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Reis-Mendes A, Vitorino-Oliveira C, Ferreira M, Carvalho F, Remião F, Sousa E, de Lourdes Bastos M, Costa VM. Comparative In Vitro Study of the Cytotoxic Effects of Doxorubicin's Main Metabolites on Cardiac AC16 Cells Versus the Parent Drug. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2024; 24:266-279. [PMID: 38347287 PMCID: PMC10937802 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-024-09829-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX; also known as adriamycin) serves as a crucial antineoplastic agent in cancer treatment; however, its clinical utility is hampered by its' intrinsic cardiotoxicity. Although most DOX biotransformation occurs in the liver, a comprehensive understanding of the impact of DOX biotransformation and its' metabolites on its induced cardiotoxicity remains to be fully elucidated. This study aimed to explore the role of biotransformation and DOX's main metabolites in its induced cardiotoxicity in human differentiated cardiac AC16 cells. A key discovery from our study is that modulating metabolism had minimal effects on DOX-induced cytotoxicity: even so, metyrapone (a non-specific inhibitor of cytochrome P450) increased DOX-induced cytotoxicity at 2 µM, while diallyl sulphide (a CYP2E1 inhibitor) decreased the 1 µM DOX-triggered cytotoxicity. Then, the toxicity of the main DOX metabolites, doxorubicinol [(DOXol, 0.5 to 10 µM), doxorubicinone (DOXone, 1 to 10 µM), and 7-deoxydoxorubicinone (7-DeoxyDOX, 1 to 10 µM)] was compared to DOX (0.5 to 10 µM) following a 48-h exposure. All metabolites evaluated, DOXol, DOXone, and 7-DeoxyDOX caused mitochondrial dysfunction in differentiated AC16 cells, but only at 2 µM. In contrast, DOX elicited comparable cytotoxicity, but at half the concentration. Similarly, all metabolites, except 7-DeoxyDOX impacted on lysosomal ability to uptake neutral red. Therefore, the present study showed that the modulation of DOX metabolism demonstrated minimal impact on its cytotoxicity, with the main metabolites exhibiting lower toxicity to AC16 cardiac cells compared to DOX. In conclusion, our findings suggest that metabolism may not be a pivotal factor in mediating DOX's cardiotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Reis-Mendes
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Vitorino-Oliveira
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Ferreira
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Félix Carvalho
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Remião
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Emília Sousa
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, 4450-208, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vera Marisa Costa
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
- Toxicology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, UCIBIO, University Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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2
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Stansfeld A, Radia U, Goggin C, Mahalingam P, Benson C, Napolitano A, Jones RL, Rosen SD, Karavasilis V. Pharmacological strategies to reduce anthracycline-associated cardiotoxicity in cancer patients. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2022; 23:1641-1650. [DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2022.2124107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stansfeld
- Medical Oncology, The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Cancer Research, UK
| | - Utsav Radia
- Medical Oncology, The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Cancer Research, UK
| | - Caitriona Goggin
- Medical Oncology, The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Cancer Research, UK
| | - Preethika Mahalingam
- Medical Oncology, The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Cancer Research, UK
| | - Charlotte Benson
- Medical Oncology, The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Cancer Research, UK
| | - Andrea Napolitano
- Medical Oncology, The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Cancer Research, UK
| | - Robin L Jones
- Medical Oncology, The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Cancer Research, UK
| | - Stuart D Rosen
- Cardiology, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust and Royal Brompton Hospitals, UK
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3
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Sawicki KT, Sala V, Prever L, Hirsch E, Ardehali H, Ghigo A. Preventing and Treating Anthracycline Cardiotoxicity: New Insights. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 61:309-332. [PMID: 33022184 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-030620-104842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Anthracyclines are the cornerstone of many chemotherapy regimens for a variety of cancers. Unfortunately, their use is limited by a cumulative dose-dependent cardiotoxicity. Despite more than five decades of research, the biological mechanisms underlying anthracycline cardiotoxicity are not completely understood. In this review, we discuss the incidence, risk factors, types, and pathophysiology of anthracycline cardiotoxicity, as well as methods to prevent and treat this condition. We also summarize and discuss advances made in the last decade in the comprehension of the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Teodor Sawicki
- Division of Cardiology, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA;
| | - Valentina Sala
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy;
| | - Lorenzo Prever
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy;
| | - Emilio Hirsch
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy;
| | - Hossein Ardehali
- Division of Cardiology, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA;
| | - Alessandra Ghigo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy;
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4
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Inhibition of AKR1B10-mediated metabolism of daunorubicin as a novel off-target effect for the Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor dasatinib. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 192:114710. [PMID: 34339712 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitors significantly improved Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukaemia therapy. Apart from Bcr-Abl kinase, imatinib, dasatinib, nilotinib, bosutinib and ponatinib are known to have additional off-target effects that might contribute to their antitumoural activities. In our study, we identified aldo-keto reductase 1B10 (AKR1B10) as a novel target for dasatinib. The enzyme AKR1B10 is upregulated in several cancers and influences the metabolism of chemotherapy drugs, including anthracyclines. AKR1B10 reduces anthracyclines to alcohol metabolites that show less antineoplastic properties and tend to accumulate in cardiac tissue. In our experiments, clinically achievable concentrations of dasatinib selectively inhibited AKR1B10 both in experiments with recombinant enzyme (Ki = 0.6 µM) and in a cellular model (IC50 = 0.5 µM). Subsequently, the ability of dasatinib to attenuate AKR1B10-mediated daunorubicin (Daun) resistance was determined in AKR1B10-overexpressing cells. We have demonstrated that dasatinib can synergize with Daun in human cancer cells and enhance its therapeutic effectiveness. Taken together, our results provide new information on how dasatinib may act beyond targeting Bcr-Abl kinase, which may help to design new chemotherapy regimens, including those with anthracyclines.
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Pan J, Lu Y, Zhang S, Li Y, Sun J, Liu HC, Gong Z, Huang J, Cao C, Wang Y, Li Y, Liu T. Differential changes in the pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin in diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinoma model rats. Xenobiotica 2020; 50:1251-1257. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1765049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yuan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Provincial, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Guizhou Medical University, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yueting Li
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Provincial, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jia Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Provincial, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Hua Chunhua Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zipeng Gong
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Provincial, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jing Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chuang Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yonglin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Provincial, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yongjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Provincial, State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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6
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Quiñones-Lombraña A, Li N, Del Solar V, Atilla-Gokcumen GE, Blanco JG. CBR1 rs9024 genotype status impacts the bioactivation of loxoprofen in human liver. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2018; 39:315-318. [PMID: 29851133 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Loxoprofen is an anti-inflammatory drug that requires bioactivation into the trans-OH metabolite to exert pharmacological activity. Evidence suggests that carbonyl reductase 1 (CBR1) is important during the bioactivation of loxoprofen. This study examined the impact of the functional single nucleotide polymorphism CBR1 rs9024 on the bioactivation of loxoprofen in a collection of human liver samples. The synthesis ratios of trans-OH loxoprofen/cis-OH loxoprofen were 33% higher in liver cytosols from donors homozygous for the CBR1 rs9024 G allele in comparison with the ratios in samples from donors with heterozygous GA genotypes. Complementary studies examined the impact of CBR1 rs9024 on the bioactivation of loxoprofen in lymphoblastoid cell lines. CBR1 rs9024 genotype status impacts the synthesis of the bioactive trans-OH metabolite of loxoprofen in human liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo Quiñones-Lombraña
- University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Nasi Li
- University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Department of Chemistry, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Virginia Del Solar
- University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Department of Chemistry, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - G Ekin Atilla-Gokcumen
- University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Department of Chemistry, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Javier G Blanco
- University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Buffalo, New York, USA
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7
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Salvatorelli E, Menna P, Chello M, Covino E, Minotti G. Low-Dose Anthracycline and Risk of Heart Failure in a Pharmacokinetic Model of Human Myocardium Exposure: Analog Specificity and Role of Secondary Alcohol Metabolites. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 364:323-331. [PMID: 29222131 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.246140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cumulative doses of doxorubicin and other antitumor anthracyclines may cause heart failure (HF). Cardiotoxicity is determined by cardiac exposure to anthracyclines and to more toxic secondary alcohol metabolites that are formed inside cardiomyocytes or diffuse from the bloodstream. Concerns exist that HF might be caused by cumulative anthracycline doses that were thought to be safe. Patients with gain-of-function polymorphism of carbonyl reductase 3 (CBR3), which converts anthracyclines to secondary alcohol metabolites, would be at a higher risk of HF. Recently, a pharmacokinetic model was developed that simulated clinical exposure of human myocardium to anthracyclines and incorporated simulations of CBR3 polymorphism. It was shown that HF risk could occur after lower doxorubicin doses than previously reported, particularly for patients with CBR3 polymorphism. In this study, we show that also daunorubicin and idarubicin, but not epirubicin, might cause HF after reportedly safe cumulative doses. CBR3 polymorphism increased HF risk from daunorubicin and idarubicin to a greater extent as compared with doxorubicin. This was caused by daunorubicin and idarubicin forming higher levels of toxic metabolites in human myocardium; moreover, daunorubicin and idarubicin metabolites diffused from plasma and accumulated in cardiac tissue, whereas doxorubicin metabolite did not. CBR3 polymorphism did not aggravate HF risk from epirubicin, which was caused by the very low levels of formation of its toxic metabolite. These results support concerns about HF risk from low-dose anthracycline, characterize the analog specificity of HF risk, and illuminate the role of secondary alcohol metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Salvatorelli
- Drug Sciences (E.S., P.M., G.M.) and Cardiac Surgery (M.C., E.C.), Department of Medicine and Center for Integrated Research, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Pierantonio Menna
- Drug Sciences (E.S., P.M., G.M.) and Cardiac Surgery (M.C., E.C.), Department of Medicine and Center for Integrated Research, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Chello
- Drug Sciences (E.S., P.M., G.M.) and Cardiac Surgery (M.C., E.C.), Department of Medicine and Center for Integrated Research, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Elvio Covino
- Drug Sciences (E.S., P.M., G.M.) and Cardiac Surgery (M.C., E.C.), Department of Medicine and Center for Integrated Research, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Minotti
- Drug Sciences (E.S., P.M., G.M.) and Cardiac Surgery (M.C., E.C.), Department of Medicine and Center for Integrated Research, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
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8
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Gu J, Sui Z, Fang C, Tan Q. Stereochemical considerations in pharmacokinetic processes of representative antineoplastic agents. Drug Metab Rev 2017; 49:438-450. [PMID: 29078726 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2017.1394322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of chemical drugs or drug candidates contain stereocenter(s) in their molecular structures. In these molecules, stereochemical properties are vital properties that influence or even determine their drug actions. Therefore, studying the stereochemical issues of drugs (or drug candidates) is necessary for rational drug use. These stereochemical issues are usually involved with the stereoselectivity in pharmacokinetic processes, especially in the metabolism process. Thus, the investigation of the stereochemical issues in drug metabolism process deserves great attention, especially in those chiral/prochiral antineoplastic agents exhibiting pharmacodynamics and toxicologic differences between stereoisomers. Published reviews concerning this certain issue are inspiring, however they were covering all drug types and only limited antineoplastic drugs were discussed. Here in this review, the research on stereochemical issues in pharmacokinetic processes of some representative antineoplastic agents were described, especially focusing on some newly developed compounds. We highlight the chemical transformations in pharmacokinetic processes of these chiral/prochiral compounds and discuss their different behaviors with metabolic enzymes or transporter proteins, to explicate the observed stereoselectivity intrinsically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gu
- a Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research , Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Zheng Sui
- a Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research , Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Chunshu Fang
- b The Health Team of 77133th Troops , Chinese People's Liberation Army , Chongqing , China
| | - Qunyou Tan
- a Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research , Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
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Salvatorelli E, Menna P, Chello M, Covino E, Minotti G. Modeling Human Myocardium Exposure to Doxorubicin Defines the Risk of Heart Failure from Low-Dose Doxorubicin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 362:263-270. [PMID: 28559479 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.242388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The antitumor anthracycline, doxorubicin (DOX), can cause heart failure (HF) upon cumulative administration. Lowering the cumulative dose of DOX proved useful to minimize HF risk, and, yet, there is a growing concern that HF might occur after doses that were thought to be safe. Clinical trials that prospectively address such concerns are lacking. Because HF risk correlates with cardiac exposure to DOX, cumulative doses associated with HF risk were re-explored by modeling the accumulation of anthracycline pools in human myocardium. Ex vivo myocardial samples were used in vitro to simulate DOX rapid infusions. The accumulation of anthracycline pools was measured and incorporated into equations from which a risk versus dose curve was obtained. The experimental curve identified a 5% risk dose that was congruent with a previously reported clinical value (380 versus 400 mg/m2, respectively); however, 1-2% risk occurred after lower doses than reported. Simulations of gain-of-function polymorphism of carbonyl reductase 3, which converts DOX to its poorly diffusible alcohol metabolite, doxorubicinol (DOXOL), expanded anthracycline pools and caused 5% or 1-2% risk doses to decrease to 330 or 180-230 mg DOX/m2, respectively. These data show there is no safe dose of DOX. Diminishing cardiac exposure to circulating DOX may represent a cardioprotective strategy. We show that DOX slow infusions or liposomal DOX, which reduce cardiac exposure to DOX, caused formation of smaller anthracycline pools, did not generate DOXOL, increased the 5% risk dose to 750-800 mg/m2, and prevented HF risk aggravation by carbonyl reductase polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Salvatorelli
- Drug Sciences (E.S., P.M., G.M.) and Cardiac Surgery (M.C., E.C.), Department of Medicine and Center for Integrated Research, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Pierantonio Menna
- Drug Sciences (E.S., P.M., G.M.) and Cardiac Surgery (M.C., E.C.), Department of Medicine and Center for Integrated Research, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Chello
- Drug Sciences (E.S., P.M., G.M.) and Cardiac Surgery (M.C., E.C.), Department of Medicine and Center for Integrated Research, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Elvio Covino
- Drug Sciences (E.S., P.M., G.M.) and Cardiac Surgery (M.C., E.C.), Department of Medicine and Center for Integrated Research, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Minotti
- Drug Sciences (E.S., P.M., G.M.) and Cardiac Surgery (M.C., E.C.), Department of Medicine and Center for Integrated Research, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
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Sun XP, Wan LL, Yang QJ, Huo Y, Han YL, Guo C. Scutellarin protects against doxorubicin-induced acute cardiotoxicity and regulates its accumulation in the heart. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 40:875-883. [PMID: 28315259 PMCID: PMC5537312 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0907-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
The clinical use of doxorubicin (DOX) is limited by its dose-dependent cardiotoxicity. The present study investigated the effects of scutellarin against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity in rats using pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic approaches. DOX (20 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) as a single dose, and scutellarin (5 mg/kg/day) was injected intravenously (i.v.) for 3 days. Rats treated with DOX showed acute cardiotoxicity as indicated by the elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity (4057.8 ± 107.2 vs. 2032.7 ± 70.95), tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) level (2.083 ± 0.10 vs. 1.103 ± 0.09), cardiac troponin T (cTnT) concentration (0.1695 ± 0.0114 ng/mL), the decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (47.75 ± 15.79 vs. 78.72 ± 7.25) and left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS) (20.66 ± 8.06 vs. 43.7 ± 6.76) compared with those of the control group. Cotreatment with scutellarin significantly decreased the LDH activity (2595.9 ± 72.73), MDA level (1.380 ± 0.06), cTnT concentration (0.0222 ± 0.0041 ng/m L), increased LVEF (76.70 ± 3.91) and LVFS (40.28 ± 3.68). Histopathological studies showed disruption of cardiac tissues in the DOX groups. Cotreatment with scutellarin reduced the damage to cardiac tissues. In the pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution study, scutellarin reduced the heart tissue exposure to DOX but did not change the AUC of plasma. These results suggest that scutellarin can protect against DOX-induced acute cardiotoxicity through its antioxidant activity and alterations of heart concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Peng Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No. 600, Road Yishan, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Li Wan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No. 600, Road Yishan, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan-Jun Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No. 600, Road Yishan, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Huo
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No. 600, Road Yishan, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Long Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No. 600, Road Yishan, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No. 600, Road Yishan, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Menna P, Salvatorelli E. Primary Prevention Strategies for Anthracycline Cardiotoxicity: A Brief Overview. Chemotherapy 2017; 62:159-168. [DOI: 10.1159/000455823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The clinical use of doxorubicin and other antitumor anthracyclines is limited by a dose-related risk of cardiomyopathy and heart failure which may occur “on treatment” or any time, from months to years, after completing chemotherapy. Dose reductions diminish the incidence of cardiac events attributable to anthracyclines, but heart failure still occurs in some patients exposed to low or moderate anthracycline doses. Because anthracyclines improve the life expectancy of patients with, for example, breast cancer or lymphomas, preventing or diminishing the risk of early or delayed cardiotoxicity is of obvious clinical importance. Here, we briefly review some potential strategies of primary prevention that are based on what we know about the molecular mechanisms of cardiotoxicity, and what can be done, or might be done, to interfere with the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and genetic determinants of cardiotoxicity.
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12
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Quiñones-Lombraña A, Cheng Q, Ferguson DC, Blanco JG. Transcriptional regulation of the canine carbonyl reductase 1 gene (cbr1) by the specificity protein 1 (Sp1). Gene 2016; 592:209-214. [PMID: 27506315 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The clinical use of anthracyclines to treat various canine cancers is limited by the development of cardiotoxicity. The intra-cardiac synthesis of anthracycline C-13 alcohol metabolites (e.g. daunorubicinol) contributes to the development of cardiotoxicity. Canine carbonyl reductase 1 (cbr1) catalyzes the reduction of daunorubicin into daunorubicinol. Recent mapping of the cbr1 locus by sequencing DNA samples from dogs from various breeds revealed a cluster of conserved motifs for the transcription factor Sp1 in the putative promoter region of cbr1. We hypothesized that the variable number of Sp1 motifs could impact the transcription of canine cbr1. In this study, we report the functional characterization of the canine cbr1 promoter. Experiments with reporter constructs and chromatin immunoprecipitation show that cbr1 transcription depends on the binding of Sp1 to the proximal promoter. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments suggest that the variable number of Sp1 motifs impacts the transcription of canine cbr1. Inhibition of Sp1-DNA binding decreased canine cbr1 mRNA levels by 54% in comparison to controls, and also decreased enzymatic carbonyl reductase activity for the substrates daunorubicin (16%) and menadione (23%). The transactivation of Sp1 increased the expression of cbr1 mRNA (67%), and increased carbonyl reductase activity for daunorubicin (35%) and menadione (27%). These data suggest that the variable number of Sp1 motifs in the canine cbr1 promoter may impact the pharmacodynamics of anthracyclines in canine cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo Quiñones-Lombraña
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, USA
| | - Qiuying Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, USA
| | - Daniel C Ferguson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, USA
| | - Javier G Blanco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, USA.
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13
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Zhou J, Chen S, Sun C, Du Q, Luo P, Du B, Yao H. A “submunition” dual-drug system based on smart hollow NaYF4/apoferritin nanocage for upconversion imaging. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra24285a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bifunctional nanomaterials based on doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded NaYF4 and verapamil (Vp)-loaded apoferritin–folic acid nanocage dual-drug system (DOX/NaYF4-Vp/AFn-FA) were synthesized for in vivo upconversion imaging and enhanced chemotherapy in breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- School of Pharmacy
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation
| | - Shanshan Chen
- School of Pharmacy
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Chong Sun
- School of Pharmacy
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Qiuzheng Du
- School of Pharmacy
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Pei Luo
- School of Pharmacy
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Bin Du
- School of Pharmacy
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation
| | - Hanchun Yao
- School of Pharmacy
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation
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14
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Mordente A, Silvestrini A, Martorana GE, Tavian D, Meucci E. Inhibition of Anthracycline Alcohol Metabolite Formation in Human Heart Cytosol: A Potential Role for Several Promising Drugs. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1691-701. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.065110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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15
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Hao G, Yu Y, Gu B, Xing Y, Xue M. Protective effects of berberine against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats by inhibiting metabolism of doxorubicin. Xenobiotica 2015; 45:1024-9. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1034223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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16
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Zhou F, Hao G, Zhang J, Zheng Y, Wu X, Hao K, Niu F, Luo D, Sun Y, Wu L, Ye W, Wang G. Protective effect of 23-hydroxybetulinic acid on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity: a correlation with the inhibition of carbonyl reductase-mediated metabolism. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:5690-703. [PMID: 25363561 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The clinical use of doxorubicin, an effective anticancer drug, is severely hampered by its cardiotoxicity. 23-Hydroxybetulinic acid (23-HBA), isolated from Pulsatilla chinensis, enhances the anticancer effect of doxorubicin while simultaneously reducing its cardiac toxicity, but does not affect the concentration of doxorubicin in the plasma and heart. As the metabolite doxorubicinol is more potent than doxorubicin at inducing cardiac toxicity, in the present study we aimed to clarify the role of doxorubicinol in the protective effect of 23-HBA. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Doxorubicin was administered to mice for two weeks in the presence or absence of 23-HBA. The heart pathology, function, myocardial enzymes and accumulation of doxorubicin and doxorubicinol were then analysed. A cellular pharmacokinetic study of doxorubicin and doxorubicinol, carbonyl reductase 1 (CBR1) interference and molecular docking was performed in vitro. KEY RESULTS 23-HBA alleviated the doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in mice, and this was accompanied by inhibition of the metabolism of doxorubicin and reduced accumulation of doxorubicinol selectively in hearts. In H9c2 cells, the protective effect of 23-HBA was shown to be closely associated with a decreased rate and extent of accumulation of doxorubicinol in mitochondria and nuclei. siRNA and docking analysis demonstrated that CBR1 has a crucial role in doxorubicin-mediated cardiotoxicity and 23-HBA inhibits this metabolic pathway. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Inhibition of CBR-mediated doxorubicin metabolism might be one of the protective mechanisms of 23-HBA against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. The present study provides a new research strategy guided by pharmacokinetic theory to elucidate the mechanism of drugs with unknown targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gang Hao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Suzhou Institute for Food and Drug Control, Suzhou, China
| | - Jingwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanting Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaolan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kun Hao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Niu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wencai Ye
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangji Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key laboratory of drug design and optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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17
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Edwardson DW, Narendrula R, Chewchuk S, Mispel-Beyer K, Mapletoft JPJ, Parissenti AM. Role of Drug Metabolism in the Cytotoxicity and Clinical Efficacy of Anthracyclines. Curr Drug Metab 2015; 16:412-26. [PMID: 26321196 PMCID: PMC5398089 DOI: 10.2174/1389200216888150915112039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Many clinical studies involving anti-tumor agents neglect to consider how these agents are metabolized within the host and whether the creation of specific metabolites alters drug therapeutic properties or toxic side effects. However, this is not the case for the anthracycline class of chemotherapy drugs. This review describes the various enzymes involved in the one electron (semi-quinone) or two electron (hydroxylation) reduction of anthracyclines, or in their reductive deglycosidation into deoxyaglycones. The effects of these reductions on drug antitumor efficacy and toxic side effects are also discussed. Current evidence suggests that the one electron reduction of anthracyclines augments both their tumor toxicity and their toxicity towards the host, in particular their cardiotoxicity. In contrast, the two electron reduction (hydroxylation) of anthracyclines strongly reduces their ability to kill tumor cells, while augmenting cardiotoxicity through their accumulation within cardiomyocytes and their direct effects on excitation/contraction coupling within the myocytes. The reductive deglycosidation of anthracyclines appears to inactivate the drug and only occurs under rare, anaerobic conditions. This knowledge has resulted in the identification of important new approaches to improve the therapeutic index of anthracyclines, in particular by inhibiting their cardiotoxicity. The true utility of these approaches in the management of cancer patients undergoing anthracycline-based chemotherapy remains unclear, although one such agent (the iron chelator dexrazoxane) has recently been approved for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Amadeo M Parissenti
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada.
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18
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Bellini M, Mazzucchelli S, Galbiati E, Sommaruga S, Fiandra L, Truffi M, Rizzuto MA, Colombo M, Tortora P, Corsi F, Prosperi D. Protein nanocages for self-triggered nuclear delivery of DNA-targeted chemotherapeutics in Cancer Cells. J Control Release 2014; 196:184-96. [PMID: 25312541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A genetically engineered apoferritin variant consisting of 24 heavy-chain subunits (HFn) was produced to achieve a cumulative delivery of an antitumor drug, which exerts its cytotoxic action by targeting the DNA at the nucleus of human cancer cells with subcellular precision. The rationale of our approach is based on exploiting the natural arsenal of defense of cancer cells to stimulate them to recruit large amounts of HFn nanoparticles loaded with doxorubicin inside their nucleus in response to a DNA damage, which leads to a programmed cell death. After demonstrating the selectivity of HFn for representative cancer cells compared to healthy fibroblasts, doxorubicin-loaded HFn was used to treat the cancer cells. The results from confocal microscopy and DNA damage assays proved that loading of doxorubicin in HFn nanoparticles increased the nuclear delivery of the drug, thus enhancing doxorubicin efficacy. Doxorubicin-loaded HFn acts as a "Trojan Horse": HFn was internalized in cancer cells faster and more efficiently compared to free doxorubicin, then promptly translocated into the nucleus following the DNA damage caused by the partial release in the cytoplasm of encapsulated doxorubicin. This self-triggered translocation mechanism allowed the drug to be directly released in the nuclear compartment, where it exerted its toxic action. This approach was reliable and straightforward providing an antiproliferative effect with high reproducibility. The particular self-assembling nature of HFn nanocage makes it a versatile and tunable nanovector for a broad range of molecules suitable both for detection and treatment of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Bellini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Serena Mazzucchelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche "Luigi Sacco", Università di Milano, Ospedale L. Sacco, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Galbiati
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Sommaruga
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche "Luigi Sacco", Università di Milano, Ospedale L. Sacco, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Luisa Fiandra
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche "Luigi Sacco", Università di Milano, Ospedale L. Sacco, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Marta Truffi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche "Luigi Sacco", Università di Milano, Ospedale L. Sacco, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Maria A Rizzuto
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Miriam Colombo
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Tortora
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Corsi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche "Luigi Sacco", Università di Milano, Ospedale L. Sacco, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Davide Prosperi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy.
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19
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Armenian SH, Ding Y, Mills G, Sun C, Venkataraman K, Wong FL, Neuhausen SL, Senitzer D, Wang S, Forman SJ, Bhatia S. Genetic susceptibility to anthracycline-related congestive heart failure in survivors of haematopoietic cell transplantation. Br J Haematol 2013; 163:205-13. [PMID: 23927520 PMCID: PMC3795883 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) survivors are at increased risk for developing congestive heart failure (CHF), primarily due to pre-HCT exposure to anthracyclines. We examined the association between the development of CHF after HCT and polymorphisms in 16 candidate genes involved in anthracycline metabolism, iron homeostasis, anti-oxidant defence, and myocardial remodelling. A nested case-control study design was used. Cases (post-HCT CHF) were identified from 2950 patients who underwent HCT between 1988 and 2007 at City of Hope and had survived ≥1 year. This cohort formed the sampling frame for selecting controls (without CHF) matched on: age, race/ethnicity, cumulative anthracycline exposure, stem cell source (allogeneic, autologous), and length of follow-up. Seventy-seven cases with pre-HCT germline DNA and 178 controls were genotyped. Multivariate analysis revealed that the odds of CHF was higher in females [Odds Ratio (OR) = 2·9, P < 0·01], individuals with pre-HCT chest radiation (OR = 4·7, P = 0·05), hypertension (OR = 2·9, P = 0·01), and with variants of genes coding for the NAD(P)H-oxidase subunit RAC2 (rs13058338, 7508T→A; OR = 2·8, P < 0·01), HFE (rs1799945, 63C→G; OR = 2·5, P = 0·05) or the doxorubicin efflux transporter ABCC2 (rs8187710, 1515G→A; OR = 4·3, P < 0·01). A combined (clinical and genetic) CHF predictive model performed better [area under the curve (AUC), 0·79] than the genetic (AUC = 0·67) or the clinical (AUC = 0·69) models alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saro H Armenian
- Department of Population Sciences, Outcomes Research, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
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20
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Costa VM, Carvalho F, Duarte JA, Bastos MDL, Remião F. The Heart As a Target for Xenobiotic Toxicity: The Cardiac Susceptibility to Oxidative Stress. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:1285-311. [PMID: 23902227 DOI: 10.1021/tx400130v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Marisa Costa
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia),
Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências
Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Félix Carvalho
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia),
Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências
Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia),
Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências
Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Remião
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia),
Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências
Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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21
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Hanušová V, Tomšík P, Kriesfalusyová L, Pakostová A, Boušová I, Skálová L. In vivo effect of oracin on doxorubicin reduction, biodistribution and efficacy in Ehrlich tumor bearing mice. Pharmacol Rep 2013; 65:445-52. [PMID: 23744429 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(13)71020-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The limitation of carbonyl reduction represents one possible way to increase the effectiveness of anthracycline doxorubicin (DOX) in cancer cells and decrease its toxicity in normal cells. In vitro, isoquinoline derivative oracin (ORC) inhibited DOX reduction and increased the antiproliferative effect of DOX in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Moreover, ORC significantly decreases DOX toxicity in non-cancerous MCF-10A breast cells and in hepatocytes. The present study was designed to test in mice the in vivo effect of ORC on plasma and tissue concentrations of DOX and its main metabolite DOXOL. The effect of ORC on DOX efficacy in mice bearing solid Ehrlich tumors (EST) was also studied. METHODS DOX and DOX + ORC combinations were iv administered to healthy mice. Blood samples, livers and hearts were collected during the following 48 h. DOX and DOXOL concentrations were assayed using HPLC. The mice with inoculated EST cells were treated repeatedly iv with DOX and DOX + ORC combinations, and the growth of tumors was monitored. RESULTS ORC in combination with DOX significantly decreased DOXOL plasma concentrations during four hours after administration, but this significantly affected neither DOX plasma concentrations nor DOX or DOXOL concentrations in the liver and heart at any of intervals tested. In EST bearing mice, ORC did not significantly affect DOX efficacy on tumor growth. However, EST was shown to be an improper model for the testing of ORC efficacy in vivo, as ORC did not inhibit DOXOL formation in EST. CONCLUSIONS In vivo, ORC was able to retard DOXOL formation but was not able to improve DOX efficacy in EST-bearing mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Hanušová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, CZ 500 05, Czech Republic
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22
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Salvatorelli E, Menna P, Paz OG, Chello M, Covino E, Singer JW, Minotti G. The Novel Anthracenedione, Pixantrone, Lacks Redox Activity and Inhibits Doxorubicinol Formation in Human Myocardium: Insight to Explain the Cardiac Safety of Pixantrone in Doxorubicin-Treated Patients. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.200568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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23
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Heibein AD, Guo B, Sprowl JA, Maclean DA, Parissenti AM. Role of aldo-keto reductases and other doxorubicin pharmacokinetic genes in doxorubicin resistance, DNA binding, and subcellular localization. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:381. [PMID: 22938713 PMCID: PMC3495881 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Since proteins involved in chemotherapy drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics have a strong impact on the uptake, metabolism, and efflux of such drugs, they likely play critical roles in resistance to chemotherapy drugs in cancer patients. Methods To investigate this hypothesis, we conducted a whole genome microarray study to identify difference in the expression of genes between isogenic doxorubicin-sensitive and doxorubicin-resistant MCF-7 breast tumour cells. We then assessed the degree of over-representation of doxorubicin pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic genes in the dataset of doxorubicin resistance genes. Results Of 27,958 Entrez genes on the array, 7.4 per cent or 2,063 genes were differentially expressed by ≥ 2-fold between wildtype and doxorubicin-resistant cells. The false discovery rate was set at 0.01 and the minimum p value for significance for any gene within the “hit list” was 0.01. Seventeen and 43 per cent of doxorubicin pharmacokinetic genes were over-represented in the hit list, depending upon whether the gene name was identical or within the same gene family, respectively. The most over-represented genes were within the 1C and 1B families of aldo-keto reductases (AKRs), which convert doxorubicin to doxorubicinol. Other genes convert doxorubicin to other metabolites or affect the influx, efflux, or cytotoxicity of the drug. In further support of the role of AKRs in doxorubicin resistance, we observed that, in comparison to doxorubicin, doxorubincol exhibited dramatically reduced cytotoxicity, reduced DNA-binding activity, and strong localization to extra nuclear lysosomes. Pharmacologic inhibition of the above AKRs in doxorubicin-resistant cells increased cellular doxorubicin levels, restored doxorubicin cytotoxicity and re-established doxorubicin localization to the nucleus. The properties of doxorubicinol were unaffected. Conclusions These findings demonstrate the utility of using curated pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic knowledge bases to identify highly relevant genes associated with doxorubicin resistance. The induction of one or more of these genes was found to be correlated with changes in the drug’s properties, while inhibiting one specific class of these genes (the AKRs) increased cellular doxorubicin content and restored drug DNA binding, cytotoxicity, and subcellular localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan D Heibein
- Graduate Program in Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
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24
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Pirolli D, Giardina B, Mordente A, Ficarra S, De Rosa MC. Understanding the binding of daunorubicin and doxorubicin to NADPH-dependent cytosolic reductases by computational methods. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 56:145-54. [PMID: 22982121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The anthracycline anticancer agents daunorubicin (DAUN) and doxorubicin (DOX) are reduced by different NADPH-dependent cytosolic reductases into their corresponding alcohol metabolites daunorubicinol (DAUNol) and doxorubicinol (DOXol), which have been implicated in the development of chronic cardiomyopathy. To better understand the individual importance of each enzyme in the reduction and to provide deeper insight into the binding at atomic level we performed molecular docking and dynamics simulations of DAUN and DOX into the active sites of human carbonyl reductase 1 (CBR1) and human aldehyde reductase (AKR1A1). Such simulations evidenced a different behavior between the reductases with respect to DAUN and DOX suggesting major contribution of CBR1 in the reduction. The results are in agreement with available experimental data and for each enzyme and anthracycline pair provided the identification of key residues involved in the interactions. The structural models that we have derived could serve as a useful tool for structure-guided drug design studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Pirolli
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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25
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Kalabus JL, Cheng Q, Jamil RG, Schuetz EG, Blanco JG. Induction of carbonyl reductase 1 (CBR1) expression in human lung tissues and lung cancer cells by the cigarette smoke constituent benzo[a]pyrene. Toxicol Lett 2012; 211:266-73. [PMID: 22531821 PMCID: PMC3359411 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carbonyl reductase 1 (CBR1) reduces various xenobiotic carbonyl substrates to corresponding alcohol metabolites. Here we demonstrated that benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a potent pro-carcinogen and predominant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compound in cigarette smoke and air pollutants, upregulates CBR1 gene expression in vitro and in vivo, and that a proximal xenobiotic response element (XRE) motif (₋₁₂₂XRE) mediates the induction effect of B[a]P. First, we observed 46% and 50% increases in CBR1 mRNA and CBR1 protein levels, respectively, in human lung tissue samples from smokers compared to never-smokers. Second, we detected 3.0-fold (p<0.0001) induction of CBR1 mRNA and 1.5-fold (p<0.01) induction of CBR1 protein levels in cells of the human lung cancer cell line A549 incubated with 2.5 μM B[a]P for 24h. Third, results from experiments with CBR1 promoter constructs indicated that a proximal XRE motif ₋₁₂₂XRE) mediates induction of reporter activity in response to B[a]P. Furthermore, we detected enhanced nuclear translocation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) following B[a]P exposure in A549 cells. Finally, we demonstrated increased binding of specific protein complexes to ₋₁₂₂XRE in nuclear extracts from B[a]P-treated cells and the presence of the AhR/Arnt complex in the specific nuclear protein ₋₁₂₂XRE complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Kalabus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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26
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Hanušová V, Boušová I, Pakostová A, Skálová L. The influence of oracin on reduction and toxicity of doxorubicin in hepatocytes and mammary epithelial cells MCF-10A. Xenobiotica 2012; 42:571-9. [PMID: 22217270 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2011.645517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The ways, how to increase effectiveness of doxorubicin (DOX) in cancer cells and decrease its toxicity in normal cells, have been intensively studied. In breast cancer cells MCF-7, isoquinoline derivative oracin (ORC) inhibited DOX reduction and increased DOX antiproliferative effect. The aim of this study was to test the influence of ORC on the reduction of DOX and its toxicity in hepatocytes and non-tumourous breast cells. The kinetics of DOX reduction was measured in cytosols from rat liver, human liver and human mammary epithelial cells MCF-10A. Activity and expression of carbonyl reductase 1 (CBR1) were assayed using menadione as a substrate and western blot analysis. End-point tests of viability served for study of cytotoxicity of DOX, ORC and DOX+ORC combinations in rat hepatocytes and MCF-10A cells. The inhibitory effect of ORC on DOX reductases was almost none in MCF-10A cells and mild in liver. CBR1 expression and activity was lower in non-tumourous MCF-10A cells than in cancer MCF-7 cells. Cytotoxicity tests showed that DOX+ORC combinations had significantly lower toxicity than DOX alone in MCF-10A cells as well as in hepatocytes. ORC significantly decreases DOX toxicity in MCF-10A and in hepatocytes. Therefore, concomitant use of ORC and DOX may protect normal cells against DOX toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Hanušová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Blanco JG, Sun CL, Landier W, Chen L, Esparza-Duran D, Leisenring W, Mays A, Friedman DL, Ginsberg JP, Hudson MM, Neglia JP, Oeffinger KC, Ritchey AK, Villaluna D, Relling MV, Bhatia S. Anthracycline-related cardiomyopathy after childhood cancer: role of polymorphisms in carbonyl reductase genes--a report from the Children's Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 2011; 30:1415-21. [PMID: 22124095 PMCID: PMC3383117 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.34.8987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Carbonyl reductases (CBRs) catalyze reduction of anthracyclines to cardiotoxic alcohol metabolites. Polymorphisms in CBR1 and CBR3 influence synthesis of these metabolites. We examined whether single nucleotide polymorphisms in CBR1 (CBR1 1096G>A) and/or CBR3 (CBR3 V244M) modified the dose-dependent risk of anthracycline-related cardiomyopathy in childhood cancer survivors. PATIENTS AND METHODS One hundred seventy survivors with cardiomyopathy (patient cases) were compared with 317 survivors with no cardiomyopathy (controls; matched on cancer diagnosis, year of diagnosis, length of follow-up, and race/ethnicity) using conditional logistic regression techniques. RESULTS A dose-dependent association was observed between cumulative anthracycline exposure and cardiomyopathy risk (0 mg/m(2): reference; 1 to 100 mg/m(2): odds ratio [OR], 1.65; 101 to 150 mg/m(2): OR, 3.85; 151 to 200 mg/m(2): OR, 3.69; 201 to 250 mg/m(2): OR, 7.23; 251 to 300 mg/m(2): OR, 23.47; > 300 mg/m(2): OR, 27.59; P(trend) < .001). Among individuals carrying the variant A allele (CBR1:GA/AA and/or CBR3:GA/AA), exposure to low- to moderate-dose anthracyclines (1 to 250 mg/m(2)) did not increase the risk of cardiomyopathy. Among individuals with CBR3 V244M homozygous G genotypes (CBR3:GG), exposure to low- to moderate-dose anthracyclines increased cardiomyopathy risk when compared with individuals with CBR3:GA/AA genotypes unexposed to anthracyclines (OR, 5.48; P = .003), as well as exposed to low- to moderate-dose anthracyclines (OR, 3.30; P = .006). High-dose anthracyclines (> 250 mg/m(2)) were associated with increased cardiomyopathy risk, irrespective of CBR genotype status. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates increased anthracycline-related cardiomyopathy risk at doses as low as 101 to 150 mg/m(2). Homozygosis for G allele in CBR3 contributes to increased cardiomyopathy risk associated with low- to moderate-dose anthracyclines, such that there seems to be no safe dose for patients homozygous for the CBR3 V244M G allele. These results suggest a need for targeted intervention for those at increased risk of cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier G Blanco
- The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Hanušová V, Boušová I, Skálová L. Possibilities to increase the effectiveness of doxorubicin in cancer cells killing. Drug Metab Rev 2011; 43:540-57. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2011.609174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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30
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Weiss M. Functional characterization of drug uptake and metabolism in the heart. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2011; 7:1295-306. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2011.614233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Skarka A, Škarydová L, Štambergová H, Wsól V. Anthracyclines and their metabolism in human liver microsomes and the participation of the new microsomal carbonyl reductase. Chem Biol Interact 2011; 191:66-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Kalabus JL, Sanborn CC, Jamil RG, Cheng Q, Blanco JG. Expression of the anthracycline-metabolizing enzyme carbonyl reductase 1 in hearts from donors with Down syndrome. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:2096-9. [PMID: 20729274 PMCID: PMC2993452 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.035550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer patients with Down syndrome (DS) are susceptible to developing anthracycline-related cardiotoxicity. The pathogenesis of anthracycline-related cardiotoxicity has been linked to the intracardiac synthesis of alcohol metabolites by carbonyl reductase 1 (CBR1). CBR1 is located in the DS critical region (21q22.12). The expression of CBR1 in hearts from individuals with DS has not been characterized. This study documented CBR1 expression in hearts from donors with DS (n = 4) and donors without DS (n = 15). The DS samples showed 1.8-fold higher CBR1 mRNA levels compared to the non-DS samples (levels in DS samples were 3.3-relative fold, and those in non-DS were 1.8-relative fold; p = 0.012). CBR1 protein levels were 1.9-fold higher in DS samples than in non-DS samples (13.5 ± 7.7 versus 7.2 ± 3.9 nmol/g cytosolic protein, respectively; p = 0.029). CBR1 activity for daunorubicin was 1.7-fold higher in DS samples than in non-DS samples (3.8 ± 0.1 versus 2.3 ± 0.2 nmol daunol/min · mg, respectively; p = 0.050). CBR1 1096G>A (rs9024) affects CBR1 activity, and one heart trisomic for the variant A allele (A/A/A) exhibited low enzymatic activity. These findings suggest that increased CBR1 expression in the hearts of individuals with DS may contribute to the risk of anthracycline-related cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Kalabus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 545 Cooke Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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Peng XC, Gong FM, Wei M, Chen X, Chen Y, Cheng K, Gao F, Xu F, Bi F, Liu JY. Proteomic analysis of cell lines to identify the irinotecan resistance proteins. J Biosci 2010; 35:557-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-010-0064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Hanušová V, Králová V, Schröterová L, Trilecová L, Pakostová A, Skálová L. The effectiveness of oracin in enhancing the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin through the inhibition of doxorubicin deactivation in breast cancer MCF7 cells. Xenobiotica 2010; 40:681-90. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2010.508821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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CariÑo-Cortés R, Álvarez-González I, Martino-Roaro L, Madrigal-Bujaidar E. Effect of Naringin on the DNA Damage Induced by Daunorubicin in Mouse Hepatocytes and Cardiocytes. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33:697-701. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel CariÑo-Cortés
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, UAEH. Exhacienda de la Concepción
- Laboratorio de Genética, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, IPN. Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos
| | - Isela Álvarez-González
- Laboratorio de Genética, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, IPN. Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos
| | - Laura Martino-Roaro
- Laboratorio de Genética, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, IPN. Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos
| | - Eduardo Madrigal-Bujaidar
- Laboratorio de Genética, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, IPN. Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos
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Abstract
Anthracyclines are an important reagent in many chemotherapy regimes for treating a wide range of tumors. One of the primary mechanisms of anthracycline action involves DNA damage caused by inhibition of topoisomerase II. Enzymatic detoxification of anthracycline is a major critical factor that determines anthracycline resistance. Natural product, daunorubicin a toxic analogue of anthracycline is reduced to less toxic daunorubicinol by the AKR1B10, enzyme, which is overexpressed in most cases of smoking associate squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma. In addition, AKR1B10 was discovered as an enzyme overexpressed in human liver, cervical and endometrial cancer cases in samples from uterine cancer patients. Also, the expression of AKR1B10 was associated with tumor recurrence after surgery and keratinization of squamous cell carcinoma in cervical cancer and estimated to have the potential as a tumor intervention target colorectal cancer cells (HCT-8) and diagnostic marker for non-small-cell lung cancer. This article presents the mechanism of daunorubicin action and a method to improve the effectiveness of daunorubicin by modulating the activity of AKR1B10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesaratnam K Balendiran
- Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, OH 44555, USA.
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Salvatorelli E, Menna P, Lusini M, Covino E, Minotti G. Doxorubicinolone Formation and Efflux: A Salvage Pathway against Epirubicin Accumulation in Human Heart. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 329:175-84. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.149260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Schoonen WGEJ, Westerink WMA, Horbach GJ. High-throughput screening for analysis of in vitro toxicity. EXS 2009; 99:401-52. [PMID: 19157069 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8336-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The influence of combinatorial chemistry and high-throughput screening (HTS) technologies in the pharmaceutical industry during the last 10 years has been enormous. However, the attrition rate of drugs in the clinic due to toxicity during this period still remained 40-50%. The need for reduced toxicity failure led to the development of early toxicity screening assays. This chapter describes the state of the art for assays in the area of genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, carcinogenicity, induction of specific enzymes from phase I and II metabolism, competition assays for enzymes of phase I and II metabolism, embryotoxicity as well as endocrine disruption and reprotoxicity. With respect to genotoxicity, the full Ames, Ames II, Vitotox, GreenScreen GC, RadarScreen, and non-genotoxic carcinogenicity assays are discussed. For cytotoxicity, cellular proliferation, calcein uptake, oxygen consumption, mitochondrial activity, radical formation, glutathione depletion as well as apoptosis are described. For high-content screening (HCS), the possibilities for analysis of cytotoxicity, micronuclei, centrosome formation and phospholipidosis are examined. For embryotoxicity, endocrine disruption and reprotoxicity alternative assays are reviewed for fast track analysis by means of nuclear receptors and membrane receptors. Moreover, solutions for analyzing enzyme induction by activation of nuclear receptors, like AhR, CAR, PXR, PPAR, FXR, LXR, TR and RAR are given.
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Kaiserová H, Kvasnicková E. Inhibition study of rabbit liver cytosolic reductases involved in daunorubicin toxication. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 20:477-83. [PMID: 16335056 DOI: 10.1080/14756360500141994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthracycline cardiotoxicity represents the most unfavorable side effect of these highly efficient anticancer drugs. Several biotransformation enzymes have been described to contribute to their cardiotoxicity. Besides the activities of CYP450 isoforms which lead to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the cytosolic reductases have attracted attention nowadays. The reductases known to metabolize anthracyclines to C13-hydroxyanthracyclines are carbonyl reductase (CR, 1.1.1.184) and the aldo-keto reductases (AKR1C2, 1.3.1.20; AKR1A1, 1.1.1.2). Their participation in the formation of the toxic C13-hydroxymetabolite has been investigated in rabbit using diagnostic inhibitors of CR and AKR1C2. The kinetics and the type of reductase inhibition exerted by the two inhibitors have been described and it was found that CR was the main daunorubicin reductase at both optimal and physiological pH with the kinetic parameters for daunorubicin reduction of Km = 17.01 +/- 1.98 microM and V(max) = 139.60 +/- 5.64 pcat/mg. The IC50 values for quercitrin and flufenamic acid were 5.45 +/- 1.37 microM and 3.68 +/- 1.58 microM, respectively. The inhibition was uncompetitive for both inhibitors and irreversible in the case of flufenamic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Kaiserová
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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40
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Tani N, Yabuki M, Komuro S, Kanamaru H. Characterization of the enzymes involved in thein vitrometabolism of amrubicin hydrochloride. Xenobiotica 2008; 35:1121-33. [PMID: 16418065 DOI: 10.1080/00498250500342746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro metabolism of amrubicin by rat and human liver microsomes and cytosol was examined. The main metabolic routes in both species were reductive deglycosylation and carbonyl group reduction in the side-chain. In vitro metabolism of amrubicinol by rat and human liver microsomes and cytosol was also examined and the main metabolic route of this active metabolite was reductive deglycosylation. Metabolism of amrubicin in human liver microsomes was inhibited by TlCl(3) and that in human liver cytosol was inhibited by dicumarol and quercetin. Generation of amrubicinol was inhibited only by quercetin. The results indicate that metabolism of amrubicin is mediated by NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase and carbonyl reductase. In addition, generation of amrubicinol is mediated by carbonyl reductase. Metabolism of amrubicinol in human liver microsomes was inhibited by TlCl(3) and that in human liver cytosol was inhibited by dicumarol. The results indicate that metabolism of amrubicinol is mediated by NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase. To investigate the influence of cisplatin on the metabolism of amrubicin and amrubicinol, human liver microsomes and cytosol were pre-incubated with cisplatin. This did not change the rates of amrubicin and amrubicinol metabolism in either human liver microsomes or cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tani
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan.
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41
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Kassner N, Huse K, Martin HJ, Gödtel-Armbrust U, Metzger A, Meineke I, Brockmöller J, Klein K, Zanger UM, Maser E, Wojnowski L. Carbonyl Reductase 1 Is a Predominant Doxorubicin Reductase in the Human Liver. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 36:2113-20. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.022251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Flavonoids as inhibitors of human carbonyl reductase 1. Chem Biol Interact 2008; 174:98-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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43
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Menna P, Salvatorelli E, Minotti G. Cardiotoxicity of antitumor drugs. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:978-89. [PMID: 18376852 DOI: 10.1021/tx800002r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Many antitumor drugs cause "on treatment" cardiotoxicity or introduce a measurable risk of delayed cardiovascular events. Doxorubicin and other anthracyclines cause congestive heart failure that develops in a dose-dependent manner and reflects the formation of toxic drug metabolites in the heart. Cardiovascular events may occur also with other chemotherapeutics, but the dose or metabolism dependence of such events are less obvious and predictable. Drugs targeted to tumor-specific receptors or metabolic routes were hoped to offer a therapeutic gain while also sparing the heart and other healthy tissues; nonetheless, many such drugs still cause moderate to severe cardiotoxicity. Targeted drugs may also engage a cardiotoxic synergism with "old-fashioned" chemotherapeutics, as shown by the higher than expected incidence of anthracycline-related congestive heart failure that occurred in patients treated with doxorubicin and the anti HER2 antibody Trastuzumab. Mechanism-based considerations and retrospective analyses of clinical trials now form the basis for a new classification of cardiotoxicity, type I for anthracyclines vs type II for Trastuzumab. Such a classification may serve a template to accommodate other paradigms of cardiotoxicity induced by new drugs and combination therapies. Of note, laboratory animal models did not always anticipate the mechanisms and/or metabolic determinants of cardiotoxicity induced by antitumor drugs or combination therapies. Toxicologists and regulatory agencies and clinicians should therefore join in collaborative efforts that improve the early identification of cardiotoxicity and minimize the risks of cardiac events in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierantonio Menna
- CIR and Drug Sciences, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Department of Drug Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
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Takahashi RH, Bains OS, Pfeifer TA, Grigliatti TA, Reid RE, Riggs KW. Aldo-keto reductase 1C2 fails to metabolize doxorubicin and daunorubicin in vitro. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 36:991-4. [PMID: 18322072 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.020388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The anthracycline drugs are important for the treatment of a number of malignancies; however, their clinical use is associated with dose-dependent severe chronic cardiotoxicity. Although the mechanism for this side effect has not yet been identified, the alcohol metabolites formed during daunorubicin (DAUN) and doxorubicin (DOX) therapies have been implicated. The alcohol metabolites of DAUN and DOX, daunorubicinol (DAUNol) and doxorubicinol (DOXol), respectively, are generated through reduction of the C-13 carbonyl function, which is reportedly mediated by members of the aldo-keto reductase and carbonyl reductase families of proteins. In our search for potential biomarkers for the occurrence of this side effect, we examined the activity of recombinant aldo-keto reductase enzymes, aldo-keto reductase (AKR) 1A1 and AKR1C2, with DAUN and DOX as substrates. Using purified histidine-tagged recombinant proteins and the direct measurement of metabolite formation with a high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence assay, we did not observe DAUNol or DOXol generation in vitro by AKR1C2, whereas AKR1A1 did catalyze the reduction reactions. DAUNol was generated by AKR1A1 at a rate of 1.71 +/- 0.09 nmol/min/mg protein, and a low level of DOXol was produced by AKR1A1; however, it was below the limits of quantification for the method. These data suggest that the generation of DAUNol or DOXol by AKR1C2 metabolism in vivo is unlikely to occur during anthracycline treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan H Takahashi
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; and Life Sciences Institute, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
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Barski OA, Tipparaju SM, Bhatnagar A. The aldo-keto reductase superfamily and its role in drug metabolism and detoxification. Drug Metab Rev 2008; 40:553-624. [PMID: 18949601 PMCID: PMC2663408 DOI: 10.1080/03602530802431439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamily comprises enzymes that catalyze redox transformations involved in biosynthesis, intermediary metabolism, and detoxification. Substrates of AKRs include glucose, steroids, glycosylation end-products, lipid peroxidation products, and environmental pollutants. These proteins adopt a (beta/alpha)(8) barrel structural motif interrupted by a number of extraneous loops and helixes that vary between proteins and bring structural identity to individual families. The human AKR family differs from the rodent families. Due to their broad substrate specificity, AKRs play an important role in the phase II detoxification of a large number of pharmaceuticals, drugs, and xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg A Barski
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA.
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Plebuch M, Soldan M, Hungerer C, Koch L, Maser E. Increased resistance of tumor cells to daunorubicin after transfection of cDNAs coding for anthracycline inactivating enzymes. Cancer Lett 2007; 255:49-56. [PMID: 17482758 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2007] [Revised: 03/22/2007] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Carbonyl reduction is a main but undesired metabolic pathway of the anti-cancer drug daunorubicin (DRC). The resulting alcohol metabolite daunorubicinol has a far less anti-tumor potency and, in addition, is responsible for the life-threatening cardiac toxicity that limits the clinical use of DRC. Elevated levels of carbonyl-reducing enzymes in cancer cells may therefore contribute to the development of DRC chemoresistance and affect the clinical outcome. In the present investigation, human pancreas carcinoma cells were transfected with three important DRC reductases, namely carbonyl reductase (CBR1), aldehyde reductase (AKR1A1) and aldose reductase (AKR1B1), and levels of resistance towards DCR determined. Overexpression of all three reductases lead to a higher DRC inactivation and to an elevation of chemoresistance (7-fold for CBR1, 4.5-fold for AKR1A1 and 3.7-fold for AKR1B1), when IC(50)-values were considered. Coadministration of DRC reductase inhibitors in DRC chemotherapy may be desirable since this would reduce the formation of the cardiotoxic alcohol metabolite and prevent drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariann Plebuch
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Brunswiker Strasse 10, 24105, Kiel, Germany
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Menna P, Minotti G, Salvatorelli E. In vitro modeling of the structure–activity determinants of anthracycline cardiotoxicity. Cell Biol Toxicol 2006; 23:49-62. [PMID: 17031515 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-006-0143-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2006] [Accepted: 07/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin and other anthracyclines rank among the most effective anticancer drugs ever developed. Unfortunately, the clinical use of anthracyclines is limited by a dose-related life-threatening cardiotoxicity. Understanding how anthracyclines induce cardiotoxicity is essential to improve their therapeutic index or to identify analogues that retain activity while also inducing less severe cardiac damage. Here, we briefly review the prevailing hypotheses on anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity. We also attempt to establish cause-and-effect relations between the structure of a given anthracycline and its cardiotoxicity when administered as a single agent or during the course of multiagent chemotherapies. Finally, we discuss how the hypotheses generated by preclinical models eventually translate into phase I-II clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Menna
- Department of Drug Sciences and Center of Excellence on Aging, G. dAnnunzio University School of Medicine, Chieti, Italy.
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48
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Wojnowski L, Kulle B, Schirmer M, Schlüter G, Schmidt A, Rosenberger A, Vonhof S, Bickeböller H, Toliat MR, Suk EK, Tzvetkov M, Kruger A, Seifert S, Kloess M, Hahn H, Loeffler M, Nürnberg P, Pfreundschuh M, Trümper L, Brockmöller J, Hasenfuss G. NAD(P)H oxidase and multidrug resistance protein genetic polymorphisms are associated with doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Circulation 2005; 112:3754-62. [PMID: 16330681 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.105.576850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A significant number of patients treated with anthracyclines develop cardiotoxicity (anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity [ACT]), mainly presenting as arrhythmias (acute ACT) or congestive heart failure (chronic ACT). There are no data on pharmacogenomic predictors of ACT. METHODS AND RESULTS We genotyped participants of the German non-Hodgkin lymphoma study (NHL-B) who were followed up for the development of heart failure for a median of >3 years. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected from 82 genes with conceivable relevance to ACT. Of 1697 patients, 55 developed acute and 54 developed chronic ACT (cumulative incidence of either form, 3.2%). We detected 5 significant associations with polymorphisms of the NAD(P)H oxidase and doxorubicin efflux transporters. Chronic ACT was associated with a variant of the NAD(P)H oxidase subunit NCF4 (rs1883112, -212A-->G; symbols with right-pointing arrows, as edited?' odds ratio [OR], 2.5; 95% CI, 1.3 to 5.0). Acute ACT was associated with the His72Tyr polymorphism in the p22phox subunit (rs4673; OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.0 to 3.9) and with the variant 7508T-->A (rs13058338; OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.3 to 5.1) of the RAC2 subunit of the same enzyme. In agreement with these results, mice deficient in NAD(P)H oxidase activity, unlike wild-type mice, were resistant to chronic doxorubicin treatment. In addition, acute ACT was associated with the Gly671Val variant of the doxorubicin efflux transporter multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) (OR, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.6 to 8.4) and with the Val1188Glu-Cys1515Tyr (rs8187694-rs8187710) haplotype of the functionally similar MRP2 (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.0 to 5.4). Polymorphisms in adrenergic receptors previously demonstrated to be predictive of heart failure were not associated with ACT. CONCLUSIONS Genetic variants in doxorubicin transport and free radical metabolism may modulate the individual risk to develop ACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Wojnowski
- Department of Pharmacology, University Mainz, D-55101 Mainz, Germany.
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Minotti G, Menna P, Salvatorelli E, Cairo G, Gianni L. Anthracyclines: Molecular Advances and Pharmacologic Developments in Antitumor Activity and Cardiotoxicity. Pharmacol Rev 2004; 56:185-229. [PMID: 15169927 DOI: 10.1124/pr.56.2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2587] [Impact Index Per Article: 129.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical use of anthracyclines like doxorubicin and daunorubicin can be viewed as a sort of double-edged sword. On the one hand, anthracyclines play an undisputed key role in the treatment of many neoplastic diseases; on the other hand, chronic administration of anthracyclines induces cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure usually refractory to common medications. Second-generation analogs like epirubicin or idarubicin exhibit improvements in their therapeutic index, but the risk of inducing cardiomyopathy is not abated. It is because of their janus behavior (activity in tumors vis-à-vis toxicity in cardiomyocytes) that anthracyclines continue to attract the interest of preclinical and clinical investigations despite their longer-than-40-year record of longevity. Here we review recent progresses that may serve as a framework for reappraising the activity and toxicity of anthracyclines on basic and clinical pharmacology grounds. We review 1) new aspects of anthracycline-induced DNA damage in cancer cells; 2) the role of iron and free radicals as causative factors of apoptosis or other forms of cardiac damage; 3) molecular mechanisms of cardiotoxic synergism between anthracyclines and other anticancer agents; 4) the pharmacologic rationale and clinical recommendations for using cardioprotectants while not interfering with tumor response; 5) the development of tumor-targeted anthracycline formulations; and 6) the designing of third-generation analogs and their assessment in preclinical or clinical settings. An overview of these issues confirms that anthracyclines remain "evergreen" drugs with broad clinical indications but have still an improvable therapeutic index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Minotti
- G. d'Annunzio University School of Medicine, Centro Studi sull'Invecchiamento, Room 412, Via dei Vestini, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
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