1
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Yakovlev AG, Taisova AS, Fetisova ZG. Low-Frequency Oscillations of Bacteriochlorophyll Oligomers in Chlorosomes of Photosynthetic Green Bacteria. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:2084-2093. [PMID: 38462452 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923120118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
In green photosynthetic bacteria, light is absorbed by bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) c/d/e oligomers, which are located in chlorosomes - unique structures created by Nature to collect the energy of very weak light fluxes. Using coherent femtosecond spectroscopy at cryogenic temperature, we detected and studied low-frequency vibrational motions of BChl c oligomers in chlorosomes of the green bacteria Chloroflexus (Cfx.) aurantiacus. The objects of the study were chlorosomes isolated from the bacterial cultures grown under different light intensity. It was found that the Fourier spectrum of low-frequency coherent oscillations in the Qy band of BChl c oligomers depends on the light intensity used for the growth of bacteria. It turned out that the number of low-frequency vibrational modes of chlorosomes increases as illumination under which they were cultivated decreases. Also, the frequency range within which these modes are observed expands, and frequencies of the most modes change. Theoretical modeling of the obtained data and analysis of the literature led to conclusion that the structural basis of Cfx. aurantiacus chlorosomes are short linear chains of BChl c combined into more complex structures. Increase in the length of these chains in chlorosomes grown under weaker light leads to the observed changes in the spectrum of vibrations of BChl c oligomers. This increase is an effective mechanism for bacteria adaptation to changing external conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei G Yakovlev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia.
| | - Alexandra S Taisova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Zoya G Fetisova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
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2
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Hisahara Y, Nakano T, Tamiaki H. Self-aggregation behavior of dimeric chlorophyll-a derivatives linked with ethynylene and m-phenylene moieties. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:2329-2339. [PMID: 37464173 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00454-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll(Chl)-a derivatives inserting an ethynylene-m-phenylene group between a zinc chlorin ring and a hydroxymethyl group, in which various substituents were introduced on the benzene spacer, were prepared as model compounds for the light-harvesting antennae (chlorosomes) of photosynthetic green bacteria. These compounds were synthesized from a C3-ethynylated Chl-a derivative via sequential Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction, and the effects of the substituents on the phenylene linker on their self-aggregation behaviors were investigated by electronic absorption, circular dichroism, and infrared absorption spectroscopic measurements. These studies exhibited that some compounds gave the disordered self-assemblies including several species; however, the zinc complex of the dimeric Chl-a derivative primarily allowed a single J-aggregate species in an aqueous Triton X-100 micellar solution. Additional control experiments revealed that its self-assembly was constructed through the hydrogen and coordination bonding involving the hydroxymethyl group on benzene ring, keto-carbonyl group at C13-position, and central zinc atom, and this is consistent with a conventional chlorosomal manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Hisahara
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Takeo Nakano
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Tamiaki
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
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3
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Frehan SK, Dsouza L, Li X, Eríc V, Jansen TLC, Mul G, Holzwarth AR, Buda F, Sevink GJA, de Groot HJM, Huijser A. Photon Energy-Dependent Ultrafast Exciton Transfer in Chlorosomes of Chlorobium tepidum and the Role of Supramolecular Dynamics. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:7581-7589. [PMID: 37611240 PMCID: PMC10493955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c05282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The antenna complex of green sulfur bacteria, the chlorosome, is one of the most efficient supramolecular systems for efficient long-range exciton transfer in nature. Femtosecond transient absorption experiments provide new insight into how vibrationally induced quantum overlap between exciton states supports highly efficient long-range exciton transfer in the chlorosome of Chlorobium tepidum. Our work shows that excitation energy is delocalized over the chlorosome in <1 ps at room temperature. The following exciton transfer to the baseplate occurs in ∼3 to 5 ps, in line with earlier work also performed at room temperature, but significantly faster than at the cryogenic temperatures used in previous studies. This difference can be attributed to the increased vibrational motion at room temperature. We observe a so far unknown impact of the excitation photon energy on the efficiency of this process. This dependency can be assigned to distinct optical domains due to structural disorder, combined with an exciton trapping channel competing with exciton transfer toward the baseplate. An oscillatory transient signal damped in <1 ps has the highest intensity in the case of the most efficient exciton transfer to the baseplate. These results agree well with an earlier computational finding of exciton transfer driven by low-frequency rotational motion of molecules in the chlorosome. Such an exciton transfer process belongs to the quantum coherent regime, for which the Förster theory for intermolecular exciton transfer does not apply. Our work hence strongly indicates that structural flexibility is important for efficient long-range exciton transfer in chlorosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean K. Frehan
- MESA+
Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Lolita Dsouza
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Xinmeng Li
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department
of Chemistry and Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Vesna Eríc
- Zernike
Institute of Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas L. C. Jansen
- Zernike
Institute of Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Mul
- MESA+
Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Alfred R. Holzwarth
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Francesco Buda
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - G. J. Agur Sevink
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Huub J. M. de Groot
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie Huijser
- MESA+
Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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4
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Erić V, Castro JL, Li X, Dsouza L, Frehan SK, Huijser A, Holzwarth AR, Buda F, Sevink GJA, de Groot HJM, Jansen TLC. Ultrafast Anisotropy Decay Reveals Structure and Energy Transfer in Supramolecular Aggregates. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:7487-7496. [PMID: 37594912 PMCID: PMC10476209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c04719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Chlorosomes from green bacteria perform the most efficient light capture and energy transfer, as observed among natural light-harvesting antennae. Hence, their unique functional properties inspire developments in artificial light-harvesting and molecular optoelectronics. We examine two distinct organizations of the molecular building blocks as proposed in the literature, demonstrating how these organizations alter light capture and energy transfer, which can serve as a mechanism that the bacteria utilize to adapt to changes in light conditions. Spectral simulations of polarization-resolved two-dimensional electronic spectra unravel how changes in the helicity of chlorosomal aggregates alter energy transfer. We show that ultrafast anisotropy decay presents a spectral signature that reveals contrasting energy pathways in different chlorosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Erić
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jorge Luis Castro
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xinmeng Li
- Department
of Chemistry and Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, University of Oslo, Sem Sælands vei 26, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lolita Dsouza
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sean K. Frehan
- MESA+
Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie Huijser
- MESA+
Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Alfred R. Holzwarth
- Department
of Biophysical Chemistry, Max Planck Institute
for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim, Germany
| | - Francesco Buda
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - G. J. Agur Sevink
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Huub J. M. de Groot
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas L. C. Jansen
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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5
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Yakovlev AG, Taisova AS, Fetisova ZG. Femtosecond Exciton Relaxation in Chlorosomes of the Photosynthetic Green Bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:704-715. [PMID: 37331716 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923050139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Process of photosynthesis in the green bacteria Chloroflexus (Cfx.) aurantiacus starts from absorption of light by chlorosomes, peripheral antennas consisting of thousands of bacteriochlorophyll c (BChl c) molecules combined into oligomeric structures. In this case, the excited states are formed in BChl c, energy of which migrates along the chlorosome towards the baseplate and further to the reaction center, where the primary charge separation occurs. Energy migration is accompanied by non-radiative electronic transitions between the numerous exciton states, that is, exciton relaxation. In this work, we studied dynamics of the exciton relaxation in Cfx. aurantiacus chlorosomes using differential femtosecond spectroscopy at cryogenic temperature (80 K). Chlorosomes were excited by 20-fs light pulses at wavelengths in the range from 660 to 750 nm, and differential (light-dark) absorption kinetics were measured at a wavelength of 755 nm. Mathematical analysis of the obtained data revealed kinetic components with characteristic times of 140, 220, and 320 fs, which are responsible for exciton relaxation. As the excitation wavelength decreased, the number and relative contribution of these components increased. Theoretical modelling of the obtained data was carried out based of the cylindrical model of BChl c. Nonradiative transitions between the groups of exciton bands were described by a system of kinetic equations. The model that takes into account energy and structural disorder of chlorosomes turned out to be the most adequate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei G Yakovlev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia.
| | - Alexandra S Taisova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Zoya G Fetisova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
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6
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Effect of Substituent Location on the Relationship between the Transition Dipole Moments, Difference Static Dipole, and Hydrophobicity in Squaraine Dyes for Quantum Information Devices. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052163. [PMID: 36903409 PMCID: PMC10004711 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggregates of organic dyes that exhibit excitonic coupling have a wide array of applications, including medical imaging, organic photovoltaics, and quantum information devices. The optical properties of a dye monomer, as a basis of dye aggregate, can be modified to strengthen excitonic coupling. Squaraine (SQ) dyes are attractive for those applications due to their strong absorbance peak in the visible range. While the effects of substituent types on the optical properties of SQ dyes have been previously examined, the effects of various substituent locations have not yet been investigated. In this study, density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) were used to investigate the relationships between SQ substituent location and several key properties of the performance of dye aggregate systems, namely, difference static dipole (Δd), transition dipole moment (μ), hydrophobicity, and the angle (θ) between Δd and μ. We found that attaching substituents along the long axis of the dye could increase μ while placement off the long axis was shown to increase Δd and reduce θ. The reduction in θ is largely due to a change in the direction of Δd as the direction of μ is not significantly affected by substituent position. Hydrophobicity decreases when electron-donating substituents are located close to the nitrogen of the indolenine ring. These results provide insight into the structure-property relationships of SQ dyes and guide the design of dye monomers for aggregate systems with desired properties and performance.
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7
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Erić V, Li X, Dsouza L, Frehan SK, Huijser A, Holzwarth AR, Buda F, Sevink GJA, de Groot HJM, Jansen TLC. Manifestation of Hydrogen Bonding and Exciton Delocalization on the Absorption and Two-Dimensional Electronic Spectra of Chlorosomes. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:1097-1109. [PMID: 36696537 PMCID: PMC9923760 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c07143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Chlorosomes are supramolecular aggregates that contain thousands of bacteriochlorophyll molecules. They perform the most efficient ultrafast excitation energy transfer of all natural light-harvesting complexes. Their broad absorption band optimizes light capture. In this study, we identify the microscopic sources of the disorder causing the spectral width and reveal how it affects the excited state properties and the optical response of the system. We combine molecular dynamics, quantum chemical calculations, and response function calculations to achieve this goal. The predicted linear and two-dimensional electronic spectra are found to compare well with experimental data reproducing all key spectral features. Our analysis of the microscopic model reveals the interplay of static and dynamic disorder from the molecular perspective. We find that hydrogen bonding motifs are essential for a correct description of the spectral line shape. Furthermore, we find that exciton delocalization over tens to hundreds of molecules is consistent with the two-dimensional electronic spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Erić
- University
of Groningen, Zernike Institute
for Advanced Materials, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xinmeng Li
- Department
of Chemistry and Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, University of Oslo, Sem Sælands vei 26, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lolita Dsouza
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sean K. Frehan
- MESA+
Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie Huijser
- MESA+
Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Alfred R. Holzwarth
- Department
of Biophysical Chemistry, Max Planck Institute
for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim, Germany
| | - Francesco Buda
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - G. J. Agur Sevink
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Huub J. M. de Groot
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas L. C. Jansen
- University
of Groningen, Zernike Institute
for Advanced Materials, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands,
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8
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Yakovlev AG, Taisova AS, Fetisova ZG. Dynamic Stark effect in β and γ carotenes induced by photoexcitation of bacteriochlorophyll c in chlorosomes from Chloroflexus aurantiacus. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2022; 154:291-302. [PMID: 36115930 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-022-00942-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chlorosomes of green bacteria can be considered as a prototype of future artificial light-harvesting devices due to their unique property of self-assembly of a large number of bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) c/d/e molecules into compact aggregates. The presence of carotenoids (Cars) in chlorosomes is very important for photoprotection, light harvesting and structure stabilization. In this work, we studied for the first time the electrochromic band shift (Stark effect) in Cars of the phototrophic filamentous green bacterium Chloroflexus (Cfx.) aurantiacus induced by fs light excitation of the main pigment, BChl c. The high accuracy of the spectral measurements permitted us to extract a small wavy spectral feature, which, obviously, can be associated with the dynamic shift of the Car absorption band. A global analysis of spectroscopy data and theoretical modeling of absorption spectra showed that near 60% of Cars exhibited a red Stark shift of ~ 25 cm-1 and the remaining 40% exhibited a blue shift. We interpreted this finding as evidence of various orientations of Car in chlorosomes. We estimated the average value of the light-induced electric field strength in the place of Car molecules as ~ 106 V/cm and the average distance between Car and the neighboring BChl c as ~ 10 Å. We concluded that the dynamics of the Car electrochromic band shift mainly reflected the dynamics of exciton migration through the chlorosome toward the baseplate within ~ 1 ps. Our work has unambiguously shown that Cars are sensitive indicators of light-induced internal electric fields in chlorosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei G Yakovlev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexandra S Taisova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Zoya G Fetisova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
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9
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Ko L, Cook RL, Whaley KB. Dynamics of photosynthetic light harvesting systems interacting with N-photon Fock states. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:244108. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0082822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We develop a method to simulate the excitonic dynamics of realistic photosynthetic light harvesting systems, including non-Markovian coupling to phonon degrees of freedom, under excitation by N-photon Fock state pulses. This method combines the input–output and the hierarchical equations of motion formalisms into a double hierarchy of density matrix equations. We show analytically that under weak field excitation relevant to natural photosynthesis conditions, an N-photon Fock state input and a corresponding coherent state input give rise to equal density matrices in the excited manifold. However, an N-photon Fock state input induces no off-diagonal coherence between the ground and excited subspaces, in contrast with the coherences created by a coherent state input. We derive expressions for the probability to absorb a single Fock state photon with or without the influence of phonons. For short pulses (or, equivalently, wide bandwidth pulses), we show that the absorption probability has a universal behavior that depends only upon a system-dependent effective energy spread parameter Δ and an exciton–light coupling constant Γ. This holds for a broad range of chromophore systems and for a variety of pulse shapes. We also analyze the absorption probability in the opposite long pulse (narrow bandwidth) regime. We then derive an expression for the long time emission rate in the presence of phonons and use it to study the difference between collective vs independent emission. Finally, we present a numerical simulation for the LHCII monomer (14-mer) system under single photon excitation that illustrates the use of the double hierarchy equations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Ko
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Robert L. Cook
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - K. Birgitta Whaley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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10
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Jun S, Yang C, Choi S, Isaji M, Tamiaki H, Ihee H, Kim J. Exciton delocalization length in chlorosomes investigated by lineshape dynamics of two-dimensional electronic spectra. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:24111-24117. [PMID: 34498018 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03413h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A chlorosome, a photosynthetic light-harvesting complex found in green sulfur bacteria, is an aggregate of self-assembled pigments and is optimized for efficient light harvesting and energy transfer under dim-light conditions. In this highly-disordered aggregate, the absorption and transfer of photoexcitation energy are governed by the degree of disorder. To describe the disorder, the number of molecules forming excitons, which is termed exciton delocalization length (EDL), is a relevant parameter because the EDL sensitively changes with the disorder of the constituent molecules. In this work, we determined the EDL in chlorosomes using two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2D-ES). Since spectral features correlated with EDL are spread out in the two-dimensional (2D) electronic spectra, we were able to determine the EDL accurately without the effects of homogeneous and inhomogeneous line broadening. In particular, by taking advantage of the multi-dimensionality and the time evolution of 2D spectra, we not only determined the excitation frequency dependence of EDL but also monitored the temporal change of EDL. We found that the EDL is ∼7 at 77 K and ∼6 at 298 K and increases with the excitation frequency, with the maximum located well above the maximum of the absorption spectrum of chlorosomes. The spectral profile of EDL changes rapidly within 100 fs and becomes flat over time due to dephasing of initial exciton coherence. From the coherent oscillations superimposed on the decay of EDL, it was learned that high-frequency phonons are more activated at 298 K than at 77 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunhong Jun
- Department of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea. .,Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolhee Yang
- Department of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea. .,Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjoo Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea.
| | - Megumi Isaji
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tamiaki
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Hyotcherl Ihee
- Department of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea. .,Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Yakovlev AG, Taisova AS, Fetisova ZG. Femtosecond excited-state dynamics in chlorosomal carotenoids of the photosynthetic bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus revealed by near infrared pump-probe spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:12761-12770. [PMID: 34042141 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00927c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In photosynthetic green bacteria, chlorosomes provide light harvesting with high efficiency. Chlorosomal carotenoids (Cars) participate in light harvesting together with the main pigment, bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) c/d/e. In the present work, we studied the excited-state dynamics in Cars from Chloroflexus (Cfx.) aurantiacus chlorosomes by near infrared pump-probe spectroscopy with 25 fs temporal resolution at room temperature. The S2 state of Cars was excited at a wavelength of ∼520 nm, and the absorption changes were probed at 860-1000 nm where the excited state absorption (ESA) of the Cars S2 state occurred. Global analysis of the spectroscopy data revealed an ultrafast (∼15 fs) and large (>130 nm) red shift of the S2 ESA spectrum together with the well-known S2 → S1 IC (∼190 fs) and Cars → BChl c EET (∼120 fs). The S2 lifetime was found to be ∼74 fs. Our findings are in line with earlier results on the excited-state dynamics in Cars in vitro. To explain the extremely fast S2 dynamics, we have tentatively proposed two alternative schemes. The first scheme assumed the formation of a vibrational wavepacket in the S2 state, the motion of which caused a dynamical red shift of the S2 ESA spectrum. The second scheme assumed the presence of two potential minima in the S2 state and incoherent energy transfer between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei G Yakovlev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Leninskie Gory, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexandra S Taisova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Leninskie Gory, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Zoya G Fetisova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Leninskie Gory, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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12
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Malina T, Koehorst R, Bína D, Pšenčík J, van Amerongen H. Superradiance of bacteriochlorophyll c aggregates in chlorosomes of green photosynthetic bacteria. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8354. [PMID: 33863954 PMCID: PMC8052352 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87664-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorosomes are the main light-harvesting complexes of green photosynthetic bacteria that are adapted to a phototrophic life at low-light conditions. They contain a large number of bacteriochlorophyll c, d, or e molecules organized in self-assembling aggregates. Tight packing of the pigments results in strong excitonic interactions between the monomers, which leads to a redshift of the absorption spectra and excitation delocalization. Due to the large amount of disorder present in chlorosomes, the extent of delocalization is limited and further decreases in time after excitation. In this work we address the question whether the excitonic interactions between the bacteriochlorophyll c molecules are strong enough to maintain some extent of delocalization even after exciton relaxation. That would manifest itself by collective spontaneous emission, so-called superradiance. We show that despite a very low fluorescence quantum yield and short excited state lifetime, both caused by the aggregation, chlorosomes indeed exhibit superradiance. The emission occurs from states delocalized over at least two molecules. In other words, the dipole strength of the emissive states is larger than for a bacteriochlorophyll c monomer. This represents an important functional mechanism increasing the probability of excitation energy transfer that is vital at low-light conditions. Similar behaviour was observed also in one type of artificial aggregates, and this may be beneficial for their potential use in artificial photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Malina
- Department of Chemical Physics and Optics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Rob Koehorst
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,MicroSpectroscopy Research Facility, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - David Bína
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Science, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Pšenčík
- Department of Chemical Physics and Optics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Herbert van Amerongen
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,MicroSpectroscopy Research Facility, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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13
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Utilization of blue-green light by chlorosomes from the photosynthetic bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus: Ultrafast excitation energy conversion and transfer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2021; 1862:148396. [PMID: 33581107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2021.148396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Chlorosomes of photosynthetic green bacteria are unique molecular assemblies providing efficient light harvesting followed by multi-step transfer of excitation energy to reaction centers. In each chlorosome, 104-105 bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) c/d/e molecules are organized by self-assembly into high-ordered aggregates. We studied the early-time dynamics of the excitation energy flow and energy conversion in chlorosomes isolated from Chloroflexus (Cfx.) aurantiacus bacteria by pump-probe spectroscopy with 30-fs temporal resolution at room temperature. Both the S2 state of carotenoids (Cars) and the Soret states of BChl c were excited at ~490 nm, and absorption changes were probed at 400-900 nm. A global analysis of spectroscopy data revealed that the excitation energy transfer (EET) from Cars to BChl c aggregates occurred within ~100 fs, and the Soret → Q energy conversion in BChl c occurred faster within ~40 fs. This conclusion was confirmed by a detailed comparison of the early exciton dynamics in chlorosomes with different content of Cars. These processes are accompanied by excitonic and vibrational relaxation within 100-270 fs. The well-known EET from BChl c to the baseplate BChl a proceeded on a ps time-scale. We showed that the S1 state of Cars does not participate in EET. We discussed the possible presence (or absence) of an intermediate state that might mediates the Soret → Qy internal conversion in chlorosomal BChl c. We discussed a possible relationship between the observed exciton dynamics and the structural heterogeneity of chlorosomes.
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14
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Yakovlev AG, Taisova AS, Fetisova ZG. Q-band hyperchromism and B-band hypochromism of bacteriochlorophyll c as a tool for investigation of the oligomeric structure of chlorosomes of the green photosynthetic bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2020; 146:95-108. [PMID: 31939070 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-019-00707-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chlorosomes of green photosynthetic bacteria are the most amazing example of long-range ordered natural light-harvesting antennae. Chlorosomes are the largest among all known photosynthetic light-harvesting structures (~ 104-105 pigments in the aggregated state). The chlorosomal bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) c/d/e molecules are organized via self-assembly and do not require proteins to provide a scaffold for efficient light harvesting. Despite numerous investigations, a consensus regarding the spatial structure of chlorosomal antennae has not yet been reached. In the present work, we studied hyperchromism/hypochromism in the chlorosomal BChl c Q/B absorption bands of the green photosynthetic bacterium Chloroflexus (Cfx.) aurantiacus. The chlorosomes were isolated from cells grown under different light intensities and therefore, as we discovered earlier, they had different sizes of both BChl c antennae and their unit building blocks. We have shown experimentally that the Q-/B-band hyperchromism/hypochromism is proportional to the size of the chlorosomal antenna. We explained theoretically these findings in terms of excitonic intensity borrowing between the Q and B bands for the J-/H-aggregates of the BChls. The theory developed by Gülen (Photosynth Res 87:205-214, 2006) showed the dependence of the Q-/B-band hyperchromism/hypochromism on the structure of the aggregates. For the model of exciton-coupled BChl c linear chains within a unit building block, the theory predicted an increase in the hyperchromism/hypochromism with the increase in the number of molecules per chain and a decrease in it with the increase in the number of chains. It was previously shown that this model ensured a good fit with spectroscopy experiments and approximated the BChl c low packing density in vivo. The presented experimental and theoretical studies of the Q-/B-band hyperchromism/hypochromism permitted us to conclude that the unit building block of Cfx. aurantiacus chlorosomes comprises of several short BChl c chains.This conclusion is in accordance with previous linear and nonlinear spectroscopy studies on Cfx. aurantiacus chlorosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei G Yakovlev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119991.
| | - Alexandra S Taisova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119991
| | - Zoya G Fetisova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119991.
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15
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Li X, Buda F, de Groot HJM, Sevink GJA. Dynamic Disorder Drives Exciton Transfer in Tubular Chlorosomal Assemblies. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:4026-4035. [PMID: 32343578 PMCID: PMC7246976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chlorosomes stand out for their highly efficient excitation energy transfer (EET) in extreme low light conditions. Yet, little is known about the EET when a chlorosome is excited to a pure state that is an eigenstate of the exciton Hamiltonian. In this work, we consider the dynamic disorder in the intermolecular electronic coupling explicitly by calculating the electronic coupling terms in the Hamiltonian using nuclear coordinates that are taken from molecular dynamics simulation trajectories. We show that this dynamic disorder is capable of driving the evolution of the exciton, being a stationary state of the initial Hamiltonian. In particular, long-distance excitation energy transfer between domains of high exciton population and oscillatory behavior of the population in the site basis are observed, in line with two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy studies. We also found that in the high exciton population domains, their population variation is correlated with their overall coupling strength. Analysis in a reference state basis shows that such dynamic disorder, originating from thermal energy, creates a fluctuating landscape for the exciton and promotes the EET process. We propose such dynamic disorder as an important microscopic origin for the high efficient EET widely observed in different types of chlorosomes, bioinspired tubular aggregates, or other light-harvesting complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmeng Li
- Leiden University, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Buda
- Leiden University, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Huub J M de Groot
- Leiden University, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - G J Agur Sevink
- Leiden University, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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16
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Jassas M, Goodson C, Blankenship RE, Jankowiak R, Kell A. On Excitation Energy Transfer within the Baseplate BChl a-CsmA Complex of Chloroflexus aurantiacus. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:9786-9791. [PMID: 31660744 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b08043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a hybrid approach combining solid-state NMR spectroscopy and cryo-electron microscopy showed that the baseplate in green sulfur bacterium Chlorobaculum tepidum is a 2D lattice of BChl a-CsmA dimers [Nielsen, J. T.; et al., Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 12454-12465]. While the existence of the BChl a-CsmA subunit was previously known, the proposed orientations of the BChl a pigments had only been elucidated from spectral data up to this point. Regarding the electronic structure of the baseplate, two models have been proposed. 2D electronic spectroscopy data were interpreted as revealing that at least four excitonically coupled BChl a might be in close contact. Conversely, spectral hole burning data suggested that the lowest energy state was localized, yet additional states are sometimes observed because of the presence of the Fenna-Matthews-Olson (FMO) antenna protein. To solve this conundrum, this work studies the chlorosome-baseplate complex from Chloroflexus aurantiacus, which does not contain the FMO protein. The results confirm that in both C. tepidum and C. aurantiacus, excitation energy is transferred to a localized low-energy trap state near 818 nm with similar rates, most likely via exciton hopping.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carrie Goodson
- Departments of Biology and Chemistry , Washington University in Saint Louis , Saint Louis , Missouri 63130 , United States
| | - Robert E Blankenship
- Departments of Biology and Chemistry , Washington University in Saint Louis , Saint Louis , Missouri 63130 , United States
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17
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Yakovlev AG, Taisova AS, Shuvalov VA, Fetisova ZG. Ultrafast excited-state dynamics in chlorosomes isolated from the photosynthetic filamentous green bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 166:12-21. [PMID: 30499123 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) c pigments in the aggregated state are responsible for efficient light harvesting in chlorosomes of the filamentous anoxygenic photosynthetic bacterium, Chloroflexus (Cfx.) aurantiacus. Absorption of light creates excited states in the BChl c aggregates. After subpicosecond intrachlorosomal energy transfer, redistribution and relaxation, the excitation is transferred to the BChl a complexes and further to reaction centers on the picosecond time scale. In this work, the femtosecond excited state dynamics within BChl c oligomers of isolated Cfx. aurantiacus chlorosomes was studied by double difference pump-probe spectroscopy at room temperature. Difference (Alight - Adark ) spectra corresponding to excitation at 725 nm (blue side of the BChl c absorption band) were compared with those corresponding to excitation at 750 nm (red side of the BChl c absorption band). A very fast (time constant 70 ± 10 fs) rise kinetic component was found in the stimulated emission (SE) upon excitation at 725 nm. This component was absent at 750-nm excitation. These data were explained by the dynamical red shift of the SE due to excited state relaxation. The nature and mechanisms of the ultrafast excited state dynamics in chlorosomal BChl c aggregates are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei G Yakovlev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexandra S Taisova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir A Shuvalov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Zoya G Fetisova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
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18
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Rathbone HW, Davis JA, Michie KA, Goodchild SC, Robertson NO, Curmi PMG. Coherent phenomena in photosynthetic light harvesting: part two-observations in biological systems. Biophys Rev 2018; 10:1443-1463. [PMID: 30242555 PMCID: PMC6233342 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-018-0456-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable debate surrounds the question of whether or not quantum mechanics plays a significant, non-trivial role in photosynthetic light harvesting. Many have proposed that quantum superpositions and/or quantum transport phenomena may be responsible for the efficiency and robustness of energy transport present in biological systems. The critical experimental observations comprise the observation of coherent oscillations or "quantum beats" via femtosecond laser spectroscopy, which have been observed in many different light harvesting systems. Part Two of this review aims to provide an overview of experimental observations of energy transfer in the most studied light harvesting systems. Length scales, derived from crystallographic studies, are combined with energy and time scales of the beats observed via spectroscopy. A consensus is emerging that most long-lived (hundreds of femtoseconds) coherent phenomena are of vibrational or vibronic origin, where the latter may result in coherent excitation transport within a protein complex. In contrast, energy transport between proteins is likely to be incoherent in nature. The question of whether evolution has selected for these non-trivial quantum phenomena may be an unanswerable question, as dense packings of chromophores will lead to strong coupling and hence non-trivial quantum phenomena. As such, one cannot discern whether evolution has optimised light harvesting systems for high chromophore density or for the ensuing quantum effects as these are inextricably linked and cannot be switched off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry W Rathbone
- School of Physics, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Jeffery A Davis
- Centre for Quantum and Optical Science, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, 3122, Australia
| | - Katharine A Michie
- School of Physics, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Sophia C Goodchild
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Neil O Robertson
- School of Physics, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Paul M G Curmi
- School of Physics, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia.
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19
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Yakovlev A, Taisova A, Shuvalov V, Fetisova Z. Estimation of the bacteriochlorophyll c oligomerisation extent in Chloroflexus aurantiacus chlorosomes by very low-frequency vibrations of the pigment molecules: A new approach. Biophys Chem 2018; 240:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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20
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Matsubara S, Tamiaki H. Synthesis and Self-Aggregation of π-Expanded Chlorophyll Derivatives to Construct Light-Harvesting Antenna Models. J Org Chem 2018; 83:4355-4364. [PMID: 29607645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b03212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chlorosomes are one of the elegant light-harvesting antenna systems in anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria, whose core is constructed from J-type self-aggregation of bacteriochlorophyll- c, bacteriochlorophyll- d, bacteriochlorophyll- e, and bacteriochlorophyll- f molecules without the influence of polypeptides. Chlorosomal supramolecular models were built up using synthetic porphyrin-type bacteriochlorophyll- d analogues with a methoxycarbonylethenyl, formyl, vinyl, or ethyl group at the 8-position. Their chlorosomal self-aggregates in an aqueous micelle solution showed relatively intense absorption bands around 500-600 nm where antennas of natural oxygenic phototrophs, as well as green sulfur bacteria possessing bacteriochlorophylls- c/ d, absorb light less efficiently; this observation is called the "green gap". Furthermore, the functional chlorosomal models were constructed by simple addition of a small amount of an energy acceptor model bearing a bacteriochlorin moiety to the pigment self-assemblies in an aqueous micelle. The resulting excited energy donor-acceptor supramolecules played the roles of chlorosomal light-harvesting and energy-transfer antenna systems and were efficient at light absorption in the "green gap" region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Matsubara
- Graduate School of Life Sciences , Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu , Shiga 525-8577 , Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tamiaki
- Graduate School of Life Sciences , Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu , Shiga 525-8577 , Japan
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21
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Shoji S, Ogawa T, Hashishin T, Tamiaki H. Self-Assemblies of Zinc Bacteriochlorophyll-d Analogues Having Amide, Ester, and Urea Groups as Substituents at 17-Position and Observation of Lamellar Supramolecular Nanostructures. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:913-920. [PMID: 29231276 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201701044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Chlorosomes are unique light-harvesting apparatuses in photosynthetic green bacteria. Single chlorosomes contain a large number of bacteriochlorophyll (BChl)-c, -d, -e, and -f molecules, which self-assemble without protein assistance. These BChl self-assemblies involving specific intermolecular interactions (Mg⋅⋅⋅O32 -H⋅⋅⋅O=C131 and π-π stacks of chlorin skeletons) in a chlorosome have been reported to be round-shaped rods (or tubes) with diameters of 5 or 10 nm, or lamellae with a layer spacing of approximately 2 nm. Herein, the self-assembly of synthetic zinc BChl-d analogues having ester, amide, and urea groups in the 17-substituent is reported. Spectroscopic analyses indicate that the zinc BChl-d analogues self-assemble in a nonpolar organic solvent in a similar manner to natural chlorosomal BChls with additional assistance by hydrogen-bonding of secondary amide (or urea) groups (CON-H⋅⋅⋅O=CNH). Microscopic analyses of the supramolecules of a zinc BChl-d analogue bearing amide and urea groups show round- or square-shaped rods with widths of about 65 nm. Cryogenic TEM shows a lamellar arrangement of the zinc chlorin with a layer spacing of 1.5 nm inside the rod. Similar thick rods are also visible in the micrographs of self-assemblies of zinc BChl-d analogues with one or two secondary amide moieties in the 17-substituent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunao Shoji
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ogawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hashishin
- Faculty of Engineering, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tamiaki
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
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22
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Santabarbara S, Tibiletti T, Remelli W, Caffarri S. Kinetics and heterogeneity of energy transfer from light harvesting complex II to photosystem I in the supercomplex isolated from Arabidopsis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:9210-9222. [PMID: 28319223 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp00554g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
State transitions are a phenomenon that maintains the excitation balance between photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI-LHCI) by controlling their relative absorption cross-sections. Under light conditions exciting PSII preferentially, a trimeric LHCII antenna moves from PSII to PSI-LHCI to form the PSI-LHCI-LHCII supercomplex. In this work, the excited state dynamics in the PSI-LHCI and PSI-LHCI-LHCII supercomplexes isolated from Arabidopsis have been investigated by picosecond time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. The excited state decays were analysed using two approaches based on either (i) a sum of discrete exponentials or (ii) a continuous distribution of lifetimes. The results indicate that the energy transfer from LHCII to the bulk of the PSI antenna occurs with an average macroscopic transfer rate in the 35-65 ns-1 interval. Yet, the most satisfactory description of the data is obtained when considering a heterogeneous population containing two PSI-LHCI-LHCII supercomplexes characterised by a transfer time of ∼15 and ∼60 ns-1, likely due to the differences in the strength and orientation of LHCII harboured to PSI. Both these values are of the same order of magnitude of those estimated for the average energy transfer rates from the low energy spectral forms of LHCI to the bulk of the PSI antenna (15-40 ns-1), but they are slower than the transfer from the bulk antenna of PSI to the reaction centre (>150 ns-1), implying a relatively small kinetics bottleneck for the energy transfer from LHCII. Nevertheless, the kinetic limitation imposed by excited state diffusion has a negligible impact on the photochemical quantum efficiency of the supercomplex, which remains about 98% in the case of PSI-LHCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Santabarbara
- Photosynthesis Research Unit, Centro di Studio per la Biologia Cellulare e Molecolare delle Piante, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Tania Tibiletti
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS UMR7265 BVME, Laboratoire de Génétique et Biophysique des Plantes, Marseille 13009, France
| | - William Remelli
- Photosynthesis Research Unit, Centro di Studio per la Biologia Cellulare e Molecolare delle Piante, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Stefano Caffarri
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS UMR7265 BVME, Laboratoire de Génétique et Biophysique des Plantes, Marseille 13009, France
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Temperature-dependent self-assemblies of zinc 31-hydroxy-chlorins in polydimethylsiloxane oil. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Sola-Llano R, Fujita Y, Gómez-Hortigüela L, Alfayate A, Uji-i H, Fron E, Toyouchi S, Pérez-Pariente J, López-Arbeloa I, Martínez-Martínez V. One-Directional Antenna Systems: Energy Transfer from Monomers to J-Aggregates within 1D Nanoporous Aluminophosphates. ACS PHOTONICS 2018; 5:151-157. [PMID: 30364720 PMCID: PMC6197758 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.7b00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A cyanine dye (PIC) was occluded into two 1D-nanopoporus Mg-containing aluminophosphates with different pore size (MgAPO-5 and MgAPO-36 with AFI and ATS zeolitic structure types, with cylindrical channels of 7.3 Å diameter and elliptical channels of 6.7 Å × 7.5 Å, respectively) by crystallization inclusion method. Different J-aggregates are photophysically characterized as a consequence of the different pore size of the MgAPO frameworks, with emission bands at 565 nm and at 610 nm in MgAPO-5 and MgAPO-36, respectively. Computational results indicate a more linear geometry of the J-aggregates inside the nanochannels of the MgAPO-36 sample than those in MgAPO-5, which is as a consequence of the more constrained environment in the former. For the same reason, the fluorescence of the PIC monomers at 550 nm is also activated within the MgAPO-36 channels. Owing to the strategic distribution of the fluorescent PIC species in MgAPO-36 crystals (monomers at one edge and J-aggregates with intriguing emission properties at the other edge) an efficient and one-directional antenna system is obtained. The unidirectional energy transfer process from monomers to J-aggregates is demonstrated by remote excitation experiments along tens of microns of distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Sola-Llano
- Departamento
de Química Física, Universidad
del País Vasco, UPV/EHU, Apartado
644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Yasuhiko Fujita
- Department
of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001Heverlee, Belgium
- Toray
Research Center, Inc., 3-3-7, Sonoyama, Otsu, Shiga 520-8567, Japan
| | - Luis Gómez-Hortigüela
- Instituto
de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica-CSIC, C/Marie Curie 2, 28049, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Alfayate
- Instituto
de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica-CSIC, C/Marie Curie 2, 28049, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hiroshi Uji-i
- Department
of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001Heverlee, Belgium
- RIES, Hokkaido University,
N20W10, Kita-Ward Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Eduard Fron
- Department
of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Shuichi Toyouchi
- Department
of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Joaquín Pérez-Pariente
- Instituto
de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica-CSIC, C/Marie Curie 2, 28049, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iñigo López-Arbeloa
- Departamento
de Química Física, Universidad
del País Vasco, UPV/EHU, Apartado
644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
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25
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Coles D, Flatten LC, Sydney T, Hounslow E, Saikin SK, Aspuru-Guzik A, Vedral V, Tang JKH, Taylor RA, Smith JM, Lidzey DG. A Nanophotonic Structure Containing Living Photosynthetic Bacteria. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1701777. [PMID: 28809455 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201701777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic organisms rely on a series of self-assembled nanostructures with tuned electronic energy levels in order to transport energy from where it is collected by photon absorption, to reaction centers where the energy is used to drive chemical reactions. In the photosynthetic bacteria Chlorobaculum tepidum, a member of the green sulfur bacteria family, light is absorbed by large antenna complexes called chlorosomes to create an exciton. The exciton is transferred to a protein baseplate attached to the chlorosome, before migrating through the Fenna-Matthews-Olson complex to the reaction center. Here, it is shown that by placing living Chlorobaculum tepidum bacteria within a photonic microcavity, the strong exciton-photon coupling regime between a confined cavity mode and exciton states of the chlorosome can be accessed, whereby a coherent exchange of energy between the bacteria and cavity mode results in the formation of polariton states. The polaritons have energy distinct from that of the exciton which can be tuned by modifying the energy of the optical modes of the microcavity. It is believed that this is the first demonstration of the modification of energy levels within living biological systems using a photonic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Coles
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - Lucas C Flatten
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Sheffield, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Thomas Sydney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK
| | - Emily Hounslow
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Semion K Saikin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Alán Aspuru-Guzik
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Vlatko Vedral
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Joseph Kuo-Hsiang Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, Worcester, MA, 01610-1477, USA
| | - Robert A Taylor
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Jason M Smith
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Sheffield, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - David G Lidzey
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
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26
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Mirkovic T, Ostroumov EE, Anna JM, van Grondelle R, Govindjee, Scholes GD. Light Absorption and Energy Transfer in the Antenna Complexes of Photosynthetic Organisms. Chem Rev 2016; 117:249-293. [PMID: 27428615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 587] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The process of photosynthesis is initiated by the capture of sunlight by a network of light-absorbing molecules (chromophores), which are also responsible for the subsequent funneling of the excitation energy to the reaction centers. Through evolution, genetic drift, and speciation, photosynthetic organisms have discovered many solutions for light harvesting. In this review, we describe the underlying photophysical principles by which this energy is absorbed, as well as the mechanisms of electronic excitation energy transfer (EET). First, optical properties of the individual pigment chromophores present in light-harvesting antenna complexes are introduced, and then we examine the collective behavior of pigment-pigment and pigment-protein interactions. The description of energy transfer, in particular multichromophoric antenna structures, is shown to vary depending on the spatial and energetic landscape, which dictates the relative coupling strength between constituent pigment molecules. In the latter half of the article, we focus on the light-harvesting complexes of purple bacteria as a model to illustrate the present understanding of the synergetic effects leading to EET optimization of light-harvesting antenna systems while exploring the structure and function of the integral chromophores. We end this review with a brief overview of the energy-transfer dynamics and pathways in the light-harvesting antennas of various photosynthetic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tihana Mirkovic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Evgeny E Ostroumov
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University , Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Jessica M Anna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Rienk van Grondelle
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Govindjee
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biophysics & Quantitative Biology, and Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 265 Morrill Hall, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Gregory D Scholes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Princeton University , Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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27
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Shoji S, Ogawa T, Hashishin T, Ogasawara S, Watanabe H, Usami H, Tamiaki H. Nanotubes of Biomimetic Supramolecules Constructed by Synthetic Metal Chlorophyll Derivatives. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:3650-3654. [PMID: 27172060 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Various supramolecular nanotubes have recently been built up by lipids, peptides, and other organic molecules. Major light-harvesting (LH) antenna systems in a filamentous anoxygenic phototroph, Chloroflexus (Cfl.) aurantiacus, are called chlorosomes and contain photofunctional single-wall supramolecular nanotubes with approximately 5 nm in their diameter. Chlorosomal supramolecular nanotubes of Cfl. aurantiacus are constructed by a large amount of bacteriochlorophyll(BChl)-c molecules. Such a pigment self-assembles in a chlorosome without any assistance from the peptides, which is in sharp contrast to the other natural photosynthetic LH antennas. To mimic chlorosomal supramolecular nanotubes, synthetic models were prepared by the modification of naturally occurring chlorophyll(Chl)-a molecule. Metal complexes (magnesium, zinc, and cadmium) of the Chl derivative were synthesized as models of natural chlorosomal BChls. These metal Chl derivatives self-assembled in hydrophobic environments, and their supramolecules were analyzed by spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. Cryo-transmission electron microscopic images showed that the zinc and cadmium Chl derivatives could form single-wall supramolecular nanotubes and their outer and inner diameters were approximately 5 and 3 nm, respectively. Atomic force microscopic images suggested that the magnesium Chl derivative formed similar nanotubes to those of the corresponding zinc and cadmium complexes. Three chlorosomal single-wall supramolecular nanotubes of the metal Chl derivatives were prepared in the solid state and would be useful as photofunctional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunao Shoji
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ogawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University , Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hashishin
- Faculty of Engineering, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Shin Ogasawara
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Watanabe
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Hisanao Usami
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University , Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tamiaki
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
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28
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Molina RA, Benito-Matías E, Somoza AD, Chen L, Zhao Y. Superradiance at the localization-delocalization crossover in tubular chlorosomes. Phys Rev E 2016; 93:022414. [PMID: 26986369 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.93.022414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We study the effect of disorder on spectral properties of tubular chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria Cf. aurantiacus. Employing a Frenkel-exciton Hamiltonian with diagonal and off-diagonal disorder consistent with spectral and structural studies, we analyze excitonic localization and spectral statistics of the chlorosomes. A size-dependent localization-delocalization crossover is found to occur as a function of the excitonic energy. The crossover energy region coincides with the more optically active states with maximized superradiance and is, consequently, more conducive for energy transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael A Molina
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, IEM-CSIC, Serrano 123, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | | | - Alejandro D Somoza
- Division of Materials Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - Lipeng Chen
- Division of Materials Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - Yang Zhao
- Division of Materials Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
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29
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Somoza Márquez A, Chen L, Sun K, Zhao Y. Probing ultrafast excitation energy transfer of the chlorosome with exciton–phonon variational dynamics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:20298-311. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06491k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Excitation energy transfer of the chlorosome is investigated using exciton–phonon variational dynamics revealing ultrafast energy relaxation and exciton delocalization on a 100 fs scale.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lipeng Chen
- Division of Materials Science
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798
- Singapore
| | - Kewei Sun
- School of Science
- Hangzhou Dianzi University
- Hangzhou 310018
- China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Division of Materials Science
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798
- Singapore
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30
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Miyatake T, Takamori Y, Yamaguchi K. Synthesis of zinc chlorin–spiropyran dyads and their self-aggregation properties. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Han D, Du J, Kobayashi T, Miyatake T, Tamiaki H, Li Y, Leng Y. Excitonic Relaxation and Coherent Vibrational Dynamics in Zinc Chlorin Aggregates for Artificial Photosynthetic Systems. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:12265-73. [PMID: 26307640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b06214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongjia Han
- State
Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of
Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Juan Du
- State
Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of
Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Takayoshi Kobayashi
- Advanced
Ultrafast Laser Research Center, University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1, Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
- JST, CREST, K’s Gobancho, 7 Gobancho,
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0076 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Miyatake
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Shiga 520-2194, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tamiaki
- Department
of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yanyan Li
- State
Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of
Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Yuxin Leng
- State
Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of
Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- FSA
Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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32
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Chen L, Shenai P, Zheng F, Somoza A, Zhao Y. Optimal Energy Transfer in Light-Harvesting Systems. Molecules 2015; 20:15224-72. [PMID: 26307957 PMCID: PMC6332264 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200815224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Photosynthesis is one of the most essential biological processes in which specialized pigment-protein complexes absorb solar photons, and with a remarkably high efficiency, guide the photo-induced excitation energy toward the reaction center to subsequently trigger its conversion to chemical energy. In this work, we review the principles of optimal energy transfer in various natural and artificial light harvesting systems. We begin by presenting the guiding principles for optimizing the energy transfer efficiency in systems connected to dissipative environments, with particular attention paid to the potential role of quantum coherence in light harvesting systems. We will comment briefly on photo-protective mechanisms in natural systems that ensure optimal functionality under varying ambient conditions. For completeness, we will also present an overview of the charge separation and electron transfer pathways in reaction centers. Finally, recent theoretical and experimental progress on excitation energy transfer, charge separation, and charge transport in artificial light harvesting systems is delineated, with organic solar cells taken as prime examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipeng Chen
- Division of Materials Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue,Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Prathamesh Shenai
- Division of Materials Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue,Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Fulu Zheng
- Division of Materials Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue,Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Alejandro Somoza
- Division of Materials Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue,Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Yang Zhao
- Division of Materials Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue,Singapore 639798, Singapore.
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33
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Kell A, Chen J, Jassas M, Tang JKH, Jankowiak R. Alternative Excitonic Structure in the Baseplate (BChl a-CsmA Complex) of the Chlorosome from Chlorobaculum tepidum. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:2702-2707. [PMID: 26266851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the photosynthetic green sulfur bacterium Chlorobaculum tepidum, the baseplate mediates excitation energy transfer from the light-harvesting chlorosome to the Fenna-Matthews-Olson (FMO) complex and subsequently toward the reaction center (RC). Literature data suggest that the baseplate is a 2D lattice of BChl a-CsmA dimers. However, recently, it has been proposed, using 2D electronic spectroscopy (2DES) at 77 K, that at least four excitonically coupled BChl a are in close contact within the baseplate structure [ Dostál , J. ; et al., J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2014 , 5 , 1743 ]. This finding is tested via hole burning (HB) spectroscopy (5 K). Our results indicate that the four excitonic states identified by 2DES likely correspond to contamination of the baseplate with the FMO antenna and possibly the RC. In contrast, HB reveals a different excitonic structure of the baseplate chromophores, where excitation is transferred to a localized trap state near 818 nm via exciton hopping, which leads to emission near 826 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joseph Kuo-Hsiang Tang
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts 01610, United States
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34
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Sawaya NPD, Huh J, Fujita T, Saikin SK, Aspuru-Guzik A. Fast delocalization leads to robust long-range excitonic transfer in a large quantum chlorosome model. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:1722-1729. [PMID: 25694170 DOI: 10.1021/nl504399d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chlorosomes are efficient light-harvesting antennas containing up to hundreds of thousands of bacteriochlorophyll molecules. With massively parallel computer hardware, we use a nonperturbative stochastic Schrödinger equation, while including an atomistically derived spectral density, to study excitonic energy transfer in a realistically sized chlorosome model. We find that fast short-range delocalization leads to robust long-range transfer due to the antennae's concentric-roll structure. Additionally, we discover anomalous behavior arising from different initial conditions, and outline general considerations for simulating excitonic systems on the nanometer to micrometer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas P D Sawaya
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University , 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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35
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Jun S, Yang C, Kim TW, Isaji M, Tamiaki H, Ihee H, Kim J. Role of thermal excitation in ultrafast energy transfer in chlorosomes revealed by two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:17872-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01355k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy reveals the role of thermal excitation in excitation energy transfer in chlorosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunhong Jun
- Department of Chemistry
- KAIST
- Daejeon 305-701
- Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions
| | - Cheolhee Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- KAIST
- Daejeon 305-701
- Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions
| | - Tae Wu Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- KAIST
- Daejeon 305-701
- Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions
| | - Megumi Isaji
- Graduate School of Life Sciences
- Ritsumeikan University
- Kusatsu
- Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tamiaki
- Graduate School of Life Sciences
- Ritsumeikan University
- Kusatsu
- Japan
| | - Hyotcherl Ihee
- Department of Chemistry
- KAIST
- Daejeon 305-701
- Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions
| | - Jeongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- Inha University
- Incheon 402-751
- Republic of Korea
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36
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Strong coupling between chlorosomes of photosynthetic bacteria and a confined optical cavity mode. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5561. [PMID: 25429787 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Strong exciton-photon coupling is the result of a reversible exchange of energy between an excited state and a confined optical field. This results in the formation of polariton states that have energies different from the exciton and photon. We demonstrate strong exciton-photon coupling between light-harvesting complexes and a confined optical mode within a metallic optical microcavity. The energetic anti-crossing between the exciton and photon dispersions characteristic of strong coupling is observed in reflectivity and transmission with a Rabi splitting energy on the order of 150 meV, which corresponds to about 1,000 chlorosomes coherently coupled to the cavity mode. We believe that the strong coupling regime presents an opportunity to modify the energy transfer pathways within photosynthetic organisms without modification of the molecular structure.
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37
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Natural strategies for photosynthetic light harvesting. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 10:492-501. [PMID: 24937067 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 566] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Photosynthetic organisms are crucial for life on Earth as they provide food and oxygen and are at the basis of most energy resources. They have a large variety of light-harvesting strategies that allow them to live nearly everywhere where sunlight can penetrate. They have adapted their pigmentation to the spectral composition of light in their habitat, they acclimate to slowly varying light intensities and they rapidly respond to fast changes in light quality and quantity. This is particularly important for oxygen-producing organisms because an overdose of light in combination with oxygen can be lethal. Rapid progress is being made in understanding how different organisms maximize light harvesting and minimize deleterious effects. Here we summarize the latest findings and explain the main design principles used in nature. The available knowledge can be used for optimizing light harvesting in both natural and artificial photosynthesis to improve light-driven production processes.
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38
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Fujita T, Huh J, Saikin SK, Brookes JC, Aspuru-Guzik A. Theoretical characterization of excitation energy transfer in chlorosome light-harvesting antennae from green sulfur bacteria. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2014; 120:273-289. [PMID: 24504540 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-014-9978-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a theoretical study of excitation dynamics in the chlorosome antenna complex of green photosynthetic bacteria based on a recently proposed model for the molecular assembly. Our model for the excitation energy transfer (EET) throughout the antenna combines a stochastic time propagation of the excitonic wave function with molecular dynamics simulations of the supramolecular structure and electronic structure calculations of the excited states. We characterized the optical properties of the chlorosome with absorption, circular dichroism and fluorescence polarization anisotropy decay spectra. The simulation results for the excitation dynamics reveal a detailed picture of the EET in the chlorosome. Coherent energy transfer is significant only for the first 50 fs after the initial excitation, and the wavelike motion of the exciton is completely damped at 100 fs. Characteristic time constants of incoherent energy transfer, subsequently, vary from 1 ps to several tens of ps. We assign the time scales of the EET to specific physical processes by comparing our results with the data obtained from time-resolved spectroscopy experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatoshi Fujita
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA,
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39
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Chromatic acclimation and population dynamics of green sulfur bacteria grown with spectrally tailored light. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5057. [PMID: 24862580 PMCID: PMC4033924 DOI: 10.1038/srep05057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Living organisms have to adjust to their surrounding in order to survive in stressful conditions. We study this mechanism in one of most primitive creatures – photosynthetic green sulfur bacteria. These bacteria absorb photons very efficiently using the chlorosome antenna complexes and perform photosynthesis in extreme low-light environments. How the chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria are acclimated to the stressful light conditions, for instance, if the spectrum of light is not optimal for absorption, is unknown. Studying Chlorobaculumtepidum cultures with far-red to near-infrared light-emitting diodes, we found that these bacteria react to changes in energy flow by regulating the amount of light-absorbing pigments and the size of the chlorosomes. Surprisingly, our results indicate that the bacteria can survive in near-infrared lights capturing low-frequency photons by the intermediate units of the light-harvesting complex. The latter strategy may be used by the species recently found near hydrothermal vents in the Pacific Ocean.
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40
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Valleau S, Saikin SK, Ansari-Oghol-Beig D, Rostami M, Mossallaei H, Aspuru-Guzik A. Electromagnetic study of the chlorosome antenna complex of Chlorobium tepidum. ACS NANO 2014; 8:3884-3894. [PMID: 24641680 DOI: 10.1021/nn500759k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Green sulfur bacteria are an iconic example of nature's adaptation: thriving in environments of extremely low photon density, the bacterium ranks itself among the most efficient natural light-harvesting organisms. The photosynthetic antenna complex of this bacterium is a self-assembled nanostructure, ≈60 × 150 nm, made of bacteriochlorophyll molecules. We study the system from a computational nanoscience perspective by using electrodynamic modeling with the goal of understanding its role as a nanoantenna. Three different nanostructures, built from two molecular packing moieties, are considered: a structure built of concentric cylinders of aggregated bacteriochlorophyll d monomers, a single cylinder of bacteriochlorophyll c monomers, and a model for the entire chlorosome. The theoretical model captures both coherent and incoherent components of exciton transfer. The model is employed to extract optical spectra, concentration and depolarization of electromagnetic fields within the chlorosome, and fluxes of energy transfer for the structures. The second model nanostructure shows the largest field enhancement. Further, field enhancement is found to be more sensitive to dynamic noise rather than structural disorder. Field depolarization, however, is similar for all structures. This indicates that the directionality of transfer is robust to structural variations, while on the other hand, the intensity of transfer can be tuned by structural variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Valleau
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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41
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Jun S, Yang C, Isaji M, Tamiaki H, Kim J, Ihee H. Coherent Oscillations in Chlorosome Elucidated by Two-Dimensional Electronic Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:1386-1392. [PMID: 26269984 DOI: 10.1021/jz500328w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chlorosomes are the most efficient photosynthetic light-harvesting complexes found in nature and consist of many bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) molecules self-assembled into supramolecular aggregates. Here we elucidate the presence and the origin of coherent oscillations in chlorosome at cryogenic temperature using 2D electronic spectroscopy. We observe coherent oscillations of multiple frequencies superimposed on the ultrafast amplitude decay of 2D spectra. Comparison of oscillatory features in the rephasing and nonrephasing 2D spectra suggests that an oscillation of 620 cm(-1) frequency arises from electronic coherence. However, this coherent oscillation can be enhanced by vibronic coupling with intermolecular vibrations of BChl aggregate, and thus it might originate from vibronic coherence rather than pure electronic coherence. Although the 620 cm(-1) oscillation dephases rapidly, the electronic (or vibronic) coherence may still take part in the initial step of energy transfer in chlorosome, which is comparably fast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunhong Jun
- †Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
- ‡Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolhee Yang
- †Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
- ‡Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Megumi Isaji
- §Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tamiaki
- §Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Jeongho Kim
- ∥Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyotcherl Ihee
- †Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
- ‡Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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42
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Dostál J, Mančal T, Vácha F, Pšenčík J, Zigmantas D. Unraveling the nature of coherent beatings in chlorosomes. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:115103. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4868557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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43
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Huh J, Saikin SK, Brookes JC, Valleau S, Fujita T, Aspuru-Guzik A. Atomistic study of energy funneling in the light-harvesting complex of green sulfur bacteria. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:2048-57. [PMID: 24405318 DOI: 10.1021/ja412035q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Phototrophic organisms such as plants, photosynthetic bacteria, and algae use microscopic complexes of pigment molecules to absorb sunlight. Within the light-harvesting complexes, which frequently have several functional and structural subunits, the energy is transferred in the form of molecular excitations with very high efficiency. Green sulfur bacteria are considered to be among the most efficient light-harvesting organisms. Despite multiple experimental and theoretical studies of these bacteria, the physical origin of the efficient and robust energy transfer in their light-harvesting complexes is not well understood. To study excitation dynamics at the systems level, we introduce an atomistic model that mimics a complete light-harvesting apparatus of green sulfur bacteria. The model contains approximately 4000 pigment molecules and comprises a double wall roll for the chlorosome, a baseplate, and six Fenna-Matthews-Olson trimer complexes. We show that the fast relaxation within functional subunits combined with the transfer between collective excited states of pigments can result in robust energy funneling to the initial excitation conditions and temperature changes. Moreover, the same mechanism describes the coexistence of multiple time scales of excitation dynamics frequently observed in ultrafast optical experiments. While our findings support the hypothesis of supertransfer, the model reveals energy transport through multiple channels on different length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonsuk Huh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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44
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Niedzwiedzki DM, Orf GS, Tank M, Vogl K, Bryant DA, Blankenship RE. Photophysical properties of the excited states of bacteriochlorophyll f in solvents and in chlorosomes. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:2295-305. [PMID: 24410285 DOI: 10.1021/jp409495m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriochlorophyll f (BChl f) is a photosynthetic pigment predicted nearly 40 years ago as a fourth potential member of the Chlorobium chlorophyll family (BChl c, d, and e). However, this pigment still has not been found in a naturally occurring organism. BChl c, d, and e are utilized by anoxygenic green photosynthetic bacteria for assembly of chlorosomes--large light-harvesting complexes that allow those organisms to survive in habitats with extremely low light intensities. Recently, using genetic methods on two different strains of Chlorobaculum limnaeum that naturally produce BChl e, two research groups produced mutants that synthesize BChl f and assemble it into chlorosomes. In this study, we present detailed investigations on spectral and dynamic characteristics of singlet excited and triplet states of BChl f with the application of ultrafast time-resolved absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies. The studies were performed on isolated BChl f in various solvents, at different temperatures, and on BChl f-containing chlorosomes in order to uncover any unusual or unfavorable properties that stand behind the lack of appearance of this pigment in natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz M Niedzwiedzki
- Photosynthetic Antenna Research Center, ‡Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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45
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Pšenčík J, Butcher SJ, Tuma R. Chlorosomes: Structure, Function and Assembly. THE STRUCTURAL BASIS OF BIOLOGICAL ENERGY GENERATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-8742-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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46
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Saga Y, Saiki T, Takahashi N, Shibata Y, Tamiaki H. Scrambled Self-Assembly of Bacteriochlorophyllscandein Aqueous Triton X-100 Micelles. Photochem Photobiol 2013; 90:552-9. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Saga
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science and Engineering; Kinki University; Higashi-Osaka Japan
| | - Tatsuya Saiki
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science and Engineering; Kinki University; Higashi-Osaka Japan
| | - Naoya Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science and Engineering; Kinki University; Higashi-Osaka Japan
| | - Yutaka Shibata
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tamiaki
- Graduate School of Life Sciences; Ritsumeikan University; Kusatsu Japan
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47
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Orf GS, Blankenship RE. Chlorosome antenna complexes from green photosynthetic bacteria. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2013; 116:315-31. [PMID: 23761131 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-013-9869-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chlorosomes are the distinguishing light-harvesting antenna complexes that are found in green photosynthetic bacteria. They contain bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) c, d, e in natural organisms, and recently through mutation, BChl f, as their principal light-harvesting pigments. In chlorosomes, these pigments self-assemble into large supramolecular structures that are enclosed inside a lipid monolayer to form an ellipsoid. The pigment assembly is dictated mostly by pigment-pigment interactions as opposed to protein-pigment interactions. On the bottom face of the chlorosome, the CsmA protein aggregates into a paracrystalline baseplate with BChl a, and serves as the interface to the next energy acceptor in the system. The exceptional light-harvesting ability at very low light conditions of chlorosomes has made them an attractive subject of study for both basic and applied science. This review, incorporating recent advancements, considers several important aspects of chlorosomes: pigment biosynthesis, organization of pigments and proteins, spectroscopic properties, and applications to bio-hybrid and bio-inspired devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Orf
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1137, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
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48
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Linnanto JM, Korppi-Tommola JEI. Exciton Description of Chlorosome to Baseplate Excitation Energy Transfer in Filamentous Anoxygenic Phototrophs and Green Sulfur Bacteria. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:11144-61. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4011394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juha M. Linnanto
- Department of Chemistry, P.O.
Box 35, University of Jyväskylä, FIN-40014, Finland
- University of Tartu, Institute of Physics, Riia 142,
EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia
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49
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Reconstruction of rod self-aggregates of natural bacteriochlorophylls-c from Chloroflexus aurantiacus. Chem Phys Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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50
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Pandit A, Ocakoglu K, Buda F, van Marle T, Holzwarth AR, de Groot HJM. Structure Determination of a Bio-Inspired Self-Assembled Light-Harvesting Antenna by Solid-State NMR and Molecular Modeling. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:11292-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp402210x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Pandit
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kasim Ocakoglu
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion (MPI-CEC) (previously
known as Max-Planck-Institute for Bioinorganic Chemistry), Stiftstrasse
34−36, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Francesco Buda
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas van Marle
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alfred R. Holzwarth
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion (MPI-CEC) (previously
known as Max-Planck-Institute for Bioinorganic Chemistry), Stiftstrasse
34−36, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Huub J. M. de Groot
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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