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Savva K, Zachariou M, Bourdakou MM, Dietis N, Spyrou GM. Network-Based Stage-Specific Drug Repurposing for Alzheimer’s Disease. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:1427-1438. [PMID: 35386099 PMCID: PMC8957022 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Savva
- Bioinformatics Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Margarita Zachariou
- Bioinformatics Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Marilena M. Bourdakou
- Bioinformatics Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Nikolas Dietis
- Experimental Pharmacology Laboratory, Medical School, University of Cyprus, Cyprus
| | - George M. Spyrou
- Bioinformatics Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Corresponding author at: The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, 6 Iroon Avenue, 2371 Ayios Dometios, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Duc Nguyen H, Hoang NMH, Ko M, Seo D, Kim S, Jo WH, Bae JW, Kim MS. Association between Serum Prolactin Levels and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neuroimmunomodulation 2022; 29:85-96. [PMID: 34670217 DOI: 10.1159/000519552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prolactin (PRL) exerts inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties and is also thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). However, serum PRL levels in patients with NDs were inconsistent in the research literature. OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess the serum PRL levels in patients with NDs. METHODS Electronic databases, including MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library database, clinicaltrials.gov, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, and reference lists of articles were searched up to December 31, 2020. Pooled standard mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated by fixed-effect or random-effect model analysis. RESULTS A total of 36 comparisons out of 29 studies (3 RCTs and 26 case controls) focusing on NDs (including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease [HD], multiple sclerosis [MS], and epilepsy) were reported. The meta-analysis showed that there was no statistically significant difference in serum PRL levels between patients with NDs and healthy controls (SMD = 0.40, 95% CI: -0.16 to 0.96, p = 0.16). Subgroup analysis showed that serum PRL levels in patients with HD and MS were higher than those of healthy controls. Furthermore, patients with NDs aged <45 years had higher serum PRL levels (SMD = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.16-1.78, p = 0.018) than healthy controls. High serum PRL levels were found in subgroups such as the microenzymatic method, Asia, and the Americas. CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis showed serum PRL levels in patients with HD and MS were significantly higher than those in healthy controls. Serum PRL levels were associated with age, region, and detection method. Other larger sample studies using more uniform detection methods are necessary to confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Duc Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ngoc Minh Hong Hoang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeonghee Ko
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongjin Seo
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinhyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Hee Jo
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Woo Bae
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
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Duc Nguyen H, Pal Yu B, Hoang NHM, Jo WH, Young Chung H, Kim MS. Prolactin and Its Altered Action in Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease. Neuroendocrinology 2022; 112:427-445. [PMID: 34126620 DOI: 10.1159/000517798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolactin (PRL) is one of the most diverse pituitary hormones and is known to modulate normal neuronal function and neurodegenerative conditions. Many studies have described the influence that PRL has on the central nervous system and addressed its contribution to neurodegeneration, but little is known about the mechanisms responsible for the effects of PRL on neurodegenerative disorders, especially on Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). SUMMARY We review and summarize the existing literature and current understanding of the roles of PRL on various PRL aspects of AD and PD. KEY MESSAGES In general, PRL is viewed as a promising molecule for the treatment of AD and PD. Modulation of PRL functions and targeting of immune mechanisms are needed to devise preventive or therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Duc Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Pal Yu
- Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Ngoc Hong Minh Hoang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Hee Jo
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Young Chung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
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Pilozzi A, Carro C, Huang X. Roles of β-Endorphin in Stress, Behavior, Neuroinflammation, and Brain Energy Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E338. [PMID: 33396962 PMCID: PMC7796446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Endorphins are peptides that exert a wide variety of effects throughout the body. Produced through the cleavage pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), β-endorphins are the primarily agonist of mu opioid receptors, which can be found throughout the body, brain, and cells of the immune system that regulate a diverse set of systems. As an agonist of the body's opioid receptors, β-endorphins are most noted for their potent analgesic effects, but they also have their involvement in reward-centric and homeostasis-restoring behaviors, among other effects. These effects have implicated the peptide in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, making it a research target of interest. This review briefly summarizes the basics of endorphin function, goes over the behaviors and regulatory pathways it governs, and examines the variability of β-endorphin levels observed between normal and disease/disorder affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xudong Huang
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (A.P.); (C.C.)
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Opioid system and Alzheimer's disease. Neuromolecular Med 2012; 14:91-111. [PMID: 22527793 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-012-8180-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The opioid system may be involved in the pathogenesis of AD, including cognitive impairment, hyperphosphorylated tau, Aβ production, and neuroinflammation. Opioid receptors influence the regulation of neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, norepinephrine, GABA, glutamate, and serotonin which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of AD. Opioid system has a close relation with Aβ generation since dysfunction of opioid receptors retards the endocytosis and degradation of BACE1 and γ-secretase and upregulates BACE1 and γ-secretase, and subsequently, the production of Aβ. Conversely, activation of opioid receptors increases the endocytosis of BACE1 and γ-secretase and downregulates BACE1 and γ-secretase, limiting the production of Aβ. The dysfunction of opioid system (opioid receptors and opioid peptides) may contribute to hyperphosphorylation of tau and neuroinflammation, and accounts for the degeneration of cholinergic neurons and cognitive impairment. Thus, the opioid system is potentially related to AD pathology and may be a very attractive drug target for novel pharmacotherapies of AD.
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Abstract
This paper outlines the interferences of the most widely used drugs with hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal function and the related laboratory parameters, with the purpose of providing practical help to clinicians during testing for hypo- or hypercortisolemic states.
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Hernandez-Avila CA, Covault J, Gelernter J, Kranzler HR. Association study of personality factors and the Asn40Asp polymorphism at the mu-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1). Psychiatr Genet 2005; 14:89-92. [PMID: 15167694 DOI: 10.1097/01.ypg.0000107931.32051.c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study examined whether a functional polymorphism (A118G) in the gene encoding the mu-opioid receptor protein, which causes an Asn40Asp substitution in the receptor's extracellular domain, is associated with personality factors, as defined by the Five-Factor Model of Personality. METHODS Healthy subjects (n=446) and substance-dependent subjects (n=335) underwent a diagnostic interview, completed the NEO Five-Factor Inventory and provided a blood sample for genotyping. Controlling for demographic features and substance dependence diagnosis, analyses examined the allelic association of Asn40Asp with the five personality dimensions. RESULTS There was no evidence for allelic association with any of the five personality dimensions. CONCLUSION These findings fail to support the hypothesis that Asn40Asp alleles moderate the development of personality dimensions, as measured by the Five-Factor Model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Hernandez-Avila
- Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, USA
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Li W, Trovero F, Cordier J, Wang Y, Drieu K, Papadopoulos V. Prenatal exposure of rats to Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) increases neuronal survival/growth and alters gene expression in the developing fetal hippocampus. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2003; 144:169-80. [PMID: 12935914 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-3806(03)00168-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal neuron survival/growth and gene expression have been examined after prenatal (in utero) exposure of rats to EGb 761, a leaf extract of Ginkgo biloba. Oral administration of EGb 761 (100 or 300 mg/kg/day) to pregnant dams for 5 days increased the number of hippocampal neurons (maintained in culture) of their fetuses, indicating a neurotrophic effect of the extract. Using large-scale oligonucleotide microarrays containing over 8000 combined rat genes and expressed sequence tag clusters, it was shown that treatment of pregnant dams with EGb 761 (25, 50 or 100 mg/kg/day for 5 days) altered the expression of 187 genes in the hippocampi of male fetuses and 160 genes in those of female fetuses. Using gene-cluster analysis, these genes were grouped into 18 distinct clusters for males and 17 distinct clusters for females. Among these clusters, 35 genes shared a common expression pattern in male and female hippocampal development. Of these genes, the changes observed in insulin growth factor II, insulin growth factor binding protein 2, testosterone repressed prostate message-2, glutathione-dependent dehydroascorbate reductase, lipoprotein lipase, guanylate cyclase and DNA binding protein Brn-2 were confirmed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. These findings, which have provided the first genetic profile of the effects of EGb 761 on the developing rat hippocampus, increase our understanding of the molecular and genetic programs that are activated by the extract. These effects of EGb 761 may underlie its neuroprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Hormone Research, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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Hernandez-Avila CA, Wand G, Luo X, Gelernter J, Kranzler HR. Association between the cortisol response to opioid blockade and the Asn40Asp polymorphism at the mu-opioid receptor locus (OPRM1). Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2003; 118B:60-5. [PMID: 12627468 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.10054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This study examined whether a reportedly functional polymorphism in the gene encoding the mu-opioid receptor protein (A118G, which causes an Asn40Asp substitution in the receptor's extracellular domain), modifies the cortisol response to the opioid antagonist naloxone. The polymorphism occurs commonly in European Americans and some other population groups, underscoring its potential phenotypic significance. METHODS Using a balanced, within-subject design involving two test sessions over a period of 3-7 days, we examined ACTH and cortisol responses to intravenous naloxone (125 microg/kg) or placebo in 30 healthy subjects (21 males, mean age = 24.4 years). Plasma ACTH and cortisol concentrations were measured over 120 min post infusion. DNA isolated from whole blood was PCR amplified and genotyped via restriction enzyme digestion, with genotypes assigned based on agarose gel size fractionation. RESULTS Subjects with one or more Asp40 alleles (n = 6; 5 heterozygotes and 1 homozygote) had significantly higher cortisol concentrations at baseline and at 15, 60, and 90 min after naloxone infusion than subjects homozygous for the Asn40 allele (n = 24). Subjects with the Asp40 allele also had a greater peak cortisol response and a greater area under the cortisol time curve than those homozygous for the Asn40 allele. There were no effects of the Asn40Asp polymorphism on plasma ACTH concentration or on self-reported anxiety or distress. CONCLUSIONS These findings are consistent with recent reports showing an enhanced cortisol response to naloxone and a reduced agonist effect of morphine-6-glucuronide among subjects with the Asp40 variant. Given evidence of its pharmacological significance, the clinical relevance of this polymorphism warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Hernandez-Avila
- Department of Psychiatry, Alcohol Research Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030-2103, USA
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Liu B, Gao HM, Wang JY, Jeohn GH, Cooper CL, Hong JS. Role of nitric oxide in inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002; 962:318-31. [PMID: 12076984 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04077.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has suggested that inflammation in the brain is closely associated with the pathogenesis of several degenerative neurologic disorders, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's diseases, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and AIDS dementia. The hallmark of brain inflammation is the activation of glial cells, especially that of microglia that produce a variety of proinflammatory and neurotoxic factors, including cytokines, fatty acid metabolites, free radicals--such as nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide. Excessive production of NO, as a consequence of nitric oxide synthase induction in activated glia, has been attributed to participate in neurodegeneration. Using primary mixed neuron-glia cultures and glia-enriched cultures prepared from embryonic rodent brain tissues, we have systemically studied the relationship between the production of NO and neurodegeneration in response to stimulation by the inflammagen lipopolysaccharide. This review summarizes our recent findings on the kinetics of NO generation, the relative contribution of microglia and astrocytes to NO accumulation, the relationship between NO production and neurodegeneration, and points of intervention along the pathways associated with NO generation to achieve neuroprotection. We also describe our results relating to the effect of several opioid-related agents on microglial activation and neuroprotection. Among these agents, the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone, especially its non-opioid enantiomer (+)-naloxone, promises to be of potential therapeutic value for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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Abstract
The etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has not been as yet completely defined. Genetic, environmental and neurophysiological aspects should all be taken into account. The disease has also neuroendocrine implications, some of which are discussed in this review. It is known that stress and glucocorticoids may affect neurone survival. On the contrary, some data indicate that DHEA and DHEAS exert a neuroprotective action. In AD, changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function have been reported. Experimental and clinical evidence indicates that glucocorticoid hypersecretion and DHEAS levels decrement may add to hippocampal dysfunction in aging and in AD. Glucocorticoid and beta-amyloid concur in the mechanism of neurone damage, as well as excitatory amino acids (EAA), Ca++ and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The neuroprotective effects exerted by IGFs are also hindered in aging and even more in AD. Production and biological actions of IGFs are negatively influenced by cortisol hypersecretion and DHEAS decrease in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Polleri
- Department of Endocrinological and Metabolic Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy
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Abstract
This paper is the twenty-second installment of the annual review of research concerning the opiate system. It summarizes papers published during 1999 that studied the behavioral effects of the opiate peptides and antagonists, excluding the purely analgesic effects, although stress-induced analgesia is included. The specific topics covered this year include stress; tolerance and dependence; learning, memory, and reward; eating and drinking; alcohol and other drugs of abuse; sexual activity, pregnancy, and development; mental illness and mood; seizures and other neurologic disorders; electrical-related activity; general activity and locomotion; gastrointestinal, renal, and hepatic function; cardiovascular responses; respiration and thermoregulation; and immunologic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Vaccarino
- Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA.
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