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Chimalakonda KC, Pang E, Weaver JL, Howard KE, Patel V, Boyne MT. Development and validation of a liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method to determine in vitro and in vivo histamine release. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 102:494-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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2
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Nirogi R, Kandikere V, Bhyrapuneni G, Muddana N, Saralaya R, Ponnamaneni RK, Manoharan AK. In vivo receptor occupancy assay of histamine H3 receptor antagonist in rats using non-radiolabeled tracer. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2012; 65:115-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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3
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Simultaneous quantitation of histamine and its major metabolite 1-methylhistamine in brain dialysates by using precolumn derivatization prior to HILIC-MS/MS analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:449-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5224-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 06/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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4
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Berlin M, Boyce CW, de Lera Ruiz M. Histamine H3 Receptor as a Drug Discovery Target. J Med Chem 2010; 54:26-53. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100064d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Berlin
- Chemical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Christopher W. Boyce
- Chemical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Manuel de Lera Ruiz
- Chemical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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5
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Ishikawa M, Shinei R, Yokoyama F, Yamauchi M, Oyama M, Okuma K, Nagayama T, Kato K, Kakui N, Sato Y. Role of Hydrophobic Substituents on the Terminal Nitrogen of Histamine in Receptor Binding and Agonist Activity: Development of an Orally Active Histamine Type 3 Receptor Agonist and Evaluation of Its Antistress Activity in Mice. J Med Chem 2010; 53:3840-4. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901890s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ishikawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Meiji Seika Kaisha, Ltd., 760 Morooka-cho, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 222-8567, Japan
| | - Rie Shinei
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Meiji Seika Kaisha, Ltd., 760 Morooka-cho, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 222-8567, Japan
| | - Fumikazu Yokoyama
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Meiji Seika Kaisha, Ltd., 760 Morooka-cho, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 222-8567, Japan
| | - Miki Yamauchi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Meiji Seika Kaisha, Ltd., 760 Morooka-cho, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 222-8567, Japan
| | - Masayo Oyama
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Meiji Seika Kaisha, Ltd., 760 Morooka-cho, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 222-8567, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Okuma
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Meiji Seika Kaisha, Ltd., 760 Morooka-cho, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 222-8567, Japan
| | - Takako Nagayama
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Meiji Seika Kaisha, Ltd., 760 Morooka-cho, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 222-8567, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kato
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Meiji Seika Kaisha, Ltd., 760 Morooka-cho, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 222-8567, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Kakui
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Meiji Seika Kaisha, Ltd., 760 Morooka-cho, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 222-8567, Japan
| | - Yasuo Sato
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Meiji Seika Kaisha, Ltd., 760 Morooka-cho, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 222-8567, Japan
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6
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Toyo'oka T. Separation assay of histamine and its metabolites in biological specimens. Biomed Chromatogr 2008; 22:919-30. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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7
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Kulkarni KH, Opere CA, LeDay AM, Shara MA, Ohia SE. Regulation of Norepinephrine Release from Isolated Bovine Irides by Histamine. Neurochem Res 2006; 31:891-7. [PMID: 16804758 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-006-9093-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the effect of histamine on sympathetic neurotransmission from isolated, superfused bovine irides. We also studied the pharmacology of prejunctional histamine receptors that regulate the release of norepinephrine (NE) from this tissue. The effect of exogenous histamine and various histamine receptor agonists was examined on the release of [(3)H]-norepinephrine ([(3)H]NE) triggered by electrical field stimulation using the Superfusion Method. Histamine receptor agonists caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of field-stimulated [(3)H]NE overflow with the following rank order of potency: imetit > histamine > R-alpha-methylhistamine. In all cases, the inhibitory action of histamine receptor agonists was attenuated at high concentrations of these compounds. The histamine receptor antagonists, clobenpropit (H(3)-antagonist/H(4)-agonist) and thioperamide (H(3)-antagonist) blocked the inhibitory response elicited by R-alpha-methylhistamine and imetit, respectively. Inhibitory effects of R-alpha-methylhistamine and clonidine were not additive suggesting that prejunctional H(3)- and alpha(2)-adrenoceptors coexist at neurotransmitter release sites. We conclude that histamine produces an inhibitory action on sympathetic neurotransmission in the bovine iris, an effect mimicked by selective H(3)-receptor agonists and blocked by H(3)-antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustubh H Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 141 Science and Research Building 2, TX 77204, USA
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8
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Miyamoto Y, Yoshimoto R, Yumoto M, Ishihara A, Takahashi K, Kotani H, Kanatani A, Tokita S. Simultaneous fluorometric measurement of histamine and tele-methylhistamine levels in rodent brain by high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem 2004; 334:89-96. [PMID: 15464956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2004.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An improved high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for simultaneous analysis of histamine (HA) and tele-methylhistamine (tele-MHA) levels in mouse and rat brain. The method consists of a solid-phase extraction (SPE) and subsequent HPLC with postcolumn derivatization of the amines with o-phthalaldehyde. The recovery rates of HA and tele-MHA during the SPE procedure were 82.8+/-3.4 and 86.0+/-1.7%, respectively. The detection limits for HA and tele-MHA were 8 and 12pg, respectively, with sufficient linearity up to 30pg. Using this newly developed system, we observed that the brain tele-MHA levels in H3 receptor knockout mice were significantly higher than those of wild-type mice by 2.1-fold. Furthermore, we also observed that the brain HA and tele-MHA levels in Zucker rats were significantly lower than those of lean rats by 76.6+/-5.3 and 77.8+/-5.0%, respectively. These observations coincided well with those of previous studies using radioimmunoassay or HPLC with precolumn OPA derivatization, confirming the utilization of the assay system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhisa Miyamoto
- BANYU Tsukuba Research Institute, BANYU Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
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9
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Couillin I, Maillet I, Vargaftig BB, Jacobs M, Paesen GC, Nuttall PA, Lefort J, Moser R, Weston-Davies W, Ryffel B. Arthropod-derived histamine-binding protein prevents murine allergic asthma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:3281-6. [PMID: 15322190 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.5.3281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Because histamine receptor type I blockade attenuates allergic asthma, we asked whether complete neutralization of histamine by an arthropod-derived, high affinity histamine-binding protein (EV131) would prevent allergic asthma. Intranasal administration of EV131 given before Ag challenge in immunized mice prevented airway hyperreactivity by 70%, and abrogated peribronchial inflammation, pulmonary eosinophilia, mucus hypersecretion, and IL-4 and IL-5 secretion. Saturation with histamine abrogated the inhibitory effect of EV131 on bronchial hyperreactivity. The inhibitory effect of EV131 on bronchial hyperreactivity was comparable to that of glucocorticosteroids. These results demonstrate that histamine is a critical mediator of allergic asthma. Therefore, complete neutralization of histamine, rather than specific histamine receptor blockade, may have a profound effect on allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Couillin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institute Transgenose, Orleans, France
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10
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Witkin JM, Nelson DL. Selective histamine H3 receptor antagonists for treatment of cognitive deficiencies and other disorders of the central nervous system. Pharmacol Ther 2004; 103:1-20. [PMID: 15251226 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Evidence exists to implicate the monoamine histamine in the control of arousal and cognitive functions. Antagonists of H(3) receptors are postsynaptic and presynaptic modulators of neural transmission in a variety of neuronal circuits relevant to cognition. Accumulating neuroanatomical, neurochemical, pharmacological, and behavioral data support the idea that H(3) receptor antagonists may function to improve cognitive performances in disease states (e.g., Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment states). Thus, H(3) receptor antagonists have been shown to increase performance in attention and memory tests in nonhuman experiments and prevent the degradation in performances produced by scopolamine, MK-801, or age. In contrast, agonists of the H(3) receptor generally produce cognitive impairing effects in animal models. The role of H(3) receptors in these behavioral effects is substantiated by data indicating a central origin for their effects, the selectivity of some of the H(3) receptor antagonists studied, and the pharmacological modification of effects of H(3) receptor antagonists by selective H(3) receptor agonists. Data and issues that challenge the potential role for H(3) receptor antagonists in cognitive processes are also critically reviewed. H(3) receptor antagonists may also have therapeutic value in the management of obesity, pain, sleep disorders, schizophrenia, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Witkin
- Neuroscience Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285-0510, USA.
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11
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Meier G, Ligneau X, Pertz HH, Ganellin CR, Schwartz JC, Schunack W, Stark H. Piperidino-hydrocarbon compounds as novel non-imidazole histamine H(3)-receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:2535-42. [PMID: 12057642 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00115-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In search for novel non-imidazole histamine H(3)-receptor antagonists, piperidino-hydrocarbon compounds were synthesized using the known non-imidazole histamine H(3)-receptor antagonist FUB 637 (3-phenylpropyl 3-piperidinopropyl ether) as lead structure. Piperidino-alkyl derivatives containing highly flexible side chains (2, 4-7) were prepared via N-alkylation. Compounds containing unsaturated alkyl groups were synthesized in order to investigate the impact of rigidifying the side chain (8-16). Terminal alkynes were prepared by alkylation of lithium acetylide-ethylenediamine complex, disubstituted alkynes were synthesized by alkylation of the appropriate acetylene in the presence of n-butyllithium-N,N,N',N'-tetramethylene-ethylene-diamine complex. The novel compounds were investigated in an in vitro functional assay on the guinea-pig ileum, in which N-(7-phenylhept-3-ynyl)piperidine (14) proved to be of good potency in this class (pA(2)=7.21). In an in vivo assay the compounds were additionally screened for their abilities to influence central H(3)-histaminergic neuron activity in mice with regard to their oral availabilities and distribution properties. In this screening, N-pent-4-ynylpiperidine (9) and N-hex-5-ynylpiperidine (10) proved to be highly potent and orally available histamine H(3)-receptor antagonists. The ED(50) values for 9 and 10 were 1.3 and 1.4mg/kg po, respectively, which is in the potency range of the reference antagonist thioperamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Meier
- Institut für Pharmazie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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12
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Toyota H, Dugovic C, Koehl M, Laposky AD, Weber C, Ngo K, Wu Y, Lee DH, Yanai K, Sakurai E, Watanabe T, Liu C, Chen J, Barbier AJ, Turek FW, Fung-Leung WP, Lovenberg TW. Behavioral characterization of mice lacking histamine H(3) receptors. Mol Pharmacol 2002; 62:389-97. [PMID: 12130692 DOI: 10.1124/mol.62.2.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain histamine H(3) receptors are predominantly presynaptic and serve an important autoregulatory function for the release of histamine and other neurotransmitters. They have been implicated in a variety of brain functions, including arousal, locomotor activity, thermoregulation, food intake, and memory. The recent cloning of the H(3) receptor in our laboratory has made it possible to create a transgenic line of mice devoid of H(3) receptors. This paper provides the first description of the H(3) receptor-deficient mouse (H(3)(-/-)), including molecular and pharmacologic verification of the receptor deletion as well as phenotypic screens. The H(3)(-/-) mice showed a decrease in overall locomotion, wheel-running behavior, and body temperature during the dark phase but maintained normal circadian rhythmicity. H(3)(-/-) mice were insensitive to the wake-promoting effects of the H(3) receptor antagonist thioperamide. We also observed a slightly decreased stereotypic response to the dopamine releaser, methamphetamine, and an insensitivity to the amnesic effects of the cholinergic receptor antagonist, scopolamine. These data indicate that the H(3) receptor-deficient mouse represents a valuable model for studying histaminergic regulation of a variety of behaviors and neurotransmitter systems, including dopamine and acetylcholine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Toyota
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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13
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Stark H, Arrang JM, Ligneau X, Garbarg M, Ganellin CR, Schwartz JC, Schunack W. The histamine H3 receptor and its ligands. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2002; 38:279-308. [PMID: 11774797 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70096-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Stark
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Pharmazie, Königin-Luise-Strasse 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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14
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Barnes W, Boyd D, Hough L. Dynamics of histamine H(3) receptor antagonists on brain histamine metabolism: do all histamine H(3) receptor antagonists act at a single site? Eur J Pharmacol 2001; 431:215-21. [PMID: 11728428 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(01)01453-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Thioperamide, the prototypical histamine H(3) receptor antagonist, acts at the brain histamine H(3) autoreceptor to promote the release and metabolism of neuronal histamine, resulting in higher brain levels of the metabolite tele-methylhistamine. However, unlike thioperamide, several new histamine H(3) receptor antagonists enter the central nervous system (CNS), block brain histamine H(3) receptors and increase histamine release without increasing brain tele-methylhistamine levels. Experiments were performed presently in an attempt to understand these results. Consistent with previous findings, thioperamide significantly increased the content and synthesis rate of tele-methylhistamine in mouse and rat brain. In contrast, the histamine H(3) receptor antagonists GT-2227 (4-(6-cyclohexylhex-cis-3-enyl)imidazole) and clobenpropit did not affect tele-methylhistamine synthesis rate in mouse whole brain. The histamine H(3) receptor ligand GT-2016 (5-cyclohexyl-1-(4-imidazol-4-ylpiperidyl)pentan-1-one) had no effect on tele-methylhistamine levels in any rat brain region and decreased tele-methylhistamine synthesis rates in the mouse whole brain. To examine the possibility that these histamine H(3) receptor antagonists might prevent the methylation of newly released histamine, they were co-administered with thioperamide to determine their effects on the thioperamide-induced stimulation of tele-methylhistamine synthesis. GT-2016 significantly reduced the thioperamide-induced activation of tele-methylhistamine synthesis in mouse whole brain and in several regions of rat brain. Although further clarification is needed, these results suggest that some histamine H(3) receptor antagonists may promote the release of neuronal histamine, but also act to reduce histamine methylation in vivo by an unknown mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Barnes
- Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, MC-136, 47 New Scotland Ave., Albany, NY 12208, USA
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15
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Morisset S, Rouleau A, Ligneau X, Gbahou F, Tardivel-Lacombe J, Stark H, Schunack W, Ganellin CR, Schwartz JC, Arrang JM. High constitutive activity of native H3 receptors regulates histamine neurons in brain. Nature 2000; 408:860-4. [PMID: 11130725 DOI: 10.1038/35048583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Some G-protein-coupled receptors display 'constitutive activity', that is, spontaneous activity in the absence of agonist. This means that a proportion of the receptor population spontaneously undergoes an allosteric transition, leading to a conformation that can bind G proteins. The process has been shown to occur with recombinant receptors expressed at high density, and/or mutated, but also non-mutated recombinant receptors expressed at physiological concentrations. Transgenic mice that express a constitutively active mutant of the beta2-adrenergic receptor display cardiac anomalies; and spontaneous receptor mutations leading to constitutive activity are at the origin of some human diseases. Nevertheless, this process has not previously been found to occur in animals expressing normal levels of receptor. Here we show that two isoforms of the recombinant rat H3 receptor display high constitutive activity. Using drugs that abrogate this activity ('inverse agonists') and a drug that opposes both agonists and inverse agonists ('neutral antagonist'), we show that constitutive activity of native H3 receptors is present in rodent brain and that it controls histaminergic neuron activity in vivo. Inverse agonists may therefore find therapeutic applications, even in the case of diseases involving non-mutated receptors expressed at normal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Morisset
- Unité de Neurobiologie et Pharmacologie Moléculaire (U.109) de l'INSERM, Centre Paul Broca, Paris, France
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16
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Stark H, Sadek B, Krause M, Hüls A, Ligneau X, Ganellin CR, Arrang JM, Schwartz JC, Schunack W. Novel histamine H(3)-receptor antagonists with carbonyl-substituted 4-(3-(phenoxy)propyl)-1H-imidazole structures like ciproxifan and related compounds. J Med Chem 2000; 43:3987-94. [PMID: 11052804 DOI: 10.1021/jm000966l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Novel histamine H(3)-receptor antagonists possessing a 4-(3-(phenoxy)propyl)-1H-imidazole structure generally substituted in the para-position of the phenyl ring have been synthesized according to Mitsunobu or S(N)Ar reactions. With in vitro and in vivo screening for H(3)-receptor antagonist potency, the carbonyl-substituted derivatives proved to be highly active compounds. A number of compounds showed in vitro affinities in the subnanomolar concentration range, and the 4-hexanoyl (10) and 4-acetyl-3-methyl (29) substituted derivatives showed in vivo antagonist potencies of about 0.1 mg/kg after po administration. Many proxifans were also tested for their affinities at other histamine receptor subtypes thereby demonstrating their pronounced H(3)-receptor subtype selectivity. Since the cyclopropyl ketone derivative 14 (ciproxifan) had high affinity in vitro as well as high potency in vivo, it was selected for further studies in monkeys. It showed good oral absorption and long-lasting, dose-dependent plasma levels making it a promising compound for drug development.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Atrial Function
- Cerebral Cortex/metabolism
- Cerebral Cortex/ultrastructure
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Guinea Pigs
- Haplorhini
- Heart Atria/drug effects
- Histamine Antagonists/chemical synthesis
- Histamine Antagonists/chemistry
- Histamine Antagonists/pharmacology
- Histamine Release/drug effects
- Ileum/drug effects
- Ileum/physiology
- Imidazoles/chemical synthesis
- Imidazoles/chemistry
- Imidazoles/pharmacology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Mice
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/physiology
- Rats
- Receptors, Histamine H1/drug effects
- Receptors, Histamine H1/physiology
- Receptors, Histamine H2/drug effects
- Receptors, Histamine H2/physiology
- Receptors, Histamine H3/drug effects
- Receptors, Histamine H3/metabolism
- Receptors, Histamine H3/physiology
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Synaptosomes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- H Stark
- Institut für Pharmazie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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