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Kim MJ, Kang JH, Kho HS. Effects of Zinc Compounds on Lysozyme, Peroxidase, and α-Amylase from the Perspective of Oral Health: a Scoping Review. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:3900-3909. [PMID: 38057484 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03972-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Zinc has been proposed as a topical therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of various oral diseases. The purpose of this scoping review was to investigate the effects of zinc on the enzymatic activities of lysozyme, peroxidase, and α-amylase from the perspective of developing oral health care products and therapeutic agents for oral diseases. A comprehensive review of the scientific literature was conducted on the direct interactions of zinc with lysozyme, peroxidase, and α-amylase from various sources. Most of the reports on the effects of zinc on the enzymatic activities of lysozyme, peroxidase, and α-amylase involved enzymes derived from bacteria, fungi, animals, and plants. Studies of human salivary enzymes were scarce. Zinc was found to inhibit the enzymatic activities of lysozyme, peroxidase, and α-amylase under diverse experimental conditions. The suggested mechanism was ionic interactions between zinc and enzyme molecules. The possibility that zinc causes structural changes to enzyme molecules has also been suggested. In conclusion, for zinc to be used as an effective topical therapeutic agent for oral health, further studies on the activity of human salivary enzymes are warranted, and additional information regarding the type and concentration of effective zinc compounds is also required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon-Jong Kim
- Department of Oral Medicine, Gwanak Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyun Kang
- Clinic of Oral Medicine and Orofacial Pain, Institute of Oral Health Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164, Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Seop Kho
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Institute on Ageing, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Kim Y, Chang JY, Kim YY, Lee JW, Kho HS. Effects of Zinc Compounds on the Enzymatic Activities of Lysozyme and Peroxidase and Their Antifungal Activities. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04110-x. [PMID: 38376730 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04110-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of zinc compounds on the enzymatic activities of lysozyme, peroxidase, and the glucose oxidase-mediated peroxidase (GO-PO) system and their antifungal activities. Four different zinc compounds (zinc chloride, gluconate, lactate, and sulfate) were incubated with hen egg-white lysozyme (HEWL), bovine lactoperoxidase (bLPO), the GO-PO system, and human unstimulated whole saliva in solution and on a hydroxyapatite surface. Enzymatic activities of lysozyme, peroxidase, and the GO-PO system were measured through the hydrolysis of Micrococcus lysodeikticus, oxidation of fluorogenic 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin, and glucose assay, respectively. Interactions between zinc and enzymes were analyzed by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and candidacidal activities of zinc compounds were examined against three Candida albicans strains. Zinc gluconate and sulfate significantly increased the enzymatic activities of salivary lysozyme in the solution assay and of HEWL and salivary lysozyme on the hydroxyapatite surface. However, all examined zinc compounds significantly decreased the enzymatic activities of bLPO and salivary peroxidase in solution and on the surface. SPR analyses revealed binding of zinc to lysozyme and peroxidase, with affinity differing according to the zinc compounds. The MIC of zinc compounds against C. albicans was 1.0-2.4 mM. Candidacidal activities were 17.7-38.8% and 23.7-47.0% at 1.0 and 10 mM concentrations, respectively. In conclusion, zinc compounds enhanced lysozyme activity but inhibited peroxidase activity. Zinc compounds exhibited concentration-dependent candidacidal activity against C. albicans. Zinc compounds are potential therapeutic agents for oral health, especially for geriatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongdae Kim
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Ji-Youn Chang
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Young Kim
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Jae Wook Lee
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung Institute, 679 Saimdang-Ro, Gangneung, 25451, South Korea
- National University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hong-Seop Kho
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea.
- Institute of Aging, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
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3
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Yamaguchi K, Munakata M, Ishii K, Uesugi T. Bacterial Flora in Screw-Fixed Superstructures with Different Sealing Materials: A Comparative Clinical Trial. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:195. [PMID: 38391681 PMCID: PMC10886632 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
A screw-fixed superstructure is predominantly selected for implant prostheses because of the concern regarding developing peri-implantitis, although its infection route remains unclear. Focusing on microleakage from access holes, the present study clinically investigated the bacterial flora in access holes with different sealing materials. We examined 38 sites in 19 patients with two adjacent screw-fixed superstructures. Composite resin was used in the control group, and zinc-containing glass ionomer cement was used in the test group. Bacteria were collected from the access holes 28 days after superstructure placement and were subjected to DNA hybridization analysis. The same patient comparisons of the bacterial counts showed a significant decrease in 14 bacterial species for the red, yellow, and purple complexes in the test group (p < 0.05). In addition, the same patient comparisons of the bacterial ratios showed a significant decrease in six bacterial species for the orange, green, yellow, and purple complexes in the test group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the same patient comparisons of the implant positivity rates showed a significant decrease in the six bacterial species for the orange, yellow, and purple complexes in the test group. The results of this study indicate that zinc-containing glass ionomer cement is effective as a sealing material for access holes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kikue Yamaguchi
- Department of Implant Dentistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, 2-1-1 Kita-senzoku, Ota-ku, Tokyo 1458515, Japan
| | - Motohiro Munakata
- Department of Implant Dentistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, 2-1-1 Kita-senzoku, Ota-ku, Tokyo 1458515, Japan
| | - Kota Ishii
- Department of Implant Dentistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, 2-1-1 Kita-senzoku, Ota-ku, Tokyo 1458515, Japan
| | - Takashi Uesugi
- Department of Implant Dentistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, 2-1-1 Kita-senzoku, Ota-ku, Tokyo 1458515, Japan
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Asahi Y, Naito K, Kanda H, Niwano K, Takegawa D, Yumoto H, Noiri Y, Hayashi M. Clinical Investigation of the Inhibitory Effects of Tooth-Coating Materials on Initial Active Root Caries: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:150. [PMID: 38256410 PMCID: PMC10820091 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60010150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Caredyne ZIF-C is a novel, capsule-mixed zinc-containing prototype glass ionomer cement (GIC). Zinc ions are reported to inhibit root dentin demineralization, dentin collagen degradation, bacterial growth, acid production, and in vitro bacterial biofilm formation. However, the effectiveness of GICs against initial root caries lesions is unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of GICs, especially the new zinc-containing Caredyne ZIF-C GIC, as tooth-coating materials in patients with initial active root caries. Materials and Methods: A total of 58 lesions in 47 older adults (age > 65 years) were randomly allocated to one of the following three groups: Caredyne ZIF-C, Fuji VII (a conventional GIC), and sodium fluoride (NaF). All the lesions were treated with the assigned materials without removing the infected dentin, and the rates of dental plaque attachment and coating material fall-out were evaluated after 3, 6, and 12 months. The failure rate was defined as the number of teeth that needed restoration due to caries progression. Results: The plaque attachment rates tended to be lower in the material-coated root surfaces than in the healthy exposed root surfaces after 3, 6, and 12 months, although the differences among the three groups were not significant. Moreover, the coating material fall-out rate tended to be lower in the Caredyne ZIF-C group than in the Fuji VII group. There was no significant difference in the failure rate among the three groups at the 12 months mark. Conclusions: Though this pilot study offers a new direction for suppressing the progression of initial active root caries by controlling plaque attachment using GICs including Caredyne ZIF-C, clinical studies with a larger sample size are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Asahi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (K.N.); (H.K.); (M.H.)
| | - Katsuaki Naito
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (K.N.); (H.K.); (M.H.)
| | - Hikaru Kanda
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (K.N.); (H.K.); (M.H.)
| | - Kazuaki Niwano
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8514, Japan; (K.N.); (Y.N.)
| | - Daisuke Takegawa
- Department of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan;
| | - Hiromichi Yumoto
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan;
| | - Yuichiro Noiri
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8514, Japan; (K.N.); (Y.N.)
| | - Mikako Hayashi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (K.N.); (H.K.); (M.H.)
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Almoudi MM, Hussein AS, Mohd Sarmin NI, Abu Hassan MI. Antibacterial effectiveness of different zinc salts on Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus: An in-vitro study. Saudi Dent J 2023; 35:883-890. [PMID: 38025600 PMCID: PMC10658393 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This in-vitro study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effects of four zinc salts namely zinc chloride, zinc sulfate, zinc citrate and zinc acetate against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Streptococcus sobrinus (S. sobrinus). Methods Antibacterial susceptibility assay, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were undertaken to evaluate the inhibitory activities of different zinc salts against the tested bacteria. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to evaluate the morphological changes of bacterial cells following exposure to zinc salts. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare the inhibitory effect of the different zinc salts. Results All zinc salts tested against S. mutans and S. sobrinus had a statistically and significantly smaller inhibition zone when compared to chlorhexidine, (P < 0.001). However, zinc chloride had the largest inhibition zone (20 mm ± 5.5) against S. sobrinus, which was comparable to chlorhexidine (22 mm ± 4) (P > 0.05). Zinc chloride, zinc sulfate and zinc acetate demonstrated higher MIC and MBC values against S. mutans compared to S. sobrinus. However, zinc citrate revealed the highest MIC and MBC values of 1 mg/mL and > 8 mg/mL for S. sobrinus and > 8 mg/mL for S. mutans, respectively. Conclusion Different zinc salts have displayed inhibitory growth effects against the common oral bacteria at very low concentrations except for zinc citrate which showed no inhibitory effect against these bacteria in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Mohamed Almoudi
- Centre of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, AL Zawiah University, AL Zawiah, Libya
| | - Alaa Sabah Hussein
- Centre of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Izzah Mohd Sarmin
- Centre of PreClinical Science Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Ibrahim Abu Hassan
- Centre of Restorative Dentistry Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
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6
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Ali S, Faqir N, Naz F, Jan MI, Khan N, Alotaibi A, Ullah R. A Comprehensive Mechanistic Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Study of Potential Bioactive ((BpA) 2bp)Cu/Zn Complexes via Bactericidal Mechanisms against Escherichia coli. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052215. [PMID: 36903459 PMCID: PMC10005605 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics and host defense systems is primarily due to bacterial biofilm formation in antibiotic therapy. In the present study, two complexes, bis (biphenyl acetate) bipyridine Cu (II) (1) and bis (biphenyl acetate) bipyridine Zn (II) (2), were tested for their ability to prevent biofilm formation. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of complexes 1 and 2 were 46.87 ± 1.822 and 93.75 ± 1.345 and 47.87 ± 1.345 and 94.85 ± 1.466 μg/mL, respectively. The significant activity of both complexes was attributed to the damage caused at the membrane level and was confirmed using an imaging technique. The biofilm inhibitory potential levels of complexes 1 and 2 were 95% and 71%, respectively, while the biofilm eradication potential levels were 95% and 35%, respectively, for both complexes. Both the complexes showed good interactions with the E. coli DNA. Thus, complexes 1 and 2 are good antibiofilm agents that exert their bactericidal actions possibly by disrupting the bacterial membrane and interacting with the bacterial DNA, which can act as a powerful agent to restrain the development of bacterial biofilm on therapeutic implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda 24420, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (R.U.)
| | - Nazma Faqir
- Department of Chemistry, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda 24420, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Falak Naz
- Department of Chemistry, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda 24420, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ishtiaq Jan
- Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Amal Alotaibi
- Department of Basic Science, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Riaz Ullah
- Medicinal Aromatic and Poisonous Plants Research Center, Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (R.U.)
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7
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Gloag ES, Khosravi Y, Masters JG, Wozniak DJ, Amorin Daep C, Stoodley P. A Combination of Zinc and Arginine Disrupt the Mechanical Integrity of Dental Biofilms. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0335122. [PMID: 36472465 PMCID: PMC9927089 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03351-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical cleaning remains the standard of care for maintaining oral hygiene. However, mechanical cleaning is often augmented with active therapeutics that further promote oral health. A dentifrice, consisting of the "Dual Zinc plus Arginine" (DZA) technology, was found to be effective at controlling bacteria using in vitro laboratory studies, translating to clinical efficacy to deliver plaque and gingivitis reduction benefits. Here, we used biophysical analyses and confocal laser scanning microscopy to understand how a DZA dentifrice impacted the mechanical properties of dental plaque biofilms and determine if changes to biofilm rheology enhanced the removal of dental plaque. Using both uniaxial mechanical indentation and an adapted rotating-disc rheometry assay, it was found that DZA treatment compromised biofilm mechanical integrity, resulting in the biofilm being more susceptible to removal by shear forces compared to treatment with either arginine or zinc alone. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that DZA treatment reduced the amount of extracellular polymeric slime within the biofilm, likely accounting for the reduced mechanical properties. We propose a model where arginine facilitates the entry of zinc into the biofilm, resulting in additive effects of the two activities toward dental plaque biofilms. Together, our results support the use of a dentifrice containing Dual Zinc plus Arginine as part of daily oral hygiene regimens. IMPORTANCE Mechanical removal of dental plaque is augmented with therapeutic compounds to promote oral health. A dentifrice containing the ingredients zinc and arginine has shown efficacy at reducing dental plaque both in vitro and in vivo. However, how these active compounds interact together to facilitate dental plaque removal is unclear. Here, we used a combination of biophysical analyses and microscopy to demonstrate that combined treatment with zinc and arginine targets the matrix of dental plaque biofilms, which destabilized the mechanical integrity of these microbial communities, making them more susceptible to removal by shear forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin S. Gloag
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Yalda Khosravi
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - James G. Masters
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Daniel J. Wozniak
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Paul Stoodley
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- National Biofilm Innovation Centre (NBIC), University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- National Centre for Advanced Tribology at Southampton (nCATS), Mechanical Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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8
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Nhu VTT, Dat ND, Tam LM, Phuong NH. Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles toward highly efficient photocatalysis and antibacterial application. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 13:1108-1119. [PMID: 36262177 PMCID: PMC9551207 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.13.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were successfully synthesized by a green method using rosin and zinc chloride as salt precursors. The phase structure, morphology, and particle size of ZnO were determined by X-ray powder diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The fabricated ZnO NP samples are crystalline with a grain size of 30-100 nm. The ZnO NPs were used as catalysts for the photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) under visible and UV light. The results indicate that the prepared ZnO material excellently removed MB and MO (c initial = 10 mg/L) with efficiencies of 100% and 82.78%, respectively, after 210 min under UV radiation with a ZnO NP dose of 2 g/L. The photocatalyst activity of the synthesized material was also tested under visible light radiation with the same conditions; however, it achieved lower efficiencies. In addition, ZnO NPs were also tested regarding their antibacterial activity, and the results showed that the prepared ZnO samples had the highest (i.e., 100%) antibacterial efficiency against E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vo Thi Thu Nhu
- Faculty of Chemical & Food Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education, 1 Vo Van Ngan, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Duy Dat
- Faculty of Chemical & Food Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education, 1 Vo Van Ngan, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Le-Minh Tam
- Faculty of Chemical & Food Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education, 1 Vo Van Ngan, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Hoang Phuong
- HUTECH University, 475A Dien Bien Phu Street, Binh Thanh District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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ZccE is a Novel P-type ATPase That Protects Streptococcus mutans Against Zinc Intoxication. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010477. [PMID: 35939512 PMCID: PMC9387928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is a trace metal that is essential to all forms of life, but that becomes toxic at high concentrations. Because it has both antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties and low toxicity to mammalian cells, zinc has been used as a therapeutic agent for centuries to treat a variety of infectious and non-infectious conditions. While the usefulness of zinc-based therapies in caries prevention is controversial, zinc is incorporated into toothpaste and mouthwash formulations to prevent gingivitis and halitosis. Despite this widespread use of zinc in oral healthcare, the mechanisms that allow Streptococcus mutans, a keystone pathogen in dental caries and prevalent etiological agent of infective endocarditis, to overcome zinc toxicity are largely unknown. Here, we discovered that S. mutans is inherently more tolerant to high zinc stress than all other species of streptococci tested, including commensal streptococci associated with oral health. Using a transcriptome approach, we uncovered several potential strategies utilized by S. mutans to overcome zinc toxicity. Among them, we identified a previously uncharacterized P-type ATPase transporter and cognate transcriptional regulator, which we named ZccE and ZccR respectively, as responsible for the remarkable high zinc tolerance of S. mutans. In addition to zinc, we found that ZccE, which was found to be unique to S. mutans strains, mediates tolerance to at least three additional metal ions, namely cadmium, cobalt, and copper. Loss of the ability to maintain zinc homeostasis when exposed to high zinc stress severely disturbed zinc:manganese ratios, leading to heightened peroxide sensitivity that was alleviated by manganese supplementation. Finally, we showed that the ability of the ΔzccE strain to stably colonize the rat tooth surface after topical zinc treatment was significantly impaired, providing proof of concept that ZccE and ZccR are suitable targets for the development of antimicrobial therapies specifically tailored to kill S. mutans. Dental caries is an overlooked infectious disease affecting more than 50% of the adult population. While several bacteria that reside in dental plaque have been associated with caries development and progression, Streptococcus mutans is deemed a keystone caries pathogen due to its capacity to modify the dental plaque environment in a way that is conducive with disease development. Zinc is an essential trace metal to life but toxic when encountered at high concentrations, to the point that it has been used as an antimicrobial for centuries. Despite the widespread use of zinc in oral healthcare products, little is known about the mechanisms utilized by oral bacteria to overcome its toxic effects. In this study, we discovered that S. mutans can tolerate exposure to much higher levels of zinc than closely related streptococcal species, including species that antagonize S. mutans and are associated with oral health. In this study, we identified a new metal transporter, named ZccE, as directly responsible for the inherently high zinc tolerance of S. mutans. Because ZccE is not present in other bacteria, our findings provide a new target for the development of a zinc-based therapy specifically tailored to kill S. mutans.
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10
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Mayanagi G, Yufang L, Hoshino T, Takahashi N. A water-soluble glass-based temporary restorative resin inhibited bacteria-induced pH reductions at the bacteria-material interface. Dent Mater J 2021; 41:95-100. [PMID: 34483202 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2021-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of a water-soluble glass based temporary restorative resin (WSG-TRR) on bacteriainduced pH reductions at the bacteria-material interface. Each material (WSG-TRR, glass-ionomer cement, resin composite and conventional temporary restorative resin) was fixed to the bottom of the well of the experimental apparatus. The well was filled with pelleted cells of Streptococcus mutans, and the pH at the bacteria-material interface was monitored using a miniature pH electrode. The concentration of ions released from WSG-TRR and the effect of fluoride and zinc ions on bacteria-induced pH reduction was evaluated. The buffering capacities of WSG-TRR and WSG were also evaluated. At 90 min after the glucose addition, WSG-TRR exhibited the highest pH (5.29±0.12). Fluoride ion was detected at the interface between bacteria and WSG-TRR. Moreover, WSG were found to confer high buffering capacity. A WSG-TRR reduced bacteria-induced pH reductions at the bacteria-material interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Mayanagi
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Department of Oral Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry.,Liaison Center for Innovative Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Luo Yufang
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Department of Oral Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry.,School and hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University
| | - Tomohiro Hoshino
- Department of Next-Generation Dental Material Engineering, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Nobuhiro Takahashi
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Department of Oral Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry
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11
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A Repeated State of Acidification Enhances the Anticariogenic Biofilm Activity of Glass Ionomer Cement Containing Fluoro-Zinc-Silicate Fillers. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10080977. [PMID: 34439027 PMCID: PMC8388977 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10080977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the anticariogenic biofilm activity of a novel zinc-containing glass ionomer cement, Caredyne Restore (CR), using a flow-cell system that reproduces Stephan responses. Streptococcus mutans biofilms were cultured on either CR or hydroxyapatite (HA) discs mounted on a modified Robbins device. The media were allowed to flow at a speed of 2 mL/min for 24 h while exposed to an acidic buffer twice for 30 min to mimic dietary uptake. Acid exposure enhanced biofilm inhibition in the CR group, which showed 2.6 log CFU/mm2 in viable cells and a 2 log copies/mL reduction in total cells compared to the untreated group after 24 h of incubation, suggesting enhanced anticariogenic activity due to the release of fluoride and zinc ions. However, there was no difference in the number of viable and total cells between the two experimental groups after 24 h of incubation in the absence of an acidic environment. The anticariogenic biofilm activity of CR occurs in acidic oral environments, for example in the transient pH drop following dietary uptake. CR restorations are recommended in patients at high risk of caries due to hyposalivation, difficulty brushing, and frequent sugar intake.
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12
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Liu Y, Kohno T, Tsuboi R, Thongthai P, Fan D, Sakai H, Kitagawa H, Imazato S. Antibacterial effects and physical properties of a glass ionomer cement containing BioUnion filler with acidity-induced ability to release zinc ion. Dent Mater J 2021; 40:1418-1427. [PMID: 34334508 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2021-052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BioUnion filler is a bioactive glass particle that releases Zn2+ in an acidic environment. In this study, the ion release, antibacterial, and physical properties of a glass ionomer cement (GIC) incorporating BioUnion filler (CA) were assessed in vitro. The concentration of Zn2+ released from CA into acetic acid was higher than that released into water and its minimum inhibitory concentrations against six oral bacterial species. Moreover, the concentration of Zn2+-release was maintained during all the seven times it was exposed to acetic acid. Compared to a conventional cement and resin composite, CA significantly inhibited the growth of oral bacteria and hindered their adhesion on the material surface. Thus, our study outcomes show that the release of Zn2+ from CA in the acidic environment does not affect its compressive strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Liu
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Tomoki Kohno
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Ririko Tsuboi
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Pasiree Thongthai
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Deng Fan
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Hirohiko Sakai
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry.,Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Haruaki Kitagawa
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Satoshi Imazato
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry.,Department of Advanced Functional Materials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry
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13
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Aziz J, Rahman MT, Vaithilingam RD. Dysregulation of metallothionein and zinc aggravates periodontal diseases. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2021; 66:126754. [PMID: 33831799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontitis (PD) is a multifaceted inflammatory disease connected to bacterial infection that results in the destruction of tooth supporting structures and eventually tooth loss. Given their involvement in infection and inflammation, both metallothionein (MT) and zinc (Zn) might play vital roles in the development and progression of PD. More specifically, both MT and Zn are heavily involved in regulating immune functions, controlling bacterial infection, balancing inflammatory responses, and reducing oxidative stress, all of which are associated with the pathogenesis of PD. OBJECTIVE This review paper will explore the physiological functions of MT and Zn and hypothesise how dysregulation could negatively affect periodontal health, leading to PD. FINDINGS Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from periodontal pathogens, namely P. gingivalis initiates the acute phase response, thus upregulating the expression of MT which leads to the subsequent deficiency of Zn, a hallmark of periodontal disease. This deficiency leads to ineffective NETosis, increases the permeability of the gingival epithelium, and disrupts the humoral immune response, collectively contributing to PD. In addition, the presence of LPS in Zn deficient conditions favours M1 macrophage polarisation and maturation of dendritic cells, and also inhibits the anti-inflammatory activity of regulatory T cells. Collectively, these observations could theoretically give rise to the chronic inflammation seen in PD. CONCLUSION A disrupted MT and Zn homeostasis is expected to exert an adverse impact on periodontal health and contribute to the development and progression of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazli Aziz
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia; Dept. of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | | | - Rathna Devi Vaithilingam
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
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14
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Ganguly T, Peterson AM, Kajfasz JK, Abranches J, Lemos JA. Zinc import mediated by AdcABC is critical for colonization of the dental biofilm by Streptococcus mutans in an animal model. Mol Oral Microbiol 2021; 36:214-224. [PMID: 33819383 PMCID: PMC9178666 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Trace metals are essential to all domains of life but toxic when found at high concentrations. Although the importance of iron in host-pathogen interactions is firmly established, contemporary studies indicate that other trace metals, including manganese and zinc, are also critical to the infectious process. In this study, we sought to identify and characterize the zinc uptake system(s) of Streptococcus mutans, a keystone pathogen in dental caries and a causative agent of bacterial endocarditis. Different than other pathogenic bacteria, including several streptococci, that encode multiple zinc import systems, bioinformatic analysis indicated that the S. mutans core genome encodes a single, highly conserved, zinc importer commonly known as AdcABC. Inactivation of the genes coding for the metal-binding AdcA (ΔadcA) or both AdcC ATPase and AdcB permease (ΔadcCB) severely impaired the ability of S. mutans to grow under zinc-depleted conditions. Intracellular metal quantifications revealed that both mutants accumulated less zinc when grown in the presence of a subinhibitory concentration of a zinc-specific chelator. Notably, the ΔadcCB strain displayed a severe colonization defect in a rat oral infection model. Both Δadc strains were hypersensitive to high concentrations of manganese, showed reduced peroxide tolerance, and formed less biofilm in sucrose-containing media when cultivated in the presence of the lowest amount of zinc that support their growth, but not when zinc was supplied in excess. Collectively, this study identifies AdcABC as the major high affinity zinc importer of S. mutans and provides preliminary evidence that zinc is a growth-limiting factor within the dental biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tridib Ganguly
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Alexandra M. Peterson
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jessica K. Kajfasz
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jacqueline Abranches
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - José A. Lemos
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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15
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Rajendiran M, Trivedi HM, Chen D, Gajendrareddy P, Chen L. Recent Development of Active Ingredients in Mouthwashes and Toothpastes for Periodontal Diseases. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26072001. [PMID: 33916013 PMCID: PMC8037529 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal diseases like gingivitis and periodontitis are primarily caused by dental plaque. Several antiplaque and anti-microbial agents have been successfully incorporated into toothpastes and mouthwashes to control plaque biofilms and to prevent and treat gingivitis and periodontitis. The aim of this article was to review recent developments in the antiplaque, anti-gingivitis, and anti-periodontitis properties of some common compounds in toothpastes and mouthwashes by evaluating basic and clinical studies, especially the ones published in the past five years. The common active ingredients in toothpastes and mouthwashes included in this review are chlorhexidine, cetylpyridinium chloride, sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, stannous chloride, zinc oxide, zinc chloride, and two herbs—licorice and curcumin. We believe this comprehensive review will provide useful up-to-date information for dental care professionals and the general public regarding the major oral care products on the market that are in daily use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Rajendiran
- The Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Harsh M Trivedi
- Colgate-Palmolive Company, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (H.M.T.); (D.C.)
| | - Dandan Chen
- Colgate-Palmolive Company, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (H.M.T.); (D.C.)
| | - Praveen Gajendrareddy
- The Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
- Correspondence: (P.G.); (L.C.); Tel.: +1-312-413-8405 (P.G.); +1-312-413-5387 (L.C.)
| | - Lin Chen
- The Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
- Correspondence: (P.G.); (L.C.); Tel.: +1-312-413-8405 (P.G.); +1-312-413-5387 (L.C.)
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16
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Kumagai T, Kashiwamura H, Katsumata M, Ozaki M. Verification of antibacterial activity to enamel surfaces of new type of surface coating. PEDIATRIC DENTAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdj.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Zhang Y, Li X, Li J, Khan MZH, Ma F, Liu X. A novel zinc complex with antibacterial and antioxidant activity. BMC Chem 2021; 15:17. [PMID: 33722300 PMCID: PMC7962405 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-021-00745-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In order to enhance the antibacterial activity and reduce the toxicity of Zn2+, novel complexes of Zn(II) were synthesized. Results A water-soluble zinc-glucose-citrate complex (ZnGC) with antibacterial activity was synthesized at pH 6.5. The structure, morphology, characterization, acute toxicity, antibacterial and antioxidant activities, and in situ intestinal absorption were investigated. The results showed that zinc ion was linked with citrate by coordinate bond while the glucose was linked with it through intermolecular hydrogen bonding. The higher the molecular weight of sugar is, the more favorable it is to inhibit the formation of zinc citrate precipitation. Compared with ZnCl2, ZnGC complex presented better antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus, Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (E. coli, Gram-negative). Conclusions The results of acute toxicity showed no obvious toxicity in this test and in situ intestinal absorption study, suggesting that ZnGC complex could be used as a potential zinc supplement for zinc deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, School of Pharmacy, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Plants Utilization, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, School of Pharmacy, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Plants Utilization, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Jia Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, School of Pharmacy, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Plants Utilization, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Md Zaved Hossain Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jahsore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Fanyi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, School of Pharmacy, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Plants Utilization, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
| | - Xiuhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, School of Pharmacy, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Plants Utilization, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
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18
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Nishida E, Miyaji H, Shitomi K, Sugaya T, Akasaka T. Evaluation of antibacterial and cytocompatible properties of multiple-ion releasing zinc-fluoride glass nanoparticles. Dent Mater J 2020; 40:157-164. [PMID: 32999216 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2019-176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Zinc-fluoride glass nanoparticles (Zinc-F) release several ions, such as fluoride, zinc and calcium ions, through acid-base reactions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial and cytotoxic properties of Zinc-F. Antibacterial tests showed that a Zinc-F eluting solution significantly reduced the turbidity and colony-forming units of Streptococcus mutans and Actinomyces naeslundii, compared to that of calcium-fluoroaluminosilicate glass nanoparticles without zinc ions. In live/dead staining, Zinc-F eluate significantly decreased green-stained bacterial cells, indicating live cells, compared with the control (no application). Human dentin coated with Zinc-F showed suppressed S. mutans and A. naeslundii biofilm formation. Additionally, Zinc-F eluate showed low cytotoxic effects in osteoblastic and fibroblastic cells. Therefore, our findings suggested that Zinc-F exhibits antibacterial and biocompatible properties through multiple-ion release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Nishida
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Hirofumi Miyaji
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Kanako Shitomi
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Tsutomu Sugaya
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Tsukasa Akasaka
- Department of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University
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19
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Liu Y, Kohno T, Tsuboi R, Kitagawa H, Imazato S. Acidity-induced release of zinc ion from BioUnion TM filler and its inhibitory effects against Streptococcus mutans. Dent Mater J 2020; 39:547-553. [PMID: 32092722 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2019-061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BioUnion filler incorporated into restorative/coating materials is a new bio-functional glass powder. The most unique function of BioUnion filler is its ability to release Zn2+ in acidic environments. In this study, the ion release profile of BioUnion filler under acidic conditions and its antibacterial effects against Streptococcus mutans were evaluated. The concentrations of Zn2+ released from BioUnion fillers into acetic acids were greater than those released into water. S. mutans inhibition by BioUnion fillers was greater with sucrose than without sucrose, reflecting a decrease in suspension pH in response to the addition of sucrose. Exposure to acids increased Zn2+ release from BioUnion fillers, and the fillers after repeated exposure to acids demonstrated inhibitory effects against S. mutans. These findings suggest that BioUnion filler accelerated the release of Zn2+ under acidic conditions, which induced bactericidal/inhibitory effects against S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Liu
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Tomoki Kohno
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Ririko Tsuboi
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Haruaki Kitagawa
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Satoshi Imazato
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry.,Department of Advanced Functional Materials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry
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20
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Imazato S, Kohno T, Tsuboi R, Thongthai P, Xu HH, Kitagawa H. Cutting-edge filler technologies to release bio-active components for restorative and preventive dentistry. Dent Mater J 2020; 39:69-79. [PMID: 31932551 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2019-350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Advancements in materials used for restorative and preventive treatment is being directed toward "bio-active" functionality. Incorporation of filler particles that release active components is a popular method to create bio-active materials, and many approaches are available to develop fillers with the ability to release components that provide "bio-protective" or "bio-promoting" properties; e.g. metal/calcium phosphate nanoparticles, multiple ion-releasing glass fillers, and non-biodegradable polymer particles. In this review paper, recent developments in cutting-edge filler technologies to release bio-active components are addressed and summarized according to their usefulness and functions, including control of bacterial infection, tooth strengthening, and promotion of tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Imazato
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry.,Department of Advanced Functional Materials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Tomoki Kohno
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Ririko Tsuboi
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Pasiree Thongthai
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Hockin Hk Xu
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry
| | - Haruaki Kitagawa
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry
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21
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Abushahba F, Söderling E, Aalto-Setälä L, Hupa L, Närhi TO. Air Abrasion With Bioactive Glass Eradicates Streptococcus mutans Biofilm From a Sandblasted and Acid-Etched Titanium Surface. J ORAL IMPLANTOL 2019; 45:444-450. [PMID: 31536440 DOI: 10.1563/aaid-joi-d-18-00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is able to form a high-affinity biofilm on material surfaces. S mutans has also been detected around infected implants. Bioactive glasses (BAGs) have been shown to possess antibacterial effects against S mutans and other microorganisms. This in vitro study was performed to investigate the influence of BAG air abrasion on S mutans biofilm on sandblasted and acid-etched titanium surfaces. Sandblasted and acid-etched commercially pure titanium discs were used as substrates for bacteria (n = 107). The discs were immersed in an S mutans solution and incubated for 21 hours to form an S mutans biofilm. Twenty colonized discs were subjected to air abrasion with Bioglass 45S5 (45S5 BAG), experimental zinc oxide containing BAG (Zn4 BAG), and inert glass. After the abrasion, the discs were incubated for 5 hours in an anaerobic chamber followed by an assessment of viable S mutans cells. Surface morphology was evaluation using scanning electron microscopy (n = 12). The thrombogenicity of the glass particle-abraded discs (n = 75) was evaluated spectrophotometrically using whole-blood clotting measurement at predetermined time points. Air abrasion with 45S5 and Zn4 BAG eradicated S mutans biofilm. Significantly fewer viable S mutans cells were found on discs abraded with the 45S5 or Zn4 BAGs compared with the inert glass (P < .001). No significant differences were found in thrombogenicity since blood clotting was achieved for all substrates at 40 minutes. Air abrasion with BAG particles is effective in the eradication of S mutans biofilm from sandblasted and acid-etched titanium surfaces. Zn4 and 45S5 BAGs had similar biofilm-eradicating effects, but Zn4 BAG could be more tissue friendly. In addition, the steady release of zinc ions from Zn4 may enhance bone regeneration around the titanium implant and may thus have the potential to be used in the treatment of peri-implantitis. The use of either BAGs did not enhance the speed of blood coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faleh Abushahba
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Stomatognathic Physiology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Eva Söderling
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Laura Aalto-Setälä
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Leena Hupa
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Timo O Närhi
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Stomatognathic Physiology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Finland
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22
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Influence of Zinc Sulphate on the Probiotic Properties of Lactobacillus plantarum CCM 7102. FOLIA VETERINARIA 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/fv-2019-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The effects of zinc sulphate on selected properties of L. plantarum CCM 7102 were tested in vitro. The resistance of lactobacilli to higher concentrations of ZnSO4 (up to 5000 mg Zn2+.l−1) in growth media was strain-dependent. Further studies were carried out on the most resistant strain of L. plantarum CCM 7102. While the addition of low concentrations of zinc sulphate into the growth media (< 100 mg Zn2+.l−1) did not influence the properties of L. plantarum CCM 7102, the concentrations of 100—500 mg Zn2+.l−1 stimulated: the growth rate, production of lactic acid, adhesion to porcine enterocytes and the inhibition of pathogens E. coli O8:K88+ent+, S. enterica and S. Typhimurium. Conversely, however, high concentrations > 500 mg Zn2+.l−1 inhibited these properties. The addition of zinc (250 mg Zn2+.l−1) did not affect the resistance to antimicrobials, low pH, and the resistance to bile salt was affected only weakly. Zinc-resistant probiotic Lactobacillus strains are suitable for use in feedstuffs with a higher content of zinc designed for the prevention of post weaning diarrhoea in pigs.
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23
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Hasegawa T, Takenaka S, Ohsumi T, Ida T, Ohshima H, Terao Y, Naksagoon T, Maeda T, Noiri Y. Effect of a novel glass ionomer cement containing fluoro-zinc-silicate fillers on biofilm formation and dentin ion incorporation. Clin Oral Investig 2019; 24:963-970. [PMID: 31273528 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-02991-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study is aimed at evaluating the effect of a new glass ionomer cement (GIC) containing fluoro-zinc-silicate fillers on biofilm formation and ion incorporation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Streptococcus mutans biofilms were developed on two GIC materials: Caredyne Restore (CD) and Fuji VII (FJ); and hydroxyapatite (HA) for 24 h at 37 °C using a flow cell system. The morphological structure and bacterial viability were analyzed using a confocal laser scanning microscopy. Bacterial adhesion during the initial 2 h was also assessed by viable cell counting. To study the ion incorporation, restored cavities prepared on the root surfaces of human incisors were subjected to the elemental mapping of the zinc and fluoride ions in the GIC-dentin interface using a wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy electron probe microanalyzer. RESULTS Morphological observations revealed that biofilm formation in the CD group was remarkably inhibited compared with the HA and FJ groups, exhibiting sparse, thinner biofilm clusters. The microorganisms adhering to the CD group were significantly inhibited, revealing 2.9 ± 0.4 for CD, 4.9 ± 0.2 for FJ, and 5.4 ± 0.4 log colony-forming units (CFU) for HA. The CD zinc ion incorporation depth was 72.2 ± 8.0 μm. The fluoride penetration of CD was three times deeper than that of FJ; this difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Enhanced by the incorporation of zinc and fluoride ions, the new GIC inhibited biofilm formation by interfering with bacterial adhesion. CLINICAL RELEVANCE A novel GIC comprised of fluoro-zinc-silicate fillers may improve clinical outcomes, such as root caries and minimally invasive dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Hasegawa
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Shoji Takenaka
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Ohsumi
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Takako Ida
- Division of Bio-Prosthodontics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Hayato Ohshima
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of Hard Tissue, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Yutaka Terao
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Traithawit Naksagoon
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan.,Research Centre for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Takeyasu Maeda
- Research Centre for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Noiri
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
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24
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Brandão NL, Portela MB, Maia LC, Antônio A, Silva VLME, Silva EMD. Model resin composites incorporating ZnO-NP: activity against S. mutans and physicochemical properties characterization. J Appl Oral Sci 2018; 26:e20170270. [PMID: 29742262 PMCID: PMC5933836 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2017-0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although resin composites are widely used in the clinical practice, the development of recurrent caries at composite-tooth interface still remains as one of the principal shortcomings to be overcome in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Lamego Brandão
- Laboratório Analítico de Biomateriais Restauradores- LABiom-R, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | - Luciane Cople Maia
- Departamento de Odontopediatria e Ortodontia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Andréa Antônio
- Departamento de Odontopediatria e Ortodontia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Vanessa Loureiro Moreira E Silva
- Laboratório Analítico de Biomateriais Restauradores- LABiom-R, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Eduardo Moreira da Silva
- Laboratório Analítico de Biomateriais Restauradores- LABiom-R, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Suzuki N, Nakano Y, Watanabe T, Yoneda M, Hirofuji T, Hanioka T. Two mechanisms of oral malodor inhibition by zinc ions. J Appl Oral Sci 2018; 26:e20170161. [PMID: 29364345 PMCID: PMC5777415 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2017-0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to reveal the mechanisms by which zinc ions inhibit oral malodor. The direct binding of zinc ions to gaseous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) was assessed in comparison with other metal ions. Nine metal chlorides and six metal acetates were examined. To understand the strength of H2S volatilization inhibition, the minimum concentration needed to inhibit H2S volatilization was determined using serial dilution methods. Subsequently, the inhibitory activities of zinc ions on the growth of six oral bacterial strains related to volatile sulfur compound (VSC) production and three strains not related to VSC production were evaluated. Aqueous solutions of ZnCl2, CdCl2, CuCl2, (CH3COO)2Zn, (CH3COO)2Cd, (CH3COO)2Cu, and CH3COOAg inhibited H2S volatilization almost entirely. The strengths of H2S volatilization inhibition were in the order Ag+ > Cd2+ > Cu2+ > Zn2+. The effect of zinc ions on the growth of oral bacteria was strain-dependent. Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 25586 was the most sensitive, as it was suppressed by medium containing 0.001% zinc ions. Zinc ions have an inhibitory effect on oral malodor involving the two mechanisms of direct binding with gaseous H2S and suppressing the growth of VSC-producing oral bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Suzuki
- Fukuoka Dental College, Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshio Nakano
- Nihon University, School of Dentistry, Department of Chemistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Watanabe
- Fukuoka Dental College, Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yoneda
- Fukuoka Dental College, Department of General Dentistry, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takao Hirofuji
- Fukuoka Dental College, Department of General Dentistry, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Hanioka
- Fukuoka Dental College, Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Fukuoka, Japan
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The Role and Impact of Salivary Zn Levels on Dental Caries. Int J Dent 2018; 2018:8137915. [PMID: 29593795 PMCID: PMC5821987 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8137915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Minimal attention has been given to the role of salivary microelements, the importance they have in reducing the intensity of caries, and the effect of caries prophylaxes. Aim This research aimed to determine the concentration and quantity of Zn and its impact on the prevention and the reduction of the intensity of caries in schoolchildren aged 12-13 years with permanent dentition. Methods For this research, we analyzed the stimulated and nonstimulated full saliva of 106 schoolchildren divided into three groups by mean decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index. The control group consisted of 25 caries-free children, the second group had 47 children with mean DMFT index of 1 to 6, and the third group had 34 children with DMFT index of ≥ 6. Complete saliva was collected from all children in a sterile test tube. Results The concentration of Zn in saliva before stimulation in caries-free children has variations of the order of 0.001+ to 0.01 mmol/l. The maximum concentration after stimulation is 6.72 mmol/l, while the maximum value is 64.38 mmol/l. Conclusion The Zn concentration in the stimulated saliva showed a significant increase in the group of caries-free children and could be described as a positive value for the reduction of caries.
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Kang JH, Kim DJ, Choi BK, Park JW. Inhibition of malodorous gas formation by oral bacteria with cetylpyridinium and zinc chloride. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 84:133-138. [PMID: 28987726 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The antimicrobial efficacy of zinc- (ZnCl2) and cetylpyridinium-chloride (CPC) and their inhibition capacity on volatile sulfur compound (VSC) production by oral bacterial strains were investigated. DESIGN Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and growth curves were determined for ZnCl2, CPC, and CPC with ZnCl2 solutions against eight oral microorganisms (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans) known to be involved in the pathophysiology of both halitosis and periodontal disease. Gas chromatography was applied to measure VSCs (H2S, CH3SH, (CH3)2S) production levels of each strains following exposure to the solutions. RESULTS ZnCl2 and CPC effectively inhibited growth of all eight strains. ZnCl2 was generally more effective than CPC in suppressing bacterial growth excluding A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. intermedia, and T. forsythia. Synergism between CPC and ZnCl2 was shown in A. actinomycetemcomitans. The MIC for CPC was significantly lower than ZnCl2. VSC production was detected in five bacterial strains (A. actinomycetemcomitans, F. nucleatum, P. gingivalis, T. denticola, and T. forsythia). Each bacterial strain showed unique VSCs production profiles. H2S was produced by F. nucleatum, P. gingivalis, and T. denticola, CH3SH by all five strains and (CH3)2S by A. actinomycetemcomitans, F. nucleatum, P. gingivalis, and T. denticola. Production of CH3SH, the most malodorous component among the three major VSCs from mouth air was evident in F. nucleatum and T. forsythia. CONCLUSION Both ZnCl2 and CPC effectively inhibit bacterial growth causative of halitosis and periodontal disease, resulting in a direct decrease of bacterial VSCs production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hyun Kang
- Department of Oral medicine and Orofacial pain, Institute of Oral Health Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164, World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Jeong Kim
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Kyu Choi
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Woon Park
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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Forbes S, Latimer J, Sreenivasan PK, McBain AJ. Simultaneous Assessment of Acidogenesis-Mitigation and Specific Bacterial Growth-Inhibition by Dentifrices. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149390. [PMID: 26882309 PMCID: PMC4755603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dentifrices can augment oral hygiene by inactivating bacteria and at sub-lethal concentrations may affect bacterial metabolism, potentially inhibiting acidogenesis, the main cause of caries. Reported herein is the development of a rapid method to simultaneously measure group-specific bactericidal and acidogenesis-mitigation effects of dentifrices on oral bacteria. Saliva was incubated aerobically and anaerobically in Tryptone Soya Broth, Wilkins-Chalgren Broth with mucin, or artificial saliva and was exposed to dentifrices containing triclosan/copolymer (TD); sodium fluoride (FD); stannous fluoride and zinc lactate (SFD1); or stannous fluoride, zinc lactate and stannous chloride (SFD2). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined turbidometrically whilst group-specific minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were assessed using growth media and conditions selective for total aerobes, total anaerobes, streptococci and Gram-negative anaerobes. Minimum acid neutralization concentration (MNC) was defined as the lowest concentration of dentifrice at which acidification was inhibited. Differences between MIC and MNC were calculated and normalized with respect to MIC to derive the combined inhibitory and neutralizing capacity (CINC), a cumulative measure of acidogenesis-mitigation and growth inhibition. The overall rank order for growth inhibition potency (MIC) under aerobic and anaerobic conditions was: TD> SFD2> SFD1> FD. Acidogenesis-mitigation (MNC) was ordered; TD> FD> SFD2> SFD1. CINC was ordered TD> FD> SFD2> SFD1 aerobically and TD> FD> SFD1> SFD2 anaerobically. With respect to group-specific bactericidal activity, TD generally exhibited the greatest potency, particularly against total aerobes, total anaerobes and streptococci. This approach enables the rapid simultaneous evaluation of acidity mitigation, growth inhibition and specific antimicrobial activity by dentifrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Forbes
- Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Joe Latimer
- Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Prem K. Sreenivasan
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. McBain
- Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Kleiner M, Wentrup C, Holler T, Lavik G, Harder J, Lott C, Littmann S, Kuypers MMM, Dubilier N. Use of carbon monoxide and hydrogen by a bacteria–animal symbiosis from seagrass sediments. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:5023-35. [PMID: 26013766 PMCID: PMC4744751 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The gutless marine worm Olavius algarvensis lives in symbiosis with chemosynthetic bacteria that provide nutrition by fixing carbon dioxide (CO2) into biomass using reduced sulfur compounds as energy sources. A recent metaproteomic analysis of the O. algarvensis symbiosis indicated that carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2) might also be used as energy sources. We provide direct evidence that the O. algarvensis symbiosis consumes CO and H2. Single cell imaging using nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry revealed that one of the symbionts, the γ3‐symbiont, uses the energy from CO oxidation to fix CO2. Pore water analysis revealed considerable in‐situ concentrations of CO and H2 in the O. algarvensis environment, Mediterranean seagrass sediments. Pore water H2 concentrations (89–2147 nM) were up to two orders of magnitude higher than in seawater, and up to 36‐fold higher than previously known from shallow‐water marine sediments. Pore water CO concentrations (17–51 nM) were twice as high as in the overlying seawater (no literature data from other shallow‐water sediments are available for comparison). Ex‐situ incubation experiments showed that dead seagrass rhizomes produced large amounts of CO. CO production from decaying plant material could thus be a significant energy source for microbial primary production in seagrass sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Kleiner
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology Celsiusstrasse 1 Bremen 28359 Germany
- Department of Geoscience University of Calgary 2500 University Drive Calgary AB T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - Cecilia Wentrup
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology Celsiusstrasse 1 Bremen 28359 Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science Division of Microbial Ecology University of Vienna Althanstr. 14 A‐1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Thomas Holler
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology Celsiusstrasse 1 Bremen 28359 Germany
| | - Gaute Lavik
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology Celsiusstrasse 1 Bremen 28359 Germany
| | - Jens Harder
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology Celsiusstrasse 1 Bremen 28359 Germany
| | - Christian Lott
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology Celsiusstrasse 1 Bremen 28359 Germany
- Elba Field Station HYDRA Institute for Marine Sciences Via del Forno 80 Campo nell'Elba LI 57034 Italy
| | - Sten Littmann
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology Celsiusstrasse 1 Bremen 28359 Germany
| | - Marcel M. M. Kuypers
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology Celsiusstrasse 1 Bremen 28359 Germany
| | - Nicole Dubilier
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology Celsiusstrasse 1 Bremen 28359 Germany
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Zinc disrupts central carbon metabolism and capsule biosynthesis in Streptococcus pyogenes. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10799. [PMID: 26028191 PMCID: PMC4450579 DOI: 10.1038/srep10799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils release free zinc to eliminate the phagocytosed bacterial pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus; GAS). In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underpinning zinc toxicity towards this human pathogen, responsible for diseases ranging from pharyngitis and impetigo, to severe invasive infections. Using the globally-disseminated M1T1 GAS strain, we demonstrate that zinc stress impairs glucose metabolism through the inhibition of the glycolytic enzymes phosphofructokinase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. In the presence of zinc, a metabolic shift to the tagatose-6-phosphate pathway allows conversion of D-galactose to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde phosphate, partially bypassing impaired glycolytic enzymes to generate pyruvate. Additionally, zinc inhibition of phosphoglucomutase results in decreased capsule biosynthesis. These data indicate that zinc exerts it toxicity via mechanisms that inhibit both GAS central carbon metabolism and virulence pathways.
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Wang Z, Shen Y, Haapasalo M. Dental materials with antibiofilm properties. Dent Mater 2014; 30:e1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Rymovicz AUM, Ronsani MM, Grégio AMT, Guariza-Filho OG, Tanaka O, Rosa EAR. Virulence modulation of Streptococcus mutans biofilms by metal ions released from orthodontic appliances. Angle Orthod 2013; 83:987-93. [PMID: 23586445 DOI: 10.2319/112712-904.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the impact of metal ions commonly shed from orthodontic appliances on the virulence of Streptococcus mutans ATCC®25175™ biofilms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Biofilms were grown in the presence of Ni(2+), Fe(3+), Cr(3+), Co(2+), and a metal ion pool at concentrations similar to those released in saliva of orthodontic patients for 72 hours. Once mature, biofilms were treated for up to 12 hours with 5% glucose. RESULTS Ions interfered with the growth of S mutans by reducing its biomass (Ni(2+), Fe(3+), Cr(3+)), raising its rates of sugar metabolism (Ni(2+), Fe(3+), Cr(3+)), and raising its secretion of lactate (Ni(2+), Fe(3+), Cr(3+), pool). CONCLUSION The laboratory data presented here point to the possibility of virulence increase of S mutans by metal ions commonly released during orthodontic therapy.
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Aquilanti L, Kahraman O, Zannini E, Osimani A, Silvestri G, Ciarrocchi F, Garofalo C, Tekin E, Clementi F. Response of lactic acid bacteria to milk fortification with dietary zinc salts. Int Dairy J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Ledder RG, McBain AJ. An in vitro comparison of dentifrice formulations in three distinct oral microbiotas. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:139-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Effect of ZnCl2 on plaque growth and biofilm vitality. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 57:369-75. [PMID: 22071420 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 10/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ZnCl(2) on plaque-growth and vitality pattern of dental biofilm and to determine the optimum zinc concentration for the inhibition of plaque formation. DESIGN Data were collected from nine volunteers for whom a special-designed acrylic appliance was prescribed after a careful dental check up. The volunteers rinsed twice daily for 2min with ZnCl(2) of 2.5, 5, 10, 20mM as treatment and double distilled water (DDW) as control in respective assigned test weeks. The plaque index (PI) was assessed after 48h of appliance wearing. The glass discs with the adhered biofilm were removed from the splints and stained with two fluorescent dyes. The biofilm thickness (BT) and bacterial vitality of the whole biofilm as well as the mean bacterial vitality (BV) of the inner, middle and outer layers of biofilm were evaluated under confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). RESULTS PI, BT and BV of biofilms treated by various concentrations of ZnCl(2) were reduced significantly when compared with the DDW group (p<0.05). PI, BT and BV of the 2.5mM ZnCl(2) group was significantly higher than groups of 5, 10, 20mM ZnCl(2) (p<0.05). The mean BV of the 3 layers (inner, middle and outer layers) showed that 2.5mM ZnCl(2) was the lowest concentration to inhibit BV in the outer layer, 5mM was the lowest concentration to extend this inhibition of BV to the middle layer, and none of the concentrations investigated in this study has shown any effect on bacteria inhibition in the inner layer. CONCLUSION Zinc ions exhibited possible inhibitory effects on plaque formation, and have a promising potential to be used as an antibacterial agent in future dentifrices and mouthrinses.
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Ledder RG, Sreenivasan PK, DeVizio W, McBain AJ. Evaluation of the specificity and effectiveness of selected oral hygiene actives in salivary biofilm microcosms. J Med Microbiol 2010; 59:1462-1468. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.024372-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiological effects of biocidal products used for the enhancement of oral hygiene relate to the active compound(s) as well as other formulation components. Here, we test the specificities of selected actives in the absence of multiple excipients. Salivary ecosystems were maintained in tissue culture plate-based hydroxyapatite disc models (HDMs) and modified drip-flow biofilm reactors (MDFRs). Test compounds stannous fluoride (SF), SDS, triclosan (TCS), zinc lactate (ZL) and ZL with SF in combination (ZLSF) were delivered to the HDMs once and four times daily for 6 days to MDFRs. Plaques were characterized by differential viable counting and PCR–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). TCS and SDS were the most effective compounds against HDM plaques, significantly reducing total viable counts (P<0.05), whilst SF, ZL and ZLSF were comparatively ineffective. TCS exhibited specificity for streptococci (P<0.01) and Gram-negative anaerobes (P<0.01) following a single dosing and also on repeated dosing in MDFRs. In contrast to single exposures, multiple dosing with ZLSF also significantly reduced all bacterial groups, whilst SF and ZL caused significant but transient reductions. According to PCR–DGGE analyses, significant (P<0.05) reductions in eubacterial diversity occurred following 6 day dosing with both TCS and ZLSF. Concordance of MDFR eubacterial profiles with salivary inocula ranged between 58 and 97 %. TCS and ZL(SF) exhibited similar specificities to those reported for formulations. TCS was the most potent antibacterial, after single and multiple dosage regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth G. Ledder
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | | | - William DeVizio
- Colgate–Palmolive Company, 909 River Road, Piscataway, NJ 08855, USA
| | - Andrew J. McBain
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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Aydin Sevinç B, Hanley L. Antibacterial activity of dental composites containing zinc oxide nanoparticles. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2010; 94:22-31. [PMID: 20225252 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The resin-based dental composites commonly used in restorations result in more plaque accumulation than other materials. Bacterial biofilm growth contributes to secondary caries and failure of resin-based dental composites. Methods to inhibit biofilm growth on dental composites have been sought for several decades. It is demonstrated here that zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) blended at 10% (w/w) fraction into dental composites display antimicrobial activity and reduce growth of bacterial biofilms by roughly 80% for a single-species model dental biofilm. Antibacterial effectiveness of ZnO-NPs was assessed against Streptococcus sobrinus ATCC 27352 grown both planktonically and as biofilms on composites. Direct contact inhibition was observed by scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy while biofilm formation was quantified by viable counts. An 80% reduction in bacterial counts was observed with 10% ZnO-NP-containing composites compared with their unmodified counterpart, indicating a statistically significant suppression of biofilm growth. Although, 20% of the bacterial population survived and could form a biofilm layer again, 10% ZnO-NP-containing composites maintained at least some inhibitory activity even after the third generation of biofilm growth. Microscopy demonstrated continuous biofilm formation for unmodified composites after 1-day growth, but only sparsely distributed biofilms formed on 10% ZnO-NP-containing composites. The minimum inhibitory concentration of ZnO-NPs suspended in S. sobrinus planktonic culture was 50 microg mL(-1). ZnO-NP-containing composites (10%) qualitatively showed less biofilm after 1-day-anaerobic growth of a three-species initial colonizer biofilm after being compared with unmodified composites, but did not significantly reduce growth after 3 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berdan Aydin Sevinç
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7061, USA
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Potentiation of bacterial killing activity of zinc chloride by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate. J Microbiol 2010; 48:40-3. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-009-0049-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Kang MS, Choi EK, Choi DH, Ryu SY, Lee HH, Kang HC, Koh JT, Kim OS, Hwang YC, Yoon SJ, Kim SM, Yang KH, Kang IC. Antibacterial activity of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2008; 280:250-4. [PMID: 18248425 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), an antioxidant with a metal-chelating activity, has been used widely to inhibit the expression of inflammatory genes in vitro and in vivo. This study investigated whether PDTC has an antimicrobial activity against various bacteria. The antibacterial activity of PDTC and other compounds was evaluated in vitro by the broth microdilution method against Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. Bacterial growth was inhibited by PDTC, where a wide range of sensitivity was demonstrated among the tested bacteria. The antibacterial activity of PDTC was reduced by the addition of copper chloride; in contrast, it was enhanced considerably by zinc chloride. Two different zinc chelators, Ca-saturated EDTA (Ca-EDTA) and N,N,N',N'-tetrakis (2-pyridylmethyl) ethylenediamine, blocked the antibacterial activity of PDTC, whereas Zn-EDTA failed to reduce the activity of PDTC. These results demonstrate for the first time that PDTC possesses an antibacterial activity, for which zinc is required, and suggest that PDTC, possessing a dual anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity, may be considered for topical use for inflammatory diseases of bacterial origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Sun Kang
- Brain Korea 21 Program, Chonnam National University, Kwangju, South Korea
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Burguera-Pascu M, Rodríguez-Archilla A, Baca P. Substantivity of zinc salts used as rinsing solutions and their effect on the inhibition of Streptococcus mutans. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2007; 21:92-101. [PMID: 17499148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2006.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The antimicrobial efficacy of zinc (Zn) salts (sulfate and acetate) against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) present in the oral cavity was tested in this study. The substantivity of Zn salts was assessed by determining the concentration of Zn in whole, unstimulated saliva and by measuring the magnitude of suppression of salivary S. mutans, 2h after rinsing. The concentration of Zn was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) with electrothermal atomization (ET AAS) in saliva sampled before (basal) and 24h after mouth rinsing with different concentrations of Zn (0.1%, 0.5% and 1%) administrated as sulfate and acetate. The estimation of Zn levels in samples collected 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after rinsing was carried out by AAS with flame atomization (FAAS). Immediately after rinsing, the concentration of Zn in saliva sharply increased with respect to the baseline values (0.055+/-0.017 mg/L), followed by a sustained decrease, probably due to clearance of salivary flow or swallowing during sampling. A significant reduction (>87%) in the total mean S. mutans counts was found 2h after rinsing either with sulfate or acetate solutions, as evidence of the high substantivity and effectiveness of the Zn salts tested. A statistically significant inverse relationship (p<0.001 and the Pearson correlation coefficients between -34% and -50%) was found between Zn levels and the respective pH values measured in the samples collected 60 and 120 min after rinsing, sustaining the theory of bacterial glycolysis inhibition.
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Koo H, Sheng J, Nguyen PTM, Marquis RE. Co-operative inhibition by fluoride and zinc of glucosyl transferase production and polysaccharide synthesis by mutans streptococci in suspension cultures and biofilms. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2006; 254:134-40. [PMID: 16451191 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2005.00018.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoride and zinc, alone or in combination at concentrations of 0.2 mM, inhibited production-secretion of glucosyltranferases by Streptococcus mutans UA159 growing in suspension cultures. Inhibition did not involve growth inhibition or starvation. Fluoride and zinc also inhibited glucan production, especially insoluble glucan, in fed-batch biofilms. Inhibition of biofilms appeared to be associated with starvation as indicated by markedly decreased ATP pools and iodophilic polysaccharide levels in biofilm cells. As insoluble glucans are important for virulence of mutans streptococci, the inhibitory actions of fluoride and zinc could significantly affect cariogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Koo
- Center for Oral Biology and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642-8672, USA
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Sheng J, Nguyen PTM, Marquis RE. Multi-target antimicrobial actions of zinc against oral anaerobes. Arch Oral Biol 2005; 50:747-57. [PMID: 15958206 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2005.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2004] [Accepted: 01/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Zinc is used in oral care products as an antiplaque/antigingivitis agent. Our objective was to assess the antimicrobial actions of zinc against oral anaerobes associated with gingivitis, specifically Fusobacterium nucleatum and Prevotella intermedia, with focus on catabolism and oxidative metabolism. METHODS The oral anaerobes were grown in complex medium in an anaerobic chamber, harvested by centrifugation and used directly for experiments with suspensions. Biofilm growth involved super-infection by F. nucleatum of an initial biofilm formed by Streptococcus sanguis. RESULTS Zn(2+) inhibited catabolism of glutamate, glutamyl-glutamate, glucose and fructose by F. nucleatum cells in suspensions with ID(50) values, respectively, of 0.05, 0.005, 0.01 and 0.01 mM. The ID(50) value for inhibition of glutamate catabolism by biofilms was 0.10 mM. Inhibition of glutamate catabolism could be related to inhibition of substrate uptake and of 2-oxoglutarate reductase. Zn(2+) also inhibited catabolism of aspartate or aspartyl-aspartate by P. intermedia with ID(50) values of 0.07 and about 0.03 mM, respectively. Respiration of intact cells of F. nucleatum and NADH oxidase in cell extracts were sensitive to zinc with ID(50) values, respectively, of about 1.0 and 1.4 mM. Zinc also inhibited production of hydrogen peroxide by F. nucleatum (ID(50) = ca. 0.04 mM.) but at high concentrations acted to potentiate and enhance peroxide killing of the anaerobe. CONCLUSION Zn(2+) is a potent inhibitor of catabolism by F. nucleatum and P. intermedia, including catabolism of peptides, which can be degraded to yield inflammatory metabolic end products. Zn(2+) also inhibits O(2) metabolism of F. nucleatum by about 50% and hydrogen peroxide production nearly completely but also enhances killing by peroxide added to cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyun Sheng
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY 14642-8672, USA
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Dashper SG, O'Brien-Simpson NM, Cross KJ, Paolini RA, Hoffmann B, Catmull DV, Malkoski M, Reynolds EC. Divalent metal cations increase the activity of the antimicrobial Peptide kappacin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:2322-8. [PMID: 15917528 PMCID: PMC1140507 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.6.2322-2328.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Kappacin, nonglycosylated kappa-casein(106-169), is a novel antimicrobial peptide produced from kappa-casein found in bovine milk. There are two major genetic forms of kappacin, A and B, and using synthetic peptides corresponding to the active region, kappa-casein(138-158), of these forms, we have shown that the Asp148 to Ala148 substitution is responsible for the lesser antibacterial activity of kappa-casein-B(106-169). Kappacin was shown to have membranolytic action at concentrations above 30 microM at acidic pH when tested against artificial liposomes. There was little membranolytic activity at neutral pH, which is consistent with the lack of antibacterial activity of kappacin against Streptococcus mutans at this pH. Kappacin specifically bound two zinc or calcium ions per mol, and this binding enhanced antibacterial activity at neutral pH. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis indicated that a kappa-casein-A(138-158) synthetic peptide undergoes a conformational change in the presence of the membrane solvent trifluoroethanol and excess divalent metal ions. This change in conformation is presumably responsible for the increase in antibacterial activity of kappacin detected in the presence of excess zinc or calcium ions at neutral pH. When tested against the oral bacterial pathogen S. mutans cultured as a biofilm in a constant-depth film fermentor, a preparation of 10 g/liter kappacin and 20 mM ZnCl2 reduced bacterial viability by 3 log10 and suppressed recovery of viability. In contrast 20 mM ZnCl2 alone reduced bacterial viability by approximately 1 log10 followed by rapid recovery. In conclusion, kappacin has a membranolytic, antibacterial effect that is enhanced by the presence of divalent cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G Dashper
- CRC for Oral Health Science, School of Dental Science, University of Melbourne, 711 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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44
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Abstract
For any antibacterial/ anti-plaque system from an oral care product to be effective, it must firstly be delivered and retained at relevant sites in the oral cavity and secondly, remain active within the chosen formulation to successfully target the biofilm cells within dental plaque. This must include inhibition of the growth and metabolism of relevant organisms associated with disease. This review will concentrate on understanding the environmental conditions in which such oral care products must work and summarise the activity within the oral cavity of the main antibacterial and anti-plaque agents in common oral care products, namely chlorhexidine, essential oils, metal salts and Triclosan. Routes to further enhance the activity of these products, together with the use of relatively novel formats such as confectionery products to provide added consumer oral health benefits will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Brading
- Unilever Oral Care, Quarry Road East, Bebington, Wirral, UK.
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Phan TN, Buckner T, Sheng J, Baldeck JD, Marquis RE. Physiologic actions of zinc related to inhibition of acid and alkali production by oral streptococci in suspensions and biofilms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 19:31-8. [PMID: 14678472 DOI: 10.1046/j.0902-0055.2003.00109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is a known inhibitor of acid production by mutans streptococci. Our primary objective was to extend current knowledge of the physiologic bases for this inhibition and also for zinc inhibition of alkali production by Streptococcus rattus FA-1 and Streptococcus salivarius ATCC 13419. Zinc at concentrations as low as 0.01-0.1 mm not only inhibited acid production by cells of Streptococcus mutans GS-5 in suspensions or in biofilms but also sensitized glycolysis by intact cells to acidification. Zinc reversibly inhibited the F-ATPase of permeabilized cells of S. mutans with a 50% inhibitory concentration of about 1 mm for cells in suspensions. Zinc reversibly inhibited the phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system with 50% inhibition at about 0.3 mm ZnSO4, or about half that concentration when the zinc-citrate chelate was used. The reversibility of these inhibitory actions of zinc correlates with findings that it is mainly bacteriostatic rather than bactericidal. Zinc inhibited alkali production from arginine or urea and was a potent enzyme inhibitor for arginine deiminase of S. rattus FA-1 and for urease of S. salivarius. In addition, zinc citrate at high levels of 10-20 mm was weakly bactericidal.
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Affiliation(s)
- T-N Phan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642-8672, USA
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Adams SE, Lloyd AM, Naeeni MA, Cooper YL, Holt JS. The effect of a toothpaste containing 2% zinc citrate/0.3% Triclosan on the glycolysis of plaque bacteria ex vivo after food intake. Int Dent J 2003; 53:391-7. [PMID: 14725384 DOI: 10.1111/j.1875-595x.2003.tb00915.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop an ex vivo plaque pH method to assess the efficacy of a new zinc citrate/Triclosan formulation. METHODS Study (1) focussed on method development. Study (2) examined the effect of a toothpaste containing 2% zinc citrate/0.3% Triclosan on the pH of plaque after product use and consumption of pizza. Study (3) investigated the effect of the same formulation and a fluoride toothpaste on the pH of plaque without an 'eating occasion'. The pH of plaque samples was measured over 10 minutes in the presence of glucose. RESULTS The test product significantly reduced the amount of acid produced 30 minutes (p = 0.0035) and 3 hours (p = 0.0018) after brushing (study (2)). In study (3) use of the test product significantly reduced the amount of acid produced 3 hours after brushing (p = 0.0023). No significant benefit was found for the fluoride toothpaste. CONCLUSION An ex vivo plaque pH method has been developed which can detect changes in acid produced following brushing with different toothpastes. A toothpaste containing 2% zinc citrate/0.3% Triclosan significantly reduced the total acid produced for at least 3 hours after product use. Moreover it has been demonstrated that this effect is detectable even after eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Adams
- Unilever Oral Care, Quarry Road East, Bebington, Wirral, UK.
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Green AK, Horay CP, Lloyd AM, Abraham PJ, Cox TF, Holt JS, Savage DJ. The effect of a 2% zinc citrate, 0.3% Triclosan dentifrice on plaque acid production following consumption of a snackfood. Int Dent J 2003; 53:385-90. [PMID: 14725383 DOI: 10.1111/j.1875-595x.2003.tb00914.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A) To assess plaque lactate production following consumption of three foods (cake, chocolate/caramel bar, sweetened coffee), and B) To measure the effect of a fluoride dentifrice containing 2% zinc citrate and 0.3% Triclosan on plaque lactate and pH drop following consumption of cake. METHODS A) 10 subjects completed the first study. Plaque samples taken before and at 8,15 and 30 minutes after eating. Samples were analysed for lactate via Capillary Electrophoresis. B) 30 subjects completed the second study. Plaque samples were taken before and after cake and use of test dentifrice or no treatment control. Plaque pH and lactate content were assessed. RESULTS A) Plaque lactate levels increased after all three foods; peak lactate levels occurred 8 minutes after eating. B) Plaque lactate concentrations after eating cake were 39.2mM for the control treatment and a significantly lower value, 23.6mM, for the test 2% zinc citrate, 0.3% Triclosan dentifrice. After food challenge, pH values were 5.53 for the no treatment group and a significantly higher value of 5.79 for the test dentifrice group. CONCLUSIONS A toothpaste containing 2% zinc citrate, 0.3% Triclosan can significantly reduce plaque lactate generation and pH drop induced by cake, compared to no treatment control.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Green
- Unilever Oral Care, Quarry Road East, Bebington, Wirral, UK.
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Young A, Jonski G, Rölla G. Inhibition of orally produced volatile sulfur compounds by zinc, chlorhexidine or cetylpyridinium chloride--effect of concentration. Eur J Oral Sci 2003; 111:400-4. [PMID: 12974683 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0722.2003.00063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Zinc ions, chlorhexidine (CHX) and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) are all known to inhibit production of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs). The objective was to examine the anti-VSC dose-response effects of each of the above agents. Oral malodor was induced in 13 test subjects using the cysteine challenge method. The oral VSC response to rinses with 6 mm l-cysteine (pH 7.2) before and 1, 2 and 3 h after rinsing with zinc ions (Zn2+: 0.1, 0.3 and 1.0%), CHX and CPC (0.025 and 0.2%) was measured. Mouth air was analysed for VSC by gas chromatography (GC) according to current methodology. Zinc had a marked dose- and time-dependent anti-VSC effect. Zinc at 1% concentration had a somewhat unpleasant taste, whereas the lowest concentration was found acceptable. Chlorhexidine maintained a moderate anti-VSC effect over time. At 3 h, 0.2% CHX was the most effective agent but tasted relatively unpleasant. Cetylpyridinium at a concentration of 0.2% was only marginally more effective than 0.025% CHX over the 3 h, while 0.025% CPC had no better anti-VSC effect than water at both 2 h and 3 h. It was concluded that the three test agents demonstrated different anti-VSC kinetics. Although Zn had the best anti-VSC effect at 1 h, 0.2% CHX was at least as effective as 1% Zn at 3 h, most likely as a result of its unique substantivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alix Young
- Department of Cariology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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