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Nunes OC, Lopes AR, Manaia CM. Microbial degradation of the herbicide molinate by defined cultures and in the environment. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:10275-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5316-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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2
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Stehle S, Knäbel A, Schulz R. Probabilistic risk assessment of insecticide concentrations in agricultural surface waters: a critical appraisal. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:6295-310. [PMID: 23232846 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-3026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Due to the specific modes of action and application patterns of agricultural insecticides, the insecticide exposure of agricultural surface waters is characterized by infrequent and short-term insecticide concentration peaks of high ecotoxicological relevance with implications for both monitoring and risk assessment. Here, we apply several fixed-interval strategies and an event-based sampling strategy to two generalized and two realistic insecticide exposure patterns for typical agricultural streams derived from FOCUS exposure modeling using Monte Carlo simulations. Sampling based on regular intervals was found to be inadequate for the detection of transient insecticide concentrations, whereas event-triggered sampling successfully detected all exposure incidences at substantially lower analytical costs. Our study proves that probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) concepts in their present forms are not appropriate for a thorough evaluation of insecticide exposure. Despite claims that the PRA approach uses all available data to assess exposure and enhances risk assessment realism, we demonstrate that this concept is severely biased by the amount of insecticide concentrations below detection limits and therefore by the sampling designs. Moreover, actual insecticide exposure is of almost no relevance for PRA threshold level exceedance frequencies and consequential risk assessment outcomes. Therefore, we propose a concept that features a field-relevant ecological risk analysis of agricultural insecticide surface water exposure. Our study quantifies for the first time the environmental and economic consequences of inappropriate monitoring and risk assessment concepts used for the evaluation of short-term peak surface water pollutants such as insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Stehle
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829, Landau, Germany.
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3
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Klok C, de Vries P, Jongbloed R, Tamis J. Literature review on the sensitivity and exposure of marine and estuarine organisms to pesticides in comparison to corresponding fresh water species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2012.en-357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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4
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Luque N, Rubio S. Extraction and stability of pesticide multiresidues from natural water on a mixed-mode admicellar sorbent. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1248:74-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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5
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Rational design of heteropolyacid-based nanosorbent for hollow fiber solid phase microextraction of organophosphorus residues in hair samples. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1225:37-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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6
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Farajzadeh MA, Khoshmaram L, Mogaddam MRA. Combination of solid-phase extraction-hollow fiber for ultra-preconcentration of some triazole pesticides followed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. J Sep Sci 2011; 35:121-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Revised: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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7
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Samadi S, Sereshti H, Assadi Y. Ultra-preconcentration and determination of thirteen organophosphorus pesticides in water samples using solid-phase extraction followed by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and gas chromatography with flame photometric detection. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1219:61-5. [PMID: 22153286 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
An ultra-preconcentration technique composed of solid-phase extraction (SPE) and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) coupled with gas chromatography-flame photometric detection (GC-FPD) was used for determination of thirteen organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) including phorate, diazinon, disolfotane, methyl parathion, sumithion, chlorpyrifos, malathion, fenthion, profenphose, ethion, phosalone, azinphose-methyl and co-ral in aqueous samples. The analytes were collected from large volumes of aqueous solutions (100 mL) into 100 mg of a SPE C(18) sorbent. The effective variables of SPE including type and volume of elution solvent, volume and flow rate of sample solution, and salt concentration were investigated and optimized. Acetone was selected as eluent in SPE and disperser solvent in DLLME and chlorobenzene was used as extraction solvent. Under the optimal conditions, the enrichment factors were between 15,160 and 21,000 and extraction recoveries were 75.8-105.0%. The linear range was 1-10,000 ng L(-1) and limits of detection (LODs) were between 0.2 and 1.5 ng L(-1). The relative standard deviations (RSDs) for 50 ng L(-1) of OPPs in water with and without an internal standard, were in the range of 1.4-7.9% (n=5) and 4.0-11.6%, respectively. The relative recoveries of OPPs from well and farm water sat spiking levels of 25 and 250 ng L(-1) were 88-109%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Samadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Navarro-Ortega A, Barceló D. Persistent Organic Pollutants in Water, Sediments, and Biota in the Ebro River Basin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2010_77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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9
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Choi MJ, Lee JR, Eremin SA. Development of Single Reagent for Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay of Atrazine. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/09540100220145133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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10
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Yu ZG, Ding WM, Chen YH, You J, Liu YY, Wang H, Yang ZD. Oxidized Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as SPE Sorbent for Determination of Mefenacet and Its Degradation Products Residues in Water Samples by RRLC-UV-ESI-MS. Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1632-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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11
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Aboulfadl K, De Potter C, Prévost M, Sauvé S. Time-dependent integrity during storage of natural surface water samples for the trace analysis of pharmaceutical products, feminizing hormones and pesticides. Chem Cent J 2010; 4:10. [PMID: 20403158 PMCID: PMC2873356 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-4-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring and analysis of trace contaminants such as pharmaceuticals and pesticides require the preservation of the samples before they can be quantified using the appropriate analytical methods. Our objective is to determine the sample shelf life to insure proper quantification of ultratrace contaminants. To this end, we tested the stability of a variety of pharmaceutical products including caffeine, natural steroids, and selected pesticides under refrigerated storage conditions. The analysis was performed using multi-residue methods using an on-line solid-phase extraction combined with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS) in the selected reaction monitoring mode. After 21 days of storage, no significant difference in the recoveries was observed compared to day 0 for pharmaceutical products, while for pesticides, significant losses occurred for DIA and simazine after 10 days (14% and 17% reduction respectively) and a statistically significant decrease in the recovery was noted for cyanazine (78% disappearance). However, the estrogen and progestogen steroids were unstable during storage. The disappearance rates obtained after 21 days of storage vary from 63 to 72% for the feminizing hormones. Overall, pharmaceuticals and pesticides seem to be stable for refrigerated storage for up to about 10 days (except cyanazine) and steroidal hormones can be quite sensitive to degradation and should not be stored for more than a few days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadija Aboulfadl
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Chaire CRSNG en Eau Potable, Département des génies civil, géologique et des mines, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Canada
| | - Cyril De Potter
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Michèle Prévost
- Chaire CRSNG en Eau Potable, Département des génies civil, géologique et des mines, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Canada
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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12
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Pereira SP, Fernandes MAS, Martins JD, Santos MS, Moreno AJM, Vicente JAF, Videira RA, Jurado AS. Toxicity assessment of the herbicide metolachlor comparative effects on bacterial and mitochondrial model systems. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 23:1585-90. [PMID: 19607910 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Metolachlor is one of the most intensively used chloroacetamide herbicides. However, its effects on the environment and on non-target animals and humans as well as its interference at a cell/molecular level have not yet been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was: firstly, to evaluate the potential toxicity of metolachlor at a cell/subcellular level by using two in vitro biological model systems (a strain of Bacillus stearothermophilus and rat liver mitochondria); secondly, to evaluate the relative sensibility of these models to xenobiotics to reinforce their suitability for pollutant toxicity assessment. Our results show that metolachlor inhibits growth and impairs the respiratory activity of B.stearothermophilus at concentrations two to three orders of magnitude higher than those at which bacterial cells are affected by other pesticides. Also at concentrations significantly higher than those of other pesticides, metolachlor depressed the respiratory control ratio, membrane potential and respiration of rat liver mitochondria when malate/glutamate or succinate were used as respiratory substrates. Moreover, metolachlor impaired the respiratory activity of rat liver mitochondria in the same concentration range at which it inhibited bacterial respiratory system (0.4-5.0 micromol/mg of protein). In conclusion, the high concentration range at which metolachlor induces toxicity in vitro suggests that this compound is safer than other pesticides previously studied in our laboratory, using the same model systems. The good parallelism between metolachlor effects on both models and the toxicity data described in the literature, together with results obtained in our laboratory with other compounds, indicate the suitability of these systems to assess toxicity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana P Pereira
- CNC - Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Zoology Department, Coimbra University, Portugal
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13
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Yu ZG, Liu B, Jiang ZH, Zhang GL. Simultaneous determination of herbicide mefenacet and its metabolites residues in river water by solid phase extraction and rapid resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with pre-column derivatization. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:3090-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.01.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Zhao RS, Diao CP, Chen QF, Wang X. Sensitive determination of amide herbicides in environmental water samples by a combination of solid-phase extraction and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction prior to GC-MS. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:1069-74. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Palma P, Kuster M, Alvarenga P, Palma VL, Fernandes RM, Soares AMVM, López de Alda MJ, Barceló D, Barbosa IR. Risk assessment of representative and priority pesticides, in surface water of the Alqueva reservoir (South of Portugal) using on-line solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2009; 35:545-551. [PMID: 19010545 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2008.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Surface waters located in intensive agricultural areas are more vulnerable to the pesticides contamination, which is a major concern if the water is intended to be used for human consumption. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence and the distribution of pesticides in the Alqueva reservoir, an important source of water supply (South of Portugal), considering their representativeness in the agricultural practice of the area. For the analysis of pesticides risk impact we used the environmental quality standards in the field of water policy proposed recently by the European Commission. The pesticides belonging to the classes of phenylureas, triazines, chloroacetanilides, organophosphorous and thiocarbamates were analysed by on-line solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The pesticides more frequently detected were atrazine, simazine, diuron and terbuthylazine. The highest levels of these pesticides were registered in spring, after pesticides treatment, namely in olive-tree and vine crops. The priority pesticides atrazine and diuron reached values above the annual average proposed in the European Union Legislation. The herbicide atrazine reached values that surpassed the proposed maximum allowable concentration (2,000 ng L(-1)). The sampling stations most affected by these pesticides were Sra. Ajuda, Lucefecit and Alcarrache, located in the northern part of the reservoir, closer to Spain where the agricultural activity is more intensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Palma
- Departamento de Ciências do Ambiente, Escola Superior Agrária de Beja, Apartado 6158, 7801-908 Beja, Portugal.
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16
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Domingues V, Cabral M, Alves A, Delerue-Matos C. Use and Reuse of SPE Disks for the Determination of Pyrethroids in Water by GC-ECD. ANAL LETT 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710902721949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Ravelo-Pérez LM, Hernández-Borges J, Ángel Rodríguez-Delgado M. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes as solid-phase extraction materials for the gas chromatographic determination of organophosphorus pesticides in waters. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:3612-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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18
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Hayama T, Yoshida H, Todoroki K, Nohta H, Yamaguchi M. Determination of polar organophosphorus pesticides in water samples by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:2203-2210. [PMID: 18543372 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A method combining hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was developed for the determination of polar organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs; acephate, methamidophos, monocrotophos, omethoate, oxydemeton-methyl, and vamidothion) in water samples. To extract the polar OPPs and minimize matrix effects from the water sample, an activated carbon cartridge was used for pretreatment. After pretreatment of the water sample, the eluate from the activated carbon cartridge was directly injected into the HILIC/MS/MS system. The OPPs were separated on an Atlantis HILIC silica column by isocratic elution with a mixture of acetonitrile, isopropanol, and ammonium formate buffer as a mobile phase, and they were detected by positive electrospray ionization MS/MS in the selected reaction monitoring mode. The method was validated at 0.05, 0.5, and 5 microg/L levels in water samples, and the recoveries of polar OPPs were between 76.4 and 98.6%. The limits of detection were between 0.13 and 1.0 pg on-column, and the limits of quantification were between 0.43 and 3.4 pg on-column. The method can be applied to the determination of trace amounts of OPPs in environmental water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Hayama
- Environmental Science Center, Foundation for Kyushu Environmental and Occupational Health, 6-4-23 Higashi-aikawa, Kurume, Fukuoka 839-0809, Japan
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19
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Yin XH, Li SN, Zhang L, Zhu GN, Zhuang HS. Evaluation of DNA damage in Chinese toad (Bufo bufo gargarizans) after in vivo exposure to sublethal concentrations of four herbicides using the comet assay. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2008; 17:280-286. [PMID: 18297398 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-008-0195-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Chinese toad, Bufo bufo gargarizans, is frequently found in rice fields, muddy ponds, wetlands and other aquatic ecosystems in China. Because of its habitat, it has many chances of being exposed to pesticides, such as acetochlor, butachlor, chlorimuron-ethyl, and paraquat, which are extensively used in rice or cereal fields. Amphibians may serve as model organisms for determining the genotoxic effects of pollutants contaminating these areas. In the present study DNA damage was evaluated in the Chinese toad using the comet assay, as a potential tool for the assessment of ecogenotoxicity. The first step was to determine the acute toxicity of the above-mentioned herbicides. In acute tests, tadpoles were exposed to a series of relatively high concentrations of acetochlor, butachlor, chlorimuron-ethyl, and paraquat for 96 h. The LC(50 )(96 h) of acetochlor, butachlor, chlorimuron-ethyl and paraquat were measured as 0.76, 1.32, 20.1 and 164 mg l(-1), respectively. Also, negative effects on the behavior of tadpoles were observed with acetochlor, butachlor, and paraquat. Secondly, the comet assay was used for detecting DNA damage in Chinese toad tadpoles exposed to sublethal concentrations of four herbicides. Significant (P < 0.05) concentration-dependent increase in DNA damage (as indicated by tail length, tail moment, olive tail moment) were observed from erythrocytes of tadpoles exposed to sublethal concentrations of acetochlor, butachlor, paraquat, and methyl methanesulfonate, except chlorimuron-ethyl. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the use of Bufo bufo gargarizans for genotoxicity assessment of herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Hui Yin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dong Hua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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20
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Kuster M, López de Alda MJ, Barata C, Raldúa D, Barceló D. Analysis of 17 polar to semi-polar pesticides in the Ebro river delta during the main growing season of rice by automated on-line solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2008; 75:390-401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2007.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2007] [Revised: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Fattahi N, Samadi S, Assadi Y, Hosseini MRM. Solid-phase extraction combined with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction-ultra preconcentration of chlorophenols in aqueous samples. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1169:63-9. [PMID: 17900597 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Revised: 09/03/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The solid-phase extraction (SPE) joined with the dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) has been developed as an ultra preconcentration technique for the determination of chlorophenols in water samples. Chlorophenols (CPs) were employed as model compounds to assess the extraction procedure and were determined by gas chromatography-electron-capture detection (GC-ECD). In solid-phase extraction-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (SPE-DLLME), CPs were adsorbed from a large volume of aqueous samples (100 mL) into 100 mg functionalized styrene-divinylbenzene polymer (PPL) sorbent. After the elution of the desired compounds from the sorbent by using acetone, DLLME technique was performed on the obtained solution. Some important extraction parameters, such as sample solution flow rate, breakthrough volume, sample pH, type and volume of the elution solvent as well as the salt addition, were studied and optimized. The new method (SPE-DLLME) provided an ultra enrichment factor (4390-17,870) for 19 CPs. The calibration graphs were linear in the range of 0.001-20 microg L(-1) and the limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.0005 to 0.1 microg L(-1). The relative standard deviations (RSDs, for 10.0 microg L(-1) of MCPs, 5.00 microg L(-1) of DCPs, 0.200 microg L(-1) of TCPs, 0.100 microg L(-1) of TeCPs and PCP) with and without the internal standard varied from 1.1 to 6.4% (n=7) and 2.5-9.7% (n=7), respectively. The relative recoveries of the well, tap and river water samples, spiked with different levels of CPs, were 71-110%, 73-115% and 88-121%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazir Fattahi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Electroanalytical Chemistry Research Center, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Lo SC, Hwang CH, Yoo KY, Han SS. Analysis of Methoxyfenozide and Bentazone in Plant with HPLC by pH-Adjusted Liquid-liquid Partition Cleanup. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.5338/kjea.2007.26.3.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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23
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Xu X, Yang H, Wang L, Han B, Wang X, Lee FSC. Analysis of chloroacetanilide herbicides in water samples by solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 591:87-96. [PMID: 17456428 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2006] [Revised: 03/18/2007] [Accepted: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method has been developed for the determination of 3 chloroacetanilide herbicides in both fresh and seawater samples. The extracted sample was analyzed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection (GC-MS), and parameters affecting SPME operation including fibre type, sample pH, sample temperature, mixing speed and extraction time have been evaluated and optimized. The amount of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and the salt content both affected SPME extraction efficiency, but the presence of other competitive extractants such as organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the matrix showed no insignificance interference. The limit of detection (LOD) for acetochlor, metolachlor and butachlor were 1.2, 1.6 and 2.7 ng L(-1), respectively. The recoveries for the herbicides ranged from 79 to 102%, and the linear dynamic range was from 10 to 1000 ng L(-1). The developed method has been used to monitor herbicides contaminations in coastal water samples collected around Laizhou bay and Jiaozhou bay in Shandong peninsula, China. The concentrations of acetochlor and metolachlor ranged from undetectable to 78.5 ng L(-1) and undetectable to 35.6 ng L(-1), respectively. Butachlor was not observed but in only one sample and the concentration is lower than the limit of quantification (LOQ). The concentrations of the three herbicides in this study are low compared to most of the other places reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Xu
- Department of Chemistry and the Key Laboratory of Analytical Science of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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24
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Gómez-Gutiérrez AI, Jover E, Bodineau L, Albaigés J, Bayona JM. Organic contaminant loads into the Western Mediterranean Sea: estimate of Ebro River inputs. CHEMOSPHERE 2006; 65:224-36. [PMID: 16616295 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2005] [Revised: 02/16/2006] [Accepted: 02/27/2006] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Annual input estimates for several organic contaminants from the Ebro River into the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea were carried out on the basis of monthly sampling from November 2002 to October 2003. Some organochlorine compounds (DDT and its degradation products, DDD and DDE, PCBs (9 congeners), HCB and gamma-HCH) were selected due to their reported occurrence in the river. Furthermore, some polar pesticides used in the Ebro Delta were also determined (atrazine, simazine, diazinon, fenitrothion and molinate). Concentrations ranged from 0.4 to 19.5 ng l(-1) for the organochlorine compounds (sum of particulate and dissolved phases) and from not detected (ND) to 170 ng l(-1) for the more polar pesticides, which were only found in the dissolved phase. The sum of PCB congeners (mean 8.9 ng l(-1)) showed the highest concentrations among the organochlorine compounds and atrazine (mean 82 ng l(-1)) among the polar pesticides. Based on the contaminant concentrations and on hydrological data, contaminant discharges into the sea were estimated amounting in total to 167 and 1,258 kg year(-1) of organochlorine compounds and polar pesticides, respectively. Furthermore, it was observed that PCBs, DDTs and HCB inputs were basically influenced by spate periods due to an increase in suspended particulate matter associated to runoff and sediment resuspension. Whereas for more water soluble contaminants, such as the agrochemicals, their seasonal use had a higher incidence in contaminant fluxes. Bulk chemical parameters such as SPM, DOC, POC, %OC, %ON and C/N ratio provided additional information on the organic matter sources. This provides a better understanding of the temporal variability of the contaminant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna I Gómez-Gutiérrez
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, I.I.Q.A.B.-C.S.I.C., Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Oliferova LA, Statkus MA, Tsisin GI, Wang J, Zolotov YA. On-line coupling of sorption preconcentration to liquid-chromatographic methods of analysis. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934806050029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Berijani S, Assadi Y, Anbia M, Milani Hosseini MR, Aghaee E. Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined with gas chromatography-flame photometric detection. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1123:1-9. [PMID: 16716329 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 539] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Revised: 05/03/2006] [Accepted: 05/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A new method was used for the extraction of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) from water samples: dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) coupled with gas chromatography-flame photometric detection (GC-FPD). In this extraction method, a mixture of 12.0 microL chlorobenzene (extraction solvent) and 1.00 mL acetone (disperser solvent) is rapidly injected into the 5.00 mL water sample by syringe. Thereby, a cloudy solution is formed. In fact, the cloudy state is because of the formation of fine droplets of chlorobenzene, which has been dispersed among the sample solution. In this step, the OPPs in water sample are extracted into the fine droplets of chlorobenzene. After centrifuging (2 min at 5000 rpm), the fine droplets of chlorobenzene are sedimented in the bottom of the conical test tube (5.0+/-0.3 microL). Sedimented phase (0.50 microl) is injected into the GC for separation and determination of OPPs. Some important parameters, such as kind of extraction and disperser solvent and volume of them, extraction time, temperature and salt effect were investigated. Under the optimum conditions, the enrichment factors and extraction recoveries were high and ranged between 789-1070 and 78.9-107%, respectively. The linear range was wide (10-100,000 pg/mL, four orders of magnitude) and limit of detections were very low and were between 3 to 20 pg/mL for most of the analytes. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) for 2.00 microg/L of OPPs in water with internal standard were in the range of 1.2-5.6% (n=5) and without internal standard were in the range of 4.6-6.5%. The relative recoveries of OPPs from river, well and farm water at spiking levels of 50, 500 and 5000 pg/mL were 84-125, 88-123 and 93-118%, respectively. The performance of proposed method was compared with solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and single drop microextraction. DLLME is a very simple and rapid (less than 3 min) method, which requires low volume of sample (5 mL). It also has high enrichment factor and recoveries for extraction of OPPs from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Berijani
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
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27
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Konstantinou IK, Hela DG, Albanis TA. The status of pesticide pollution in surface waters (rivers and lakes) of Greece. Part I. Review on occurrence and levels. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2006; 141:555-70. [PMID: 16226830 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2004] [Accepted: 07/01/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This review evaluates and summarizes the results of long-term research projects, monitoring programs and published papers concerning the pollution of surface waters (rivers and lakes) of Greece by pesticides. Pesticide classes mostly detected involve herbicides used extensively in corn, cotton and rice production, organophosphorus insecticides as well as the banned organochlorines insecticides due to their persistence in the aquatic environment. The compounds most frequently detected were atrazine, simazine, alachlor, metolachlor and trifluralin of the herbicides, diazinon, parathion methyl of the insecticides and lindane, endosulfan and aldrin of the organochlorine pesticides. Rivers were found to be more polluted than lakes. The detected concentrations of most pesticides follow a seasonal variation, with maximum values occurring during the late spring and summer period followed by a decrease during winter. Nationwide, in many cases the reported concentrations ranged in low ppb levels. However, elevated concentrations were recorded in areas of high pesticide use and intense agricultural practices. Generally, similar trends and levels of pesticides were found in Greek rivers compared to pesticide contamination in other European rivers. Monitoring of the Greek water resources for pesticide residues must continue, especially in agricultural regions, because the nationwide patterns of pesticide use are constantly changing. Moreover, emphasis should be placed on degradation products not sufficiently studied so far.
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Deplagne J, Vial J, Pichon V, Lalere B, Hervouet G, Hennion MC. Feasibility study of a reference material for water chemistry: long term stability of triazine and phenylurea residues stored in vials or on polymeric sorbents. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1123:31-7. [PMID: 16723128 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.04.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2005] [Revised: 04/26/2006] [Accepted: 04/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Matrix Reference Materials (MRM) are essential tools for the validation of analytical protocols. Nowadays, there are no such materials for the determination of herbicides in water. So, a feasibility study of a MRM for the analysis of triazines and phenylureas in water was carried out. Different kinds of candidates MRM were prepared: solutions of pesticides diluted in acetonitrile and stored in sealed vials or stored at the dry state after the evaporation of the solvent to dryness, pesticides stored on two different types of polymeric solid-phase extraction (SPE) sorbents after the percolation of drinking or river waters spiked with pesticides. The stability of these candidates MRM stored at various temperatures (room temperature, 0.5 degrees C or -18 degrees C) was studied over a period of approximately 1 year. Two different levels of concentration were studied for each kind of material. During the storage, some samples of each different MRM candidate were monthly analyzed by liquid chromatography. Results showed that, among the candidate materials, some of them presented satisfactory enough stability to consider a further certification. They were either pesticides in solution in sealed vials or pesticides stored on cartridges after the percolation of spiked water samples. However, it was shown that these different MRM candidates had to be stored at a temperature lower than 0.5 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Deplagne
- Laboratoire Environnement et Chimie Analytique, ESPCI, CNRS UMR 7121, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75 005 Paris, France
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Watanabe T, Hasei T, Ohe T, Hirayama T, Wakabayashi K. Detection of 3,3′-Dichlorobenzidine in Water from the Waka River in Wakayama, Japan. Genes Environ 2006. [DOI: 10.3123/jemsge.28.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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30
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Belmonte Vega A, Garrido Frenich A, Martínez Vidal J. Monitoring of pesticides in agricultural water and soil samples from Andalusia by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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31
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Rodriguez-Mozaz S, de Alda MJL, Barceló D. Monitoring of estrogens, pesticides and bisphenol A in natural waters and drinking water treatment plants by solid-phase extraction–liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1045:85-92. [PMID: 15378882 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A multi-residue analytical method has been developed for the determination of various classes of selected endocrine disruptors. This method allows the simultaneous extraction and quantification of different estrogens (estradiol, estrone, estriol, estradiol-17-glucuronide, estradiol diacetate, estrone-3-sulfate, ethynyl estradiol and diethylstilbestrol), pesticides (atrazine, simazine, desethylatrazine, isoproturon and diuron), and bisphenol A in natural waters. In the method developed, 500 ml of water are preconcentrated on LiChrolut RP-18 cartridges. Further analysis is carried out by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) using atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI) in the positive ion mode for determination of pesticides and electrospray in the negative ionisation mode for determination of estrogens and bisphenol A. Recoveries for most compounds were between 90 and 119%, except for bisphenol A (81%) and diethylstilbestrol (70%), with relative standard deviations below 20%. Limits of detection ranged between 2 and 15 ng/l. The method was used to study the occurrence of the selected pollutants in surface and groundwater used for abstraction of drinking water in a waterworks and to evaluate the removal efficiency of the different water treatments applied. Water samples from the river, the aquifer, and after each treatment stage (sand filtration, ozonation, activated carbon filtration and post-chlorination) were taken monthly from February to August of 2002. The presence in river water of atrazine, simazine, diuron and bisphenol A were relatively frequent at concentrations usually below 0.1 microg/l. Lower levels, below 0.02 microg/l, were usual for isoproturon. Estrone-3-sulfate and estrone were detected occasionally in the river. Most of the compounds were completely removed during the water treatment, especially after activated carbon filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rodriguez-Mozaz
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IIQAB-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona Salgado 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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32
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Nogueira J, Sandra T, Sandra P. Multiresidue screening of neutral pesticides in water samples by high performance liquid chromatography–electrospray mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2003.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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33
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Pizzolato TM, Foschiera JL, Benvenutti E, Gomes F, Geller AM, Lopes A, do Carmo Ruaro Peralba M, dos Santos JHZ. Performance of three chemically- modified silica materials for solid phase extraction of polar compounds from aqueous solutions. J Sep Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200301510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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34
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Geerdink RB, Niessen WMA, Brinkman UAT. Trace-level determination of pesticides in water by means of liquid and gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2002; 970:65-93. [PMID: 12350103 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The trace-level determination of pesticides and their transformation products (TPs) in water by means of liquid and gas chromatography (LC and GC) is reviewed. Special attention is given to the use of (tandem) mass spectrometry for identification and confirmation purposes. The complementarity of LC- and GC-based techniques and the potential of comprehensive GCXGC are discussed, and also the impressive performance of time-of-flight mass spectrometry. It is also indicated that, in the near future, the TPs rather than the parent compounds should receive most attention--with a better understanding of matrix effects and eluent composition on the ionization efficiency of analytes being urgently required. Finally, the merits of using much shorter LC columns, or even no column at all (flow-injection analysis) in target analysis are shown, and a more cost-efficient and sophisticated strategy for monitoring programmes is briefly introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Geerdink
- Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment, RIZA, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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35
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Watanabe T, Takahashi Y, Takahashi T, Nukaya H, Terao Y, Hirayama T, Wakabayashi K. Seasonal fluctuation of the mutagenicity of river water in Fukui, Japan, and the contribution of 2-phenylbenzotriazole-type mutagens. Mutat Res 2002; 519:187-97. [PMID: 12160904 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(02)00139-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To clarify their mutagenic potential, samples of water from the Mawatari, Asuwa and Kitsune rivers, which flow through the central area of Fukui, Japan, were seasonally collected at six sites using blue rayon from July 1998 to August 2000. Forty-five of 52 (87%) of the water samples exhibited mutagenicity toward Salmonella typhimurium YG1024 and YG1029 with and without S9 mix, and the highest potencies were observed in YG1024 with S9 mix. The samples collected in summer and autumn tended to be more mutagenic than those collected in winter and spring. Fractionation using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) suggests that several compounds are responsible for the mutagenicity of river water samples, and some of the major mutagens seem to be common among the samples. Three 2-phenylbenzotriazole (PBTA)-type mutagens, 2-[2-(acetylamino)-4-[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-5-methoxyphenyl]-5-amino-7-bromo-4-chloro-2H-benzotriazole (PBTA-3), 2-[2-(acetylamino)-4-amino-5-methoxyphenyl]-5-amino-7-bromo-4-chloro-2H-benzotriazole (PBTA-4) and 2-[2-(acetylamino)-4-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-5-methoxyphenyl]-5-amino-7-bromo-4-chloro-2H-benzotriazole (PBTA-6), were quantified in samples collected between July 1998 and April 1999. At least one of these PBTA-type mutagens was detected in 23/24 (96%) of the samples. The amounts of PBTA-3, -4 and -6 were <0.08-58.7, <0.1-15.0 and <0.07-467.9 ng/g of blue rayon, respectively, and high levels of PBTA congeners were detected in the samples collected from each river in July and November 1998. The contributions of these PBTA congeners to the mutagenicity of water samples were also high in July and November 1998. The highest total contribution was observed for samples from the Asuwa river (67.6%). These findings suggest that these three rivers were continually and heavily contaminated with mutagens, and PBTA congeners were some of the major mutagens in these rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsushi Watanabe
- Department of Public Health, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Nakauchicho, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Japan.
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36
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Occurrence and determination of herbicides and their major transformation products in environmental waters. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)00351-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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37
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Troubleshooting in the trace analysis of organochlorine pesticides in water samples. Chromatographia 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02491207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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38
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Determination of triazine herbicides by capillary liquid chromatography with on-column focusing and temperature gradient. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)01243-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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Comparison of gas and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for the residue analysis of pesticides in organges. Chromatographia 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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40
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Mendas G, Drevenkar V, Zupancic-Kralj L. Solid-phase extraction with styrene-divinylbenzene sorbent for high-performance liquid or gas chromatographic determination of urinary chloro- and methylthiotriazines. J Chromatogr A 2001; 918:351-9. [PMID: 11407582 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)00768-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure on a styrene-divinylbenzene (SDB-1 cartridge) for extraction and cleaning of the triazine herbicides atrazine, simazine, ametryn, and prometryn and atrazine monodealkylated metabolites from urine samples was developed and optimised for final high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC-UV diode array detection) and gas chromatographic (GC-electron-capture detection and GC-thermionic-sensitive detection) analyses. Interfering polar matrices were eliminated by rinsing SDB-1 with 1% acetonitrile in water or with pure water. Extraction recoveries were from 78 to 101% with an RSD of about 10% for all studied compounds. The extraction recovery for the didealkylated atrazine metabolite was significantly lower and this compound cannot be determined with these procedures. Sorbent matrix generated interferences, although not detected by the chromatographic system, lowered the response of nitrogen-phosphorus and electron-capture GC detectors for monodealkylated chlorotriazines when compared to standards prepared in n-hexane. HPLC and GC analysis with SPE (SDB-1) preconcentration showed excellent linearity over the concentration range tested, with detection limits in urine of 10 ng ml(-1) for the parent herbicides (HPLC and GC analysis) and 20 ng ml(-1) for monodealkylated chlorotriazines (HPLC analysis).
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mendas
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
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41
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Ingelse BA, van Dam RC, Vreeken RJ, Mol HG, Steijger OM. Determination of polar organophosphorus pesticides in aqueous samples by direct injection using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2001; 918:67-78. [PMID: 11403457 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)00660-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
It was demonstrated that four out of six of the very polar organophosphorus pesticides (OPs), i.e. acephate, methamidophos, monocrotophos, omethoate, oxydemeton-methyl and vamidothion, could not be extracted from water using commonly available SPE cartridges. In addition, GC analysis on all six compounds was found to be troublesome due to their polar and thermolabile character. This initiated the development of an alternative highly sensitive and selective method for the determination of the above mentioned very polar OPs in water, based on LC-MS. Large volume (1 ml) water samples were directly injected onto an RP18 HPLC column with a polar endcapping. The latter was essential for obtaining retention and maintaining column performance under 100% aqueous conditions during the sampling. The compounds were ionized using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and detected on a tandem mass spectrometer operated in multiple reaction-monitoring mode. The detection limits were in the range of 0.01-0.03 microg/l. Compared to conventional GC methods, the developed LC-MS procedure is very straightforward, fast and more reliable. This application demonstrates the applicability of LC-MS for analysis of polar OPs in surface, ground and drinking water, as a more favourable alternative to GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Ingelse
- TNO Nutrition and Food Research, Zeist, The Netherlands
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42
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Weigel S, Bester K, Hühnerfuss H. New method for rapid solid-phase extraction of large-volume water samples and its application to non-target screening of North Sea water for organic contaminants by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2001; 912:151-61. [PMID: 11307979 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)00529-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A method has been developed that allows the solid-phase extraction of microorganic compounds from large volumes of water (10 l) for non-target analysis of filtered seawater. The filtration-extraction system is operated with glass fibre filter candles and the polymeric styrene-divinylbenzene sorbent SDB-1 at flow-rates as high as 500 ml/min. Recovery studies carried out for a couple of model substances covering a wide range of polarity and chemical classes revealed a good performance of the method. Especially for polar compounds (log Kow 3.3-0.7) quantitative recovery was achieved. Limits of detection were between 0.1 and 0.7 ng/l in the full scan mode of the MS. The suitability of the method for the analysis of marine water samples is demonstrated by the non-target screening of water from the German Bight for the presence of organic contaminants. In the course of this screening a large variety of substances was identified including pesticides, industrial chemicals and pharmaceuticals. For some of the identified compounds their occurrence in marine ecosystems has not been reported before, such as dichloropyridines, carbamazepine, propyphenazone and caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Weigel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Germany
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Richardson
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
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44
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Frit JS, Macka M. Solid-phase trapping of solutes for further chromatographic or electrophoretic analysis. J Chromatogr A 2000; 902:137-66. [PMID: 11192152 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00792-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Because of its simplicity, speed and effectiveness, solid-phase extraction (SPE) has become the preferred technique for concentration of selected analytes prior to chromatographic or electrophoretic analysis. In this review the historical development of SPE is briefly traced. Then the principles of SPE are reviewed in some detail. Numerous references are given on the format, sorbents, elution conditions, online techniques and automation with special emphasis on relatively recent developments. The principles and recent advances in solid-phase microextraction (SPME) are also reviewed. The final section on selected recent applications includes an extensive list of references to work published within the last three years. Future trends and developments are discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Frit
- Chemistry Department, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA.
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Richardson
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
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46
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Analysis of organophosphorus pesticides in water samples using a continuous membrane permeation extractor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1093-0191(00)00023-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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47
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de Almeida Azevedo D, Lacorte S, Vinhas T, Viana P, Barceló D. Monitoring of priority pesticides and other organic pollutants in river water from portugal by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2000; 879:13-26. [PMID: 10870692 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00372-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (LC-APCI-MS) were optimized and applied for the trace-level determination of 42 priority pesticides and 33 priority organic pollutants from European Union Directive EC 76/464. First, off-line solid-phase extraction of 200 ml of river water using an OASIS solid-phase extraction cartridge, followed by GC-MS was used. Next, selected samples that were positive to GC-MS were analyzed by LC-APCI-MS in order to detect further polar byproducts or to improve the determination of previously detected polar analytes. The transformation products of triazine pesticides like deethylatrazine (DEA) and deisopropylatrazine (DIA) and compounds such as diuron and several chlorophenols were positively identified by LC-APCI-MS. The present methodology has also been used for searching for new analytes not included in the EC 76/464 list, like Irgarol, DEA and DIA. In addition it was applied to target pollutants in 43 river water samples from Portugal during a pilot survey from April to July 1999. Atrazine followed by simazine and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol were the most ubiquitous compounds detected in this area. The levels detected of the different compounds were in the range of: 0.01-2.73 microg/l, 0.05-0.74 microg/l, 0.02-1.65 microg/l, 0.02-5.43 microg/l, 0.01-0.40 microg/l, 0.01-0.26 microg/l, 0.02-0.61 microg/l, 0.01-3.90 microg/l, 0.01-1.24 microg/l, 0.02-2.3 microg/l, 0.01-0.13 microg/l and 0.01-0.5 microg/l for atrazine, simazine, terbuthylazine, alachlor, metolachlor, Irgarol, propanil; tributhylphosphate, diuron, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, deisopropylatrazine and deethylatrazine, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- D de Almeida Azevedo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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48
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Santos TC, Rocha JC, Barceló D. Determination of rice herbicides, their transformation products and clofibric acid using on-line solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography with diode array and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr A 2000; 879:3-12. [PMID: 10870691 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00100-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A simultaneous method for the trace determination of acidic, neutral herbicides and their transformation products in estuarine waters has been developed through an on-line solid-phase extraction method followed by liquid chromatography with diode array and mass spectrometric detection. An atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) interface was used in the negative ionization mode after optimization of the main APCI parameters. Limits of detection ranged from 0.1 to 0.02 ng/ml for 50 ml of acidified estuarine waters preconcentrated into polymeric precolumns and using time-scheduled selected ion monitoring mode. Two degradation products of the acidic herbicides (4-chloro-2-methylphenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol) did not show good signal response using APCI-MS at the concentration studied due to the higher fragmentor voltage needed for their determination. For molinate and the major degradation product of propanil, 3,4-dichloroaniline, positive ion mode was needed for APCI-MS detection. The proposed method was applied to the determination of herbicides in drainage waters from rice fields of the Delta del Ebro (Spain). During the 3-month monitoring of the herbicides, 8-hydroxybentazone and 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid were successively found in those samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Fed. Univ. of Maranhão, Sao Luís (MA), Brazil
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49
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Azevedo DA, Lacorte S, Viana P, Barceló D. Analysis of priority pesticides and phenols in Portuguese river water by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Chromatographia 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02491556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Aguilar C, Janssen HG, Cramers CA. On-line coupling of equilibrium-sorptive enrichment to gas chromatography to determine low-molecular-mass pollutants in environmental water samples. J Chromatogr A 2000; 867:207-18. [PMID: 10670722 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)01146-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
On-line combination of equilibrium sorptive enrichment and gas chromatography is used for the analysis of a group of pollutants varying widely in polarity and volatility in aqueous samples at trace levels. For the ESE process open-tubular traps were used. The newly developed hyphenated method shows a high sensitivity for all the compounds under study. The detection limits were typically between 0.1 and 1 microg/l. The sample volumes required for the compounds to reach equilibrium with the stationary phase are in the range of 20 ml for the aromatic hydrocarbons included in the study (benzene, toluene and p-xylene), to 200 ml for epichlorohydrin and dichlorohydrin. Within- and between-day precision of the absolute peak areas varied between 3 and 16%. The performance of the new method was tested by the analysis of different environmental water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Aguilar
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Analytical and Organic Department, Tarragona, Spain
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