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Kleinert T, Nash K. Trait Aggression is Reflected by a Lower Temporal Stability of EEG Resting Networks. Brain Topogr 2024; 37:514-523. [PMID: 36400856 PMCID: PMC11199292 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-022-00929-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Trait aggression can lead to catastrophic consequences for individuals and society. However, it remains unclear how aggressive people differ from others regarding basic, task-independent brain characteristics. We used EEG microstate analysis to investigate how the temporal organization of neural resting networks might help explain inter-individual differences in aggression. Microstates represent whole-brain networks, which are stable for short timeframes (40-120 ms) before quickly transitioning into other microstate types. Recent research demonstrates that the general temporal stability of microstates across types predicts higher levels of self-control and inhibitory control, and lower levels of risk-taking preferences. Given that these outcomes are inversely related to aggression, we investigated whether microstate stability at rest would predict lower levels of trait aggression. As males show higher levels of aggression than females, and males and females express aggression differently, we also tested for possible gender-differences. As hypothesized, people with higher levels of trait aggression showed lower microstate stability. This effect was moderated by gender, with men showing stronger associations compared to women. These findings support the notion that temporal dynamics of sub-second resting networks predict complex human traits. Furthermore, they provide initial indications of gender-differences in the functional significance of EEG microstates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Kleinert
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada.
- Department of Ergonomics, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Kyle Nash
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
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2
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Christopher M, Ferry M, Simmons A, Vasquez A, Reynolds B, Grupe D. Psychometric properties of the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire-short form among law enforcement officers. Aggress Behav 2024; 50:e22145. [PMID: 38477412 DOI: 10.1002/ab.22145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Repeatedly capturing national headlines, excessive law enforcement officer (LEO) use of force in critical incident encounters is one of the most divisive human rights issues in the United States. Valid and reliable measures of potential precursors to LEO excessive use of force, such as aggression, are needed. The Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire-short form (BPAQ-SF) is a validated measure of aggression across various populations; however, evaluation of this easily administered measure in high-stress, frontline populations such as LEOs is limited. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the validity, reliability, and sensitivity to change the BPAQ-SF in a sample of LEOs. A confirmatory factor analysis suggested that the hierarchical solution provides a mixed fit to the data: SBχ²(25.84) = 62.50, p = .0001; comparative fit index = .94, non-normed fit index = .92, root mean square error of approximation = .19 (90% confidence interval = .17-.21), standardized root mean squared residual = .08. The BPAQ-SF demonstrated good internal consistency (α = .84) and test-retest reliability (r = .86), correlations in the expected direction with predictors of and buffers against aggression, and sensitivity to change among LEOs who participated in an intervention targeting aggression. Results support and extend previous findings suggesting that the BPAQ-SF is a valid and reliable measure of aggression among LEOs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marissa Ferry
- School of Graduate Psychology, Pacific University, Hillsboro, Oregon, USA
| | - Akeesha Simmons
- School of Graduate Psychology, Pacific University, Hillsboro, Oregon, USA
| | - Alicia Vasquez
- School of Graduate Psychology, Pacific University, Hillsboro, Oregon, USA
| | - Brooke Reynolds
- School of Graduate Psychology, Pacific University, Hillsboro, Oregon, USA
| | - Daniel Grupe
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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3
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Webster GD, Nezlek JB. Daily aggression domains differentially relate to daily affect and self-esteem. Aggress Behav 2024; 50:e22114. [PMID: 37721007 DOI: 10.1002/ab.22114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
How do daily fluctuations in aggression relate to daily variability in affect and self-esteem? Although research has examined how trait aggression relates to affect and self-esteem, state aggression has received little attention. To this end, we had 120 US undergraduates participate in a 14-day daily diary study where they responded to state-level measures of aggression, affect, and self-esteem. Crucially, we used multifaceted state measures of both aggression (anger, hostility, verbal aggression, physical aggression) and affect (positive vs. negative, activated vs. deactivated). Multilevel models revealed that daily anger and hostility related positively to daily negative affect and negatively to daily positive affect. Similarly, daily anger and hostility related negatively to daily self-esteem. In contrast, daily verbal and physical aggression were largely unrelated to daily affect and self-esteem; however, unexpectedly, daily physical aggression related positively to daily positive activated affect, but only when controlling for the other daily aggression domains. Overall, daily attitudinal aggression measures-anger and hostility-related to daily affect and self-esteem in theoretically consistent ways, whereas daily behavioral aggression measures-verbal and physical aggression-did not. Our findings support expanding the General Aggression Model to incorporate state-level processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D Webster
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - John B Nezlek
- Psychological Sciences, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
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4
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Chong LS, Senich KL, Ahmad S, Olezeski CL, Gordis EB. Psychologically aggressive parenting and later aggression: Salivary alpha-amylase reactivity and sex as moderators. Int J Psychophysiol 2023; 194:112260. [PMID: 37939902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.112260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Psychologically aggressive parenting (PAP) exposure negatively affects children's development of aggression. Nevertheless, not all children exposed to PAP display aggressive behaviors. Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity may influence the impact of early adversity on aggression. This study examines whether SNS reactivity and sex moderate the link between psychologically aggressive parenting (PAP) during childhood and later aggression. Emerging adults (N = 182, mean age = 19.03 years, 53 % female) retrospectively reported on their childhood PAP and current aggression. Salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) collected from a social stress task indexed SNS reactivity to stress. Childhood PAP was associated with emerging adulthood anger, hostility, physical, and verbal aggression. Moreover, males were more likely to exhibit anger, verbal, and physical aggression and had higher levels of sAA reactivity than females. A significant three-way interaction between childhood PAP, sAA reactivity, and sex accounted for participants' current verbal aggression. The link between childhood PAP and later verbal aggression was stronger for males at higher levels of sAA reactivity. Females with higher levels of sAA reactivity displayed lower levels of verbal aggression regardless of PAP exposure. Males and females with lower levels of sAA reactivity were at elevated risk for verbal aggression regardless of PAP exposure. Moreover, we found a significant two-way interaction between PAP and sex on anger, such that higher levels of PAP exposure were associated with more anger among males, but not females. These findings highlight the importance of examining interactions between biological and environmental factors and sex in accounting for later aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shen Chong
- University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue Social Science 399, Albany, NY 12222
| | - Kate L Senich
- University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue Social Science 399, Albany, NY 12222.
| | - Sadena Ahmad
- University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue Social Science 399, Albany, NY 12222
| | - Christy L Olezeski
- Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George St #901, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Elana B Gordis
- University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue Social Science 399, Albany, NY 12222
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5
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Fekih-Romdhane F, Malaeb D, Sarray El Dine A, Yakın E, Hallit S, Obeid S. Association between Bullying Victimization and Aggression in Lebanese Adolescents: The Indirect Effect of Repetitive Negative Thinking-A Path Analysis Approach and Scales Validation. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10030598. [PMID: 36980156 PMCID: PMC10047793 DOI: 10.3390/children10030598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: The purpose of the present study was to validate the Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire (PTQ) and the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire-Short Form (BPAQ-SF) and test whether repetitive negative thinking plays an indirect role in the relationship between bullying victimization and aggression among Lebanese adolescents. (2) Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between January and May 2022 and included 379 Lebanese adolescent students (64.9% females, mean age 16.07 years). (3) Results: The three-factor solution of the PTQ and the four-factor solution of the BPAQ-SF showed excellent model fit. PTQ mediated the association between bullying victimization and physical aggression, verbal aggression, hostility, and anger. (4) Conclusions: This study expands on previous research by showing that repetitive negative thinking, an impactful socio-cognitive factor for students' mental health, has a mediating (indirect) effect on the cross-sectional relationship between bullying victimization and aggression. This suggests that interventions aiming to prevent aggressive behaviors among adolescent students may be more effective if focused on repetitive negative thinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feten Fekih-Romdhane
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis el Manar University, Tunis 1068, Tunisia
- The Tunisian Center of Early Intervention in Psychosis, Department of Psychiatry "Ibn Omrane", Razi Hospital, Manouba 2010, Tunisia
| | - Diana Malaeb
- College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman P.O. Box 4184, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abir Sarray El Dine
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University, Beirut P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon
| | - Ecem Yakın
- Centre d'Études et de Recherches en Psychopathologie et Psychologie de la Santé, Université de Toulouse-Jean Jaurès, UT2J, 5 allées Antonio Machado, 31058 Toulouse, France
| | - Souheil Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh P.O. Box 446, Lebanon
- Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, 11931 Amman, Jordan
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib P.O. Box 60096, Lebanon
| | - Sahar Obeid
- Department of Social and Education Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Jbeil P.O. Box 13-5053, Lebanon
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6
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Salzano S, Zappullo I, Senese VP, Conson M, Finelli C, Mikulincer M, Shaver PR. Validation and psychometric properties of the Italian version of the Power Behavioural System Scale (PBSS). RESEARCH IN PSYCHOTHERAPY (MILANO) 2023; 26. [PMID: 36786227 DOI: 10.4081/ripppo.2023.617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The power behavioural system is a neurobehavioral system that motivates a person to acquire and control resources that are important for survival and reproductive success. When activated, its function is to protect or restore the sense of power, influence, or dominance. Repeated experiences of failure in achieving this goal may result in hyperactivation or deactivation of power-oriented behaviours (analogous to the secondary strategies observed with respect to the attachment behavioural system). Gaining a reliable and valid measure of hyperactivation and deactivation of the power system can be important for understanding an individual's responses to different social contexts and, in clinical settings, can help the therapist identify the client's difficulties that may undermine the therapeutic process. In the present study, we developed the Italian version of the Power Behavioural System Scale (PBSS), a self-report measure developed by Shaver et al. (2011) to assess individual differences in hyperactivation and deactivation of the power system. Results indicated an adequate fit to the expected two-factor model, and the measure proved to be reliable and had good convergent and structural validity, allowing the quantification of individual differences in power system hyperactivation and deactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Salzano
- Studies of Integrated Neuropsychological Therapy, Salerno, Italy; Cognitive-Behavioral School of Psychotherapy 'Serapide SPEE', Naples.
| | - Isa Zappullo
- Studies of Integrated Neuropsychological Therapy, Salerno, Italy; Cognitive-Behavioral School of Psychotherapy 'Serapide SPEE', Naples, Italy; Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta.
| | | | | | - Carmela Finelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta.
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Moore F, Allott C, O'Connor R. Impulsivity, aggression, and impulsive aggression in suicidality. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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8
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Shell AL, Gonzenbach V, Sawhney M, Crawford CA, Stewart JC. Associations between affective factors and high-frequency heart rate variability in primary care patients with depression. J Psychosom Res 2022; 161:110992. [PMID: 35917659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.110992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Depression is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), and subgroups of people with depression may be at particularly elevated CVD risk. Lower high-frequency heart rate variability (HF HRV), which reflects diminished parasympathetic activation, is a candidate mechanism underlying the depression-CVD relationship and predicts cardiovascular events. Few studies have examined whether certain depression subgroups - such as those with co-occurring affective factors - exhibit lower HF HRV. The present study sought to assess associations between co-occurring affective factors and HF HRV in people with depression. METHODS Utilizing baseline data from the 216 primary care patients with depression in the eIMPACT trial, we examined cross-sectional associations of depression's co-occurring affective factors (i.e., anxiety symptoms, hostility/anger, and trait positive affect) with HF HRV. HF HRV estimates were derived by spectral analysis from electrocardiographic data obtained during a supine rest period. RESULTS Individual regression models adjusted for demographics and depressive symptoms revealed that anxiety symptoms (standardized regression coefficient β = -0.24, p = .002) were negatively associated with HF HRV; however, hostility/anger (β = 0.02, p = .78) and trait positive affect (β = -0.05, p = .49) were not. In a model further adjusted for hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes, body mass index, current smoking, CVD prevention medication use, and antidepressant medication use, anxiety symptoms remained negatively associated with HF HRV (β = -0.19, p = .02). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that, in adults with depression, those with comorbid anxiety symptoms have lower HF HRV than those without. Co-occurring anxiety may indicate a depression subgroup at elevated CVD risk on account of diminished parasympathetic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey L Shell
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Virgilio Gonzenbach
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Manisha Sawhney
- Department of Psychology, Liffrig Family School of Education and Behavioral Sciences, University of Mary, Bismarck, ND, USA
| | - Christopher A Crawford
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jesse C Stewart
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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9
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Zeng Y, Liu X, Cheng L. Facial Emotion Perceptual Tendency in Violent and Non-violent Offenders. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP15058-NP15074. [PMID: 33480321 DOI: 10.1177/0886260521989848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
All three authors share equal authorship in this paper.Emotion perception has a vital influence on social interaction. Previous studies discussed mainly the relationship between facial emotion perception and aggressive behavior from the perspective of hostile attributional bias and the impaired violence inhibition mechanism. The present study aims to provide new evidence of different emotion perception patterns between the violent and non-violent criminal samples through a new indicator of the facial emotion recognition test, Facial Emotion Perception Tendency (FEPT), calculated by counting the times a participant recognizes a set of emotional stimuli as a particular specific emotion, and to further examine the association between aggressive behaviors and FEPT. 101 violent and 171 non-violent offenders, as well as 81 non-offending control participants, were recruited to complete the emotion recognition task with morphed stimuli (Study 1). We further recruited 62 non-offending healthy male participants to finish the Buss -Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ) after the emotion recognition task in Study 2. Both non-violent and violent offenders were significantly lower in overall accuracy of emotion recognition and disgust FEPT, but higher in happy FEPT, than non-offending healthy controls. Non-violent offenders had significantly lower fear FEPT than violent offenders, and had higher anger FEPT than non-offending controls. The results also revealed that the level of physical aggression was positively correlated with fear FEPT, while negatively correlated with anger FEPT. The current study demonstrated that FEPT was associated with aggressive behavior and implies the importance of improving the emotion decoding ability of offenders. Also, the concept "FEPT" proposed in this study is of significance for further exploration of how individuals' tendency to perceiving a particular emotion can be correlated with social behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zeng
- Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xilin Liu
- Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Fahlgren MK, Cheung JC, Ciesinski NK, McCloskey MS, Coccaro EF. Gender Differences in the Relationship between Anger and Aggressive Behavior. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP12661-NP12670. [PMID: 33546562 DOI: 10.1177/0886260521991870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Evidence is mixed regarding differences in prevalence of aggressive behavior, with many (though not all) studies suggesting that men are more aggressive than women. Furthermore, while aggression often occurs in response to provocation-induced anger, this relationship may be stronger for men; women may be more likely to engage in non-aggressive (e.g., affiliative) behaviors in response to provocation, particularly at low-level provocation. This study examined gender differences in aggression as well as differences in the relationship between anger and aggression for men and women. Adults (N = 424) participated in a behavioral aggression task, and a subset of participants (n = 304) completed a questionnaire assessing trait levels of anger as part of a larger study at a large midwestern university. Results indicated that while men and women aggressed at similar levels, aggression was significantly associated with trait anger for men only, at low levels of provocation, with only a trending relationship for high provocation. This suggests that while men and women may be equally aggressive in certain situations, this behavior may be differentially associated with anger.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Emil F Coccaro
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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11
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Daruwala SE, Houtsma C, Martin R, Green B, Capron D, Anestis MD. Masculinity's association with the interpersonal theory of suicide among military personnel. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2021; 51:1026-1035. [PMID: 34184317 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Given that the majority of those who die by suicide are male, masculine traits have been examined as a potential link to the development of capability for suicide. However, research has not examined if such traits influence suicidal desire (i.e., thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness). This study examined the influence of stereotypically masculine traits of stoicism, sensation seeking, physical aggression, verbal aggression, and self-reliance on all three components of the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide within a sample of male and female service members. METHODS A total of 953 service members were recruited as part of a larger study. RESULTS Sensation seeking and stoicism were positively associated with capability for suicide. With regard to suicidal desire, self-reliance and verbal aggression were positively associated with both perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness. Stoicism was positively associated with thwarted belongingness. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that different masculine traits are associated with the three components of the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide in various ways. Stoicism may be an especially important masculine trait that influences a component of suicidal desire and capability for suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claire Houtsma
- University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, USA.,Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,South Central Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Rachel Martin
- University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, USA.,Canandaigua VA Medical Center, Canandaigua, New York, USA
| | | | - Daniel Capron
- University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Michael D Anestis
- New Jersey Gun Violence Research Center, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.,Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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12
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Dam VH, Hjordt LV, da Cunha-Bang S, Sestoft D, Knudsen GM, Stenbaek DS. Trait aggression is associated with five-factor personality traits in males. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e02175. [PMID: 34036747 PMCID: PMC8323029 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although aggression is conceptualized as a dimensional construct with violent behavior representing the extreme end of a spectrum, studies on the involvement of personality traits in human aggression have typically only included data representing a restricted spectrum of aggressive behaviors. METHODS In the current study, we therefore examine whether trait aggression is associated with five-factor model personality traits in an enriched sample of 259 men with a broad continuum of trait aggression, ranging from very low to very high including 39 incarcerated aggressive violent offenders. All participants completed the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO PI-R) and the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ). The association between each of the five NEO PI-R personality traits and trait aggression (BPAQ) was investigated using five linear regression models, covarying for group status, age and educational level. RESULTS Higher BPAQ scores were positively associated with Neuroticism and negatively associated with Agreeableness and Conscientiousness. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that those high in Neuroticism and low in Agreeableness and Conscientiousness are at higher risk of exhibiting aggressive behavior, underlining the relevance of these higher order personality traits in understanding aggressive behavior. We argue that studying individual personality differences should be offered a greater attention within violent and criminal behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke H Dam
- Neurobiology Research Unit, The Neuroscience Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Liv Vadskjaer Hjordt
- Neurobiology Research Unit, The Neuroscience Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sofi da Cunha-Bang
- Neurobiology Research Unit, The Neuroscience Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dorte Sestoft
- Clinic of Forensic Psychiatry, Ministry of Justice, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gitte Moos Knudsen
- Neurobiology Research Unit, The Neuroscience Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dea Siggaard Stenbaek
- Neurobiology Research Unit, The Neuroscience Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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13
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Gilbert MC, Blakey R. Exploring How UK Adults' Attachment Style in Romantic Relationships Affects Engagement in Controlling Behaviours. Front Psychol 2021; 12:649868. [PMID: 34276475 PMCID: PMC8279754 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.649868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Copious studies have identified a link between disorganised attachment and engagement in controlling caregiving or controlling punitive behaviours. Studies have suggested that consistently engaging in these behaviours can cause difficulties within relationships and contribute to the development of a personality disorder. Most of the literature thus far has focused on engagement in controlling behaviours by children with a disorganised attachment style, despite there being theoretical grounds to suggest they may also be used by adults and across all types of insecure attachment. This study aimed to address these gaps by looking at adult attachment style and engagement in controlling behaviours in romantic relationships, across all insecure attachment styles; avoidant, anxious and disorganised. The current study recruited a non-clinical sample; specifically, 149 English-speaking adults, living in the UK, between the ages of 18 and 77 years old (M = 34.28, SD = 14.90). The participants answered an anonymous online questionnaire containing four self-report measures which assessed the participants' attachment security and organisation, caregiving style and engagement in punitive behaviours. The results indicated that participants who scored higher in disorganised attachment were more likely to use controlling punitive behaviours in their romantic relationships. Moreover, participants who reported a more insecure-anxious attachment style were more likely to use compulsive caregiving behaviours in their romantic relationships. In contrast, participants who reported a higher insecure avoidant attachment style were less likely to use compulsive caregiving behaviours in their romantic relationships. These results have implications for adult attachment theory and aid the understanding of some of the behaviours that can be harmful within romantic relationships. The findings could be used to help at-risk individuals develop healthy interpersonal relationship going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly C Gilbert
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Blakey
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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14
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Killgore WDS, Cloonan SA, Taylor EC, Anlap I, Dailey NS. Increasing aggression during the COVID-19 lockdowns. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2021; 5:100163. [PMID: 34075370 PMCID: PMC8161773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To combat the spread of COVID-19, many communities implemented restrictions on personal movement, often referred to as "lockdowns." We hypothesized that continued lockdowns might be associated with increased feelings of aggression. Methods Over the first six months of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ) was administered to a total of 5,928 adults distributed proportionally from across the United States during independent online cross-sectional surveys collected each month. Data across the 6-month period were compared between those under lockdown versus those not under such restrictions. Results BPAQ Total Aggression scores showed a significant main effect for both month and lockdown status as well as a significant interaction effect, with increasing scores evident for those reporting that they were under lockdown relative to those reporting no restrictions. This same pattern was evident for all four subscales of the BPAQ, including Physical Aggression, Verbal Aggression, Anger, and Hostility. Limitations Random sampling of the entire population was not possible, so generalization of the results should be made with caution. Additionally, data were collected cross-sectionally and cannot be considered to reflect longitudinal change within individuals. Finally, the cross-sectional survey design means that it is impossible to infer that the lockdowns caused the increase in aggression. Conclusions Lockdowns were associated with elevated levels of aggression that were higher in later months of the national pandemic response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara A Cloonan
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, United States
| | - Emily C Taylor
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, United States
| | - Ian Anlap
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, United States
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15
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McKenzie K, Murray AL, Murray GC, Maguire A, Eisner M, Ribeaud D. Validation of the English Language Version of the Violent Ideations Scale. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:2942-2952. [PMID: 29475424 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518757227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study used a within-participant design to evaluate the concurrent validity and test-retest reliability of the Violent Ideations Scale in a general population, English-speaking opportunistic sample. Data from 116 adult participants (M age = 33.7, SD = 11.9, male = 30 [25.9%]) were used to compare scores on the Violent Ideations Scale and Aggression Questionnaire and responses to the Schedule of Imagined Violence. A subgroup of 27 participants (M age = 37.2, SD = 13.6, male = 8 [29.6%]) completed the Violent Ideations Scale on a second occasion, 2 weeks later. The Violent Ideations Scale was found to correlate significantly with the Aggression Questionnaire subscale and total scores, with the strongest correlations being with physical aggression and total scores. Participants were more likely to be categorized as having experienced a violent ideation based on responses to the Violent Ideation Scale, compared with the Schedule of Imagined Violence, most likely due to the Schedule of Imagined Violence underestimating the prevalence of violent ideation. A significant, strong correlation was found between total Violent Ideations Scale scores at Time 1 and Time 2. Overall, the Violent Ideations Scale was found to have concurrent validity when compared with the Aggression Questionnaire and good test-retest reliability, suggesting that it would be suitable for use with a nonclinical, English-speaking sample.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amy Maguire
- Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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16
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Johansson A, Rötkönen N, Jern P. Is the association between childhood maltreatment and aggressive behavior mediated by hostile attribution bias in women? A discordant twin and sibling study. Aggress Behav 2021; 47:28-37. [PMID: 32853475 PMCID: PMC7754152 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms behind aggressive behavior (AGG) is vital so that effective prevention and intervention strategies can be developed. Maltreated children are hypothesized to be prone to social information processing biases, such as hostile attribution bias (HAB), which, in turn, may increase the likelihood of behaving aggressively. The first aim of the present study was to replicate findings regarding associations between childhood maltreatment (CM), HAB, and aggression in a population-based sample of Finnish female twins and their sisters (N = 2,167). However, these associations might not be causal but instead confounded by familial factors, shared between the variables. The second aim was, thus, to test the associations when potential confounding by familial (genetic or common environmental) effects were controlled for using a multilevel discordant twin and sibling design within (a) 379 pairs of twins (npairs = 239) or siblings (npairs = 140), and (b) within the 131 monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs. Consistent with previous studies, HAB mediated the association between CM and AGG when familial confounding was uncontrolled. No support was found for the mediation when controlling for familial confounding. Between-pair associations were found between CM and AGG, and between CM and HAB. In addition, within-pair associations were found between HAB and AGG, and between CM and AGG, however, these were nonsignificant in the discordant MZ analysis, offering the most stringent control of familial confounding. The results indicate the necessity of taking familial confounding into account when investigating the development of AGG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Johansson
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Psychology and Theology Åbo Akademi University Turku Finland
| | - Nicola Rötkönen
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Psychology and Theology Åbo Akademi University Turku Finland
| | - Patrick Jern
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Psychology and Theology Åbo Akademi University Turku Finland
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17
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Flowers J, Marr D, McCleary D. Bullying Prevalence: An Online Survey of Adolescents. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15377903.2020.1848957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Flowers
- School Psychology, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, Texas, USA
| | - Dallin Marr
- School Psychology, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel McCleary
- School Psychology, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, Texas, USA
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18
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Martin RL, Smith NS, Caulfield NM, Capron DW. The Pathways of Aggression - Differential Indirect Associations Between Anxiety Sensitivity Cognitive Concerns and Suicidality. CRISIS 2020; 42:335-342. [PMID: 33151097 DOI: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Background: Suicide prevention efforts have focused on risk factors that help identify people with an increased risk for suicide. One risk factor related to suicide risk is anxiety sensitivity cognitive concerns (ASCC), which is the "fear of going crazy." The association between ASCC and suicidal ideation is hypothesized to result from the depression-distress amplification model, which postulates that ASCC exacerbates feelings of depression and concurrent distress. Furthermore, there is evidence for associations between ASCC/dysregulated anger and dysregulated anger/suicidal ideation. We hypothesized that aggression may provide pathways from ASCC to suicidality. The current study examined how facets of aggression (described as elevated agitation) meditated the association between ASCC and suicidality. Aims: The current study aimed to extend prior research by examining how different facets of aggression mediate the association between ASCC and suicidality. Method: Participants were 440 adults recruited online, 32.7% of whom endorsed experiencing lifetime suicidal ideation. Results: Our hypotheses were partially supported with two significant indirect effects. Results indicated that physical aggression and hostility provided significant indirect effects; however, verbal aggression and anger did not. Limitations: The study was cross-sectional in nature, limiting causal interpretations about the indirect effects. The sample included primarily White participants. Conclusion: Specific facets of aggression provide pathways through which ASCC is associated with suicidality. Aggression may be a catalyst for individuals to progress to suicidality. The current study provides foundational research for continued examination of physical aggression as a catalyst for suicide attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Martin
- Department of Psychology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Nicole S Smith
- Department of Psychology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Nicole M Caulfield
- Department of Psychology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Daniel W Capron
- Department of Psychology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
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19
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Linden MA, O’Rourke C, Lohan M. Traumatic brain injury and social competence among young male offenders. Disabil Rehabil 2020; 42:2422-2429. [DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2019.1629699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Linden
- School of Nursing & Midwifery, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Conall O’Rourke
- School of Nursing & Midwifery, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Maria Lohan
- School of Nursing & Midwifery, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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20
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Martin RL, Bauer BW, Smith NS, Daruwala SE, Green BA, Anestis MD, Capron DW. Internal Battles: Examining How Anger/Hostility Moderate the Association Between Negative Urgency and Suicidal Desire Variables in Military and Civilian Samples. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2020; 50:805-822. [PMID: 32026518 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Suicide is consistently within the top ten leading causes of death in the United States. The suicide rate of National Guard personnel is elevated relative to the general population; however, research suggests that many of the suicide risk factors for military personnel are similar to the suicide risk factors for civilians. We examined whether negative urgency moderated the relationships between anger/hostility and perceived burdensomeness/thwarted belongingness in both a military and civilian samples. METHOD There were two samples in the current study: (1) military personnel (majority national guard) and (2) community members oversampled for suicide attempt history. RESULTS Our hypotheses were partially supported with the interaction of hostility and negative urgency predicting perceived burdensomeness in the military sample. Within civilians, anger interacted with negative urgency to predict perceived burdensomeness. There were nonsignificant findings for analyses predicting thwarted belongingness. Exploratory analyses indicated that in both samples, anger and hostility interacted with negative urgency to predict suicidal ideation. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that aggressive attributes may contribute to individuals feeling as though they are a burden on others when moderate to high levels of negative urgency are present. Additionally, this study provides foundational support for the differences between suicidal desire and ideation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Martin
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Brian W Bauer
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Nicole S Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Samantha E Daruwala
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Bradley A Green
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Michael D Anestis
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Daniel W Capron
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
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21
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Brennan GM, Baskin-Sommers AR. Aggressive Realism: More Efficient Processing of Anger in Physically Aggressive Individuals. Psychol Sci 2020; 31:568-581. [PMID: 32293226 DOI: 10.1177/0956797620904157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Physically aggressive individuals' heightened tendency to decide that ambiguous faces are angry is thought to contribute to their destructive interpersonal behavior. Although this tendency is commonly attributed to bias, other cognitive processes could account for the emotion-identification patterns observed in physical aggression. Diffusion modeling is a valuable tool for parsing the contributions of several cognitive processes known to influence decision-making, including bias, drift rate (efficiency of information accumulation), and threshold separation (extent of information accumulation). In a sample of 90 incarcerated men, we applied diffusion modeling to an emotion-identification task. Physical aggression was positively associated with drift rate (i.e., more efficient information accumulation) for anger, and drift rate mediated the association between physical aggression and heightened anger identification. Physical aggression was not, however, associated with bias or threshold separation. These findings implicate processing efficiency for anger-related information as a potential mechanism driving aberrant emotion identification in physical aggression.
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22
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Leng CH, Huang HY, Yao G. A Social Desirability Item Response Theory Model: Retrieve-Deceive-Transfer. PSYCHOMETRIKA 2020; 85:56-74. [PMID: 31677045 DOI: 10.1007/s11336-019-09689-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a new item response theory model is developed to account for situations in which respondents overreport or underreport their actual opinions on a positive or negative issue. Such behavior is supposed to be a result of deception and transfer mechanisms. In the proposed model, this behavior is simulated by incorporating a deception term into a multidimensional rating scale model, followed by multiplication by a transfer term, with the two operations performed by an indicator function and a transition matrix separately. The proposed model is presented in a Bayesian framework approximated by Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms. Through a series of simulations, the parameters of the proposed model are recovered accurately. The methodology is also implemented within an online experimental study to demonstrate the methodology's application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Grace Yao
- National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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23
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Lau JSF, Hung SW, Kwong EYW. The Role of Social Problem Solving, Criminal Attitude, and ADHD in Aggression Among Incarcerated Youth in Hong Kong. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2020; 64:396-416. [PMID: 31617421 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x19881931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It is not atypical for young offenders to use aggression to handle problems. This exploratory study examined the contribution of social problem-solving deficit, criminal attitude, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms to aggression among incarcerated young offenders in Hong Kong. Correlational and regression analyses were conducted to identify factors that help to predict aggression. To control for the influence of ADHD symptoms, hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to reexamine the contribution of the identified factors. The results showed that negative problem orientation (NPO) and contemptuous attitudes toward the law, court, and police (LCP) helped to predict aggression at the current moment and 3 months later. After controlling for ADHD symptoms, only LCP but not NPO remained a significant predictor of both current and near-future aggression. This finding suggests that the contribution of criminal attitude to aggression tends to be independent of the effects of ADHD and social problem-solving deficit. We conclude by discussing the theoretical and practical implications of conceptualizing aggression and improving psychological services for young offenders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S F Lau
- Hong Kong Correctional Services, Wanchai Tower, 12 Harbour Road, Wan Chai, Hong Kong
| | - S W Hung
- Hong Kong Correctional Services, Wanchai Tower, 12 Harbour Road, Wan Chai, Hong Kong
| | - Eva Y W Kwong
- Hong Kong Correctional Services, Wanchai Tower, 12 Harbour Road, Wan Chai, Hong Kong
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24
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Ritter K, Lookatch SJ, Schmidt MR, Moore TM. The Impact of History of Aggression and Alcohol Use on Aggressive: Responding in the Laboratory. SUBSTANCE ABUSE-RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2019; 13:1178221819884328. [PMID: 31798302 PMCID: PMC6868565 DOI: 10.1177/1178221819884328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The current study examines how different levels of past aggression combined with self-reported levels of alcohol use impacted lab-based aggressive responding. Data were collected from 160 male undergraduate college students. Participants completed online measures of drinking (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test) and past aggression (Buss Perry Aggression Questionnaire) prior to a lab session assessing aggressive responding [Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm (PSAP)]. Regression analyses revealed participants with “high” levels of past alcohol use and a history of “high” aggression were more likely to respond aggressively on the PSAP, a trend primarily driven by those with a history of physical aggression. For proactively aggressive participants, the risk for aggressive responding is greater in individuals with a history of physically aggressive behavior as they report higher alcohol use, relative to those “low” in past aggression. The interaction of alcohol use and past aggression was associated with continued aggressive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Ritter
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Samantha J Lookatch
- Veterans Integrated Service Network 4, Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Megan R Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Todd M Moore
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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25
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Yaremych HE, Persky S. Tracing Physical Behavior in Virtual Reality: A Narrative Review of Applications to Social Psychology. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 85:103845. [PMID: 32831397 PMCID: PMC7442204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Virtual reality (VR) offers unique benefits to social psychological research, including a high degree of experimental control alongside strong ecological validity, a capacity to manipulate any variable of interest, and an ability to trace the physical, nonverbal behavior of the user in a very fine-grained and automated manner. VR improves upon traditional behavioral measurement techniques (e.g., observation and coding) on several fronts as data collection is covert, continuous, passive, and occurs within a controlled context. The current review synthesizes extant methods for tracing physical behavior in VR, such as gaze tracking and interpersonal distance measurement, and describes how researchers have applied these methods to understand important phenomena within the context of social psychology. To date, primary areas of application have included the assessment of social approach and avoidance, social evaluation and bias, and engagement. The limitations of behavioral tracing methods in VR, as well as future directions for their continued application and extension, are discussed. This narrative review equips readers with a thorough understanding of behavioral tracing methods that can be implemented in VR, their benefits and drawbacks, the insight they may offer into social processes, and future avenues of work for applying emergent technologies to research questions in social psychology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley E. Yaremych
- Social & Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health
| | - Susan Persky
- Social & Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health
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26
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Abstract
Externalizing behaviors in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are often either reduced or elevated compared to healthy controls (HCs). This study investigated the moderating role of context in ASD by comparing 32 individuals with ASD to 40 HCs during a social and a non-social provocation task. Compared to HCs, individuals with ASD showed similar externalizing behavior in the social context. In the non-social context reactions after provocation were enhanced relative to non-provoking situations. The findings implicate that the context is an important influencing variable when comparing individuals with ASD to HCs after being provoked. Impulsivity, trait aggression and empathy did not predict behavior in the ASD group but were partly related to observed behavior in HCs.
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27
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Butovskaya M, Burkova V, Karelin D, Filatova V. The association between 2D:4D ratio and aggression in children and adolescents: Cross-cultural and gender differences. Early Hum Dev 2019; 137:104823. [PMID: 31330462 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two recent meta-analyses have suggested the association between digit ratio (2D:4D) and aggression is weak. This conclusion has been criticised because the meta-analyses conflate forms of aggression that show strong sex differences with those that do not, and most studies have considered post-pubertal participants. AIMS We test the influence of 2D:4D and ethnicity in the expression of aggression in children and adolescents in four ethnic groups of European and African origin. STUDY DESIGN Buss and Perry aggression questionnaire. Direct measurement of the 2nd and 4th digits. SUBJECTS 1296 children and adolescents from Tanzania and Russia from 4 ethnic groups - Datoga, Meru, Russians, Tatars. RESULTS There were ethnic and gender differences in ratings on aggression with boys consistently reporting more physical aggression. In all four samples right 2D:4D was significantly lower in boys, compared to girls. With regard to our total sample of boys, the right 2D:4D was significantly and negatively associated with self-ratings on physical aggression, but no association was found for left 2D:4D. No associations between 2D:4D and physical aggression were found for girls. Hostility was negatively correlated with 2D:4D for boys, and anger was positively correlated with 2D:4D in girls. CONCLUSION Sex differences were strongest for right 2D:4D (boys<girls), and for physical aggression (boys>girls). Right 2D:4D was negatively related to physical aggression in boys only, suggesting possible relationship to prenatal androgenization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Butovskaya
- Russian State University for the Humanities, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia.
| | - V Burkova
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - D Karelin
- Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - V Filatova
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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28
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Ingram R, Balderas J, Hagan K, Kohnle K. Parental Bonding and Hostility: Examining the Links Between Sex Differences, Hostility, Anger, and Aggression. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2019.38.7.568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Although parental bonding that is characterized by overprotection and low care is associated with adult depression and anxiety, less is known about its association with other mood states. Additionally, few studies differentiate between maternal and paternal bonding or evaluate sex differences in offspring's emotional responding as a function of bonding. Method: The current study examined parental bonding as it relates to hostility, anger, and verbal and physical aggression in young adults. Participants reported their mood state, perception of parenting behaviors, and their experience of hostility and its correlates. Results: After controlling for current mood, paternal care modulated males' anger and verbal aggression, whereas maternal care modulated females' physical aggression. Maternal overprotection predicted hostility in males. Discussion: Findings suggest that less parental care and greater parental overprotection precipitate angry and aggressive responding later in life, and these results are linked to sex differences in both parents and in young adult males and females.
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29
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Chester DS. Beyond the aggregate score: Using multilevel modeling to examine trajectories of laboratory-measured aggression. Aggress Behav 2019; 45:498-506. [PMID: 30957879 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Aggression is often measured in the laboratory as an iterative "tit-for-tat" sequence, in which two aggressors repeatedly inflict retaliatory harm upon each other. Aggression researchers typically quantify aggression by aggregating across participants' aggressive behavior on such iterative encounters. However, this "aggregate approach" cannot capture trajectories of aggression across the iterative encounters and needlessly eliminates rich information in the form of within-participant variability. As an alternative approach, I used multilevel modeling (MLM) to examine the slope of aggression across the 25-trial Taylor Aggression Paradigm as a function of trait physical aggression and experimental provocation. Across two preregistered studies (combined N = 392), participants exhibited a modest decline in aggression. This decline reflected a reciprocal strategy, in which participants responded to an initially-provocative opponent with greater aggression that then decreased over time to match their opponent's declining levels of aggression. Against predictions, trait physical aggression and experimental provocation did not affect participants' overall trajectories of aggression. Yet, exploratory analyses suggested that the participants' tendency to reciprocate their opponent's aggression with more aggression was greater at higher levels of trait physical aggression and attenuated among participants who had already been experimentally provoked by their opponent. These findings (a) illustrate several advantages of an MLM approach as compared with an aggregate approach to iterative laboratory aggression paradigms; (b) demonstrate that the magnifying effects of trait aggression and experimental provocation on laboratory aggression are stable over brief time-frames; and (c) suggest that modeling the opponent's behavior on such tasks reveals important information.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S. Chester
- Department of Psychology Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia
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30
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Gladwin TE, Vink M. Freeze or Forget? Virtual Attack Effects in an Emotional Sternberg Task. EUROPES JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 14:342-358. [PMID: 30008950 PMCID: PMC6016026 DOI: 10.5964/ejop.v14i2.1473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Emotionally salient stimuli have the ability to disrupt cognitive processing. This kind of disruption involves effects on working memory and may be related to mental health problems. To explore the nature of such emotional interference on working memory, a Virtual Attack Emotional Sternberg Task (VAEST) was used. Neutral faces were presented as distractors and warning signals, which were sometimes followed by a virtual attack, created by having the neutral face turn angry while the image was enlarged. The attack was hypothesized to have one of two effects: to disrupt cognitive processing and thereby increase interference effects, or to terminate a state of freezing and thereby reduce interference effects. The task was successfully completed online by a sample of 59 students. Results clearly show that the virtual attack caused a reduction of interference relative to no-attack trials. The apparent cognitive disruption caused by emotional distractors may thus reflect freezing, which can be reversed by a freeze-terminating stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Edward Gladwin
- Department of Psychology and Counseling, University of Chichester, Chichester, United Kingdom
| | - Matthijs Vink
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Departments of Developmental and Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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31
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Naicker N, de Jager P, Naidoo S, Mathee A. Is There a Relationship between Lead Exposure and Aggressive Behavior in Shooters? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15071427. [PMID: 29986448 PMCID: PMC6068756 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15071427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lead exposure has been associated with psycho-neurological disorders. Elevated blood lead levels have been found in shooters. This study assesses the association between the blood lead levels of shooters and their levels of aggression. An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in Gauteng, South Africa. Participants were recruited from four randomly selected shooting ranges with three randomly selected archery ranges used as a comparison group. A total of 118 (87 shooters and 31 archers) participants were included in the analysis. Aggressiveness was measured using the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire. Shooters had significantly higher blood lead levels (BLL) compared to archers with 79.8% of shooters versus 22.6% of archers found to have a BLL ≥ 5 μg/dL (p < 0.001). Aggression scores were significantly higher in shooters (p < 0.05) except for verbal aggression. In the bivariate and regression analyses, shooters with BLLs ≥ 10 μg/dL were significantly associated with the hostility sub-scale (p = 0.03, adjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.83, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.103–7.261). Shooters have a significantly higher BLL and aggressiveness compared to archers. However, elevated blood lead levels were significantly associated with hostility only. Interventions need to be put in place to prevent continued exposure and routine screening of populations at risk should be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Naicker
- Environment & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 87373, Houghton, Johannesburg 2041, South Africa.
- The Epidemiology and Surveillance Section, National Institute for Occupational Health, National Health Laboratory Services, 25 Hospital St, Constitution Hill, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa.
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa.
- Environmental Health Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa.
| | - Pieter de Jager
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa.
- Department of Anaesthesia, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa.
| | - Shan Naidoo
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa.
| | - Angela Mathee
- Environment & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 87373, Houghton, Johannesburg 2041, South Africa.
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa.
- Environmental Health Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa.
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Dailey NS, Smith R, Bajaj S, Alkozei A, Gottschlich MK, Raikes AC, Satterfield BC, Killgore WDS. Elevated Aggression and Reduced White Matter Integrity in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A DTI Study. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:118. [PMID: 30013466 PMCID: PMC6036267 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) remains the most commonly reported head injury in the United States, and is associated with a wide range of post-concussive symptoms including physical, cognitive and affective impairments. Elevated aggression has been documented in mTBI; however, the neural mechanisms associated with aggression at the chronic stage of recovery remain poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the association between white matter integrity and aggression in mTBI using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Twenty-six age-matched adults participated in the study, including 16 healthy controls (HCs) and 10 individuals in the chronic stage of recovery (either 6-months or 12 months post-mTBI). Psychological measures of aggression included the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire and the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI). Axonal pathways implicated in affective processing were studied, including the corpus callosum, anterior thalamic radiation, cingulum and uncinate fasciculus, and measures of white matter integrity included fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), radial diffusivity (RD) and axial diffusivity (AD). We found that adults with mTBI in the chronic stage of recovery had higher levels aggression. Individuals with mTBI also had greater RD in the corpus callosum compared to HCs, indicating reduced fiber integrity. Furthermore, we observed a significant association between reduced white matter integrity in the corpus callosum and greater aggression. Our findings provide additional evidence for underlying neuroanatomical mechanisms of aggression, although future research will be necessary to characterize the specific relationship between aggression and the white matter pathways we identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie S Dailey
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Ryan Smith
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Sahil Bajaj
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Anna Alkozei
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Melissa K Gottschlich
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Adam C Raikes
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Brieann C Satterfield
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - William D S Killgore
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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Suchting R, Gowin JL, Green CE, Walss-Bass C, Lane SD. Genetic and Psychosocial Predictors of Aggression: Variable Selection and Model Building With Component-Wise Gradient Boosting. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:89. [PMID: 29867390 PMCID: PMC5949329 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Given datasets with a large or diverse set of predictors of aggression, machine learning (ML) provides efficient tools for identifying the most salient variables and building a parsimonious statistical model. ML techniques permit efficient exploration of data, have not been widely used in aggression research, and may have utility for those seeking prediction of aggressive behavior. Objectives: The present study examined predictors of aggression and constructed an optimized model using ML techniques. Predictors were derived from a dataset that included demographic, psychometric and genetic predictors, specifically FK506 binding protein 5 (FKBP5) polymorphisms, which have been shown to alter response to threatening stimuli, but have not been tested as predictors of aggressive behavior in adults. Methods: The data analysis approach utilized component-wise gradient boosting and model reduction via backward elimination to: (a) select variables from an initial set of 20 to build a model of trait aggression; and then (b) reduce that model to maximize parsimony and generalizability. Results: From a dataset of N = 47 participants, component-wise gradient boosting selected 8 of 20 possible predictors to model Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ) total score, with R2 = 0.66. This model was simplified using backward elimination, retaining six predictors: smoking status, psychopathy (interpersonal manipulation and callous affect), childhood trauma (physical abuse and neglect), and the FKBP5_13 gene (rs1360780). The six-factor model approximated the initial eight-factor model at 99.4% of R2. Conclusions: Using an inductive data science approach, the gradient boosting model identified predictors consistent with previous experimental work in aggression; specifically psychopathy and trauma exposure. Additionally, allelic variants in FKBP5 were identified for the first time, but the relatively small sample size limits generality of results and calls for replication. This approach provides utility for the prediction of aggression behavior, particularly in the context of large multivariate datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Suchting
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Joshua L Gowin
- Section on Human Psychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Charles E Green
- Center for Clinical Research & Evidence-Based Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Consuelo Walss-Bass
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Scott D Lane
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States.,Section on Human Psychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD, United States
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Krauch M, Ueltzhöffer K, Brunner R, Kaess M, Hensel S, Herpertz SC, Bertsch K. Heightened Salience of Anger and Aggression in Female Adolescents With Borderline Personality Disorder-A Script-Based fMRI Study. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:57. [PMID: 29632476 PMCID: PMC5879116 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Anger and aggression belong to the core symptoms of borderline personality disorder. Although an early and specific treatment of BPD is highly relevant to prevent chronification, still little is known about anger and aggression and their neural underpinnings in adolescents with BPD. Method: Twenty female adolescents with BPD (age 15–17 years) and 20 female healthy adolescents (age 15–17 years) took part in this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study. A script-driven imagery paradigm was used to induce rejection-based feelings of anger, which was followed by descriptions of self-directed and other-directed aggressive reactions. To investigate the specificity of the neural activation patterns for adolescent patients, results were compared with data from 34 female adults with BPD (age 18–50 years) and 32 female healthy adults (age 18–50 years). Results: Adolescents with BPD showed increased activations in the left posterior insula and left dorsal striatum as well as in the left inferior frontal cortex and parts of the mentalizing network during the rejection-based anger induction and the imagination of aggressive reactions compared to healthy adolescents. For the other-directed aggression phase, a significant diagnosis by age interaction confirmed that these results were specific for adolescents. Discussion: The results of this very first fMRI study on anger and aggression in adolescents with BPD suggest an enhanced emotional reactivity to and higher effort in controlling anger and aggression evoked by social rejection at an early developmental stage of the disorder. Since emotion dysregulation is a known mediator for aggression in BPD, the results point to the need of appropriate early interventions for adolescents with BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Krauch
- Department of General Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kai Ueltzhöffer
- Department of General Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Romuald Brunner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Kaess
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Saskia Hensel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sabine C Herpertz
- Department of General Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja Bertsch
- Department of General Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Quinlan E, Deane FP, Crowe T, Caputi P. Do attachment anxiety and hostility mediate the relationship between experiential avoidance and interpersonal problems in mental health carers? JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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36
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The Impact of Aggression on the Relationship Between Betrayal and Belongingness Among U.S. Military Personnel. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1037/mil0000160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Cameron S, Brown VJ, Dritschel B, Power K, Cook M. Understanding the relationship between suicidality, current depressed mood, personality, and cognitive factors. Psychol Psychother 2017; 90:530-549. [PMID: 28296207 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Links between suicidality and depressed mood are well established. There is, however, little information about the emotional regulation processes that underlie the relationship between suicidality and current low mood, and how these processes differ between groups of never-suicidal (NS), suicidal ideators, and suicide attempters. As suicidality and depression are heterogeneous constructs, this study aimed to conduct within- and between-group comparisons of known suicide risk factors that are associated with emotion regulation (neuroticism, trait aggression, brooding, impulsivity, and overgeneral autobiographical memories). DESIGN Correlational design using between- and within-group comparisons from self-report measures. METHODS Inter- and intragroup differences were identified using Pearson's correlation coefficients and tests of difference. An analysis of indirect effects was used to investigate whether the relationship between suicidality and current low mood was mediated by neuroticism, trait aggression, brooding, impulsivity, and overgeneral autobiographical memories, and if this relationship varied according to group type. RESULTS Brooding appeared to be a consistent feature of all three groups and was closely related to current low mood. Compared to the NS group, the relationship between suicide attempts and current low mood showed greater associations with brooding, trait aggression, and overgeneral autobiographical memories. Compared to the NS group, the suicidal ideation group showed stronger associations with neuroticism and impulsivity, but these factors did not correlate with low mood. CONCLUSION These results suggest a need for larger studies to focus on heterogeneity within suicidal populations and consider how different combinations of risk factors may heighten or reduce suicide risk. PRACTITIONER POINTS It is well known that the severity and intensity of suicide and depressed presentations vary because of underlying dispositional and contextual factors (Fried & Nesse, ) which, in turn, affect how events are interpreted and responded to. Despite this, there is little research about how these mechanisms operate in different types of suicide groups, and their influence on the relationship between suicidality and current low mood. Understanding interrelationships that affect current low mood is of clinical significance because past suicidal history and deteriorations in already negative mood are linked to repeated suicide attempts and completion. Our findings show that ruminative brooding, defined as a tendency to repeatedly think about emotional aspects of an event, consistently correlates with current low mood across different types of suicidal groups (NS, suicidal ideators, and suicide attempters), and across analyses. Findings also show that suicidal ideation and attempt groups were associated with specific personality characteristics that increased the propensity of emotional responding and interpretation compared to the NS group. The relationship between suicide attempt and current low mood had a higher propensity to be influenced by trait aggression, brooding, and overgenerality compared to the NS group. In contrast, although the suicidal ideation group correlated more strongly with neuroticism and impulsivity, these factors did not influence current low mood. In terms of clinical practice, these findings imply that specific styles of interpretation and thinking may maintain the relationship between suicidality and current low mood. Given the cross-sectional nature of the study, however, it is not possible to imply causality. Nevertheless, the findings obtained provide some support for transdiagnostic models of cognitive-behavioural processes that could be developed further.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kevin Power
- Tayside Area Psychological Therapies Service, Dundee Health and Social Care Partnership, Dundee, Scotland
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Bertsch K, Krauch M, Stopfer K, Haeussler K, Herpertz SC, Gamer M. Interpersonal Threat Sensitivity in Borderline Personality Disorder: An Eye-Tracking Study. J Pers Disord 2017; 31:647-670. [PMID: 28072041 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2017_31_273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Threat sensitivity is a prominent predictor of interpersonal dysfunctions in borderline personality disorder (BPD), leading to intense, aversive feelings of threat and eventually dysfunctional behaviors, such as aggression. In the present study, BPD patients and healthy volunteers classified angry, fearful, neutral, and happy faces presented for 150 ms or 5,000 ms to investigate initial saccades and facial scanning. Patients more often wrongly identified anger, responded slower to all faces, and made faster saccades towards the eyes of briefly presented neutral faces and slower saccades away from fearful eyes compared with healthy volunteers. Latency of initial saccades and fixation duration correlated negatively with the patients' aggressiveness. Supporting previous results, BPD patients did not experience general deficits in facial emotion processing, but a specific hypersensitivity for and deficits in detailed evaluation of threat cues, which was particularly enhanced in aggressive patients. Interventions might benefit from relocating attention towards positive information and detailed evaluation of social cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Bertsch
- Department of General Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marlene Krauch
- Department of General Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Stopfer
- Department of General Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katrin Haeussler
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Heidelberg
| | - Sabine C Herpertz
- Department of General Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Gamer
- Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Del Bene VA, Foxe JJ, Ross LA, Krakowski MI, Czobor P, De Sanctis P. Neuroanatomical Abnormalities in Violent Individuals with and without a Diagnosis of Schizophrenia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168100. [PMID: 28030584 PMCID: PMC5193361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Several structural brain abnormalities have been associated with aggression in patients with schizophrenia. However, little is known about shared and distinct abnormalities underlying aggression in these subjects and non-psychotic violent individuals. We applied a region-of-interest volumetric analysis of the amygdala, hippocampus, and thalamus bilaterally, as well as whole brain and ventricular volumes to investigate violent (n = 37) and non-violent chronic patients (n = 26) with schizophrenia, non-psychotic violent (n = 24) as well as healthy control subjects (n = 24). Shared and distinct volumetric abnormalities were probed by analysis of variance with the factors violence (non-violent versus violent) and diagnosis (non-psychotic versus psychotic), adjusted for substance abuse, age, academic achievement and negative psychotic symptoms. Patients showed elevated vCSF volume, smaller left hippocampus and smaller left thalamus volumes. This was particularly the case for non-violent individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. Furthermore, patients had reduction in right thalamus size. With regard to left amygdala, we found an interaction between violence and diagnosis. More specifically, we report a double dissociation with smaller amygdala size linked to violence in non-psychotic individuals, while for psychotic patients smaller size was linked to non-violence. Importantly, the double dissociation appeared to be mostly driven by substance abuse. Overall, we found widespread morphometric abnormalities in subcortical regions in schizophrenia. No evidence for shared volumetric abnormalities in individuals with a history of violence was found. Finally, left amygdala abnormalities in non-psychotic violent individuals were largely accounted for by substance abuse. This might be an indication that the association between amygdala reduction and violence is mediated by substance abuse. Our results indicate the importance of structural abnormalities in aggressive individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A. Del Bene
- The Sheryl and Daniel R. Tishman Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory Children’s Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center (CERC) Departments of Pediatrics and Neuroscience Albert Einstein College of Medicine Van Etten, New York, United States of America
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - John J. Foxe
- The Sheryl and Daniel R. Tishman Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory Children’s Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center (CERC) Departments of Pediatrics and Neuroscience Albert Einstein College of Medicine Van Etten, New York, United States of America
- The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research Orangeburg, NY, United States of America
- The Ernest J. Del Monte Institute for Neuromedicine Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Lars A. Ross
- The Sheryl and Daniel R. Tishman Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory Children’s Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center (CERC) Departments of Pediatrics and Neuroscience Albert Einstein College of Medicine Van Etten, New York, United States of America
| | - Menahem I. Krakowski
- The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research Orangeburg, NY, United States of America
- New York University Langone Medical Center Department of Psychiatry New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Pal Czobor
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Semmelweis University ÜllőiWay 26, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pierfilippo De Sanctis
- The Sheryl and Daniel R. Tishman Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory Children’s Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center (CERC) Departments of Pediatrics and Neuroscience Albert Einstein College of Medicine Van Etten, New York, United States of America
- The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research Orangeburg, NY, United States of America
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Manhasset, NY, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine Zucker Hillside Hospital Glen Oaks, NY, United States of America
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Epstein DJ, Legarreta M, Bueler E, King J, McGlade E, Yurgelun‐Todd D. Orbitofrontal cortical thinning and aggression in mild traumatic brain injury patients. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00581. [PMID: 28032004 PMCID: PMC5167002 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) comprises 80% of all TBI, the morphological examination of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in relation to clinical symptoms such as aggression, anxiety and depression in a strictly mTBI sample has never before been performed. OBJECTIVES The primary objective of the study was to determine if mTBI patients would show morphological differences in the OFC and if the morphology of this region would relate to clinical symptoms. METHODS Using structural images acquired in a 3T MRI machine, the cortical thickness and cortical volume (corrected for total brain volume) of the OFC was collected for healthy control (N = 27) subjects and chronic mTBI (N = 55) patients at least one year post injury. Also, during clinical interviews, measures quantifying the severity of clinical symptoms, including aggression, anxiety, and depression, were collected. RESULTS MTBI subjects displayed increased aggression, anxiety, and depression, and anxiety and depression measures showed a relationship with the number of mTBI in which the subject lost consciousness. The cortical thickness of the right lateral OFC displayed evidence of thinning in the mTBI group; however, after correction for multiple comparisons, this difference was no longer significant. Clinical measures were not significantly related with OFC morphometry. CONCLUSION This study found increased aggression, anxiety, and depression, in the mTBI group as well as evidence of cortical thinning in the right lateral OFC. The association between clinical symptoms and the number of mTBI with loss of consciousness suggests the number and severity of mTBI may influence clinical symptoms long after injury. Future studies examining other brain regions involved in the production and regulation of affective processes and inclusion of subjects with well-characterized mood disorders could further elucidate the relationship between mTBI, brain morphology, and clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Epstein
- Interdepartmental Program in NeuroscienceUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Cognitive Neuroimaging LaboratorySalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Salt Lake City Rocky Mountain MIRECCSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Margaret Legarreta
- Cognitive Neuroimaging LaboratorySalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Salt Lake City Rocky Mountain MIRECCSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Elliot Bueler
- Cognitive Neuroimaging LaboratorySalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Salt Lake City Rocky Mountain MIRECCSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Jace King
- Interdepartmental Program in NeuroscienceUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Cognitive Neuroimaging LaboratorySalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Erin McGlade
- Cognitive Neuroimaging LaboratorySalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Salt Lake City Rocky Mountain MIRECCSalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Deborah Yurgelun‐Todd
- Interdepartmental Program in NeuroscienceUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Cognitive Neuroimaging LaboratorySalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Salt Lake City Rocky Mountain MIRECCSalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
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Singh P. Altering the way adolescents attribute negative ambiguous social encounters: a social-cognitive intervention for reducing aggression. ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF COUNSELLING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/21507686.2016.1256903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Parwinder Singh
- Department Of Psychology, Guru Nanak Dev University College, Kapurthala, India
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Saunders KEA, Goodwin GM, Rogers RD. Borderline personality disorder, but not euthymic bipolar I disorder, is associated with prolonged post-error slowing in sensorimotor performance. J Affect Disord 2016; 198:163-70. [PMID: 27016660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Borderline personality disorder (BPD) and bipolar disorder (BD) are common psychiatric diagnoses. Impulsivity and affective instability are prominent features of both illnesses, complicate treatment and are associated with poor clinical outcomes. Yet, little is known about sensorimotor control in these populations, whether they differ in their speed and accuracy of performance, and their ability to restore efficient performance following errors. METHODS Twenty females with DSM-IV BPD, 20 females with DSM-IV BD and 20 age- and cognitive-ability matched healthy control participants completed a simple, brief reaction time task in which two single-attribute stimuli were mapped to distinct motor responses. RESULTS Inspection of response latencies and errors showed that both the BPD and BD participants were able to respond as quickly and accurately as controls, reducing reaction times gently prior to errors, but that BPD participants showed prolonged post-error slowing (PES) before resuming normative levels of speed and accuracy. LIMITATIONS BD and BPD participants were taking psychotropic medication. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that BPD and BD individuals can achieve normative speed-accuracy trade-offs; but that only BPD individuals exhibit differentially slowed recovery following errors, indicating a specific impartment in basic sensorimotor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E A Saunders
- University Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, United Kingdom.
| | - Guy M Goodwin
- University Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, United Kingdom.
| | - Robert D Rogers
- School of Psychology, Bangor University, Adeilad Brigantia, Penrallt Road, Gwynedd, North Wales LL57 2AS, United Kingdom.
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Experimental manipulation of avoidable feelings of uncertainty: Effects on anger and anxiety. J Anxiety Disord 2016; 41:50-8. [PMID: 27040798 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Though anger and anxiety are related, putative explanations for this association remain unclear. Beliefs about one's state of uncertainty may be a pathway-the belief that one's uncertain state is unavoidable might lead to anxiety, whereas the belief that one's uncertain state is avoidable might lead to both anxiety and anger. To test this hypothesis, participants experienced an uncertainty induction and were then assigned to the avoidable uncertainty condition (experimental group) or the unavoidable uncertainty condition (control group). State anger and anxiety were assessed at baseline, following the uncertainty induction, and following the "avoidableness" manipulation. The uncertainty induction was successful; participants reported higher levels of anxiety at post-induction compared to baseline. As expected, the experimental group reported increases in anger from post-induction to post-manipulation whereas the control group reported decreases in anger. These findings suggest that when one's state of uncertainty is avoidable, anger is experienced alongside anxiety.
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Bondü R, Richter P. Interrelations of Justice, Rejection, Provocation, and Moral Disgust Sensitivity and Their Links with the Hostile Attribution Bias, Trait Anger, and Aggression. Front Psychol 2016; 7:795. [PMID: 27303351 PMCID: PMC4884733 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several personality dispositions with common features capturing sensitivities to negative social cues have recently been introduced into psychological research. To date, however, little is known about their interrelations, their conjoint effects on behavior, or their interplay with other risk factors. We asked N = 349 adults from Germany to rate their justice, rejection, moral disgust, and provocation sensitivity, hostile attribution bias, trait anger, and forms and functions of aggression. The sensitivity measures were mostly positively correlated; particularly those with an egoistic focus, such as victim justice, rejection, and provocation sensitivity, hostile attributions and trait anger as well as those with an altruistic focus, such as observer justice, perpetrator justice, and moral disgust sensitivity. The sensitivity measures had independent and differential effects on forms and functions of aggression when considered simultaneously and when controlling for hostile attributions and anger. They could not be integrated into a single factor of interpersonal sensitivity or reduced to other well-known risk factors for aggression. The sensitivity measures, therefore, require consideration in predicting and preventing aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Bondü
- Department of Psychology, University of KonstanzKonstanz, Germany; Department of Psychology, University of PotsdamPotsdam, Germany
| | - Philipp Richter
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam Potsdam, Germany
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Lin PI, Hsieh CD, Juan CH, Hossain MM, Erickson CA, Lee YH, Su MC. Predicting Aggressive Tendencies by Visual Attention Bias Associated with Hostile Emotions. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149487. [PMID: 26901770 PMCID: PMC4763877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of the current study is to clarify the relationship between social information processing (e.g., visual attention to cues of hostility, hostility attribution bias, and facial expression emotion labeling) and aggressive tendencies. Thirty adults were recruited in the eye-tracking study that measured various components in social information processing. Baseline aggressive tendencies were measured using the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (AQ). Visual attention towards hostile objects was measured as the proportion of eye gaze fixation duration on cues of hostility. Hostility attribution bias was measured with the rating results for emotions of characters in the images. The results show that the eye gaze duration on hostile characters was significantly inversely correlated with the AQ score and less eye contact with an angry face. The eye gaze duration on hostile object was not significantly associated with hostility attribution bias, although hostility attribution bias was significantly positively associated with the AQ score. Our findings suggest that eye gaze fixation time towards non-hostile cues may predict aggressive tendencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-I Lin
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Cheng-Da Hsieh
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hung Juan
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Md Monir Hossain
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Craig A. Erickson
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yang-Han Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Tamkang University, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Chun Su
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Pechorro P, Barroso R, Poiares C, Oliveira JP, Torrealday O. Validation of the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire-Short Form among Portuguese juvenile delinquents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2016; 44:75-80. [PMID: 26303901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2015.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to validate the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire-Short Form (BPAQ-SF) among Portuguese juvenile delinquents. With a total sample of 237 male participants, subdivided into an incarcerated forensic sample (n=192) and a community sample (n=45), the Portuguese version of the BPAQ-SF demonstrated good psychometric properties in terms of factor structure, internal consistency, convergent validity, discriminant validity, predictive validity and known-groups validity that generally justify its use among Portuguese youth. Statistically significant associations were found with drug use and alcohol abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carlos Poiares
- Lusófona University of Humanities and Technologies, Portugal
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of outcome feedback provided to semi-professional counselors of children and adolescents at risk for aggressive behavior, following group treatment. METHOD Participants included 230 aggressive children and adolescents and 64 educators in a quasi-experimental design of 3 conditions: experimental group with feedback, experimental group without feedback, and control group (no treatment). The current study employed a feedback system based on self-report aggression scores measured after each session, provided to teachers, including an alert system and weekly follow-up group support. RESULTS Outcomes were more favorable for the treatment children than the control group, but feedback had no impact on the results. CONCLUSION Outcome feedback provided to group therapists does not have an effect on children and adolescents' reduction of aggression. Further research is needed to identify possible reasons for failure to show feedback effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zipora Shechtman
- a Department of Counseling and Human Development, Faculty of Education , Haifa University , Haifa , Israel
| | - Rony Tutian
- a Department of Counseling and Human Development, Faculty of Education , Haifa University , Haifa , Israel
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Johnson SL, Tharp JA, Peckham AD, McMaster KJ. Emotion in bipolar I disorder: Implications for functional and symptom outcomes. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 125:40-52. [PMID: 26480234 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite the centrality of emotion disturbance in neurobiological models of bipolar disorder, the behavioral literature has not yet clearly identified the most central aspects of emotion disturbance in bipolar disorder. Toward this aim, we gathered a battery of emotion-related measures in 67 persons diagnosed with bipolar I disorder as assessed with the SCID and a well-matched control group of 58 persons without a history of mood disorders. Those with bipolar disorder were interviewed monthly until they achieved remission, and then tested on emotion measures. A subset of 36 participants with bipolar disorder completed symptom severity interviews at 12-month follow-up. Factor analyses indicated 4 emotion factor scores: Negative Emotion, Positive Emotion, Reappraisal, and Suppression. Bivariate analyses suggested that bipolar disorder was tied to a host of emotion disturbances, but multivariate analyses suggested that bipolar disorder was particularly tied to elevations of Negative Emotion. High Negative Emotion, low Positive Emotion, and high Suppression were conjointly related to lower functioning. Reappraisal predicted declines in depression over time for those with bipolar disorder. Findings highlight the importance of considering the overall profile of emotion disturbance in bipolar disorder. Emotion and emotion regulation appear central to a broad range of outcomes in bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheri L Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Berkeley
| | - Jordan A Tharp
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Berkeley
| | | | - Kaja J McMaster
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Berkeley
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Bogner J, French LM, Lange RT, Corrigan JD. Pilot study of traumatic brain injury and alcohol misuse among service members. Brain Inj 2015; 29:905-14. [DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2015.1005136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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