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Okada H, Sawamura D, Kunita K, Ogasawara H, Maeda K, Morimoto T, Ikeda N. Prefrontal activation during simulated driving in people with schizophrenia: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. Psychiatry Res 2023; 326:115285. [PMID: 37327651 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
People with schizophrenia (PWS) could be at risk when driving, yet this remains to be confirmed. In this study, we used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and a driving simulator to assess potential driving skill difficulties as reflected by brain activity in PWS and compared them with those of healthy controls (HCs). Twenty PWS and 20 HCs were evaluated. Four tasks were performed: 50-kph and 100-kph sudden braking and 50-kph left and right curve tasks. The hemodynamic activity and driving performance of the two groups were compared. No significant differences were found in the performance of the four tasks. However, significant differences in hemodynamic activity were observed in the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during the 100-kph sudden braking task. In addition, a significant negative correlation was found between brake reaction time and brain activity in the left DLPFC during the 100-kph sudden braking task in both groups. The brain mechanisms involved in processing the mental load associated with driving a car are possibly similar in PWS and HCs. Our results suggest that PWS may be able to drive their vehicles safely in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Okada
- Department of Rehabilitation of Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 14-jo Nishi 5-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Sawamura
- Department of Rehabilitation of Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 14-jo Nishi 5-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Koji Kunita
- Forensic Psychiatry Center, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - Kentaro Maeda
- Medical Corporation Ohyachi Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takafumi Morimoto
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Nozomu Ikeda
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan
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Relationships between cognitive performance, clinical insight and regional brain volumes in schizophrenia. SCHIZOPHRENIA 2022; 8:33. [PMID: 35853892 PMCID: PMC9261092 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-022-00243-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Impairments in cognitive performance are common in schizophrenia, and these contribute to poor awareness of symptoms and treatment (‘clinical insight’), which is an important predictor of functional outcome. Although relationships between cognitive impairment and reductions in regional brain volumes in patients are relatively well characterised, less is known about the brain structural correlates of clinical insight. To address this gap, we aimed to explore brain structural correlates of cognitive performance and clinical insight in the same sample. 108 patients with schizophrenia (SZH) and 94 age and gender-matched controls (CON) (from the Northwestern University Schizophrenia Data and Software Tool (NUSDAST) database) were included. SZH had smaller grey matter volume across most fronto-temporal regions and significantly poorer performance on all cognitive domains. Multiple regression showed that higher positive symptoms and poorer attention were significant predictors of insight in SZH; however, no significant correlations were seen between clinical insight and regional brain volumes. In contrast, symptomology did not contribute to cognitive performance, but robust positive relationships were found between regional grey matter volumes in fronto-temporal regions and cognitive performance (particularly executive function). Many of these appeared to be unique to SZH as they were not observed in CON. Findings suggest that while there exists a tight link between cognitive functioning and neuropathological processes affecting gross brain anatomy in SZH, this is not the case for clinical insight. Instead, clinical insight levels seem to be influenced by symptomology, attentional performance and other subject-specific variables.
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Selvaraj S, Shivakumar V, Kavya PV, Mullapudi T, Bhalerao G, Sreeraj VS, Suhas S, Dinakaran D, Parlikar R, Chhabra H, Narayanaswamy JC, Debnath M, Rao NP, Muralidharan K, Venkatasubramanian G. Neurohemodynamic correlates of BDNF gene expression in schizophrenia patients with working memory deficits: A functional MRI study. Asian J Psychiatr 2022; 77:103261. [PMID: 36181754 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2022.103261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is involved in neuroplasticity underlying cognitive deficits, including working memory deficits (WMD), in schizophrenia. Methodological challenges and inconsistencies are reported with peripheral BDNF levels. Left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is proposed to underlie WMD, though inconsistently. We aimed to explore the correlations between brain activation during working memory task-based functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and BDNF gene expression in schizophrenia patients with WMD. METHODS 26 patients with schizophrenia with established WMD were recruited for the study. Blood samples were collected to study lymphocyte BDNF gene expression. Patients underwent task-based fMRI to examine the working memory performance and related brain activation. Whole-brain analysis was performed with 2-back > 0-back and 2-back > rest contrast. The peak intensity values of the activation were used for correlation analysis. RESULTS Whole brain analysis with 2-back > rest contrast revealed maximum activation in left DLPFC, Brodmann area 9 (t = 10.54, FWE corrected p < 0.05). The baseline BDNF gene expression correlated positively with the peak intensity of brain activation in left DLPFC (r = 0.365, p = 0.033). Negative symptom score negatively correlated with BDNF gene expression (r = -0.499, p = 0.005) and left DLPFC fMRI activation (r = -0.393, p = 0.023) respectively. CONCLUSION We found a significant positive association between BDNF gene expression and the activation of the DLPFC during the working memory task. This novel observation needs further systematic evaluation to establish the potential role of peripheral BDNF expression in WMD in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya Selvaraj
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health And Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.
| | - Venkataram Shivakumar
- Department of Integrative Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health And Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Paranthaman V Kavya
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health And Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Thrinath Mullapudi
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health And Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Gaurav Bhalerao
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health And Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Vanteemar S Sreeraj
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health And Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Satish Suhas
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health And Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Damodharan Dinakaran
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health And Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Rujuta Parlikar
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health And Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Harleen Chhabra
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health And Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Monojit Debnath
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health And Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Naren P Rao
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health And Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Kesavan Muralidharan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health And Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
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Adam Yaple Z, Tolomeo S, Yu R. Spatial and chronic differences in neural activity in medicated and unmedicated schizophrenia patients. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 35:103029. [PMID: 35569228 PMCID: PMC9112098 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The medicated schizophrenia group yielded concordant activity among three right lateralized frontal clusters and a left lateralized parietal cluster. The unmedicated schizophrenia group yielded concordant activity among right lateralized frontal-parietal regions. A neural compensatory mechanism in schizophrenia.
A major caveat with investigations on schizophrenic patients is the difficulty to control for medication usage across samples as disease-related neural differences may be confounded by medication usage. Following a thorough literature search (632 records identified), we included 37 studies with a total of 740 medicated schizophrenia patients and 367 unmedicated schizophrenia patients. Here, we perform several meta-analyses to assess the neurofunctional differences between medicated and unmedicated schizophrenic patients across fMRI studies to determine systematic regions associated with medication usage. Several clusters identified by the meta-analysis on the medicated group include three right lateralized frontal clusters and a left lateralized parietal cluster, whereas the unmedicated group yielded concordant activity among right lateralized frontal-parietal regions. We further explored the prevalence of activity within these regions across illness duration and task type. These findings suggest a neural compensatory mechanism across these regions both spatially and chronically, offering new insight into the spatial and temporal dynamic neural differences among medicated and unmedicated schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Serenella Tolomeo
- Social and Cognitive Computing Department, Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rongjun Yu
- Department of Management, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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Xu M, Lee WK, Ko CH, Chiu YC, Lin CH. The Prominent Deck B Phenomenon in Schizophrenia: An Empirical Study on Iowa Gambling Task. Front Psychol 2021; 12:619855. [PMID: 34539474 PMCID: PMC8446202 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.619855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) was established to evaluate emotion-based decision-making ability under uncertain circumstances in clinical populations, including schizophrenia (Sz). However, there remains a lack of stable behavioral measures regarding discrimination for decision-making performance in IGT between schizophrenic cases and healthy participants. None of the Sz-IGT studies has specifically verified the prominent deck B (PDB) phenomenon gradually revealed in other populations. Here, we provided a global review and empirical study to verify these Sz-IGT issues. Methods: Seeking reliable and valid behavioral measures, we reviewed 38 studies using IGT to investigate decision-making behavior in Sz groups. The IGT, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and clinical symptoms evaluations were administered to 61 schizophrenia or schizoaffective cases diagnosed by psychiatrists and 62 demographically matched healthy participants. Results: There were no valid behavioral measures in IGT that could significantly identify the decision-making dysfunction of Sz. However, Sz cases, on average, made more choices from disadvantageous deck B relative to other decks, particularly in the later learning process (block 3-5). Compared to the control group, the Sz group was more impaired on the WCST. The high-gain frequency decks B and D showed significant correlations with WCST but no correlation between clinical symptoms and IGT/WCST. Conclusions: Gain-loss frequency (GLF) has a dominant and stable impact on the decision-making process in both Sz and control groups. PDB phenomenon is essentially challenging to be observed on the ground of the expected value (EV) viewpoint approach on the IGT in both populations. Consequently, caution should be exercised when launching the IGT to assess the decision-making ability of Sz under a clinical scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Xu
- Department of Psychology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - We-Kang Lee
- Sleep Center, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Ko
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chu Chiu
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hung Lin
- Department of Psychology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Research Center for Non-linear Analysis and Optimization, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Yaple ZA, Tolomeo S, Yu R. Mapping working memory-specific dysfunction using a transdiagnostic approach. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021; 31:102747. [PMID: 34256292 PMCID: PMC8278205 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Working memory (WM) is an executive ability that allows one to hold and manipulate information for a short period of time. Schizophrenia and mood disorders are severe psychiatric conditions with overlapping genetic and clinical symptoms. Whilst WM has been suggested as meeting the criteria for being an endophenotype for schizophrenia and mood disorders, it still unclear whether they share overlapping neural circuitry. Objective The n-back task has been widely used to measure WM capacity, such as maintenance, flexible updating, and interference control. Here we compiled studies that included psychiatric populations, i.e., schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. Methods We performed a coordinate-based meta-analysis that combined 34 BOLD-fMRI studies comparing activity associated with n-back working memory between psychiatric patients and healthy controls. We specifically focused our search using the n-back task to diminish study heterogeneity. Results All patient groups showed blunted activity in the striatum, anterior insula and frontal lobe. The same brain networks related to WM were compromised in schizophrenia, major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. Conclusion Our findings support the suggestion of commonal functional abnormalities across schizophrenia and mood disorders related to WM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Serenella Tolomeo
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rongjun Yu
- Department of Management, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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Alkan E, Davies G, Evans SL. Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: relationships with cortical thickness in fronto-temporal regions, and dissociability from symptom severity. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2021; 7:20. [PMID: 33737508 PMCID: PMC7973472 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-021-00149-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairments are a core and persistent characteristic of schizophrenia with implications for daily functioning. These show only limited response to antipsychotic treatment and their neural basis is not well characterised. Previous studies point to relationships between cortical thickness and cognitive performance in fronto-temporal brain regions in schizophrenia patients (SZH). There is also evidence that these relationships might be independent of symptom severity, suggesting dissociable disease processes. We set out to explore these possibilities in a sample of 70 SZH and 72 age and gender-matched healthy controls (provided by the Center of Biomedical Research Excellence (COBRE)). Cortical thickness within fronto-temporal regions implicated by previous work was considered in relation to performance across various cognitive domains (from the MATRICS Cognitive Battery). Compared to controls, SZH had thinner cortices across most fronto-temporal regions and significantly lower performance on all cognitive domains. Robust relationships with cortical thickness were found: visual learning and attention performance correlated with bilateral superior and middle frontal thickness in SZH only. Correlations between attention performance and right transverse temporal thickness were also specific to SZH. Findings point to the importance of these regions for cognitive performance in SZH, possibly reflecting compensatory processes and/or aberrant connectivity. No links to symptom severity were observed in these regions, suggesting these relationships are dissociable from underlying psychotic symptomology. Findings enhance understanding of the brain structural underpinnings and possible aetiology of cognitive impairment in SZH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkan Alkan
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Geoff Davies
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School/Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Sussex, UK
| | - Simon L Evans
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK.
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Jáni M, Płonka O, Daren A, Błądziński P, Kalisz A, Wyczesany M, Adamczyk P. The neural substrates of diminished humor comprehension in schizophrenia and its relationship with psychopathology. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2021. [DOI: 10.21307/ane-2021-017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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9
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Arsalidou M, Yaple Z, Jurcik T, Ushakov V. Cognitive Brain Signatures of Youth With Early Onset and Relatives With Schizophrenia: Evidence From fMRI Meta-analyses. Schizophr Bull 2020; 46:857-868. [PMID: 31978222 PMCID: PMC7345811 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbz130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Deficits in cognitive function are a major characteristic of schizophrenia. Many functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies examine brain correlates of cognitive function in adults with schizophrenia, showing altered implication of associative areas such as the prefrontal cortex and temporal cortex. fMRI studies also examine brain representation of cognitive function in adolescents with early onset schizophrenia and those at risk of the disorder, yet results are often inconsistent. We compile and analyze data from eligible fMRI studies using quantitative meta-analyses to reveal concordant brain activity associated with adolescent relatives of patients with schizophrenia and those with early onset schizophrenia. Results show similar functional hubs of brain activity (eg, precuneus) yet in opposite hemispheres and clusters in ventrolateral rather than dorsolateral prefrontal cortices. Other areas of altered implication include the middle temporal gyrus, insula, and cerebellum. We discuss the findings in reference to the protracted maturation of the prefrontal cortex and possible effects due to the medication status of the two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Arsalidou
- Department of Psychology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Armyanskiy per. 4, c2, Moscow, 101000, room 406; tel: 1786-505-9779, e-mail: ; ;
| | - Zachary Yaple
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tomas Jurcik
- Department of Psychology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vadim Ushakov
- Kurchatov Department of NBICS-nature-like technologies, National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russian Federation,Department of Cybernetics, National Research Nuclear University “MEPhI”, Moscow, Russian Federation
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10
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Herman AB, Brown EG, Dale CL, Hinkley LB, Subramaniam K, Houde JF, Fisher M, Vinogradov S, Nagarajan SS. The Visual Word Form Area compensates for auditory working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8881. [PMID: 32483253 PMCID: PMC7264140 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63962-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Auditory working memory impairments feature prominently in schizophrenia. However, the existence of altered and perhaps compensatory neural dynamics, sub-serving auditory working memory, remains largely unexplored. We compared the dynamics of induced high gamma power (iHGP) across cortex in humans during speech-sound working memory in individuals with schizophrenia (SZ) and healthy comparison subjects (HC) using magnetoencephalography (MEG). SZ showed similar task performance to HC while utilizing different brain regions. During encoding of speech sounds, SZ lacked the correlation of iHGP with task performance in posterior superior temporal gyrus (STGp) that was observed in healthy subjects. Instead, SZ recruited the visual word form area (VWFA) during both stimulus encoding and response preparation. Importantly, VWFA activity during encoding correlated with the magnitude of SZ hallucinations, task performance and an independent measure of verbal working memory. These findings suggest that VWFA plasticity is harnessed to compensate for STGp dysfunction in schizophrenia patients with hallucinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B Herman
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- UCB-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Ethan G Brown
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Corby L Dale
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Leighton B Hinkley
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Karuna Subramaniam
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - John F Houde
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Melissa Fisher
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- San Francisco Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Sophia Vinogradov
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- San Francisco Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Srikantan S Nagarajan
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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Dysfunctional connectivity in posterior brain regions involved in cognitive control in schizophrenia: A preliminary fMRI study. J Clin Neurosci 2020; 78:317-322. [PMID: 32448728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.04.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive control, the ability to use goal-directed information to guide behaviour, is impaired in schizophrenia, and mainly related to dysfunctions within the fronto-posterior brain network. However, cognitive control is a broad cognitive function encompassing distinct sub-processes that, until now, studies have failed to separate and relate to specific brain regions. The goal of this preliminary fMRI study is to investigate the functional specialization of posterior brain regions, and their functional interaction with lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) regions, in schizophrenia. Fourteen healthy participants and 15 matched schizophrenic patients participated in this fMRI study. We used a task paradigm that differentiates two cognitive control sub-processes according to the temporal framing of information, namely the control of immediate context (present cues) vs. temporal episode (past instructions). We found that areas activated during contextual and episodic controls were in dorsal posterior regions and that activations did not significantly differ between schizophrenic patients and healthy participants. However, while processing contextual signals, patients with schizophrenia failed to show decreased connectivity between caudal LPFC and areas located in ventral posterior regions. The absence of group difference in the functional specialization of posterior regions is difficult to interpret due to our small sample size. One interpretation for our connectivity results is that patients present an inefficient extinction of posterior regions involved in attention shifting by prefrontal areas involved in the top-down control of contextual signals. Further studies with larger sample sizes will be needed to ascertain those observations.
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Yang S, Meng Y, Li J, Fan YS, Du L, Chen H, Liao W. Temporal dynamic changes of intrinsic brain activity in schizophrenia with cigarette smoking. Schizophr Res 2019; 210:66-72. [PMID: 31239219 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence from multimodal neuroimaging studies has supported a neurobiological basis for schizophrenia-nicotine dependence comorbidity. However, this evidence comes exclusively from studies measuring static intrinsic activity/connectivity of the brain, while the dynamic effects of this comorbidity remain poorly understood. The current study therefore sought to examine whether temporal dynamic intrinsic brain activity interacted with diagnosis (schizophrenics vs. healthy controls) and smoking status (smokers vs. non-smokers). We used a mixed sample design and included the following four groups: i) schizophrenic smokers (n = 22), ii) schizophrenic non-smokers (n = 27), iii) healthy control smokers (n = 22), and iv) healthy control non-smokers (n = 21). All subjects underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during the resting state. The temporal variability in intrinsic brain activity among the four groups was compared using a novel dynamic amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (dALFF) method. A significant main effect of diagnosis was found in the left superior parietal gyrus (SPG; F(1, 88) = 142.1, P < 0.0001). Moreover, the dALFF strength in the SPG was positively correlated with disease duration in patients with schizophrenia (Rho(46) = 0.43, P = 0.002). In addition, a significant interaction between diagnosis and smoking status was observed in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC; F(1, 88) = 7.39, P = 0.008), which was consistent with the self-medication hypothesis. Together, this study has demonstrated for the first time that nicotine restores dynamic intrinsic brain activity in the left DLPFC in patients with schizophrenia. This interaction may be a clinical neuromarker for increased comorbid smoking in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Yang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China; School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in BioMedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China
| | - Yao Meng
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China; School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in BioMedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China
| | - Jiao Li
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China; School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in BioMedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China
| | - Yun-Shuang Fan
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China; School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in BioMedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China
| | - Lian Du
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Huafu Chen
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China; School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in BioMedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China
| | - Wei Liao
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China; School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in BioMedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China.
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Wu D, Jiang T. Schizophrenia-related abnormalities in the triple network: a meta-analysis of working memory studies. Brain Imaging Behav 2019; 14:971-980. [PMID: 30820860 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-019-00071-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous meta-analyses found abnormal brain activations in schizophrenia patients compared with normal controls when performing working memory tasks. Although most studies focused on dysfunction of the working memory activation network in schizophrenia patients, deactivation abnormalities of the working memory in the default mode network have also been reported in schizophrenia but have received less attention. Our goal was to discover whether deactivation abnormalities can also be consistently found in schizophrenia during working memory tasks and, further, to consider both activation and deactivation abnormalities. Fifty-two English language peer-reviewed studies were included in this meta-analysis. Compared with normal controls, the schizophrenia patients showed activation dysfunction of the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex as well as the anterior insula, anterior cingulate cortex, and supplementary motor area, which are core nodes of the central executive and salience network. In addition to dysfunction of the activation networks, the patients showed deactivation abnormalities in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex, which are core nodes of the default mode network. These results suggest that both activation and deactivation abnormalities exist in schizophrenia patients and that these abnormalities should both be considered when investigating the pathophysiological mechanism of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongya Wu
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hai Dian District, Zhong Guan Cun East Road 95, Beijing, 100190, China.,National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianzi Jiang
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hai Dian District, Zhong Guan Cun East Road 95, Beijing, 100190, China. .,National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China. .,The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 625014, China. .,The Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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14
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Thézé R, Manuel AL, Pedrazzini E, Chantraine F, Patru MC, Nahum L, Guggisberg AG, Schnider A. Neural correlates of reality filtering in schizophrenia spectrum disorder. Schizophr Res 2019; 204:214-221. [PMID: 30057100 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A false sense of reality is a characteristic of schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD). Reality confusion may also emanate from posterior orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) lesions, as evident in confabulations that patients act upon and disorientation. This confusion can be measured by repeated runs of a continuous recognition task (CRT): patients increase their false positive rate from the second run on, failing to realize that an item is not a repetition within the current run. Correct handling of these stimuli, a faculty called orbitofrontal reality filtering (ORFi), induces a distinct frontal potential at 200-300 ms, the "ORFi potential". Patients with schizophrenia have been reported to fail in this task, too. Here, we explored the electrophysiology of ORFi in SSD. METHODS Evoked potentials, source, and connectivity analyses derived from high-density electroencephalograms of 17 patients with SSD and 15 age-matched healthy controls performing two runs of a CRT. RESULTS Although the patients obtained normal performance, they did not normally express the frontal potential typical of ORFi between 200 and 300 ms. Coherence analysis demonstrated virtually absent functional connectivity in the theta band within the memory network in this period. Source analysis showed increased activity in left medial temporal and prefrontal regions in patients. CONCLUSIONS SSD patients appear to invoke compensatory resources to handle the challenges of reality filtering. An abnormal ORFi potential may be an early biomarker of SSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Thézé
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie L Manuel
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elena Pedrazzini
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fabrice Chantraine
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria Cristina Patru
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Louis Nahum
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Adrian G Guggisberg
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Armin Schnider
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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15
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Visual attention and action: How cueing, direct mapping, and social interactions drive orienting. Psychon Bull Rev 2018; 25:1585-1605. [PMID: 28808932 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-017-1354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite considerable interest in both action perception and social attention over the last 2 decades, there has been surprisingly little investigation concerning how the manual actions of other humans orient visual attention. The present review draws together studies that have measured the orienting of attention, following observation of another's goal-directed action. Our review proposes that, in line with the literature on eye gaze, action is a particularly strong orienting cue for the visual system. However, we additionally suggest that action may orient visual attention using mechanisms, which gaze direction does not (i.e., neural direct mapping and corepresentation). Finally, we review the implications of these gaze-independent mechanisms for the study of attention to action. We suggest that our understanding of attention to action may benefit from being studied in the context of joint action paradigms, where the role of higher level action goals and social factors can be investigated.
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16
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Dickinson D, Pratt DN, Giangrande EJ, Grunnagle M, Orel J, Weinberger DR, Callicott JH, Berman KF. Attacking Heterogeneity in Schizophrenia by Deriving Clinical Subgroups From Widely Available Symptom Data. Schizophr Bull 2018; 44:101-113. [PMID: 28369611 PMCID: PMC5768050 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbx039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has identified (1) a "deficit" subtype of schizophrenia characterized by enduring negative symptoms and diminished emotionality and (2) a "distress" subtype associated with high emotionality-including anxiety, depression, and stress sensitivity. Individuals in deficit and distress categories differ sharply in development, clinical course and behavior, and show distinct biological markers, perhaps signaling different etiologies. We tested whether deficit and distress subtypes would emerge from a simple but novel data-driven subgrouping analysis, based on Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) negative and distress symptom dimensions, and whether subgrouping was informative regarding other facets of behavior and brain function. PANSS data, and other assessments, were available for 549 people with schizophrenia diagnoses. Negative and distress symptom composite scores were used as indicators in 2-step cluster analyses, which divided the sample into low symptom (n = 301), distress (n = 121), and deficit (n = 127) subgroups. Relative to the low-symptom group, the deficit and distress subgroups had comparably higher total PANSS symptoms (Ps < .001) and were similarly functionally impaired (eg, global functioning [GAF] Ps < .001), but showed markedly different patterns on symptom, cognitive and personality variables, among others. Initial analyses of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from a 182-participant subset of the full sample also suggested distinct patterns of neural recruitment during working memory. The field seeks more neuroscience-based systems for classifying psychiatric conditions, but these are inescapably behavioral disorders. More effective parsing of clinical and behavioral traits could identify homogeneous target groups for further neural system and molecular studies, helping to integrate clinical and neuroscience approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwight Dickinson
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD,To whom correspondence should be addressed; 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 3c-115, Bethesda, MD 20814, US; tel: 301-451-2123, fax: 301-480-7795, e-mail:
| | - Danielle N Pratt
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Evan J Giangrande
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - MeiLin Grunnagle
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jennifer Orel
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- The Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD
| | - Joseph H Callicott
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Karen F Berman
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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17
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Fisher M, Herman A, Stephens DB, Vinogradov S. Neuroscience-informed computer-assisted cognitive training in schizophrenia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1366:90-114. [PMID: 27111135 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a heterogeneous psychiatric syndrome characterized by psychosis. It is also a neurodevelopmental disorder. In the earliest phases of the illness, at-risk individuals exhibit subtle, nonspecific symptoms, including cognitive dysfunction and progressive brain volumetric loss. Generally, schizophrenia is characterized by abnormal/inefficient neural system operations and neural oscillatory activity, as well as functional disconnectivity across frontal-temporo parietal and frontal-subcortical networks; it thus may best be described as a widespread neural oscillatory connectomopathy. Despite earlier views of schizophrenia as an inevitably progressive neurodegenerative disease, emerging evidence indicates that endogenous neuroplastic capacity is retained. An active area of research is directed at understanding how best to harness this learning-induced neuroplasticity to enhance neural system functioning, improve cognition, and prevent-and possibly even reverse-disease progression. In this review, we present an overview of results from the most widely used computer-assisted cognitive-training programs in schizophrenia, contrasting a broad neuropsychological rehabilitation approach with a targeted cognitive-training approach. We then review studies on the neurobiological effects of these two training methods. Finally, we discuss future directions with a focus on the "oscillatory connectome" as a key area of investigation for developing the most precise and scientifically informed treatment approaches for this illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Fisher
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, and San Francisco Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Alexander Herman
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Sophia Vinogradov
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, and San Francisco Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California
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18
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Semantic congruent audiovisual integration during the encoding stage of working memory: an ERP and sLORETA study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5112. [PMID: 28698594 PMCID: PMC5505990 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05471-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although multisensory integration is an inherent component of functional brain organization, multisensory integration during working memory (WM) has attracted little attention. The present study investigated the neural properties underlying the multisensory integration of WM by comparing semantically related bimodal stimulus presentations with unimodal stimulus presentations and analysing the results using the standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) source location approach. The results showed that the memory retrieval reaction times during congruent audiovisual conditions were faster than those during unisensory conditions. Moreover, our findings indicated that the event-related potential (ERP) for simultaneous audiovisual stimuli differed from the ERP for the sum of unisensory constituents during the encoding stage and occurred within a 236-530 ms timeframe over the frontal and parietal-occipital electrodes. The sLORETA images revealed a distributed network of brain areas that participate in the multisensory integration of WM. These results suggested that information inputs from different WM subsystems yielded nonlinear multisensory interactions and became integrated during the encoding stage. The multicomponent model of WM indicates that the central executive could play a critical role in the integration of information from different slave systems.
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19
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Zheng L, Liu W, He W, Yu S, Zhong G. Altered effective brain connectivity at early response of antipsychotics in first-episode schizophrenia with auditory hallucinations. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 128:867-874. [PMID: 28399440 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the alterations of cortical connectivity in first-episode schizophrenia (FES) with auditory hallucinations at early response of antipsychotics. METHODS This was a nonexperimental control of medication study. We measured the cortical activity of 20 medicated patients with FES (medicated group), 19 nonmedicated patients with FES (nonmedicated group), and 22 healthy controls using electroencephalogram during eye-open resting state. Source reconstruction analysis was performed to determine the brain regions that showed significant group difference. A dynamic causal modelling (DCM) analysis was used to estimate the effective connectivity between sources. RESULT Both FES groups expressed increased activity in the right middle frontal gyrus (RMFG) and left/right superior temporal gyrus (L/RSTG) relative to that in the controls (p<0.05), and the nonmedicated group presented even higher activity than the medicated group (p<0.05). The effective connectivity from RMFG to LSTG was weaker in the nonmedicated group relative to that in the medicated group (p<0.01), although patients in the medicated group showed no difference with healthy controls in RMFG to L/RSTG connections. The Bayesian model selection analysis found modulatory lateralization in the nonmedicated group. CONCLUSION The patients with FES showed frontotemporal hyperactivity and disconnectivity. The effective connections accompanied with modulation were improved when hallucination diminished at early response of routine medication. SIGNIFICANCE This study provided the first evidence of early drug response-related alterations in effective brain connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Zheng
- Department of Psychiatry, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weibo Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Wei He
- Department of Cognitive Science, Macquaire University, New South Wales, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders, Macquaire University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shaohua Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guodong Zhong
- Electroencephalogram Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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20
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Restricted attention to social cues in schizophrenia patients. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2016; 266:649-61. [PMID: 27305925 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-016-0705-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Deficits of psychosocial functioning are a robust finding in schizophrenia. Research on social cognition may open a new avenue for the development of effective interventions. As a correlate of social perceptive information processing deficits, schizophrenia patients (SZP) show deviant gaze behavior (GB) while viewing emotional faces. As understanding of a social environment requires gathering complex social information, our study aimed at investigating the gaze behavior of SZP related to social interactions and its impact on the level of social and role functioning. GB of 32 SZP and 37 healthy control individuals (HCI) was investigated with a high-resolution eye tracker during an unguided viewing of 12 complex pictures of social interaction scenes. Regarding whole pictures, SZP showed a shorter scanpath length, fewer fixations and a shorter mean distance between fixations. Furthermore, SZP exhibited fewer and shorter fixations on faces, but not on the socially informative bodies nor on the background, suggesting a cue-specific abnormality. Logistic regression with bootstrapping yielded a model including two GB parameters; a subsequent ROC curve analysis indicated an excellent ability of group discrimination (AUC .85). Face-related GB aberrations correlated with lower social and role functioning and with delusional thinking, but not with negative symptoms. Training of spontaneous integration of face-related social information seems promising to enable a holistic perception of social information, which may in turn improve social and role functioning. The observed ability to discriminate SZP from HCI warrants further research on the predictive validity of GB in psychosis risk prediction.
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21
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Daniel TA, Katz JS, Robinson JL. Delayed match-to-sample in working memory: A BrainMap meta-analysis. Biol Psychol 2016; 120:10-20. [PMID: 27481545 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Working memory (WM), or the ability to temporarily store and manipulate information, is one of the most widely studied constructs in cognitive psychology. Since its inception, it has become one of the leading explanations for how humans are able to operate on a cognitive level. The current study probed the neural networks underlying one of the most commonly used tasks, delayed match-to-sample (DMTS), to study WM. An activation likelihood estimation (ALE) analysis of 42 functional neuroimaging studies (626 participants) was conducted to demonstrate neural network engagement during DMTS. Results demonstrated strong convergence in brain regions commonly associated with the working memory construct (i.e., dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, fusiform gyrus, and posterior parietal cortex). However, neural activation in two regions frequently attributed to WM were absent from this meta-analysis: the anterior cingulate and the rostral prefrontal cortex, suggesting that these regions may be more sensitive to task or stimuli characteristics. In a post-hoc analysis, we deconstructed the DMTS meta-analysis to examine nonverbal versus verbal stimuli, and found notable neurofunctional differences such that DMTS using nonverbal stimuli consistently engaged the right middle frontal gyrus (BA 6/46) and precuneus (BA 7) more so than verbal stimuli based DMTS. These results provide a foundation for future models of functional connectivity that may elucidate subtle differences in working memory attributable to pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Daniel
- Department of Psychology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
| | - Jeffrey S Katz
- Department of Psychology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA; AU MRI Research Center, Dept. of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA; Alabama Advanced Imaging Consortium, Auburn University and University of Alabama Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jennifer L Robinson
- Department of Psychology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA; AU MRI Research Center, Dept. of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA; Alabama Advanced Imaging Consortium, Auburn University and University of Alabama Birmingham, AL, USA
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22
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Guo S, Palaniyappan L, Liddle PF, Feng J. Dynamic cerebral reorganization in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia: a MRI-derived cortical thickness study. Psychol Med 2016; 46:2201-2214. [PMID: 27228263 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291716000994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A structural neuroanatomical change indicating a reduction in brain tissue is a notable feature of schizophrenia. Several pathophysiological processes such as aberrant cortical maturation, progressive tissue loss and compensatory tissue increase could contribute to the structural changes seen in schizophrenia. METHOD We studied cortical thickness using surface-based morphometry in 98 clinically stable patients with schizophrenia and 83 controls. Using a pattern classification approach, we studied whether the features that discriminate patients from controls vary across the different stages of the illness. Using a covariance analysis, we also investigated if concurrent increases accompany decreases in cortical thickness. RESULTS Very high levels of accuracy (96.3%), specificity (98.8%) and sensitivity (88%) were noted when classifying patients with <2 years of illness from controls. Within the patient group, reduced thickness was consistently accompanied by increased thickness in distributed brain regions. A pattern of cortical amelioration or normalization (i.e. reduced deviation from controls) was noted with increasing illness duration. While temporo-limbic and fronto-parietal regions showed reduced thickness, the occipital cortex showed increased thickness, especially in those with a long-standing illness. CONCLUSION A compensatory remodelling process might contribute to the cortical thickness variations in different stages of schizophrenia. Subtle cerebral reorganization reflecting the inherent plasticity of brain may occur concomitantly with processes contributing to tissue reduction in adult patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Guo
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Computing and Stochastic Information Processing (Ministry of Education of China),College of Mathematics and Computer Science,Hunan Normal University,Changsha,People's Republic of China
| | - L Palaniyappan
- Division of Psychiatry & Applied Psychology,Centre for Translational Neuroimaging in Mental Health,Institute of Mental Health,University of Nottingham,Nottingham,UK
| | - P F Liddle
- Division of Psychiatry & Applied Psychology,Centre for Translational Neuroimaging in Mental Health,Institute of Mental Health,University of Nottingham,Nottingham,UK
| | - J Feng
- Department of Computer Science,University of Warwick,Coventry,UK
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23
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Crossley NA, Mechelli A, Ginestet C, Rubinov M, Bullmore ET, McGuire P. Altered Hub Functioning and Compensatory Activations in the Connectome: A Meta-Analysis of Functional Neuroimaging Studies in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2016; 42:434-42. [PMID: 26472684 PMCID: PMC4753609 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbv146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional neuroimaging studies of schizophrenia have identified abnormal activations in many brain regions. In an effort to interpret these findings from a network perspective, we carried out a meta-analysis of this literature, mapping anatomical locations of under- and over-activation to the topology of a normative human functional connectome. METHODS We included 314 task-based functional neuroimaging studies including more than 5000 patients with schizophrenia and over 5000 controls. Coordinates of significant under- or over-activations in patients relative to controls were mapped to nodes of a normative connectome defined by a prior meta-analysis of 1641 functional neuroimaging studies of task-related activation in healthy volunteers. RESULTS Under-activations and over-activations were reported in a wide diversity of brain regions. Both under- and over-activations were significantly more likely to be located in hub nodes that constitute the "rich club" or core of the normative connectome. In a subset of 121 studies that reported both under- and over-activations in the same patients, we found that, in network terms, these abnormalities were located in close topological proximity to each other. Under-activation in a peripheral node was more frequently associated specifically with over-activation of core nodes than with over-activation of another peripheral node. CONCLUSIONS Although schizophrenia is associated with altered brain functional activation in a wide variety of regions, abnormal responses are concentrated in hubs of the normative connectome. Task-specific under-activation in schizophrenia is accompanied by over-activation of topologically central, less functionally specialized network nodes, which may represent a compensatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas A. Crossley
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK;,*To whom correspondence should be addressed; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK; tel: +44-(0)-20-7848-0970, e-mail:
| | - Andrea Mechelli
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Cedric Ginestet
- Department of Neuroimaging Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK;,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Mikail Rubinov
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Edward T. Bullmore
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK;,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK;,ImmunoPsychiatry, Alternative Discovery and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Cambridge, UK,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Philip McGuire
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK;,These authors contributed equally to this work
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24
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Holt DJ, Boeke EA, Coombs G, DeCross SN, Cassidy BS, Stufflebeam S, Rauch SL, Tootell RBH. Abnormalities in personal space and parietal-frontal function in schizophrenia. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2015; 9:233-43. [PMID: 26484048 PMCID: PMC4573090 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is associated with subtle abnormalities in day-to-day social behaviors, including a tendency in some patients to “keep their distance” from others in physical space. The neural basis of this abnormality, and related changes in social functioning, is unknown. Here we examined, in schizophrenic patients and healthy control subjects, the functioning of a parietal–frontal network involved in monitoring the space immediately surrounding the body (“personal space”). Using fMRI, we found that one region of this network, the dorsal intraparietal sulcus (DIPS), was hyper-responsive in schizophrenic patients to face stimuli appearing to move towards the subjects, intruding into personal space. This hyper-responsivity was predicted both by the size of personal space (which was abnormally elevated in the schizophrenia group) and the severity of negative symptoms. In contrast, in a second study, the activity of two lower-level visual areas that send information to DIPS (the fusiform face area and middle temporal area) was normal in schizophrenia. Together, these findings suggest that changes in parietal–frontal networks that support the sensory-guided initiation of behavior, including actions occurring in the space surrounding the body, contribute to social dysfunction and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. A parietal–frontal network in the primate brain monitors the space near the body. “Personal space”, a person's “comfort zone”, is influenced by this network. Patients with schizophrenia show an abnormal enlargement of personal space. This enlargement correlates with negative symptom levels. This enlargement also correlates with parietal responses to personal space intrusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne J Holt
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA ; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA ; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Emily A Boeke
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA ; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Garth Coombs
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA ; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie N DeCross
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA ; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Brittany S Cassidy
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA ; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Steven Stufflebeam
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA ; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA ; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott L Rauch
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA ; McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Roger B H Tootell
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA ; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA ; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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25
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Duan HF, Gan JL, Yang JM, Cheng ZX, Gao CY, Shi ZJ, Zhu XQ, Liang XJ, Zhao LM. A longitudinal study on intrinsic connectivity of hippocampus associated with positive symptom in first-episode schizophrenia. Behav Brain Res 2015; 283:78-86. [PMID: 25619684 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal pathology has been considered to underlie clinical, functional and cognitive impairments in schizophrenia. While longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have demonstrated progressive gray matter reduction of the hippocampus during the early phases of schizophrenia (SCZ), very little is known about whether functional connectivity (FC) between the hippocampus and other brain regions also exhibit progressive changes. In this study, resting state functional MRI (fMRI) was used to examine changes in hippocampal connectivity at baseline and follow-up scans comparing 68 patients with first episode SCZ and 62 matched controls. At baseline and follow-up, in the bilateral hippocampal network, SCZ mainly showed decreased FC with bilateral cerebellum posterior lobe, frontal gyrus temporal gyrus, precuneus, and cingulate cortex compared to controls. Furthermore, in the bilateral hippocampus, there was a significant interaction effect of group and time for FC with cerebellum posterior lobe, temporal gyrus, frontal gyrus, and posterior cingulate cortex. Interestingly, longitudinal changes of bilateral hippocampal connectivity with right middle frontal gyrus negatively correlated with positive symptom scores in SCZ. These results provide novel evidence for the progressive changes of FC between hippocampus and other brain regions in SCZ. It further suggests that longitudinal changes of bilateral hippocampal connectivity with right middle frontal gyrus can contribute to the formation and emergence of positive symptom of SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Feng Duan
- Department of Psychiatry, Mental Diseases Prevention and Treatment Institute of PLA, PLA 91st Central Hospital, Jiaozuo 454003, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Jing-Li Gan
- Department of Psychiatry, Mental Diseases Prevention and Treatment Institute of PLA, PLA 91st Central Hospital, Jiaozuo 454003, Henan Province, PR China.
| | - Jia-Ming Yang
- Center for Medical Imaging, PLA 91st Central Hospital, Jiaozuo 454003, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Zheng-Xiang Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, Mental Diseases Prevention and Treatment Institute of PLA, PLA 91st Central Hospital, Jiaozuo 454003, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Cun-You Gao
- Department of Psychiatry, Mental Diseases Prevention and Treatment Institute of PLA, PLA 91st Central Hospital, Jiaozuo 454003, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Zhen-Juan Shi
- Department of Psychiatry, Mental Diseases Prevention and Treatment Institute of PLA, PLA 91st Central Hospital, Jiaozuo 454003, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Xi-Quan Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, Mental Diseases Prevention and Treatment Institute of PLA, PLA 91st Central Hospital, Jiaozuo 454003, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Xue-Jun Liang
- Department of Psychiatry, Mental Diseases Prevention and Treatment Institute of PLA, PLA 91st Central Hospital, Jiaozuo 454003, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Lan-Min Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, Mental Diseases Prevention and Treatment Institute of PLA, PLA 91st Central Hospital, Jiaozuo 454003, Henan Province, PR China
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Wang XL, Du MY, Chen TL, Chen ZQ, Huang XQ, Luo Y, Zhao YJ, Kumar P, Gong QY. Neural correlates during working memory processing in major depressive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 56:101-8. [PMID: 25174680 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies in major depressive disorder (MDD) have revealed cortical-limbic-subcortical dysfunctions during working memory (WM) processing, but the results are inconsistent and it is unclear to what extent these findings are influenced by demographic, clinical characteristics and task performance of patients. The present study conducted a quantitative coordinate-based meta-analysis of fMRI data to investigate the hypothesized dysfunction in the neural correlates during WM processing in MDD. METHODS A systematic research was conducted for fMRI studies during WM processing comparing MDD patients with healthy controls (HC). Meta-analysis was performed using effect size signed differential mapping (ES-SDM). Meta-regression analyses with age, sex and medication as factors were performed in MDD group. RESULTS Functional MRI data of 160 MDD patients and 203 HC from 13 WM experiments across 11 studies were included in this meta-analysis. In the pooled meta-analysis of all included studies, significant increased activation during WM in the left lateral prefrontal cortex, left precentral gyrus, left insula, right superior temporal and right supramarginal areas, and significant decreased activity in the right precentral gyrus, right precuneus and right insula were observed in MDD compared with controls. In the subgroup analysis of the studies with matched task performance, MDD subgroup showed hyperactivation only in the left prefrontal cortex and hypoactivation in the regions similar to the pooled analysis. The meta-regression with age, sex and medication showed no significance in MDD group. CONCLUSIONS Regardless of differences in task performance between groups, patients with MDD showed consistent functional abnormalities in the cortical-limbic-subcortical circuitry during WM processing. Distinct patterns of neural engagement may reflect compensatory neural strategies to potential dysfunction in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Li Wang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China; Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Ming-Ying Du
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Tao-Lin Chen
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Zi-Qi Chen
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xiao-Qi Huang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Ya Luo
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - You-Jin Zhao
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Poornima Kumar
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Qi-Yong Gong
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
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Zheng L, Chai H, Yu S, Xu Y, Chen W, Wang W. EEG theta power and coherence to octave illusion in first-episode paranoid schizophrenia with auditory hallucinations. Psychopathology 2015; 48:36-46. [PMID: 25359515 DOI: 10.1159/000366104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The exact mechanism behind auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia remains unknown. A corollary discharge dysfunction hypothesis has been put forward, but it requires further confirmation. Electroencephalography (EEG) of the Deutsch octave illusion might offer more insight, by demonstrating an abnormal cerebral activation similar to that under auditory hallucinations in schizophrenic patients. METHODS We invited 23 first-episode schizophrenic patients with auditory hallucinations and 23 healthy participants to listen to silence and two sound sequences, which consisted of alternating 400- and 800-Hz tones. EEG spectral power and coherence values of different frequency bands, including theta rhythm (3.5-7.5 Hz), were computed using 32 scalp electrodes. Task-related spectral power changes and task-related coherence differences were also calculated. Clinical characteristics of patients were rated using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. RESULTS After both sequences of octave illusion, the task-related theta power change values of frontal and temporal areas were significantly lower, and the task-related theta coherence difference values of intrahemispheric frontal-temporal areas were significantly higher in schizophrenic patients than in healthy participants. Moreover, the task-related power change values in both hemispheres were negatively correlated and the task-related coherence difference values in the right hemisphere were positively correlated with the hallucination score in schizophrenic patients. LIMITATIONS We only tested the Deutsch octave illusion in primary schizophrenic patients with acute first episode. Further studies might adopt other illusions or employ other forms of schizophrenia. CONCLUSION Our results showed a lower activation but higher connection within frontal and temporal areas in schizophrenic patients under octave illusion. This suggests an oversynchronized but weak frontal area to exert an action to the ipsilateral temporal area, which supports the corollary discharge dysfunction hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Zheng
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Brown EC, Hack SM, Gold JM, Carpenter WT, Fischer BA, Prentice KP, Waltz JA. Integrating frequency and magnitude information in decision-making in schizophrenia: An account of patient performance on the Iowa Gambling Task. J Psychiatr Res 2015; 66-67:16-23. [PMID: 25959618 PMCID: PMC4458199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT; Bechara et al., 1994) has frequently been used to assess risky decision making in clinical populations, including patients with schizophrenia (SZ). Poor performance on the IGT is often attributed to reduced sensitivity to punishment, which contrasts with recent findings from reinforcement learning studies in schizophrenia. METHODS In order to investigate possible sources of IGT performance deficits in SZ patients, we combined data from the IGT from 59 SZ patients and 43 demographically-matched controls with data from the Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART) in the same participants. Our analyses sought to specifically uncover the role of punishment sensitivity and delineate the capacity to integrate frequency and magnitude information in decision-making under risk. RESULTS Although SZ patients, on average, made more choices from disadvantageous decks than controls did on the IGT, they avoided decks with frequent punishments at a rate similar to controls. Patients also exhibited excessive loss-avoidance behavior on the BART. CONCLUSIONS We argue that, rather than stemming from reduced sensitivity to negative consequences, performance deficits on the IGT in SZ patients are more likely the result of a reinforcement learning deficit, specifically involving the integration of frequencies and magnitudes of rewards and punishments in the trial-by-trial estimation of expected value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot C Brown
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center (MPRC), Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Samantha M Hack
- Veterans Affairs Capital Network (VISN 5) Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James M Gold
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center (MPRC), Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William T Carpenter
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center (MPRC), Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Veterans Affairs Capital Network (VISN 5) Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bernard A Fischer
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center (MPRC), Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Veterans Affairs Capital Network (VISN 5) Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kristen P Prentice
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center (MPRC), Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James A Waltz
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center (MPRC), Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Zhou Y, Wang Z, Zuo XN, Zhang H, Wang Y, Jiang T, Liu Z. Hyper-coupling between working memory task-evoked activations and amplitude of spontaneous fluctuations in first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2014; 159:80-9. [PMID: 25132644 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Working memory (WM) deficit is an important component of impaired cognition in schizophrenia. However, between-studies inconsistencies as to the specific functional substrate imply that inter-individual variability (IIV) in the WM performance is associated with IIV in brain activity in schizophrenia. To examine the neural substrate of this WM IIV, we studied whether the neural mechanisms that underlie individual differences in WM capacity are the same in schizophrenia patients and healthy people. We correlated the IIV of the task-evoked brain activity and task performance during an n-back WM task with the IIV of the moment-to-moment variability in intrinsic resting-state activity, as measured by the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFFs) and further compared this relationship between 17 patients with first-episode schizophrenia (FES) and 18 healthy controls. Between-group comparisons of the correlation patterns indicated aberrant ALFF-WM activation correlations and ALFF-WM performance correlations in the FES patients, but no significant changes were detected in any single measurement of these three characteristics. Specifically, we found increased positive ALFF-WM activation correlations in the bilateral lateral prefrontal cortices, posterior parietal cortices and fusiform gyri in the FES patients. We also observed significant increases in positive ALFF-WM performance correlations in the bilateral ventromedial prefrontal cortices in the FES patients. This hyper-coupling between the ALFF and fMRI measures during a WM task may indicate that it was difficult for the patients to detach themselves from one state to transition to another and suggests that the inefficient cortical function in schizophrenia stems from the intrinsic functional architecture of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Institute of Mental Health, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Xi-Nian Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Huiran Zhang
- Institute of Mental Health, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tianzi Jiang
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhening Liu
- Institute of Mental Health, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China.
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30
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Altered default mode and fronto-parietal network subsystems in patients with schizophrenia and their unaffected siblings. Brain Res 2014; 1562:87-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Dyck M, Loughead J, Gur RC, Schneider F, Mathiak K. Hyperactivation balances sensory processing deficits during mood induction in schizophrenia. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2014; 9:167-75. [PMID: 23051903 PMCID: PMC3907924 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nss120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
While impairments in emotion recognition are consistently reported in schizophrenia, there is some debate on the experience of emotion. Only few studies investigated neural correlates of emotional experience in schizophrenia. The present functional magnetic resonance imaging study compared a standard visual mood induction paradigm with an audiovisual method aimed at eliciting emotions more automatically. To investigate the interplay of sensory, cognitive and emotional mechanisms during emotion experience, we examined connectivity patterns between brain areas. Sixteen schizophrenia patients and sixteen healthy subjects participated in two different mood inductions (visual and audiovisual) that were administered for different emotions (happiness, sadness and neutral). Confirming the dissociation of behavioral and neural correlates of emotion experience, patients rated their mood similarly to healthy subjects but showed differences in neural activations. Sensory brain areas were activated less, increased activity emerged in higher cortical areas, particularly during audiovisual stimulation. Connectivity was increased between primary and secondary sensory processing areas in schizophrenia. These findings support the hypothesis of a deficit in filtering and processing sensory information alongside increased higher-order cognitive effort compensating for perception deficits in the affective domain. This may suffice to recover emotion experience in ratings of clinically stable patients but may fail during acute psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Dyck
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Jiang T, Zhou Y, Liu B, Liu Y, Song M. Brainnetome-wide association studies in schizophrenia: The advances and future. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:2818-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Hyperfrontality and hypoconnectivity during refreshing in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2013; 211:226-33. [PMID: 23137808 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Anomalous activations of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and posterior cerebral areas have been reported in previous studies of working memory in schizophrenia. Several interpretations have been reported: e.g., neural inefficiency, the use of different strategies and differences in the functional organization of the cerebral cortex. To better understand these abnormal activations, we investigated the cerebral bases of a working memory component process, namely refreshing (i.e., thinking briefly of a just-activated representation). Fifteen patients with schizophrenia and 15 control subjects participated in this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study. Participants were told that whenever they saw a word on the screen, they had to read it silently to themselves (read and repeat conditions), and when they saw a dot, they had to think of the just-previous word (refresh condition). The refresh condition (in comparison with the read condition) was associated with significantly increased activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus and significantly decreased connectivity within the prefrontal cortex and between the prefrontal and parietal cortices in patients with schizophrenia in comparison with control subjects. These results suggest that prefrontal dysfunctions in schizophrenia might be related to a defective ability to initiate (rather than to execute) specific cognitive processes.
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Joshi D, Fung SJ, Rothwell A, Weickert CS. Higher gamma-aminobutyric acid neuron density in the white matter of orbital frontal cortex in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 72:725-33. [PMID: 22841514 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), reduced gray matter volume and reduced glutamic acid decarboxylase 67kDa isoform (GAD67) messenger (m)RNA are found in schizophrenia; however, how these alterations relate to developmental pathology of interneurons is unclear. The present study therefore aimed to determine if increased interstitial white matter neuron (IWMN) density exists in the OFC; whether gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neuron density in OFC white matter was altered; and how IWMN density may be related to an early-expressed inhibitory neuron marker, Dlx1, in OFC gray matter in schizophrenia. METHODS IWMN densities were determined (38 schizophrenia and 38 control subjects) for neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN+) and 65/67 kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase immunopositive (GAD65/67+) neurons. In situ hybridization was performed to determine Dlx1 and GAD67 mRNA expression in the OFC gray matter. RESULTS NeuN and GAD65/67 immunopositive cell density was significantly increased in the superficial white matter in schizophrenia. Gray matter Dlx1 and GAD67 mRNA expression were reduced in schizophrenia. Dlx1 mRNA levels were negatively correlated with GAD65/67 IWMN density. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides evidence that pathology of IWMNs in schizophrenia includes GABAergic interneurons and that increased IWMN density may be related to GABAergic deficits in the overlying gray matter. These findings provide evidence at the cellular level that the OFC is a site of pathology in schizophrenia and support the hypothesis that inappropriate migration of cortical inhibitory interneurons occurs in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipesh Joshi
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, Australia.
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35
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Ehrlich S, Brauns S, Yendiki A, Ho BC, Calhoun V, Schulz SC, Gollub RL, Sponheim SR. Associations of cortical thickness and cognition in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. Schizophr Bull 2012; 38:1050-62. [PMID: 21436318 PMCID: PMC3446215 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbr018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have found varying relationships between cognitive functioning and brain volumes in patients with schizophrenia. However, cortical thickness may more closely reflect cytoarchitectural characteristics than gray matter density or volume estimates. Here, we aimed to compare associations between regional variation in cortical thickness and executive functions, memory, as well as verbal and spatial processing in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls (HCs). We obtained magnetic resonance imaging and neuropsychological data for 131 patients and 138 matched controls. Automated cortical pattern matching methods allowed testing for associations with cortical thickness estimated as the shortest distance between the gray/white matter border and the pial surface at thousands of points across the entire cortical surface. Two independent measures of working memory showed robust associations with cortical thickness in lateral prefrontal cortex in HCs, whereas patients exhibited associations between working memory and cortical thickness in the right middle and superior temporal lobe. This study provides additional evidence for a disrupted structure-function relationship in schizophrenia. In line with the prefrontal inefficiency hypothesis, schizophrenia patients may engage a larger compensatory network of brain regions other than frontal cortex to recall and manipulate verbal material in working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Ehrlich
- Psychiatric Neuroimaging Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital/Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA 02129-2000, USA.
| | - Stefan Brauns
- Massachusetts General Hospital/Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA
| | - Anastasia Yendiki
- Massachusetts General Hospital/Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA
| | - Beng-Choon Ho
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Vince Calhoun
- The Mind Research Network, Image Analysis and MR Research, Albuquerque, NM,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - S. Charles Schulz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN,Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Randy L. Gollub
- Massachusetts General Hospital/Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Scott R. Sponheim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN
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Cobia DJ, Smith MJ, Wang L, Csernansky JG. Longitudinal progression of frontal and temporal lobe changes in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2012; 139:1-6. [PMID: 22647883 PMCID: PMC3413315 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Cortical abnormalities are considered a neurobiological characteristic of schizophrenia. However, the pattern of such deficits as they progress over the illness remains poorly understood. The goal of this project was to assess the progression of cortical thinning in frontal and temporal cortical regions in schizophrenia, and determine whether relationships exist between them and neuropsychological and clinical symptom profiles. As part of a larger longitudinal 2-year follow-up study, schizophrenia (n=20) and healthy participants (n=20) group-matched for age, gender, and recent-alcohol use, were selected. Using MRI, estimates of gray matter thickness were derived from primary anatomical gyri of the frontal and temporal lobes using surface-based algorithms. These values were entered into repeated-measures analysis of variance models to determine group status and time effects. Change values in cortical regions were correlated with changes in neuropsychological functioning and clinical symptomatology. Results revealed exaggerated cortical thinning of the middle frontal, superior temporal, and middle temporal gyri in schizophrenia participants. These thickness changes strongly influenced volumetric reductions, but were not related to shrinking surface area. Neuropsychological and clinical symptom profiles were stable in the schizophrenia participants despite these neuroanatomic changes. Overall it appears that ongoing abnormalities in the cerebral cortex continue after initial onset of schizophrenia, particularly the lateral aspects of frontal and temporal regions, and do not relate to neuropsychological or clinical measures over time. Maintenance of neuropsychological performance and clinical stability in the face of changing neuroanatomical structure suggests the involvement of alternative compensatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derin J. Cobia
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University Feinberg School of Medicine 446 E. Ontario, Suite 7-100 Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Matthew J. Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University Feinberg School of Medicine 446 E. Ontario, Suite 7-100 Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University Feinberg School of Medicine 446 E. Ontario, Suite 7-100 Chicago, IL 60611 USA
,Department of Radiology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine 446 E. Ontario, Suite 7-100 Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - John G. Csernansky
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University Feinberg School of Medicine 446 E. Ontario, Suite 7-100 Chicago, IL 60611 USA
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Yamashita Y, Tani J. Spontaneous prediction error generation in schizophrenia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37843. [PMID: 22666398 PMCID: PMC3364276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Goal-directed human behavior is enabled by hierarchically-organized neural systems that process executive commands associated with higher brain areas in response to sensory and motor signals from lower brain areas. Psychiatric diseases and psychotic conditions are postulated to involve disturbances in these hierarchical network interactions, but the mechanism for how aberrant disease signals are generated in networks, and a systems-level framework linking disease signals to specific psychiatric symptoms remains undetermined. In this study, we show that neural networks containing schizophrenia-like deficits can spontaneously generate uncompensated error signals with properties that explain psychiatric disease symptoms, including fictive perception, altered sense of self, and unpredictable behavior. To distinguish dysfunction at the behavioral versus network level, we monitored the interactive behavior of a humanoid robot driven by the network. Mild perturbations in network connectivity resulted in the spontaneous appearance of uncompensated prediction errors and altered interactions within the network without external changes in behavior, correlating to the fictive sensations and agency experienced by episodic disease patients. In contrast, more severe deficits resulted in unstable network dynamics resulting in overt changes in behavior similar to those observed in chronic disease patients. These findings demonstrate that prediction error disequilibrium may represent an intrinsic property of schizophrenic brain networks reporting the severity and variability of disease symptoms. Moreover, these results support a systems-level model for psychiatric disease that features the spontaneous generation of maladaptive signals in hierarchical neural networks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Tani
- Laboratory for Behavior and Dynamic Cognition, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Karlsgodt KH, Jacobson SC, Seal M, Fusar-Poli P. The relationship of developmental changes in white matter to the onset of psychosis. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 18:422-33. [PMID: 22239573 PMCID: PMC7130450 DOI: 10.2174/138161212799316073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a disorder with a pronounced developmental component. Accordingly, there is a growing interest in characterizing developmental changes in the period leading up to disease onset, in an effort to develop effective preventative interventions. One of the ongoing neurodevelopmental changes known to occur in the late adolescent period that often overlaps with the prodromal phase and time of onset is white matter development and myelination. In this critical review, a disruption in the normal trajectory of white matter development could potentially play an important role in the onset of psychosis. We seek to summarize the existing state of research on white matter development in prodromal subjects, with a particular focus on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measures. First, we describe the physiological basis of developmental white matter changes and myelination. Next, we characterize the pattern of white matter changes associated with typical development across adolescence as measured with DTI. Then, we discuss white matter changes observed in adult patients with schizophrenia and in individuals seen in genetic and clinical high risk states. Finally, we discuss the implications of these findings for future research directions and for potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine H Karlsgodt
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Strauss GP, Robinson BM, Waltz JA, Frank MJ, Kasanova Z, Herbener ES, Gold JM. Patients with schizophrenia demonstrate inconsistent preference judgments for affective and nonaffective stimuli. Schizophr Bull 2011; 37:1295-304. [PMID: 20484522 PMCID: PMC3196954 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbq047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have typically found that individuals with schizophrenia (SZ) report levels of emotional experience that are similar to controls (CN) when asked to view a single evocative stimulus and make an absolute judgment of stimulus "value." However, value is rarely assigned in absolute terms in real-life situations, where one alternative or experience is often evaluated alongside others, and value judgments are made in relative terms. In the current study, we examined performance on a preference task that requires individuals to differentiate between the relative values of different stimuli. In this task, subjects were presented with many pairs of moderately positive stimuli and asked to indicate which stimulus they preferred in each pair. Resulting data indicated the rank order of preference across stimuli and the consistency of their transitive mapping (ie, if A > B and B > C, then A should be > C). Individuals with SZ (n = 38) were both less consistent in their rankings of stimuli and more likely to have larger magnitudes of discrepant responses than control subjects (n = 27). Furthermore, CN showed clear differentiation between different valence categories of stimuli (ie, highly positive > mildly positive > mildly negative > highly negative); while individuals with SZ showed the same general pattern of results but with less differentiation between the valence levels. These data suggest that individuals with SZ are impaired in developing or maintaining nuanced representations of the different attributes of a stimulus, thus making stimuli of similar general value easily confusable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory P Strauss
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore,MD 21228, USA.
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Lencer R, Keedy SK, Reilly JL, McDonough BE, Harris MSH, Sprenger A, Sweeney JA. Altered transfer of visual motion information to parietal association cortex in untreated first-episode psychosis: implications for pursuit eye tracking. Psychiatry Res 2011; 194:30-8. [PMID: 21873035 PMCID: PMC3185164 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Visual motion processing and its use for pursuit eye movement control represent a valuable model for studying the use of sensory input for action planning. In psychotic disorders, alterations of visual motion perception have been suggested to cause pursuit eye tracking deficits. We evaluated this system in functional neuroimaging studies of untreated first-episode schizophrenia (N=24), psychotic bipolar disorder patients (N=13) and healthy controls (N=20). During a passive visual motion processing task, both patient groups showed reduced activation in the posterior parietal projection fields of motion-sensitive extrastriate area V5, but not in V5 itself. This suggests reduced bottom-up transfer of visual motion information from extrastriate cortex to perceptual systems in parietal association cortex. During active pursuit, activation was enhanced in anterior intraparietal sulcus and insula in both patient groups, and in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and dorsomedial thalamus in schizophrenia patients. This may result from increased demands on sensorimotor systems for pursuit control due to the limited availability of perceptual motion information about target speed and tracking error. Visual motion information transfer deficits to higher-level association cortex may contribute to well-established pursuit tracking abnormalities, and perhaps to a wider array of alterations in perception and action planning in psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Lencer
- Center for Cognitive Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Luebeck
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Muenster, Germany
| | - Sarah K. Keedy
- Center for Cognitive Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
| | - James L. Reilly
- Center for Cognitive Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
| | | | | | | | - John A. Sweeney
- Center for Cognitive Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
- Corresponding author: John A. Sweeney, PhD, Center for Cognitive Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 912 S Wood St., M/C 913, Chicago, IL 60612, USA, , Phone (312) 355-1582, Fax (312) 413-8837
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Wolf C, Linden S, Jackson MC, Healy D, Baird A, Linden DEJ, Thome J. Brain activity supporting working memory accuracy in patients with paranoid schizophrenia: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuropsychobiology 2011; 64:93-101. [PMID: 21701227 DOI: 10.1159/000323800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysfunctional working memory (WM) has been recognized as one of the most consistent deficits in schizophrenia. Studies that investigated the neural correlates of WM-related pathology by comparing patients with schizophrenia and control participants have produced controversial results, reporting task-related hyper- or hypoactivity in frontoparietal networks. METHOD We addressed this question by comparing BOLD signals for accurate responses during a WM task for emotional faces between a homogeneous group of high-performing patients and a control group. RESULTS Our results confirm previous findings of left prefrontal hyperactivity contrasted with hypoactivity in right prefrontal cortex to support WM performance. We also extend previous work by reporting enhanced activity in higher visual areas of patients during encoding and maintenance. CONCLUSION Our findings and those of the literature can be integrated into a model, where preserved visual cognition in high-functioning patients with hypofrontality is explained by activation of contralateral homologue areas combined with enhanced recruitment of sensory areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Wolf
- Wolfson Centre for Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
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Lis S, Apostolopoulos J, Kirsch P, Gallhofer B. Sensory and motor encoding strategies in n-back tasks: a simulation of schizophrenic working memory deficits in healthy subjects. Neuropsychobiology 2011; 63:137-46. [PMID: 21228605 DOI: 10.1159/000319459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Different patterns of intact and disturbed working memory function can be observed in schizophrenic patients depending on the type of n-back task. We investigated whether these patterns can be induced in healthy subjects by experimentally preventing a motor encoding strategy. METHODS Thirty-two healthy subjects were asked to solve 2 types of n-back task. In the continuous matching task, the subjects had to compare the present stimulus with the one occurring n stimuli back. In the continuous delayed response task (CDRT), the subjects had to select a response depending on the stimulus n stimuli back. Both types of n-back task are assumed to differ with respect to the encoding strategies that can be used to solve the tasks. The use of a motor strategy was prevented by a random arrangement of the target buttons. RESULTS When the position of the target buttons was predictable, CDRT was solved faster and with higher accuracy than the continuous matching task. However, CDRT was solved more slowly and less accurately when the arrangement of the target buttons varied between the trials. This resulted in a comparable performance in both types of the n-back task. CONCLUSIONS The behavioural alteration in schizophrenic patients in n-back tasks can be induced in healthy subjects by experimentally preventing the use of a motor encoding strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Lis
- Centre for Psychiatry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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Kurnianingsih YA, Kuswanto CN, McIntyre RS, Qiu A, Ho BC, Sim K. Neurocognitive-genetic and neuroimaging-genetic research paradigms in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2011; 118:1621-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-011-0672-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/05/2011] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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Brauns S, Gollub RL, Roffman JL, Yendiki A, Ho BC, Wassink TH, Heinz A, Ehrlich S. DISC1 is associated with cortical thickness and neural efficiency. Neuroimage 2011; 57:1591-600. [PMID: 21642004 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) is known to play a major role during brain development and is a candidate gene for schizophrenia. Cortical thickness is highly heritable and several MRI studies have shown widespread reductions of cortical thickness in patients with schizophrenia. Here, we investigated the effects of variation in DISC1 on cortical thickness. In a subsequent analysis we tested whether the identified DISC1 risk variant is also associated with neural activity during working memory functioning. METHODS We acquired structural MRI (sMRI), functional MRI (fMRI) and genotype data from 96 healthy volunteers. Separate cortical statistical maps for five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of DISC1 were generated to detect differences of cortical thickness in genotype groups across the entire cortical surface. Working-memory related load-dependent activation was measured during the Sternberg Item Recognition Paradigm and analyzed using a region-of-interest approach. RESULTS Phe allele carriers of the DISC1 SNP Leu607Phe had significantly reduced cortical thickness in the left supramarginal gyrus compared to Leu/Leu homozygotes. Neural activity in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during working memory task was increased in Phe allele carriers, whereas working memory performance did not differ between genotype groups. CONCLUSIONS This study provides convergent evidence for the effect of DISC1 risk variants on two independent brain-based intermediate phenotypes of schizophrenia. The same risk variant was associated with cortical thickness reductions and signs of neural inefficiency during a working memory task. Our findings provide further evidence for a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Brauns
- MGH/MIT/HMS Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129-2000, USA
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Kim DI, Sui J, Rachakonda S, White T, Manoach DS, Clark VP, Ho BC, Schulz SC, Calhoun VD. Identification of imaging biomarkers in schizophrenia: a coefficient-constrained independent component analysis of the mind multi-site schizophrenia study. Neuroinformatics 2011; 8:213-29. [PMID: 20607449 DOI: 10.1007/s12021-010-9077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A number of recent studies have combined multiple experimental paradigms and modalities to find relevant biological markers for schizophrenia. In this study, we extracted fMRI features maps from the analysis of three experimental paradigms (auditory oddball, Sternberg item recognition, sensorimotor) for a large number (n=154) of patients with schizophrenia and matched healthy controls. We used the general linear model (GLM) and independent component analysis (ICA) to extract feature maps (i.e. ICA component maps and GLM contrast maps), which were then subjected to a coefficient-constrained independent component analysis (CCICA) to identify potential neurobiological markers. A total of 29 different feature maps were extracted for each subject. Our results show a number of optimal feature combinations that reflect a set of brain regions that significantly discriminate between patients and controls in the spatial heterogeneity and amplitude of their feature signals. Spatial heterogeneity was seen in regions such as the superior/middle temporal and frontal gyri, bilateral parietal lobules, and regions of the thalamus. Most strikingly, an ICA feature representing a bilateral frontal pole network was consistently seen in the ten highest feature results when ranked on differences found in the amplitude of their feature signals. The implication of this frontal pole network and the spatial variability which spans regions comprising of bilateral frontal/temporal lobes and parietal lobules suggests that they might play a significant role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Il Kim
- The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Boulevard NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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Quintana J, Lee J, Marcus M, Kee K, Wong T, Yerevanian A. Brain dysfunctions during facial discrimination in schizophrenia: selective association to affect decoding. Psychiatry Res 2011; 191:44-50. [PMID: 21145212 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia patients exhibit impaired facial affect perception, yet the exact nature of this impairment remains unclear. We investigated neural activity related to processing facial emotional and non-emotional information and complex images in 12 schizophrenia patients and 15 healthy controls using functional magnetic resonance imaging. All subjects performed a facial information processing task with three conditions: matching facial emotion, matching facial identity, and matching complex visual patterns. Patients and controls showed comparable behavioral performance in all task conditions. The neural activation patterns in schizophrenia patients and healthy controls were distinctly different while processing affect-related facial information but not other non-emotional facial features. During emotion matching, orbital frontal cortex and left amydala activations were found in controls but not in patients. When comparing emotion versus identity matching, controls activated the fusiform and middle temporal gyri, left superior temporal gyrus, and right inferior and middle frontal gyrus, whereas schizophrenia patients only activated the middle and inferior frontal gyri, the frontal operculi and the right insular cortex. Our findings suggest that schizophrenia patients and healthy controls may utilize different neural networks when processing facial emotional information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Quintana
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles CA 90095, USA.
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Parietal lobes in schizophrenia: do they matter? SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2011; 2011:581686. [PMID: 22937268 PMCID: PMC3420742 DOI: 10.1155/2011/581686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Despite observations that abnormal parietal lobe (PL) function is associated with psychotic-like experiences, our knowledge about the nature of PL involvement in schizophrenia is modest. The objective of this paper is to investigate the role of the PL in schizophrenia. Method. Medline databases were searched for English language publications using the following key words: parietal lobe, combined with schizophrenia, lesions, epilepsy, cognition, rare genetic disorders, MRI, fMRI, PET, and SPECT, respectively, followed by cross-checking of references. Results. Imaging studies in childhood onset schizophrenia suggest that grey matter abnormalities start in parietal and occipital lobes and proceed to frontal regions. Although, the findings are inconsistent, several studies with patients at risk to develop schizophrenia indicate early changes in the PL. Conclusions. We want to propose that in a proportion of individuals with emerging schizophrenia structural and functional alterations may start in the PL and progress to frontal regions.
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Mazza M, Lucci G, Pacitti F, Pino MC, Mariano M, Casacchia M, Roncone R. Could schizophrenic subjects improve their social cognition abilities only with observation and imitation of social situations? Neuropsychol Rehabil 2010; 20:675-703. [PMID: 20714969 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2010.486284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenics display impairments in domains of social cognition such as theory of mind and emotion recognition. Recent studies, showing that the relationship of social cognition abilities with functional outcome is more significant than other neuro-cognitive functions, have considered these abilities as a target for intervention research. This article describes preliminary data from a new group-based study focused on Emotion and ToM Imitation Training (ETIT), an imitation treatment aimed at improving social cognition and social functioning in schizophrenia. In the present study, 16 outpatients with schizophrenia completed ETIT assessment and were compared with 17 outpatients who participated to a Problem Solving Training group. Participants were assessed at pre- and post-test on measures of emotion recognition, theory of mind, cognition, flexibility and social functioning. We compared the rehabilitation training effects on neuro-physiological activation through the event-related potentials (ERPs) method, which was recorded pre- and post-rehabilitation training. The results showed that when compared to the control group, ETIT participants improved on every social cognitive measure and showed better social functioning at post-test. Improvement in social cognition, in particular in emotion recognition, is also supported by ERP responses: we recorded an increase in electroactivity of medio-frontal areas only after ETIT treatment. Action observation and imitation could be regarded as a new frontier in rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Mazza
- Department of Science of Health, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
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Henseler I, Falkai P, Gruber O. Disturbed functional connectivity within brain networks subserving domain-specific subcomponents of working memory in schizophrenia: relation to performance and clinical symptoms. J Psychiatr Res 2010; 44:364-72. [PMID: 19837416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Disturbed interregional functional connectivity has been hypothesized to be a promising marker of schizophrenia. The relationship between working memory (WM) impairment, disturbed functional connectivity, and the characteristic symptoms of schizophrenia, however, remains elusive. METHODS We used functional MRI (fMRI) to investigate in patients with schizophrenia and matched controls the patterns of functional connectivity during the performance of different tasks selectively engaging subcomponent processes of working memory. RESULTS Compared with controls, patients showed reduced connectivity of the prefrontal cortex with the intraparietal cortex and the hippocampus and abnormal negative interactions between the ventrolateral and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during the non-articulatory maintenance of phonological information. During the maintenance of visuospatial information, patients presented reduced connectivity between regions in the superior parietal and occipital cortex, as well as enhanced positive connectivity of the frontal eye field with visual processing areas. DISCUSSION Our findings suggest complex dysregulations within the networks supporting working memory functions in schizophrenia, which manifest as decreased positive and abnormal negative interactions. Correlations between the connection strength and WM performance suggest that these dysregulations may be neurofunctional correlates of the WM deficits seen in schizophrenia. Altered prefronto-hippocampal and parieto-occipital connectivity was further found to be associated with higher positive symptoms, providing a possible explanation for the development of delusions and disorganization symptoms. CONCLUSION The present findings can help to better understand the relationship between altered patterns of synchronized brain activity and the cognitive and clinical symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Henseler
- Centre for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Clinical Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Georg August University, D-37075 Goettingen, Germany.
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Rotarska-Jagiela A, van de Ven V, Oertel-Knöchel V, Uhlhaas PJ, Vogeley K, Linden DEJ. Resting-state functional network correlates of psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2010; 117:21-30. [PMID: 20097544 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 01/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia has been associated with aberrant intrinsic functional organization of the brain but the relationship of such deficits to psychopathology is unclear. In this study, we investigated associations between resting-state networks and individual psychopathology in sixteen patients with paranoid schizophrenia and sixteen matched healthy control participants. We estimated whole-brain functional connectivity of multiple networks using a combination of spatial independent component analysis and multiple regression analysis. Five networks (default-mode, left and right fronto-parietal, left fronto-temporal and auditory networks) were selected for analysis based on their involvement in neuropsychological models of psychosis. Between-group comparisons and correlations to psychopathology ratings were performed on both spatial (connectivity distributions) and temporal features (power-spectral densities of temporal frequencies below 0.06 Hz). Schizophrenia patients showed aberrant functional connectivity in the default-mode network, which correlated with severity of hallucinations and delusions, and decreased hemispheric separation of fronto-parietal activity, which correlated with disorganization symptoms. Furthermore, the severity of positive symptoms correlated with functional connectivity of fronto-temporal and auditory networks. Finally, default-mode and auditory networks showed increased spectral power of low frequency oscillations, which correlated with positive symptom severity. These results are in line with findings from studies that investigated the neural correlates of positive symptoms and suggest that psychopathology is associated with aberrant intrinsic organization of functional brain networks in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rotarska-Jagiela
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Department of Neurophysiology, Deutschordenstr. 46, 60528 Frankfurt a.M., Germany.
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