1
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Sun JL, Telling GC. New developments in prion disease research using genetically modified mouse models. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 392:33-46. [PMID: 36929219 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03761-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
While much of what we know about the general principles of protein-based information transfer derives from studies of experimentally adapted rodent prions, these laboratory strains are limited in their ability to recapitulate features of human and animal prions and the diseases they produce. Here, we review how recent approaches using genetically modified mice have informed our understanding of naturally occurring prion diseases, their strain properties, and the factors controlling their transmission and evolution. In light of the increasing importance of chronic wasting disease, the application of mouse transgenesis to study this burgeoning and highly contagious prion disorder, in particular recent insights derived from gene-targeting approaches, will be a major focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianna L Sun
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | - Glenn C Telling
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA.
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2
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Hirata T, Kobayashi A, Furuse T, Yamada I, Tamura M, Tomita H, Tokoro Y, Ninomiya A, Fujihara Y, Ikawa M, Maeda Y, Murakami Y, Kizuka Y, Kinoshita T. Loss of the N-acetylgalactosamine side chain of the GPI-anchor impairs bone formation and brain functions and accelerates the prion disease pathology. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101720. [PMID: 35151686 PMCID: PMC8913354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) is a posttranslational glycolipid modification of proteins that anchors proteins in lipid rafts on the cell surface. Although some GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs), including the prion protein PrPC, have a glycan side chain composed of N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)−galactose−sialic acid on the core structure of GPI glycolipid, in vivo functions of this GPI-GalNAc side chain are largely unresolved. Here, we investigated the physiological and pathological roles of the GPI-GalNAc side chain in vivo by knocking out its initiation enzyme, PGAP4, in mice. We show that Pgap4 mRNA is highly expressed in the brain, particularly in neurons, and mass spectrometry analysis confirmed the loss of the GalNAc side chain in PrPC GPI in PGAP4-KO mouse brains. Furthermore, PGAP4-KO mice exhibited various phenotypes, including an elevated blood alkaline phosphatase level, impaired bone formation, decreased locomotor activity, and impaired memory, despite normal expression levels and lipid raft association of various GPI-APs. Thus, we conclude that the GPI-GalNAc side chain is required for in vivo functions of GPI-APs in mammals, especially in bone and the brain. Moreover, PGAP4-KO mice were more vulnerable to prion diseases and died earlier after intracerebral inoculation of the pathogenic prion strains than wildtype mice, highlighting the protective roles of the GalNAc side chain against prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Hirata
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tamio Furuse
- Technology and Development Team for Mouse Phenotype Analysis, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ikuko Yamada
- Technology and Development Team for Mouse Phenotype Analysis, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masaru Tamura
- Technology and Development Team for Mouse Phenotype Analysis, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tomita
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuko Tokoro
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Akinori Ninomiya
- Core Instrumentation Facility, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Fujihara
- Department of Experimental Genome Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- Department of Experimental Genome Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Maeda
- Yabumoto Department of Intractable Disease Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Murakami
- Yabumoto Department of Intractable Disease Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Kizuka
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Taroh Kinoshita
- Yabumoto Department of Intractable Disease Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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3
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Kobayashi A, Munesue Y, Shimazaki T, Aoshima K, Kimura T, Mohri S, Kitamoto T. Potential for transmission of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease through peripheral routes. J Transl Med 2021; 101:1327-1330. [PMID: 34253850 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-021-00641-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Five sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) strains have been identified to date, based on differences in clinicopathological features of the patients, the biochemical properties of abnormal prion proteins, and transmission properties. Recent advances in our knowledge about iatrogenic transmission of sporadic CJD have raised the possibility that the infectivity of sporadic CJD strains through peripheral routes is different from that of intracranial infection. To test this possibility, here we assessed systematically the infectivity of sporadic CJD strains through the peripheral route for the first time using a mouse model expressing human prion protein. Although the infectivity of the V2 and M1 sporadic CJD strains is almost the same in intracerebral transmission studies, the V2 strain infected more efficiently than the M1 strain through the peripheral route. The other sporadic CJD strains examined lacked infectivity. Of note, both the V2 and M1 strains showed preference for mice with the valine homozygosity at the PRNP polymorphic codon. These results indicate that the V2 strain is the most infectious sporadic CJD strain for infection through peripheral routes. In addition, these findings raise the possibility that individuals with the valine homozygosity at the PRNP polymorphic codon might have higher risks of infection through peripheral routes compared with the methionine homozygotes. Thus, preventive measures against the transmission of the V2 sporadic CJD strain will be important for the eradication of iatrogenic CJD transmission through peripheral routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Yoshiko Munesue
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Taishi Shimazaki
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Aoshima
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kimura
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shirou Mohri
- Division of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Kitamoto
- Division of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Bian J, Kim S, Kane SJ, Crowell J, Sun JL, Christiansen J, Saijo E, Moreno JA, DiLisio J, Burnett E, Pritzkow S, Gorski D, Soto C, Kreeger TJ, Balachandran A, Mitchell G, Miller MW, Nonno R, Vikøren T, Våge J, Madslien K, Tran L, Vuong TT, Benestad SL, Telling GC. Adaptive selection of a prion strain conformer corresponding to established North American CWD during propagation of novel emergent Norwegian strains in mice expressing elk or deer prion protein. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009748. [PMID: 34310663 PMCID: PMC8341702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prions are infectious proteins causing fatal, transmissible neurodegenerative diseases of animals and humans. Replication involves template-directed refolding of host encoded prion protein, PrPC, by its infectious conformation, PrPSc. Following its discovery in captive Colorado deer in 1967, uncontrollable contagious transmission of chronic wasting disease (CWD) led to an expanded geographic range in increasing numbers of free-ranging and captive North American (NA) cervids. Some five decades later, detection of PrPSc in free-ranging Norwegian (NO) reindeer and moose marked the first indication of CWD in Europe. To assess the properties of these emergent NO prions and compare them with NA CWD we used transgenic (Tg) and gene targeted (Gt) mice expressing PrP with glutamine (Q) or glutamate (E) at residue 226, a variation in wild type cervid PrP which influences prion strain selection in NA deer and elk. Transmissions of NO moose and reindeer prions to Tg and Gt mice recapitulated the characteristic features of CWD in natural hosts, revealing novel prion strains with disease kinetics, neuropathological profiles, and capacities to infect lymphoid tissues and cultured cells that were distinct from those causing NA CWD. In support of strain variation, PrPSc conformers comprising emergent NO moose and reindeer CWD were subject to selective effects imposed by variation at residue 226 that were different from those controlling established NA CWD. Transmission of particular NO moose CWD prions in mice expressing E at 226 resulted in selection of a kinetically optimized conformer, subsequent transmission of which revealed properties consistent with NA CWD. These findings illustrate the potential for adaptive selection of strain conformers with improved fitness during propagation of unstable NO prions. Their potential for contagious transmission has implications for risk analyses and management of emergent European CWD. Finally, we found that Gt mice expressing physiologically controlled PrP levels recapitulated the lymphotropic properties of naturally occurring CWD strains resulting in improved susceptibilities to emergent NO reindeer prions compared with over-expressing Tg counterparts. These findings underscore the refined advantages of Gt models for exploring the mechanisms and impacts of strain selection in peripheral compartments during natural prion transmission. Prions cause fatal, transmissible neurodegenerative diseases in animals and humans. They are composed of an infectious, neurotoxic protein (PrP) which replicates by imposing pathogenic conformations on its normal, host-encoded counterpart. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious prion disorder threatening increasing numbers of free-ranging and captive North American deer, elk, and moose. While CWD detection in Norwegian reindeer and moose in 2016 marked the advent of disease in Europe, its origins and relationship to North American CWD were initially unclear. Here we show, using mice engineered to express deer or elk PrP, that Norwegian reindeer and moose CWD are caused by novel prion strains with properties distinct from those of North American CWD. We found that selection and propagation of North American and Norwegian CWD strains was controlled by a key amino acid residue in host PrP. We also found that particular Norwegian isolates adapted during their propagation in mice to produce prions with characteristics of the North American strain. Our findings defining the transmission profiles of novel Norwegian prions and their unstable potential to produce adapted strains with improved fitness for contagious transmission have implications for risk analyses and management of emergent European CWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifeng Bian
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sehun Kim
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sarah J. Kane
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jenna Crowell
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Julianna L. Sun
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Christiansen
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Eri Saijo
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Julie A. Moreno
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - James DiLisio
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Emily Burnett
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sandra Pritzkow
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Damian Gorski
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Claudio Soto
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Terry J. Kreeger
- Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Wheatland, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Aru Balachandran
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Gordon Mitchell
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Michael W. Miller
- Colorado Parks and Wildlife, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Romolo Nonno
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Nutrition and Food Safety, Rome, Italy
| | - Turid Vikøren
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, OIE Reference laboratory for CWD, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørn Våge
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, OIE Reference laboratory for CWD, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Madslien
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, OIE Reference laboratory for CWD, Oslo, Norway
| | - Linh Tran
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, OIE Reference laboratory for CWD, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tram Thu Vuong
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, OIE Reference laboratory for CWD, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sylvie L. Benestad
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, OIE Reference laboratory for CWD, Oslo, Norway
| | - Glenn C. Telling
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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5
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Matsuura Y, Ishikawa Y, Murayama Y, Yokoyama T, Somerville RA, Kitamoto T, Mohri S. Eliminating transmissibility of bovine spongiform encephalopathy by dry-heat treatment. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:136-142. [PMID: 31718739 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prion is more resistant to heat inactivation compared to other prions, but the effect of heat inactivation has been reported to differ depending on the BSE-contaminated tissue state or heating type. We aimed to evaluate the secure level of inactivation of original BSE transmissibility by dry-heating. Cattle tissues affected with BSE were subjected to dry-heat treatment for 20 min at various temperatures ranging from 150 to 1000 °C. To assess the inactivation effect, we conducted protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) and follicular dendritic cell (FDC) assays in transgenic mice expressing bovine prion protein genes. Under dry-heating at 600 °C or higher, BSE cattle tissues lost their transmissibility in transgenic mice. In contrast, transmissibility was detected in the cattle tissues treated at temperatures of 400 °C or lower through the FDC assay combined with PMCA. In this study, we confirmed that transmissibility was eliminated in BSE-affected cattle tissues by dry-heating at 600 °C or higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Matsuura
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Yukiko Ishikawa
- Present address: International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Yuichi Murayama
- Present address: Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, 2-24 Tanaka-Sekiden-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8203, Japan.,National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Takashi Yokoyama
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Robert A Somerville
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS, UK
| | - Tetsuyuki Kitamoto
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shirou Mohri
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.,Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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Takeuchi A, Mohri S, Kai H, Tamaoka A, Kobayashi A, Mizusawa H, Iwasaki Y, Yoshida M, Shimizu H, Murayama S, Kuroda S, Morita M, Parchi P, Kitamoto T. Two distinct prions in fatal familial insomnia and its sporadic form. Brain Commun 2019; 1:fcz045. [PMID: 32954274 PMCID: PMC7425372 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcz045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatal familial insomnia is a genetic prion disease, which is associated with the aspartic acid to asparagine substitution at codon 178 of the prion protein gene. Although the hallmark pathological feature is thalamic and olivary degeneration, there is a patient with an atypical fatal familial insomnia without the hallmark feature. The cause of the pathological variability is unclear. We analysed a Japanese fatal familial insomnia kindred and compared one atypical clinicopathological fatal familial insomnia phenotype case and typical fatal familial insomnia phenotype cases with transmission studies using multiple lines of knock-in mice and with protein misfolding cyclic amplification. We also analysed the transmissibility and the amplification properties of sporadic fatal insomnia. Transmission studies revealed that the typical fatal familial insomnia with thalamic and olivary degeneration showed successful transmission only using knock-in mice expressing human-mouse chimeric prion protein gene. The atypical fatal familial insomnia with spongiform changes showed successful transmission only using knock-in mice expressing bank vole prion protein gene. Two sporadic fatal insomnia cases with thalamic and olivary degeneration showed the same transmissibility as the typical fatal familial insomnia phenotype. Interestingly, one sporadic fatal insomnia case with thalamic/olivary degeneration and spongiform changes showed transmissibility of both the typical and atypical fatal familial insomnia phenotypes. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification could amplify both typical fatal familial insomnia cases and sporadic fatal insomnia cases but not the atypical fatal familial insomnia phenotype or other sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease subtypes. In addition to clinical findings and neuropathological features, the transmission properties and the amplification properties were different between the typical and atypical fatal familial insomnia phenotypes. It is suggested that two distinct prions were associated with the diversity in the fatal familial insomnia phenotype, and these two prions could also be detected in sporadic fatal insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Takeuchi
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shirou Mohri
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kai
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Akira Tamaoka
- Department of Neurology, Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8576, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Mizusawa
- The National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Yasushi Iwasaki
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Mari Yoshida
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimizu
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Department of Neurology and Neuropathology (The Brain Bank for Aging Research), Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | | | - Masanori Morita
- Research and Development Division, Japan Blood Products Organization, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Piero Parchi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche, Bologna 40123, Italy
| | - Tetsuyuki Kitamoto
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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7
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Primary structural differences at residue 226 of deer and elk PrP dictate selection of distinct CWD prion strains in gene-targeted mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:12478-12487. [PMID: 31147460 PMCID: PMC6589652 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1903947116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Our gene-targeting strategy addresses several critical issues relating to chronic wasting disease (CWD), a contagious, lethal neurodegenerative prion disease affecting wild as well as captive cervids, which poses an uncertain risk to humans. First, we show that residue 226, the sole primary structural difference between deer and elk prion protein, dictates the selection and propagation of different CWD strains. Because the strain properties of prions affect their host-range potential, these findings suggest that CWD from elk and deer pose distinct risks to humans and other species. Second, we show that these gene-targeted mice offer an unprecedented means to address distinctive aspects of CWD peripheral pathogenesis and horizontal transmission that are not afforded by previously generated transgenic mouse models. Although the unifying hallmark of prion diseases is CNS neurodegeneration caused by conformational corruption of host prion protein (PrP) to its infective counterpart, contagious transmission of chronic wasting disease (CWD) results from shedding of prions produced at high titers in the periphery of diseased cervids. While deer and elk PrP primary structures are equivalent except at residue 226, which is glutamate in elk and glutamine in deer, the effect of this difference on CWD pathogenesis is largely unknown. Using a gene-targeting approach where the mouse PrP coding sequence was replaced with elk or deer PrP, we show that the resulting GtE226 and GtQ226 mice had distinct kinetics of disease onset, prion conformations, and distributions of prions in the brains of diseased mice following intracerebral CWD challenge. These findings indicate that amino acid differences at PrP residue 226 dictate the selection and propagation of divergent strains in deer and elk with CWD. Because prion strain properties largely dictate host-range potential, our findings suggest that prion strains from elk and deer pose distinct risks to sympatric species or humans exposed to CWD. GtE226 and GtQ226 mice were also highly susceptible to CWD prions following intraperitoneal and oral exposures, a characteristic that stood in stark contrast to previously produced transgenic models. Remarkably, disease transmission was effective when infected mice were cohoused with naïve cagemates. Our findings indicate that gene-targeted mice provide unprecedented opportunities to accurately investigate CWD peripheral pathogenesis, CWD strains, and mechanisms of horizontal CWD transmission.
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8
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A Novel Combination of Prion Strain Co-Occurrence in Patients with Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:1276-1283. [PMID: 30926338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Six subgroups of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease have been identified by distinctive clinicopathologic features, genotype at polymorphic codon 129 [methionine (M)/valine (V)] of the PRNP gene, and type of abnormal prion proteins (type 1 or 2). In addition to the pure subgroups, mixed neuropathologic features and the coexistence of two types of abnormal prion proteins in the same patient also have been reported. Here, we found that a portion of the patients previously diagnosed as MM1 had neuropathologic characteristics of the MM2 thalamic form (ie, neuronal loss of the inferior olivary nucleus of the medulla). Furthermore, coexistence of biochemical features of the MM2 thalamic form also was confirmed in the identified cases. In addition, in transmission experiments using prion protein-humanized mice, the brain material from the identified case showed weak infectivity and generated characteristic abnormal prion proteins in the inoculated mice resembling those after inoculation with brain material of MM2 thalamic form. Taken together, these results show that the co-occurrence of MM1 and MM2 thalamic form is a novel entity of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease prion strain co-occurrence. The present study raises the possibility that the co-occurrence of the MM2 thalamic form might have been overlooked so far because of the scarcity of abnormal prion protein accumulation and restricted neuropathology.
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9
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Kobayashi A, Qi Z, Shimazaki T, Munesue Y, Miyamoto T, Isoda N, Sawa H, Aoshima K, Kimura T, Mohri S, Kitamoto T, Yamashita T, Miyoshi I. Ganglioside Synthase Knockout Reduces Prion Disease Incubation Time in Mouse Models. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 189:677-686. [PMID: 30553837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Localization of the abnormal and normal isoforms of prion proteins to detergent-resistant membrane microdomains, lipid rafts, is important for the conformational conversion. Lipid rafts are enriched in sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids (namely, gangliosides). Alteration in the ganglioside composition of lipid rafts can affect the localization of lipid raft-associated proteins. To investigate the role of gangliosides in the pathogenesis of prion diseases, we performed intracerebral transmission study of a scrapie prion strain Chandler and a Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome prion strain Fukuoka-1 using various knockout mouse strains ablated with ganglioside synthase gene (ie, GD2/GM2 synthase, GD3 synthase, or GM3 synthase). After challenge with the Chandler strain, GD2/GM2 synthase knockout mice showed 20% reduction of incubation time, reduced prion protein deposition in the brain with attenuated glial reactions, and reduced localization of prion proteins to lipid rafts. These results raise the possibility that the gangliosides may have an important role in prion disease pathogenesis by affecting the localization of prion proteins to lipid rafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Zechen Qi
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Taishi Shimazaki
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Munesue
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomomi Miyamoto
- Center for Experimental Animal Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Norikazu Isoda
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institute for Collaborative Research and Education, Sapporo, Japan; Unit of Risk Analysis and Management, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institute for Collaborative Research and Education, Sapporo, Japan; Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Aoshima
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kimura
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shirou Mohri
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Kitamoto
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamashita
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Ichiro Miyoshi
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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10
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Kobayashi A, Matsuura Y, Takeuchi A, Yamada M, Miyoshi I, Mohri S, Kitamoto T. A domain responsible for spontaneous conversion of bank vole prion protein. Brain Pathol 2018; 29:155-163. [PMID: 30051525 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bank vole is a small rodent that shows high susceptibility to infection with diverse prion strains. To determine whether the increased susceptibility of bank voles to prion diseases can be attributed to the intrinsic nature of bank vole prion protein (PrP) or to host factors other than PrP, we produced transgenic mice overexpressing bank vole PrP. These transgenic mice spontaneously developed neurological illness with spongiform changes and the accumulation of abnormal PrP in the brain. Then, we produced transgenic mice overexpressing chimeric mouse/bank vole PrP, which differs from mouse PrP only at two residues located at the C-terminus, to determine the minimum essential domain for the induction of spontaneous generation of abnormal PrP. These transgenic mice also developed spontaneous neurological illness with spongiform changes and the accumulation of abnormal PrP in the brain. In addition, knock-in mice expressing bank vole PrP at the same level as that of wild-type mice did not develop spontaneous disease but showed high susceptibility to infection with diverse prion strains, similarly to bank voles. Taken together, these findings show that bank vole PrP has a high propensity for the conformational conversion both in spontaneous disease and in prion infection, probably due to the characteristic structural properties of the C-terminal domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Matsuura
- Prion Disease Unit, Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Atsuko Takeuchi
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masahito Yamada
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ichiro Miyoshi
- Center for Experimental Animal Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shirou Mohri
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Kitamoto
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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11
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Development of a quick bioassay for the evaluation of transmission properties of acquired prion diseases. Neurosci Lett 2018; 668:43-47. [PMID: 29329906 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of transmission properties is important for the differential diagnosis of a subgroup of acquired Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) with methionine homozygosity at polymorphic codon 129 of the PRNP gene, an intermediate type abnormal prion protein (PrP), and kuru plaques, denoted as acquired CJD-MMiK. The present study aimed to develop a quick evaluation system of the transmission properties of acquired CJD-MMiK. In the PrP-humanized mice intraperitoneally inoculated with brain homogenates from an acquired CJD-MMiK patient, accumulation of abnormal PrP was observed in follicular dendritic cells of the spleen at 75 days post-inoculation. The transmission properties of acquired CJD-MMiK were quite different from those of sporadic CJD with the same PRNP codon 129 genotype. Moreover, even at 14 days post-inoculation, the characteristic transmission properties of acquired CJD-MMiK could be detected. These findings suggest that the bioassay using follicular dendritic cells of the spleen, named as a FDC assay, can be an easy, time-saving, and useful method to distinguish acquired CJD-MMiK from sporadic CJD.
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12
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Diack AB, Alibhai JD, Manson JC. Gene Targeted Transgenic Mouse Models in Prion Research. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 150:157-179. [PMID: 28838660 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The production of transgenic mice expressing different forms of the prion protein (PrP) or devoid of PrP has enabled researchers to study the role of PrP in the infectious process of a prion disease and its normal function in the healthy individual. A wide range of transgenic models have been produced ranging from PrP null mice, normal expression levels to overexpression models, models expressing different species of the Prnp gene and different mutations and polymorphisms within the gene. Using this range of transgenic models has allowed us to define the influence of PrP expression on disease susceptibility and transmission, assess zoonotic potential, define strains of human prion diseases, elucidate the function of PrP, and start to unravel the mechanisms involved in chronic neurodegeneration. This chapter focuses mainly on the use of the gene targeted transgenic models and summarizes the ways in which they have allowed us to study the role of PrP in prion disease and the insights they have provided into the mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail B Diack
- The Roslin Institute & R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, United Kingdom.
| | - James D Alibhai
- The National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jean C Manson
- The Roslin Institute & R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, United Kingdom
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13
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Okada H, Masujin K, Miyazawa K, Iwamaru Y, Imamura M, Matsuura Y, Arai S, Fukuda S, Murayama Y, Yokoyama T. Experimental Infection of Cattle With a Novel Prion Derived From Atypical H-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy. Vet Pathol 2017; 54:892-900. [PMID: 28731378 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817717769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (H-BSE) is an atypical form of BSE in cattle. During passaging of H-BSE in transgenic bovinized (TgBoPrP) mice, a novel phenotype of BSE, termed BSE-SW emerged and was characterized by a short incubation time and host weight loss. To investigate the biological and biochemical properties of the BSE-SW prion, a transmission study was conducted in cattle, which were inoculated intracerebrally with brain homogenate from BSE-SW-infected TgBoPrP mice. The disease incubation period was approximately 15 months. The animals showed characteristic neurological signs of dullness, and severe spongiform changes and a widespread, uniform distribution of disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) were observed throughout the brain of infected cattle. Immunohistochemical PrPSc staining of the brain revealed the presence of intraglial accumulations and plaque-like deposits. No remarkable differences were identified in vacuolar lesion scores, topographical distribution patterns, and staining types of PrPSc in the brains of BSE-SW- vs H-BSE-infected cattle. PrPSc deposition was detected in the ganglia, vagus nerve, spinal nerve, cauda equina, adrenal medulla, and ocular muscle. Western blot analysis revealed that the specific biochemical properties of the BSE-SW prion, with an additional 10- to 12-kDa fragment, were well maintained after transmission. These findings indicated that the BSE-SW prion has biochemical properties distinct from those of H-BSE in cattle, although clinical and pathologic features of BSW-SW in cattle are indistinguishable from those of H-BSE. The results suggest that the 2 infectious agents, BSE-SW and H-BSE, are closely related strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Okada
- 1 National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kentaro Masujin
- 1 National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kohtaro Miyazawa
- 1 National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshihumi Iwamaru
- 1 National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Morikazu Imamura
- 1 National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuichi Matsuura
- 1 National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shozo Arai
- 1 National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shigeo Fukuda
- 2 Hokkaido Animal Research Center, Hokkaido Research Organization, Shintoku, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yuichi Murayama
- 1 National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Yokoyama
- 1 National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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14
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Nakano Y, Akamatsu N, Mori T, Sano K, Satoh K, Nagayasu T, Miyoshi Y, Sugio T, Sakai H, Sakae E, Ichimiya K, Hamada M, Nakayama T, Fujita Y, Yanagihara K, Nishida N. Sequential Washing with Electrolyzed Alkaline and Acidic Water Effectively Removes Pathogens from Metal Surfaces. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156058. [PMID: 27223116 PMCID: PMC4880284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Removal of pathogenic organisms from reprocessed surgical instruments is essential to prevent iatrogenic infections. Some bacteria can make persistent biofilms on medical devices. Contamination of non-disposable equipment with prions also represents a serious risk to surgical patients. Efficient disinfection of prions from endoscopes and other instruments such as high-resolution cameras remains problematic because these instruments do not tolerate aggressive chemical or heat treatments. Herein, we develop a new washing system that uses both the alkaline and acidic water produced by electrolysis. Electrolyzed acidic water, containing HCl and HOCl as active substances, has been reported to be an effective disinfectant. A 0.15% NaCl solution was electrolyzed and used immediately to wash bio-contaminated stainless steel model systems with alkaline water (pH 11.9) with sonication, and then with acidic water (pH 2.7) without sonication. Two bacterial species (Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and a fungus (Candida albicans) were effectively removed or inactivated by the washing process. In addition, this process effectively removed or inactivated prions from the stainless steel surfaces. This washing system will be potentially useful for the disinfection of clinical devices such as neuroendoscopes because electrolyzed water is gentle to both patients and equipment and is environmentally sound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Nakano
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Norihiko Akamatsu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Mori
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kazunori Sano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Katsuya Satoh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nagayasu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | - Tomomi Sugio
- Kyowakiden Industry Co., Ltd., 10–2 Kawaguchi, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Sakai
- Kyowakiden Industry Co., Ltd., 10–2 Kawaguchi, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Eiji Sakae
- Kripton Co., Ltd., Dai 12 Daitetsu Bldg. 7F. 4-3-12 Yotsuya, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuko Ichimiya
- Kripton Co., Ltd., Dai 12 Daitetsu Bldg. 7F. 4-3-12 Yotsuya, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahisa Hamada
- Kripton Co., Ltd., Dai 12 Daitetsu Bldg. 7F. 4-3-12 Yotsuya, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehisa Nakayama
- Kripton Co., Ltd., Dai 12 Daitetsu Bldg. 7F. 4-3-12 Yotsuya, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuhzo Fujita
- Teraoka Seikei Geka Hospital, 3-1-52 Minami-honjo, Fukuyama, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Katsunori Yanagihara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Nishida
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
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15
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Kobayashi A, Matsuura Y, Iwaki T, Iwasaki Y, Yoshida M, Takahashi H, Murayama S, Takao M, Kato S, Yamada M, Mohri S, Kitamoto T. Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease MM1+2C and MM1 are Identical in Transmission Properties. Brain Pathol 2016; 26:95-101. [PMID: 25851836 PMCID: PMC8028929 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The genotype (methionine, M or valine, V) at polymorphic codon 129 of the PRNP gene and the type (1 or 2) of abnormal prion protein in the brain are the major determinants of the clinicopathological features of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), thus providing molecular basis for classification of sporadic CJD, that is, MM1, MM2, MV1, MV2, VV1 or VV2. In addition to these "pure" cases, "mixed" cases presenting mixed neuropathological and biochemical features have also been recognized. The most frequently observed mixed form is the co-occurrence of MM1 and MM2, namely MM1+2. However, it has remained elusive whether MM1+2 could be a causative origin of dura mater graft-associated CJD (dCJD), one of the largest subgroups of iatrogenic CJD. To test this possibility, we performed transmission experiments of MM1+2 prions and a systematic neuropathological examination of dCJD patients in the present study. The transmission properties of the MM1+2 prions were identical to those of MM1 prions because MM2 prions lacked transmissibility. In addition, the neuropathological characteristics of MM2 were totally absent in dCJD patients examined. These results suggest that MM1+2 can be a causative origin of dCJD and causes neuropathological phenotype similar to that of MM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kobayashi
- Department of Neurological ScienceTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
- Present address:
Laboratory of Comparative PathologyHokkaido University, Graduate School of Veterinary MedicineKita 18, Nishi 9, Kita‐kuSapporo060‐0818Japan
| | - Yuichi Matsuura
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research CenterNational Institute of Animal HealthTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Toru Iwaki
- Department of NeuropathologyGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Yasushi Iwasaki
- Department of NeuropathologyInstitute for Medical Science of AgeingAichi Medical UniversityNagakuteAichiJapan
| | - Mari Yoshida
- Department of NeuropathologyInstitute for Medical Science of AgeingAichi Medical UniversityNagakuteAichiJapan
| | - Hitoshi Takahashi
- Department of PathologyBrain Research InstituteUniversity of NiigataNiigataJapan
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Department of NeuropathologyTokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of GerontologyItabashi‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Masaki Takao
- Department of NeuropathologyTokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of GerontologyItabashi‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Shinsuke Kato
- Division of NeuropathologyDepartment of PathologySchool of MedicineFaculty of MedicineTottori UniversityYonagoJapan
| | - Masahito Yamada
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of AgeingKanazawa University Graduate School of Medical ScienceKanazawaJapan
| | - Shirou Mohri
- Department of Neurological ScienceTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Tetsuyuki Kitamoto
- Department of Neurological ScienceTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
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16
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Kobayashi A, Parchi P, Yamada M, Mohri S, Kitamoto T. Neuropathological and biochemical criteria to identify acquired Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease among presumed sporadic cases. Neuropathology 2015; 36:305-10. [PMID: 26669818 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As an experimental model of acquired Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), we performed transmission studies of sporadic CJD using knock-in mice expressing human prion protein (PrP). In this model, the inoculation of the sporadic CJD strain V2 into animals homozygous for methionine at polymorphic codon 129 (129 M/M) of the PRNP gene produced quite distinctive neuropathological and biochemical features, that is, widespread kuru plaques and intermediate type abnormal PrP (PrP(Sc) ). Interestingly, this distinctive combination of molecular and pathological features has been, to date, observed in acquired CJD but not in sporadic CJD. Assuming that these distinctive phenotypic traits are specific for acquired CJD, we revisited the literature and found two cases showing widespread kuru plaques despite the 129 M/M genotype, in a neurosurgeon and in a patient with a medical history of neurosurgery without dura mater grafting. By Western blot analysis of brain homogenates, we revealed the intermediate type of PrP(Sc) in both cases. Furthermore, transmission properties of brain extracts from these two cases were indistinguishable from those of a subgroup of dura mater graft-associated iatrogenic CJD caused by infection with the sporadic CJD strain V2. These data strongly suggest that the two atypical CJD cases, previously thought to represent sporadic CJD, very likely acquired the disease through exposure to prion-contaminated brain tissues. Thus, we propose that the distinctive combination of 129 M/M genotype, kuru plaques, and intermediate type PrP(Sc) , represents a reliable criterion for the identification of acquired CJD cases among presumed sporadic cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kobayashi
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Piero Parchi
- IRCCS, Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Masahito Yamada
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shirou Mohri
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Kitamoto
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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17
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Kobayashi A, Iwasaki Y, Otsuka H, Yamada M, Yoshida M, Matsuura Y, Mohri S, Kitamoto T. Deciphering the pathogenesis of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with codon 129 M/V and type 2 abnormal prion protein. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2013; 1:74. [PMID: 24252157 PMCID: PMC3833290 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-1-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is classified according to the genotype at polymorphic codon 129 (M or V) of the prion protein (PrP) gene and the type (1 or 2) of abnormal isoform of PrP (PrPSc) in the brain. The most complicated entity in the current classification system is MV2, since it shows wide phenotypic variations, i.e., MV2 cortical form (MV2C), MV2 with kuru plaques (MV2K), or a mixed form (MV2K + C). To resolve their complicated pathogenesis, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the three MV2 subgroups based on histopathological, molecular, and transmission properties. Results In histopathological and molecular analyses, MV2C showed close similarity to MM2 cortical form (MM2C) and could be easily discriminated from the other MV2 subgroups. By contrast, MV2K and MV2K + C showed the same molecular type and the same transmission type, and the sole difference between MV2K and MV2K + C was the presence of cortical pathology characteristic of MV2C/MM2C. The remarkable molecular feature of MV2K or MV2K + C was a mixture of type 2 PrPSc and intermediate type PrPSc, which shows intermediate electrophoretic mobility between types 1 and 2 PrPSc. Modeling experiments using PrP-humanized mice indicated that MV2K contains a mixture of intermediate type PrPSc with the 129M genotype (Mi PrPSc) and type 2 PrPSc with the 129V genotype (V2 PrPSc) that originated from V2 PrPSc, whereas MV2C + K may also contain type 2 PrPSc with the 129M genotype and cortical pathology (M2C PrPSc) that lacks infectivity to the PrP-humanized mice in addition to Mi and V2 PrPSc. Conclusions Taken together, the present study suggests that the phenotypic heterogeneity of MV2 stems from their different PrPSc origin(s).
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18
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Takeuchi A, Kobayashi A, Ironside JW, Mohri S, Kitamoto T. Characterization of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease prions in prion protein-humanized mice carrying distinct codon 129 genotypes. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:21659-66. [PMID: 23792955 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.470328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, all clinical variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) patients are homozygous for methionine at polymorphic codon 129 (129M/M) of the prion protein (PrP) gene. However, the appearance of asymptomatic secondary vCJD infection in individuals with a PRNP codon 129 genotype other than M/M and transmission studies using animal models have raised the concern that all humans might be susceptible to vCJD prions, especially via secondary infection. To reevaluate this possibility and to analyze in detail the transmission properties of vCJD prions to transgenic animals carrying distinct codon 129 genotype, we performed intracerebral inoculation of vCJD prions to humanized knock-in mice carrying all possible codon 129 genotypes (129M/M, 129M/V, or 129V/V). All humanized knock-in mouse lines were susceptible to vCJD infection, although the attack rate gradually decreased from 129M/M to 129M/V and to 129V/V. The amount of PrP deposition including florid/amyloid plaques in the brain also gradually decreased from 129M/M to 129M/V and to 129V/V. The biochemical properties of protease-resistant abnormal PrP in the brain and transmissibility of these humanized mouse-passaged vCJD prions upon subpassage into knock-in mice expressing bovine PrP were not affected by the codon 129 genotype. These results indicate that individuals with the 129V/V genotype may be more susceptible to secondary vCJD infection than expected and may lack the neuropathological characteristics observed in vCJD patients with the 129M/M genotype. Besides the molecular typing of protease-resistant PrP in the brain, transmission studies using knock-in mice carrying bovine PrP may aid the differential diagnosis of secondary vCJD infection, especially in individuals with the 129V/V genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Takeuchi
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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Matsuura Y, Ishikawa Y, Somerville RA, Yokoyama T, Hagiwara K, Yamakawa Y, Sata T, Kitamoto T, Mohri S. A Rapid Bioassay for Classical and L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ojvm.2013.31013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Lalonde R, Fukuchi K, Strazielle C. APP transgenic mice for modelling behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:1357-75. [PMID: 22373961 PMCID: PMC3340431 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of gene mutations responsible for autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease has enabled researchers to reproduce in transgenic mice several hallmarks of this disorder, notably Aβ accumulation, though in most cases without neurofibrillary tangles. Mice expressing mutated and wild-type APP as well as C-terminal fragments of APP exhibit variations in exploratory activity reminiscent of behavioural and psychological symptoms of Alzheimer dementia (BPSD). In particular, open-field, spontaneous alternation, and elevated plus-maze tasks as well as aggression are modified in several APP transgenic mice relative to non-transgenic controls. However, depending on the precise murine models, changes in open-field and elevated plus-maze exploration occur in either direction, either increased or decreased relative to controls. It remains to be determined which neurotransmitter changes are responsible for this variability, in particular with respect to GABA, 5HT, and dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lalonde
- Département de Psychologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France.
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21
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Saito T, Anazawa T, Gotoh M, Uemoto S, Kenmochi T, Kuroda Y, Satomi S, Itoh T, Yasunami Y, Kitamoto T, Mohri S, Teraoka S. Actions of the Japanese Pancreas and Islet Transplantation Association regarding transplanted human islets isolated using Liberase HI. Transplant Proc 2011; 42:4213-6. [PMID: 21168667 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2010.09.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The potential for introducing transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) into islet cells was indicated by recognizing that Liberase HI is isolated from Clostridium histolyticum grown in media containing brain-heart infusion broth. A national team within the Japanese Pancreas and Islet Transplantation Association implemented an islet transplantation program in Japan using Liberase HI. The program comprised 65 islet isolations from non-heart-beating donors and 34 transplants into 18 patients. Herein, we have summarized how the Association followed these recipients over the long term. PROCEDURES We established an ad hoc committee to follow recipients transplanted with islets isolated using Liberase HI after becoming informed of the associated dangers of using this enzyme. We also stopped islet transplantations using Liberase. The committee addressed the major concerns of the risk of the collagenase being contaminated with TSE and of the recipient follow-up. All recipients were examined by diffusion MRI and EEG and then scheduled for evaluation and follow-up by specialists in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). Bioassays of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prions in the enzyme proceeded using knock-in mice expressing bovine prion protein. These assays could detect contaminating prions at a dilution of 1 × 10(4). After inactivating its collagenase activity, Liberase HI was injected into the abdominal cavities of knock-in mice. Four months later, prion infectivity in Liberase HI was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting of spleen homogenates using anti-prion protein antibodies. MAIN FINDINGS Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining did not detect prions in Liberase HI. Diffusion MRI and EEG evaluations performed by CJD specialists confirmed that none of the transplanted recipients had CJD. CONCLUSIONS Three years of follow-up revealed that none of the Japanese recipients of islet transplants developed CJD. Prion bioassays showed that the Liberase HI used to isolate islets for transplantation was free of infectious TSE prions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Saito
- Japanese Islet Transplant Registry, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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Puopolo M, Ladogana A, Vetrugno V, Pocchiari M. Transmission of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease by blood transfusion: risk factor or possible biases. Transfusion 2011; 51:1556-66. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010.03004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Gambetti P, Cali I, Notari S, Kong Q, Zou WQ, Surewicz WK. Molecular biology and pathology of prion strains in sporadic human prion diseases. Acta Neuropathol 2011; 121:79-90. [PMID: 21058033 PMCID: PMC3077936 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-010-0761-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Prion diseases are believed to propagate by the mechanism involving self-perpetuating conformational conversion of the normal form of the prion protein, PrP(C), to the misfolded, pathogenic state, PrP(Sc). One of the most intriguing aspects of these disorders is the phenomenon of prion strains. It is believed that strain properties are fully encoded in distinct conformations of PrP(Sc). Strains are of practical relevance to human prion diseases as their diversity may explain the unusual heterogeneity of these disorders. The first insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying heterogeneity of human prion diseases was provided by the observation that two distinct disease phenotypes and their associated PrP(Sc) conformers co-distribute with distinct PrP genotypes as determined by the methionine/valine polymorphism at codon 129 of the PrP gene. Subsequent studies identified six possible combinations of the three genotypes (determined by the polymorphic codon 129) and two common PrP(Sc) conformers (named types 1 and 2) as the major determinants of the phenotype in sporadic human prion diseases. This scenario implies that each 129 genotype-PrP(Sc) type combination would be associated with a distinct disease phenotype and prion strain. However, notable exceptions have been found. For example, two genotype-PrP(Sc) type combinations are linked to the same phenotype, and conversely, the same combination was found to be associated with two distinct phenotypes. Furthermore, in some cases, PrP(Sc) conformers naturally associated with distinct phenotypes appear, upon transmission, to lose their phenotype-determining strain characteristics. Currently it seems safe to assume that typical sporadic prion diseases are associated with at least six distinct prion strains. However, the intrinsic characteristics that distinguish at least four of these strains remain to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Gambetti
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2085 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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Parchi P, Strammiello R, Giese A, Kretzschmar H. Phenotypic variability of sporadic human prion disease and its molecular basis: past, present, and future. Acta Neuropathol 2011; 121:91-112. [PMID: 21107851 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-010-0779-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human prion diseases are rare neurodegenerative disorders related to prion protein misfolding that can occur as sporadic, familial or acquired forms. In comparison to other more common neurodegenerative disorders, prion diseases show a wider range of phenotypic variation and largely transmit to experimental animals, a feature that led to the isolation and characterization of different strains of the transmissible agent or prion with distinct biological properties. Biochemically distinct PrP(Sc) types have been demonstrated which differ in their size after proteinase cleavage, glycosylation pattern, and possibly other features related to their conformation. These PrP(Sc) types, possibly enciphering the prion strains, together with the naturally occurring polymorphism at codon 129 in the prion protein gene have a major influence on the disease phenotype. In the sporadic form, the most common but perhaps least understood form of human prion disease, there are at least six major combinations of codon 129 genotype and prion protein isotype, which are significantly related to distinctive clinical-pathological subgroups of the disease. In this review, we provide an update on the current knowledge and classification of the disease subtypes of the sporadic human prion diseases as defined by molecular features and pathological changes. Furthermore, we discuss the molecular basis of phenotypic variability taking into account the results of recent transmission studies that shed light on the extent of prion strain variation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Parchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Defining sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease strains and their transmission properties. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:12005-10. [PMID: 20547859 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1004688107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological determinants of the phenotypic variation in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) are unknown. To categorize sCJD cases, the prion protein (PrP) codon 129 genotype and the biochemical characteristics of the disease-associated form of PrP (PrP(Sc)) can be combined to form six subgroups (MM1, MM2, MV1, MV2, VV1, and VV2). This classification largely correlates with the known variation in the clinical and pathological features of sCJD, with the MM1 and MV1 cases representing the "classic" phenotype of sCJD. To address how this classification relates to different strains of sCJD we have inoculated each subgroup of sCJD to a panel of mice expressing different forms of the human PRNP gene (129MM, 129VV, and 129MV). We have established that all subtypes are transmissible to at least one genotype of mouse, and both agent and host factors determine transmission efficiency and the form of PrP(Sc) deposited in the brain. Moreover, we have identified four distinct strains of sCJD using our in vivo strain typing panel.
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Hashimoto T, Ogino K, Shin RW, Kitamoto T, Kikuchi T, Shimizu N. Age-dependent increase in lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 and early-onset behavioral deficits in APPSL transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2010; 469:273-7. [PMID: 20025930 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is strongly related to the onset of Alzheimer's disease. It possesses cleavage sites for beta- and gamma-secretases, and the resulting cleaved products (amyloid-beta peptides) are capable of causing neurotoxicity. Such cleavage is promoted by the Swedish and London mutations (APPSwe/Lon) inside the APP gene. Here, we characterized APPSL transgenic mice (APPSL-Tg) to determine the effects of this mutation. We observed that both the amount of insoluble amyloid-beta and the ratio of amyloid-beta 42/40 increased promptly in the brain during 6-16 months of age. Amyloid-beta plaques were observed in whole brain sections at 12 months. In contrast, the spatial memory assessed by the Morris water maze task was already impaired at 3 months, which suggested that the APPSL-Tg mice may represent an early-onset model of familial Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, the levels of LAMP-1, a marker protein of lysosome, increased in the brain at 28 months. Such LAMP-1 protein was detected around the amyloid-beta plaques at the hippocampal regions of the APPSL-Tg mice. Our results suggested that the increase in LAMP-1 was enhanced by the accumulation of amyloid-beta occurring during aging. Our findings coincided with the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
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Abstract
The clinicopathological phenotypes of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) correlate with the allelotypes (M or V) of the polymorphic codon 129 of the human prion protein (PrP) gene and the electrophoretic mobility patterns of abnormal prion protein (PrP(Sc)). Transmission of sCJD prions to mice expressing human PrP with a heterologous genotype (referred to as cross-sequence transmission) results in prolonged incubation periods. We previously reported that cross-sequence transmission can generate a new prion strain with unique transmissibility, designated a traceback phenomenon. To verify experimentally the traceback of sCJD-VV2 prions, we inoculated sCJD-VV2 prions into mice expressing human PrP with the 129M/M genotype. These 129M/M mice showed altered neuropathology and a novel PrP(Sc) type after a long incubation period. We then passaged the brain homogenate from the 129M/M mouse inoculated with sCJD-VV2 prions into other 129M/M or 129V/V mice. Despite cross-sequence transmission, 129V/V mice were highly susceptible to these prions compared to the 129M/M mice. The neuropathology and PrP(Sc) type of the 129V/V mice inoculated with the 129M/M mouse-passaged sCJD-VV2 prions were identical to those of the 129V/V mice inoculated with sCJD-VV2 prions. Moreover, we generated for the first time a type 2 PrP(Sc)-specific antibody in addition to type 1 PrP(Sc)-specific antibody and discovered that drastic changes in the PrP(Sc) subpopulation underlie the traceback phenomenon. Here, we report the first direct evidence of the traceback in prion infection.
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Baird AW, Campion DP, O'Brien L, Brayden DJ. Oral Delivery of Pathogens from the Intestine to the Nervous System. J Drug Target 2008; 12:71-8. [PMID: 15203900 DOI: 10.1080/10611860410001693715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Most therapeutic agents are delivered orally. Consequently, the major classes of therapeutically useful chemicals are partially lipophilic, small molecular weight compounds. They have reasonable permeability coefficient values across cell membranes, including those of intestinal epithelia and vascular endothelia. In contrast, large molecular weight biotechnology compounds have limited usefulness by non-injected routes as a consequence of their low membrane permeability and variable solubility. However, a wide range of infectious agents have developed strategies or have hijacked physiological routings in order to enter the host by the oral route. Efforts to address such issues have refreshed interest in mechanisms by which different types of payloads (including particulates and microorganisms) translocate across gut epithelia and then distribute to target tissues. Special attention is given to the potential role of the enteric nervous system and its plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan W Baird
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4 Dublin, Ireland.
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29
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Béringue V, Le Dur A, Tixador P, Reine F, Lepourry L, Perret-Liaudet A, Haïk S, Vilotte JL, Fontés M, Laude H. Prominent and persistent extraneural infection in human PrP transgenic mice infected with variant CJD. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1419. [PMID: 18183299 PMCID: PMC2171367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evolution of the variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) epidemic is hazardous to predict due to uncertainty in ascertaining the prevalence of infection and because the disease might remain asymptomatic or produce an alternate, sporadic-like phenotype. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Transgenic mice were produced that overexpress human prion protein with methionine at codon 129, the only allele found so far in vCJD-affected patients. These mice were infected with prions derived from variant and sporadic CJD (sCJD) cases by intracerebral or intraperitoneal route, and transmission efficiency and strain phenotype were analyzed in brain and spleen. We showed that i) the main features of vCJD infection in humans, including a prominent involvement of the lymphoid tissues compared to that in sCJD infection were faithfully reproduced in such mice; ii) transmission of vCJD agent by intracerebral route could lead to the propagation of either vCJD or sCJD-like prion in the brain, whereas vCJD prion was invariably propagated in the spleen, iii) after peripheral exposure, inefficient neuroinvasion was observed, resulting in an asymptomatic infection with life-long persistence of vCJD prion in the spleen at stable and elevated levels. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Our findings emphasize the possibility that human-to-human transmission of vCJD might produce alternative neuropathological phenotypes and that lymphoid tissue examination of CJD cases classified as sporadic might reveal an infection by vCJD-type prions. They also provide evidence for the strong propensity of this agent to establish long-lasting, subclinical vCJD infection of lymphoreticular tissues, thus amplifying the risk for iatrogenic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Béringue
- Institut Scientifique de Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (HL); (VB)
| | - Annick Le Dur
- Institut Scientifique de Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Philippe Tixador
- Institut Scientifique de Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Fabienne Reine
- Institut Scientifique de Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Laurence Lepourry
- Institut Scientifique de Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR339, Génétique Biochimique et Cytogénétique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Armand Perret-Liaudet
- Service de Neurobiologie, Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est (CBPE), Groupement Hospitalier Est des Hôpitaux de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Stéphane Haïk
- INSERM, Equipe Avenir, Maladies à Prions chez l'Homme, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Laboratoire de Neuropathologie R. Escourolle, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié- Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Vilotte
- Institut Scientifique de Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR339, Génétique Biochimique et Cytogénétique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Michel Fontés
- INSERM UMR 491-IPHM, Faculté de médecine de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Hubert Laude
- Institut Scientifique de Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (HL); (VB)
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Kobayashi A, Asano M, Mohri S, Kitamoto T. Cross-sequence transmission of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease creates a new prion strain. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:30022-8. [PMID: 17709374 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m704597200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The genotype (methionine or valine) at polymorphic codon 129 of the human prion protein (PrP) gene and the type (type 1 or type 2) of abnormal isoform of PrP (PrP(Sc)) are major determinants of the clinicopathological phenotypes of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD). Here we found that the transmission of sCJD prions from a patient with valine homozygosity (129V/V) and type 2 PrP(Sc) (sCJD-VV2 prions) to mice expressing human PrP with methionine homozygosity (129M/M) generated unusual PrP(Sc) intermediate in size between type 1 and type 2. The intermediate type PrP(Sc) was seen in all examined dura mater graft-associated CJD cases with 129M/M and plaque-type PrP deposits (p-dCJD). p-dCJD prions and sCJD-VV2 prions exhibited similar transmissibility and neuropathology, and the identical type of PrP(Sc) when inoculated into PrP-humanized mice with 129M/M or 129V/V. These findings suggest that p-dCJD could be caused by cross-sequence transmission of sCJD-VV2 prions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kobayashi
- Division of CJD Science and Technology, Department of Prion Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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Shin RW, Ogino K, Shimabuku A, Taki T, Nakashima H, Ishihara T, Kitamoto T. Amyloid precursor protein cytoplasmic domain with phospho-Thr668 accumulates in Alzheimer's disease and its transgenic models: a role to mediate interaction of Abeta and tau. Acta Neuropathol 2007; 113:627-36. [PMID: 17431643 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-007-0211-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2006] [Revised: 02/18/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal accumulation of Abeta and tau in senile plaques (SP) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) is a key event in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we show that T668-phosphorylated cytoplasmic domain of APP (pT668-ACD) accumulates Abeta and tau in AD and its transgenic models. Anti-pT668 immunostaining of AD brain sections with hydrated autoclave enhancement identified SP neurites and NFTs in which pT668-ACD colocalizes with tau. We produced and examined transgenic (Tg) mice that overexpress human APP695, harboring the double Swedish/London mutation, and develop age-dependently Abeta plaques in the brain. All Abeta plaques contain co-accumulations of pT668-ACD, but co-accumulation of tau appears in only a fraction of Abeta plaques in older animals. We also examined the established tau Tg mice that overexpress the smallest human brain tau isoform and develop neuronal accumulations of tau in older animals. Examination of the old tau Tg mice showed that neuronal cells affected by tau accumulation induce co-accumulation of pT668-ACD. We speculate that in AD brains, extracellular Abeta deposition is accompanied by intracellular accumulation of pT668-ACD, followed by tau accumulation in the SP with dystrophic neurites and that neuronal cells affected by tau accumulation induce co-accumulation of pT668-ACD in NFTs. Thus, pT668-ACD is likely to mediate pathological interaction between Abeta and tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryong-Woon Shin
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
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Sakudo A, Nakamura I, Ikuta K, Onodera T. Recent Developments in Prion Disease Research: Diagnostic Tools and In Vitro Cell Culture Models. J Vet Med Sci 2007; 69:329-37. [PMID: 17485919 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.69.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
After prion infection, an abnormal isoform of prion protein (PrP(Sc)) converts the cellular isoform of prion protein (PrP(C)) into PrP(Sc). PrP(C)-to-PrP(Sc) conversion leads to PrP(Sc) accumulation and PrP(C) deficiency, contributing etiologically to induction of prion diseases. Presently, most of the diagnostic methods for prion diseases are dependent on PrP(Sc) detection. Highly sensitive/accurate specific detection of PrP(Sc) in many different samples is a prerequisite for attempts to develop reliable detection methods. Towards this goal, several methods have recently been developed to facilitate sensitive and precise detection of PrP(Sc), namely, protein misfolding cyclic amplification, conformation-dependent immunoassay, dissociation-enhanced lanthanide fluorescent immunoassay, capillary gel electrophoresis, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, flow microbead immunoassay, etc. Additionally, functionally relevant prion-susceptible cell culture models that recognize the complexity of the mechanisms of prion infection have also been pursued, not only in relation to diagnosis, but also in relation to prion biology. Prion protein (PrP) gene-deficient neuronal cell lines that can clearly elucidate PrP(C) functions would contribute to understanding of the prion infection mechanism. In this review, we describe the trend in recent development of diagnostic methods and cell culture models for prion diseases and their potential applications in prion biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akikazu Sakudo
- Department of Molecular Immunology, School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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Asano M, Mohri S, Ironside JW, Ito M, Tamaoki N, Kitamoto T. vCJD prion acquires altered virulence through trans-species infection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 342:293-9. [PMID: 16480953 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.01.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2006] [Accepted: 01/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) appears to be caused by infection with the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agent. To date, all patients with vCJD are homozygous for methionine at codon 129 of the PrP gene. To investigate the relationship between polymorphism at codon 129 and susceptibility to BSE or vCJD prions, we performed splenic follicular dendritic cell assay with humanized knock-in mice through peripheral infection. All humanized knock-in mice showed little or no susceptibility to BSE prions. Only the subset of humanized knock-in mice with codon 129 Met/Met genotype showed weak susceptibility by Western blotting. Surprisingly, we succeeded in the transmission of vCJD prions to humanized knock-in mice not only with codon 129 Met/Met but also with codon 129 Met/Val. Humanized knock-in mice with codon 129 Val/Val were not susceptible. The results suggest that human heterozygotes at codon 129 are also at risk for secondary infection with vCJD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Asano
- Division of CJD Science and Technology, Department of Prion Research, Center for Translational and Advanced Animal Research on Human Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo, Aoba, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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Taguchi Y, Mohri S, Ironside JW, Muramoto T, Kitamoto T. Humanized knock-in mice expressing chimeric prion protein showed varied susceptibility to different human prions. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 163:2585-93. [PMID: 14633630 PMCID: PMC1892390 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63613-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mice to which human prions efficiently transmit in short incubation periods are valuable not only as research tools of human prions but also as reliable diagnostic tools. We recently produced a line of knock-in mouse expressing a unique human-mouse chimeric PrP (Ki-ChM mouse), which has mouse-specific residues practically only at the C-terminal part after posttranslational modification, and here we attempted transmission of various human prions to assess the susceptibility profile of the mouse. Susceptibility varied considerably depending on prions inoculated: highly susceptible to MM1 and MV1 types of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), developing disease within approximately 150 days, familial CJD with M232R mutation, and dura graft-associated CJD (dCJD) without amyloid plaque; less susceptible to MM2-type sporadic CJD and variant CJD, with some mice lacking any sign of transmission; and totally resistant to VV2 type sporadic CJD and dCJD with amyloid plaque. The rather short incubation time achieved by Ki-ChM mice suggests new approaches to produce mice that develop prion disease with very short incubation periods. We compared the characteristic susceptibility profile of Ki-ChM with those of other precedent transgenic mice and discussed, including the prospects in developing genetically engineered mice susceptible to human prions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzuru Taguchi
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Dabaghian RH, Mortimer PP, Clewley JP. Prospects for the development of pre-mortem laboratory diagnostic tests for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Rev Med Virol 2004; 14:345-61. [PMID: 15495196 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
At present the diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and related transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in humans is based on clinical criteria and (at post-mortem) the histopathological and immunological examination of brain tissue. The misfolded prion protein, PrPSc, is the single most significant marker, but its recognition by standard serological methods is complicated by its antigenic similarity to the normal prion protein, PrPC. Although there are commercial diagnostic assays available for bovine spongiform encephalopathy using brain specimens taken at slaughter, there are no suitable pre-mortem assays for cattle and none either for pre-mortem human disease. Especially in view of the recent report of variant CJD transmission by blood transfusion, it is important that tests for pre-symptomatic infections are developed. This will safeguard the blood supply and, for example, prevent the transmission of CJD in neurosurgery. This paper reviews the current and prospective approaches to the pre-mortem diagnosis of CJD, in particular its variant form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza H Dabaghian
- TSE Unit, Sexually Transmitted and Blood Borne Virus Laboratory, Specialist and Reference Microbiology Division, Health Protection Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5HT, UK
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Satoh K, Muramoto T, Tanaka T, Kitamoto N, Ironside JW, Nagashima K, Yamada M, Sato T, Mohri S, Kitamoto T. Association of an 11–12 kDa protease-resistant prion protein fragment with subtypes of dura graft-associated Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease and other prion diseases. J Gen Virol 2003; 84:2885-2893. [PMID: 13679624 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19236-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease can develop in subjects given a cadaveric dura mater graft (dCJD). This disease has a phenotypic heterogeneity despite the lack of genetic variation. Numerous plaque-type prion protein (PrP) deposits are found in the brain of some but not all subjects; hence, there may be two subtypes of this clinical entity. To validate dCJD subtypes further, we carried out a larger-scale clinicopathological analysis and typing of protease-resistant PrP (PrPSc) in dCJD cases. Cases with plaque-type PrP deposits (p-dCJD) were shown to be distinct from those without PrP plaques (np-dCJD), from several clinicopathological aspects. Analysis of PrPSc revealed that, while the major PrPSc species from both subtypes was of 21 kDa after deglycosylation (type 1 PrPSc), a C-terminal PrP fragment of 11–12 kDa (fPrP11–12) was associated with np-dCJD but not with p-dCJD. The disease type-specific association of fPrP11–12 was also observed in subjects with other prion diseases. An fPrP11–12-like C-terminal PrP fragment was detected in brain lysates from patients associated with fPrP11–12, but not from patients or normal subjects unassociated with fPrP11–12. Results indicated that fPrP was produced by CJD-associated processes in vivo. The present data provide several lines of evidence that support the need for subtyping of dCJD and contribute to the understanding of the processing of disease-specific PrP species. The unique relationship of fPrP11–12 with CJD phenotype supports the view that the phenotypic heterogeneity of CJD is related to the formation of different types of disease-specific PrP and fragments thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Satoh
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tamaki Muramoto
- CREST, JST (Japan Science and Technology), Kawaguchi, Japan
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Tanaka
- Prion Research Project, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan
- Sakai City Institute of Public Health, Sakai, Japan
| | - Noritoshi Kitamoto
- School of Humanities for Environmental Policy and Technology, Himeji Institute of Technology, Himeji, Japan
| | | | - Kazuo Nagashima
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahito Yamada
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Ageing, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sato
- Kohnodai Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Ichikawa, Japan
- Prion Research Project, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan
| | - Shirou Mohri
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Prion Research Project, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Kitamoto
- Prion Research Project, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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