also blocked by both local injection and daily i.p. administration of the Hyp salt in an interleukin-8-induced murine model. Furthermore, i.p. treatment with Hyp reduces acute PMN recruitment and enhances resolution in a pulmonary bleomycin-induced inflammation model, significantly reducing consequent fibrosis. These results indicate that Hyp is a powerful anti-inflammatory compound with therapeutic potential, and they elucidate mechanistic keys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Dell'Aica
- Department of Experimental Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, Padova, Italy
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46
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Mendez MP, Morris SB, Wilcoxen S, Greeson E, Moore B, Paine R. Shedding of soluble ICAM-1 into the alveolar space in murine models of acute lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2005; 290:L962-70. [PMID: 16373671 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00352.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1; CD54) is an adhesion molecule constitutively expressed in abundance on the cell surface of type I alveolar epithelial cells (AEC) in the normal lung and is a critical participant in pulmonary innate immunity. At many sites, ICAM-1 is shed from the cell surface as a soluble molecule (sICAM-1). Limited information is available regarding the presence, source, or significance of sICAM-1 in the alveolar lining fluid of normal or injured lungs. We found sICAM-1 in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of normal mice (386 +/- 50 ng/ml). Additionally, sICAM-1 was spontaneously released by murine AEC in primary culture as type II cells spread and assumed characteristics of type I cells. Shedding of sICAM-1 increased significantly at later points in culture (5-7 days) compared with earlier time points (3-5 days). In contrast, treatment of AEC with inflammatory cytokines had limited effect on sICAM-1 shedding. BAL sICAM-1 was evaluated in in vivo models of acute lung injury. In hyperoxic lung injury, a reversible process with a major component of leak across the alveolar wall, BAL fluid sICAM-1 only increased in parallel with increased alveolar protein. However, in lung injury due to FITC, there were increased levels of sICAM-1 in BAL that were independent of changes in BAL total protein concentration. We speculate that after lung injury, changes in sICAM-1 in BAL fluid are associated with progressive injury and may be a reflection of type I cell differentiation during reepithelialization of the injured lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Mendez
- Pulmonary Section (111G), Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 2215 Fuller Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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47
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Dell'Aica I, Sartor L, Galletti P, Giacomini D, Quintavalla A, Calabrese F, Giacometti C, Brunetta E, Piazza F, Agostini C, Garbisa S. Inhibition of Leukocyte Elastase, Polymorphonuclear Chemoinvasion, and Inflammation-Triggered Pulmonary Fibrosis by a 4-Alkyliden-β-lactam with a Galloyl Moiety. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 316:539-46. [PMID: 16249367 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.096248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
beta-Lactams, a well known class of antibiotics, have been investigated as inhibitors of the disruptive protease released by inflammatory cells, leukocyte elastase (LE). We have synthesized a new beta-lactam with an N-linked galloyl moiety, the latter identified as strategic in conferring anti-LE properties to some flavonols. This N-galloyl-derivative beta-lactam inhibits the LE activity with a K(i) of 0.7 microM, whereas it exerts weak activity against cathepsin G and protease-3 (IC(50) > 100 microM), and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9. Without affecting chemotactic response and viability of polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes, the compound efficiently restrains their chemoinvasion (IC(50) of 1-2 microM) blocking the LE-triggered activation of pro-MMP-9, instrumental to extravasation. Daily i.p. injection of compound enhances resolution in a pulmonary inflammation model, significantly reducing consequent fibrosis. These results indicate that the new beta-lactam is a potent anti-inflammatory compound with therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Dell'Aica
- Department of Experimental Biomedical Sciences, Medical School of Padova, Italy
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48
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Moore BB, Kolodsick JE, Thannickal VJ, Cooke K, Moore TA, Hogaboam C, Wilke CA, Toews GB. CCR2-mediated recruitment of fibrocytes to the alveolar space after fibrotic injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2005; 166:675-84. [PMID: 15743780 PMCID: PMC1780139 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62289-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived cells are known to play important roles in repair/regeneration of injured tissues, but their roles in pathological fibrosis are less clear. Here, we report a critical role for the chemokine receptor CCR2 in the recruitment and activation of lung fibrocytes (CD45(+), CD13(+), collagen 1(+), CD34(-)). Lung fibrocytes were isolated in significantly greater numbers from airspaces of fluorescein isothiocyanate-injured CCR2(+/+) mice than from CCR2(-/-) mice. Transplant of CCR2(+/+) bone marrow into CCR2(-/-) recipients restored recruitment of lung fibrocytes and susceptibility to fibrosis. Ex vivo PKH-26-labeled CCR2(+/+) lung fibrocytes also migrated to injured airspaces of CCR2(-/-) recipients in vivo. Isolated lung fibrocytes expressed CCR2 and migrated to CCL2, and CCL2 stimulated collagen secretion by lung fibrocytes. Fibrocytes could transition into fibroblasts in vitro, and this transition was associated with loss of CCR2 expression and enhanced production of collagen 1. This is the first report describing expression of CCR2 on lung fibrocytes and demonstrating that CCR2 regulates both recruitment and activation of these cells after respiratory injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany B Moore
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0642, USA.
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49
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Blundell R, Kaminski N, Harrison D. Increase in p21 expression independent of the p53 pathway in bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. Exp Mol Pathol 2004; 77:231-7. [PMID: 15507241 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2004.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Although a number of animal models have been used to study the pathogenesis of lung disease, to date few studies have looked at changed in the expression of cell cycle regulatory genes. We have studied the variation in the expression of p21, p53, p27 and PCNA in bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis using animal mouse models using immuno-histochemistry and gene-expression analysis. No difference in the p53, PCNA and p27 expressions were observed from the bleomycin-induced fibrosis when compared to saline-induced non-fibrotic lungs. Although no difference in nuclear p21 expression was observed, the level of cytoplasmic p21 expression was found to be higher in fibrotic lungs at day 14 after bleomycin injection. p21 expression was found to increase independent of p53 in fibrotic lungs at 14 days after bleomycin induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renald Blundell
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Malta, Msida MSD06, Malta.
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50
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Daniels CE, Wilkes MC, Edens M, Kottom TJ, Murphy SJ, Limper AH, Leof EB. Imatinib mesylate inhibits the profibrogenic activity of TGF-beta and prevents bleomycin-mediated lung fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2004; 114:1308-16. [PMID: 15520863 PMCID: PMC524221 DOI: 10.1172/jci19603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2003] [Accepted: 09/14/2004] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive and fatal fibrotic disease of the lungs with unclear etiology. Prior efforts to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis that focused on anti-inflammatory therapy have not proven to be effective. Recent insight suggests that the pathogenesis is mediated through foci of dysregulated fibroblasts driven by profibrotic cytokine signaling. TGF-beta and PDGF are 2 of the most potent of these cytokines. In the current study, we investigated the role of TGF-beta-induced fibrosis mediated by activation of the Abelson (Abl) tyrosine kinase. Our data indicate that fibroblasts respond to TGF-beta by stimulating c-Abl kinase activity independently of Smad2/3 phosphorylation or PDGFR activation. Moreover, inhibition of c-Abl by imatinib prevented TGF-beta-induced ECM gene expression, morphologic transformation, and cell proliferation independently of any effect on Smad signaling. Further, using a mouse model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, we found a significant inhibition of lung fibrosis by imatinib. Thus, Abl family members represent common targets for the modulation of profibrotic cytokine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig E Daniels
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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