1
|
Nogo D, Nazal H, Song Y, Teopiz KM, Ho R, McIntyre RS, Lui LMW, Rosenblat JD. A review of potential neuropathological changes associated with ketamine. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2022; 21:813-831. [PMID: 35502632 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2022.2071867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION : Ketamine is an established intervention for treatment resistant depression (TRD). However, long-term adverse effects with repeated doses remain insufficiently characterized. Although several animal models have shown N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor antagonists to produce various neuropathological reactions, attention surrounding the risk of brain lesions has been minimal. AREAS COVERED : The current review focuses on potential neuropathological changes associated with ketamine. Search terms included variations of ketamine, Olney lesions, tau hyperphosphorylation, and parvalbumin interneurons. EXPERT OPINION : Daily high-dose ketamine use in substance use disorder (SUD) populations was associated with clear neurotoxic effects, while no studies specifically evaluated effects of ketamine protocols used for TRD. It is difficult to discern effects directly attributable to ketamine due to methodological factors, such as comorbidities and dramatic differences in dose in SUD populations versus infrequent sub-anesthetic doses typically prescribed for TRD. Taken together, animal models and human ketamine SUD populations suggest potential neuropathology with chronic high-dose ketamine exposure exceeding those recommended for adults with TRD. It is unknown whether repeat sub-anesthetic dosing of ketamine in adults with TRD is associated with Olney lesions or other neuropathologies. In the interim, practitioners should be vigilant for this possibility recognizing that the condition itself is associated with neurodegenerative processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danica Nogo
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hana Nazal
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Yuetong Song
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kayla M Teopiz
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto, Canada
| | - Roger Ho
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto, Canada
| | - Leanna M W Lui
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Joshua D Rosenblat
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen BK, Luna VM, Shannon ME, Hunsberger HC, Mastrodonato A, Stackmann M, McGowan JC, Rubinstenn G, Denny CA. Fluoroethylnormemantine, a Novel NMDA Receptor Antagonist, for the Prevention and Treatment of Stress-Induced Maladaptive Behavior. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 90:458-472. [PMID: 34274107 PMCID: PMC9590626 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder is a common, recurrent illness. Recent studies have implicated the NMDA receptor in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder. (R,S)-ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, is an effective antidepressant but has numerous side effects. Here, we characterized a novel NMDA receptor antagonist, fluoroethylnormemantine (FENM), to determine its effectiveness as a prophylactic and/or antidepressant against stress-induced maladaptive behavior. METHODS Saline, memantine (10 mg/kg), (R,S)-ketamine (30 mg/kg), or FENM (10, 20, or 30 mg/kg) was administered before or after contextual fear conditioning in 129S6/SvEv mice. Drug efficacy was assayed using various behavioral tests. Protein expression in the hippocampus was quantified with immunohistochemistry or Western blotting. In vitro radioligand binding was used to assay drug binding affinity. Patch clamp electrophysiology was used to determine the effect of drug administration on glutamatergic activity in ventral hippocampal cornu ammonis 3 (vCA3) 1 week after injection. RESULTS Given after stress, FENM decreased behavioral despair and reduced perseverative behavior. When administered after re-exposure, FENM facilitated extinction learning. As a prophylactic, FENM attenuated learned fear and decreased stress-induced behavioral despair. FENM was behaviorally effective in both male and female mice. (R,S)-ketamine, but not FENM, increased expression of c-fos in vCA3. Both (R,S)-ketamine and FENM attenuated large-amplitude AMPA receptor-mediated bursts in vCA3, indicating a common neurobiological mechanism for further study. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that FENM is a novel drug that is efficacious when administered at various times before or after stress. Future work will further characterize FENM's mechanism of action with the goal of clinical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Briana K Chen
- Doctoral Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Victor M Luna
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, Inc./New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Holly C Hunsberger
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, Inc./New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Alessia Mastrodonato
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, Inc./New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Michelle Stackmann
- Doctoral Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Josephine C McGowan
- Doctoral Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | | | - Christine A Denny
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, Inc./New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Perez-Caballero L, Soto-Montenegro ML, Desco M, Mico JA, Berrocoso E. Sustained escitalopram administration affects glucose metabolism in the rat brain. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 51:1-6. [PMID: 34022746 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Escitalopram is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRIs) antidepressant, drug that is currently used as first-line agents for the treatment of depression and it is also used in the treatment of other psychiatric disorders. The main goal of this study was to identify which brain areas are affected by escitalopram administration. This study was carried out on male Wistar rats that received escitalopram daily over 14 days and that were studied by 2-deoxy-2[18F]fluoro-D-glucose ([18F]FDG)-PET on the last day of treatment. Computed tomography (CT) images were acquired immediately before each PET scan and the main effects of drug administration were elucidated by Statistical Parametric Mapping. The results obtained indicated that repeated exposure to escitalopram increased metabolic activity in the retrosplenial and posterior cingulate cortices, while it decreased such activity in the ventral hippocampus, cerebellum, brainstem and midbrain regions, including the raphe nuclei and ventral tegmental area. Therefore, repeated exposure to escitalopram alters the activity of several brain areas closely related to the serotonergic system, and previously identified as key regions in the antidepressant effect induced by SSRIs. Furthermore, some of the changes found, such as the dampened metabolism in the ventral tegmental area, are similar to changes that have been described after treating with other fast-acting antidepressant approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Perez-Caballero
- Neuropsychopharmacology & Psychobiology Research Group, Area of Psychobiology, Department of Psychology, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; CIBER for Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - M L Soto-Montenegro
- CIBER for Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Unidad de Medicina y Cirugía Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Desco
- CIBER for Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Unidad de Medicina y Cirugía Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Department of Bioengineering and Aerospace Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, Spain; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - J A Mico
- CIBER for Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Neuropsychopharmacology & Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, Pharmacology and Psychiatry, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - E Berrocoso
- Neuropsychopharmacology & Psychobiology Research Group, Area of Psychobiology, Department of Psychology, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; CIBER for Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chronic lithium exposure attenuates ketamine-induced mania-like behavior and c-Fos expression in the forebrain of mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 202:173108. [PMID: 33450292 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ketamine, a dissociative anaesthetic, has been used in the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) as a rapid acting antidepressant drug. Recent studies have shown that ketamine may increase the potential risk of treatment-induced mania in MDD patients. Lithium is a well-known mood stabilizer and has been widely used for the treatment of mania. It is not fully understood which forebrain regions are involved in ketamine- and lithium-induced expression of c-Fos. Therefore, our aim was to investigate the effect of chronic lithium treatment on mania-like behavior and c-Fos expression in the mouse forebrain activated by a single administration of ketamine. In the open field test, our results showed that ketamine significantly increased the total distance and total cumulative duration of movement in mice, while chronic lithium could attenuate these effects of ketamine. In addition, acute ketamine induced higher c-Fos expression in the lateral septal nucleus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus of mice in the treatment group compared to those in the control group. However, chronic lithium inhibited the significant increase in c-Fos-immunoreactive neurons following acute ketamine administration in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, field CA1 of the hippocampus, dorsal subiculum, ventral subiculum, ventral subiculum, central amygdaloid nucleus and basolateral amygdaloid nucleus. In summary, our research shows that pretreatment with lithium moderates the effects of acute ketamine administration on mania-like behavior and c-Fos expression in the forebrain. These findings could be helpful in better understanding the episodes of mania related to ketamine treatment for MDD and bipolar disorder.
Collapse
|
5
|
Vento AE, Kotzalidis GD, Cacciotti M, Papanti GD, Orsolini L, Rapinesi C, Savoja V, Calabrò G, Del Casale A, Piacentino D, Caloro M, Girardi P, Schifano F. Quetiapine Abuse Fourteen Years Later: Where Are We Now? A Systematic Review. Subst Use Misuse 2020; 55:304-313. [PMID: 31573374 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2019.1668013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: Quetiapine, an atypical antipsychotic endowed with weak dopamine antagonist, potent 5-HT2A-blocking, partial 5-HT1A-agonist, anti-H1 histamine, adrenolytic, and sigma1 receptor agonist activities, since an original 2004 report is increasingly misused. Although some of its pharmacodynamics might explain some motives for voluptuary use, most of its actions are directed at setting-off those motives. Hence, it is possible that its popularity in special populations is due to the fact that the unpleasant or unwanted effects of addiction substances are somehow soothed by quetiapine. Currently, quetiapine is tested in substance use disorders, showing some promise, but it is likely to be misused in certain contexts. Objectives: To review the evidence for the use of quetiapine as addiction substance and investigate the characteristics of populations involved in such addiction. Methods: A systematic review of literature on various databases retrieved on September 7, 2018 87 records to comment. Results. We reviewed the evidence for quetiapine's addictive potential in the light of its pharmacodynamics properties and presented two cases of recreational quetiapine use, by a 35-year old male patient with past addictive behavior and by a 50-year-old woman with major depressive disorder and conversion disorder. We found quetiapine to be abused mainly by addict populations and people with law involvement. Conclusions/Importance: There is no reason to include quetiapine among regulated substances, but monitoring of its use in selected populations is warranted. Psychiatrists and physicians working in the penitentiary system should be aware of the addictive potential of quetiapine and adopt measures restricting its use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro E Vento
- NESMOS Department (Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University - Rome, School of Medicine and Psychology; Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy.,School of psychology - G. Marconi, Telematic University, Rome, Italy.,Addictions Observatory (ODDPSS), Rome, Italy.,Mental Health Department - ASL Roma 2, Rome, Italy
| | - Georgios D Kotzalidis
- NESMOS Department (Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University - Rome, School of Medicine and Psychology; Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Cacciotti
- NESMOS Department (Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University - Rome, School of Medicine and Psychology; Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy.,School of psychology - G. Marconi, Telematic University, Rome, Italy.,Addictions Observatory (ODDPSS), Rome, Italy.,Mental Health Department - ASL Roma 2, Rome, Italy
| | - G Duccio Papanti
- Udine Mental Health Department - SOPDC, Udine, Italy.,Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, College Lane Campus, University of Hertfordshire, Herts, England
| | - Laura Orsolini
- Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, College Lane Campus, University of Hertfordshire, Herts, England.,Neomesia Mental Health, Villa Jolanda Hospital, Jesi, Italy.,Polyedra Research, Teramo, Italy
| | - Chiara Rapinesi
- NESMOS Department (Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University - Rome, School of Medicine and Psychology; Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Savoja
- NESMOS Department (Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University - Rome, School of Medicine and Psychology; Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy.,Mental Health Department, ASL Roma 4, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Calabrò
- NESMOS Department (Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University - Rome, School of Medicine and Psychology; Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Del Casale
- NESMOS Department (Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University - Rome, School of Medicine and Psychology; Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Daria Piacentino
- NESMOS Department (Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University - Rome, School of Medicine and Psychology; Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy.,Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology (Cpn), Niaaa Dicbr and Nida Irp; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Matteo Caloro
- NESMOS Department (Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University - Rome, School of Medicine and Psychology; Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Girardi
- NESMOS Department (Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University - Rome, School of Medicine and Psychology; Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Schifano
- Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, College Lane Campus, University of Hertfordshire, Herts, England
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang M, Radford KD, Driscoll M, Purnomo S, Kim J, Choi KH. Effects of subanesthetic intravenous ketamine infusion on neuroplasticity-related proteins in the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus of Sprague-Dawley rats. IBRO Rep 2019; 6:87-94. [PMID: 30723838 PMCID: PMC6350099 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketamine, a multimodal dissociative anesthetic, is a powerful analgesic administered following trauma due to its hemodynamic and respiratory stability. However, ketamine can cause hallucination and dissociation which may adversely impact traumatic memory after an injury. The effects of ketamine on proteins implicated in neural plasticity are unclear due to different doses, routes, and timing of drug administration in previous studies. Here, we investigated the effects of a single intravenous (IV) ketamine infusion on protein levels in three brain regions of rats. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats with indwelling IV catheters underwent an auditory fear conditioning (three pairings of tone and mild footshock 0.8 mA, 0.5 s) and received a high dose of IV ketamine (0 or 40 mg/kg/2 h) infusion (Experiment 1). In a follow-up study, animals received a low dose of IV ketamine (0 or 10 mg/kg/2 h) infusion (Experiment 2). Two hours after the infusion, brain tissue from the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), hippocampus, and amygdala were collected for western blot analyses. Protein levels of a transcription factor (c-Fos), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) were quantified in these regions. The 40 mg/kg ketamine infusion increased c-Fos levels in the mPFC and amygdala as well as pERK levels in the mPFC and hippocampus. The 10 mg/kg ketamine infusion increased BDNF levels in the amygdala, but decreased pERK levels in the mPFC and hippocampus. These findings suggest that a clinically relevant route of ketamine administration produces dose-dependent and brain region-specific effects on proteins involved in neuroplasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
- Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
| | - Kennett D. Radford
- Daniel K. Inouye Graduate School of Nursing, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
| | - Mercedes Driscoll
- National Capital Consortium Psychiatry Residency Program, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
| | - Salsabila Purnomo
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
| | - Jean Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
| | - Kwang H. Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
- Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
- Daniel K. Inouye Graduate School of Nursing, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ventral CA3 Activation Mediates Prophylactic Ketamine Efficacy Against Stress-Induced Depressive-like Behavior. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:846-856. [PMID: 29615190 PMCID: PMC6107435 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported that a single injection of ketamine prior to stress protects against the onset of depressive-like behavior and attenuates learned fear. However, the molecular pathways and brain circuits underlying ketamine-induced stress resilience are still largely unknown. METHODS Here, we tested whether prophylactic ketamine administration altered neural activity in the prefrontal cortex and/or hippocampus. Mice were injected with saline or ketamine (30 mg/kg) 1 week before social defeat. Following behavioral tests assessing depressive-like behavior, mice were sacrificed and brains were processed to quantify ΔFosB expression. In a second set of experiments, mice were stereotaxically injected with viral vectors into ventral CA3 (vCA3) in order to silence or overexpress ΔFosB prior to prophylactic ketamine administration. In a third set of experiments, ArcCreERT2 mice, a line that allows for the indelible labeling of neural ensembles activated by a single experience, were used to quantify memory traces representing a contextual fear conditioning experience following prophylactic ketamine administration. RESULTS Prophylactic ketamine administration increased ΔFosB expression in the ventral dentate gyrus and vCA3 of social defeat mice but not of control mice. Transcriptional silencing of ΔFosB activity in vCA3 inhibited prophylactic ketamine efficacy, while overexpression of ΔFosB mimicked and occluded ketamine's prophylactic effects. In ArcCreERT2 mice, ketamine administration altered memory traces representing the contextual fear conditioning experience in vCA3 but not in the ventral dentate gyrus. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that prophylactic ketamine may be protective against a stressor by altering neural activity, specifically the neural ensembles representing an individual stressor in vCA3.
Collapse
|
8
|
Single and chronic L-serine treatments exert antidepressant-like effects in rats possibly by different means. Amino Acids 2017; 49:1561-1570. [PMID: 28589394 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2448-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the effects of both single (6 mmol L-serine/10 ml/kg orally administrated) and chronic (2% L-serine solution freely given for 28 days) treatments on depression-like behavior were evaluated in Wistar rats, representing the control, and Wistar Kyoto rats, representing an animal model of depression. Both single and chronic L-serine treatments decreased the duration of immobility, which is an index of a depressive-like state, in the forced swimming test in both strains. However, the decreases in the duration of immobility appear to be regulated differently by the different mechanisms involved in single and chronic L-serine treatments. In the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, single L-serine treatment increased the concentrations of L-serine, but not D-serine, while chronic L-serine treatment increased those of D-serine, but not L-serine. These data suggest that the antidepressant-like effects of single and chronic L-serine treatments may have been induced by the increased L-serine and D-serine concentrations, respectively, in the brain. In addition, chronic L-serine treatment increased cystathionine concentrations in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in Wistar rats, but not in Wistar Kyoto rats, suggesting that Wistar Kyoto rats have an abnormality in the serine-cystathionine metabolic pathway. In conclusion, single and chronic L-serine treatments may induce antidepressant-like effects via the different mechanisms related to serine metabolism in the brain.
Collapse
|
9
|
Behavioral effects and neuroanatomical targets of acute atrazine exposure in the male Sprague-Dawley rat. Neurotoxicology 2017; 58:161-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
10
|
Brain activity mapping in Mecp2 mutant mice reveals functional deficits in forebrain circuits, including key nodes in the default mode network, that are reversed with ketamine treatment. J Neurosci 2013; 32:13860-72. [PMID: 23035095 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2159-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitatory-inhibitory imbalance has been identified within specific brain microcircuits in models of Rett syndrome (RTT) and other autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). However, macrocircuit dysfunction across the RTT brain as a whole has not been defined. To approach this issue, we mapped expression of the activity-dependent, immediate-early gene product Fos in the brains of wild-type (Wt) and methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (Mecp2)-null (Null) mice, a model of RTT, before and after the appearance of overt symptoms (3 and 6 weeks of age, respectively). At 6 weeks, Null mice exhibit significantly less Fos labeling than Wt in limbic cortices and subcortical structures, including key nodes in the default mode network. In contrast, Null mice exhibit significantly more Fos labeling than Wt in the hindbrain, most notably in cardiorespiratory regions of the nucleus tractus solitarius (nTS). Using nTS as a model, whole-cell recordings demonstrated that increased Fos expression in Nulls at 6 weeks of age is associated with synaptic hyperexcitability, including increased frequency of spontaneous and miniature EPSCs and increased amplitude of evoked EPSCs in Nulls. No such effect of genotype on Fos or synaptic function was seen at 3 weeks. In the mutant forebrain, reduced Fos expression, as well as abnormal sensorimotor function, were reversed by the NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine. In light of recent findings that the default mode network is hypoactive in autism, our data raise the possibility that hypofunction within this meta-circuit is a shared feature of RTT and other ASDs and is reversible.
Collapse
|
11
|
Baron DM, Metnitz PGH, Gustorff B. [Sedation and analgesia in intensive care: physiology and application]. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2010; 122:455-64. [PMID: 20683673 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-010-1418-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Many therapeutic and diagnostic procedures in intensive care medicine are perceived as painful by most patients. As a consequence analgesia and sedation represent two of the main pillars in the treatment of the critically ill. Adaptation to the individual needs of the patients poses one of the biggest challenges that we are confronted with. Both morbidity and mortality can be positively influenced by adequate treatment. In the first part of this review we will discuss the physiology of sleep patterns and pain. Furthermore modes of action and side effects of the most common anesthetics and analgetics will be presented. Finally, the last part of the manuscript deals with the practical application of these therapeutics and their monitoring in intensive care medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Baron
- Univ.Klinik für Anästhesie, Allgemeine Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Austria
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Welters ID, Hafer G, Menzebach A, Mühling J, Neuhäuser C, Browning P, Goumon Y. Ketamine inhibits transcription factors activator protein 1 and nuclear factor-kappaB, interleukin-8 production, as well as CD11b and CD16 expression: studies in human leukocytes and leukocytic cell lines. Anesth Analg 2010; 110:934-41. [PMID: 20185670 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3181c95cfa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent data indicate that ketamine exerts antiinflammatory actions. However, little is known about the signaling mechanisms involved in ketamine-induced immune modulation. In this study, we investigated the effects of ketamine on lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of transcription factors activator protein 1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) in human leukocyte-like cell lines and in human blood neutrophils. METHODS Electric mobility shift assays were used to investigate ketamine's effects on nuclear binding activity of both transcription factors in U937 cells, and a whole blood flow cytometric technique was used for AP-1 and NF-kappaB determination in leukocytes. Cell lines with different expression patterns of opioid and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors were used for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to investigate receptors involved in ketamine signaling. Ketamine's effect on interleukin-8 production was assessed in a whole blood assay. RESULTS Ketamine inhibited both transcription factors in a concentration-dependent manner. These effects did not depend on opiate or N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Ketamine also reduced interleukin-8 production in whole blood and expression of CD11b and CD16 on neutrophils. CONCLUSION The immunoinhibitory effects of ketamine are at least in part caused by inhibition of transcription factors NF-kappaB and AP-1, which regulate production of proinflammatory mediators. However, signaling mechanisms different from those present in the central nervous system are responsible for ketamine-mediated immunomodulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingeborg D Welters
- School of Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, The Duncan Building, Daulby St., Liverpool L69 3GA, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hudetz JA, Pagel PS. Neuroprotection by ketamine: a review of the experimental and clinical evidence. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2009; 24:131-42. [PMID: 19640746 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2009.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Hudetz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin and Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Administration Medical Center, 5000 W National Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53295, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zuo DY, Cao Y, Zhang L, Wang HF, Wu YL. Effects of acute and chronic administration of MK-801 on c-Fos protein expression in mice brain regions implicated in schizophrenia with or without clozapine. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009; 33:290-5. [PMID: 19121361 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Revised: 11/26/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of acute and chronic administration of the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonists MK-801 on c-Fos protein expression in different brain regions of mice with or without clozapine. MK-801 (0.6 mg/kg) acute administration produced a significant increase in the expression of c-Fos protein in the layers III-IV of posterior cingulate and retrosplenial (PC/RS) cortex, which was consistent with the previous reports. Moreover, we presented a new finding that MK-801 (0.6 mg/kg) chronic administration for 8 days produced a significant increase of c-Fos protein expression in the PC/RS cortex, prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hypothalamus of mice. Among that, c-Fos protein expression in the PC/RS cortex of mice was most significant. Compared to acute administration, we found that MK-801 chronic administration significantly increased the expression of c-Fos protein in the PC/RS cortex, PFC and hypothalamus. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with clozapine significantly decreased the expression of c-Fos protein induced by MK-801 acute and chronic administration. These results suggest that c-Fos protein, the marker of neuronal activation, might play an important role in the chronic pathophysiological process of schizophrenic model induced by NMDA receptor antagonist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dai-Ying Zuo
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Mailbox 41, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Littlewood CL, Cash D, Dixon AL, Dix SL, White CT, O'Neill MJ, Tricklebank M, Williams SCR. Using the BOLD MR signal to differentiate the stereoisomers of ketamine in the rat. Neuroimage 2006; 32:1733-46. [PMID: 16815040 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2006] [Revised: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 05/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Ketamine is a chiral molecule that is reported to model aspects of schizophrenia. OBJECTIVES To investigate the stereospecificity of the isomers of ketamine using pharmacological magnetic resonance imaging (phMRI) in order to further understand ketamine's pharmacodynamic actions. METHOD Responses to 25 mg kg-1S(+) isomer, R(-) isomer and racemic ketamine in independent groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were investigated using a prepulse inhibition paradigm, locomotor observations, MRI and 2-deoxyglucose techniques. RESULTS Racemic ketamine and the S(+) isomer were both capable of disrupting sensorimotor gating as measured using prepulse inhibition and produced a longer period of hyperlocomotion comparative to the R(-) isomer. In contrast, large alterations in the BOLD MR signal were observed with R(-) isomer, whereas S(+) isomer and racemate precipitated more localized BOLD signal changes predominantly in cortical, hippocampal and hindbrain regions. Glucose utilization rates in conscious animals are in agreement with previously published data and verify the BOLD responses in the racemic group. However, no significant changes in glucose utilization were observed in the anesthetized cohort. CONCLUSIONS Ketamine and its isomers have stereospecific effects on sensorimotor gating and locomotion that correlate with the enantiomer's affinity for the NMDA receptor. It would appear that anesthesia, as required for preclinical MRI procedures, may interact with and potentially attenuate the drug's response. Although analysis of the main effect of isomers in comparison to each other or the racemate offers an alternative analysis method that should be less susceptible to anesthetic interactions, only the R(-) isomer comparative to the racemate offers significant differences of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clare L Littlewood
- King's College London, Neuroimaging Research Group, Institute of Psychiatry, PO42 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Littlewood CL, Jones N, O'Neill MJ, Mitchell SN, Tricklebank M, Williams SCR. Mapping the central effects of ketamine in the rat using pharmacological MRI. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006; 186:64-81. [PMID: 16550385 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-006-0344-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2005] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Ketamine induces, in both humans and rodents, behaviours analogous to some of the symptoms of schizophrenia. OBJECTIVES To utilise pharmacological magnetic resonance imaging (phMRI) techniques that identify changes in blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) contrast to determine the temporal and spatial neuronal activation profile of ketamine in the rat brain. METHOD To obtain a pharmacodynamic profile of the drug, we assessed changes in locomotor activity after vehicle and 10 and 25 mg/kg ketamine. Separate animals were then anaesthetised and placed in a 4.7-T magnetic resonance (MR) system before receiving the same doses of ketamine during serial MR image acquisition. Subsequent statistical parametric mapping of the main effect of the drug was then undertaken to identify changes in BOLD contrast. Levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and dopamine (DA) in brain areas showing localised changes in BOLD contrast were then assessed via microdialysis. RESULTS Both doses of ketamine produced increases in BOLD image contrast in frontal, hippocampal, cortical and limbic areas. A further investigation of the release of DA and its metabolites in the nucleus accumbens, both in anaesthesised and freely moving rats, corroborated these findings. However, an investigation of GABA and DA levels in the ventral pallidum gave no indication of changes in activity. CONCLUSIONS Ketamine produced localised dose-dependent alterations in BOLD MR signal, which correlate with the pharmacodynamic profile of the drug. These results can be, at least, partially substantiated with complementary techniques but consideration must be given to the input function applied to the MR signal and the use of anaesthesia during phMRI experimentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clare L Littlewood
- Neuroimaging Research Group, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yang Y, Saint Marie RL, Oliver DL. Granule cells in the cochlear nucleus sensitive to sound activation detected by Fos protein expression. Neuroscience 2006; 136:865-82. [PMID: 16344157 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2004] [Revised: 01/20/2005] [Accepted: 02/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Granule cells are the smallest neuronal type in the cochlear nucleus (CN). Due to their small size, it is extremely difficult to record their sound-evoked activity with microelectrodes. Compared with large, non-granule cells, much less is known about their response properties to sound stimulation. Here, we use Fos, the nuclear regulatory protein, as a neuronal activity marker to determine the responsiveness of granule cells to sound in comparison to the larger neurons. The present study determined the threshold sensitivity and activation pattern of neurons in the three subdivisions of the CN with free-field sound stimulation in monaural, awake rats. Immunocytochemical localization of Fos was used as our metric for "sound activation." Neuronal types upregulating Fos expression in response to sound stimulation were further identified with Nissl counterstaining. Our results show that most CN cell types can upregulate Fos expression when sound activated and the number of Fos-expressing neurons is directly related to sound intensity. The threshold for Fos activation in granule cells is lower than that for non-granule cells. The number of Fos activated granule cells saturates at high sound intensity, while the number of Fos activated non-granule cells is a monotonic function. By comparing the patterns of sound-induced Fos expression in different CN cell types, it may be possible to predict features of sound-evoked activity in granule cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Yang
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-3401, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
UNLABELLED We evaluated reports of randomized clinical trials in the perioperative and intensive care setting concerning ketamine's effects on the brain in patients with, or at risk for, neurological injury. We also reviewed other studies in humans on the drug's effects on the brain, and reports that examined ketamine in experimental brain injury. In the clinical setting, level II evidence indicates that ketamine does not increase intracranial pressure when used under conditions of controlled ventilation, coadministration of a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor agonist, and without nitrous oxide. Ketamine may thus safely be used in neurologically impaired patients. Compared with other anesthetics or sedatives, level II and III evidence indicates that hemodynamic stimulation induced by ketamine may improve cerebral perfusion; this could make the drug a preferred choice in sedative regimes after brain injury. In the laboratory, ketamine has neuroprotective, and S(+)-ketamine additional neuroregenerative effects, even when administered after onset of a cerebral insult. However, improved outcomes were only reported in studies with brief recovery observation intervals. In developing animals, and in certain brain areas of adult rats without cerebral injury, neurotoxic effects were noted after large-dose ketamine. These were prevented by coadministration of GABA receptor agonists. IMPLICATIONS Ketamine can be used safely in neurologically impaired patients under conditions of controlled ventilation, coadministration of a {gamma}-aminobutyric acid receptor agonist, and avoidance of nitrous oxide. Its beneficial circulatory effects and preclinical data demonstrating neuroprotection merit further animal and patient investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Himmelseher
- *Klinik fuer Anaesthesiologie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität, München, Germany; and †Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lo PS, Chen HH. Immunohistochemical localization of toluene-induced c-Fos protein expression in the rat brain. Toxicol Lett 2005; 157:151-60. [PMID: 15837002 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2004] [Revised: 01/25/2005] [Accepted: 01/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although toluene is a widely abused substance, the neuronal populations and pathways mediating its effects are not well understood. Using c-Fos protein as a marker for neuronal activation, the present study investigated the pattern of c-Fos induction at 1h after various doses (0, 300, 750, and 1000 mg/kg, i.p.) of toluene injection in adult male rats. Quantitative analysis of Fos-immunoreactive neurons indicated toluene dose-related induced c-Fos immunoreactivity in the majority of structures examined. The structures included several cortex subareas (primary motor cortex, secondary motor cortex, somatosensory cortex, frontal association cortex, cigulate cortex area 1, cigulate cortex area 2, prelimbic cortex, infralimbic cortex, retrosplenial agranular cortex, ventral orbital cortex, lateral orbital cortex, and piriform cortex), ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens shell, thalamic nuclei (mediodorsal, lateral posterior, and laterodorsal ventrolateral) and pontine nuclei. However, the substantia nigra, caudate putamen, nucleus accumbens core, subthalamic nucleus, hippocampus and cerebellum were almost unaffected. The data demonstrate that toluene dose-related induced a unique pattern of c-Fos immunoreactivity. The widespread distribution of toluene-induced c-Fos expression seen in this study can be linked to the profound alterations in physiological function and behavior produced by this solvent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pi-Shih Lo
- Department of Pharmacy, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi General Hospital, Chia Yi, Taiwan, ROC
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Northoff G, Richter A, Bermpohl F, Grimm S, Martin E, Marcar VL, Wahl C, Hell D, Boeker H. NMDA hypofunction in the posterior cingulate as a model for schizophrenia: an exploratory ketamine administration study in fMRI. Schizophr Res 2005; 72:235-48. [PMID: 15560968 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2004.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2003] [Revised: 04/05/2004] [Accepted: 04/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on animal data, NMDA receptor hypofunction has been suggested as a model for positive symptoms in schizophrenia. NMDA receptor hypofunction affects several corticolimbic brain regions, of which the posterior cingulate seems to be the most sensitive. However, empirical support for a crucial role of posterior cingulate NMDA hypofunction in the pathophysiology of positive symptoms is still missing in humans. We therefore conducted an fMRI study using the NMDA antagonist ketamine in healthy human subjects during episodic memory retrieval, which is supposed to activate the posterior cingulate. METHODS We investigated 16 healthy subjects which were assigned to either placebo (n = 7; saline) or ketamine (n = 9; 0.6 mg/kg/h) group in a double-blind study design. All subjects received their infusion while performing an episodic memory retrieval task in the scanner. Immediately after the fMRI session, psychopathological effects of ketamine were measured using the Altered States of Consciousness Questionnaire. RESULTS The placebo group showed BOLD signal increases in the posterior and anterior cingulate during retrieval. Signal increases were significantly lower in the ketamine group. Lower signal increases in the posterior cingulate correlated significantly with positive (i.e. psychosis-like) symptoms induced by ketamine. CONCLUSION The present study for the first time demonstrates a relationship between NMDA receptors, posterior cingulate and positive (i.e. psychosis-like) symptoms in humans. Confirming findings from animal studies, it supports the hypothesis of a pathophysiological role of NMDA receptor hypofunction in the posterior cingulate in schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georg Northoff
- Department of Neurology, Division of Behavioral Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gilmore DL, Liu Y, Matsumoto RR. Review of the pharmacological and clinical profile of rimcazole. CNS DRUG REVIEWS 2004; 10:1-22. [PMID: 14978511 PMCID: PMC6741722 DOI: 10.1111/j.1527-3458.2004.tb00001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rimcazole is a carbazole derivative that acts in part as a sigma receptor antagonist. Wellcome Research Laboratories introduced this compound during the 1980s when it was hypothesized to be a novel antipsychotic with an improved side effect profile. However, subsequent clinical trials demonstrated that rimcazole lacked efficacy in schizophrenic patients and it is now primarily used as an experimental tool. In addition to its actions as a sigma receptor antagonist, rimcazole also has high affinity for dopamine transporters, and in recent years it has served as a lead compound for the development of novel dopamine transporter ligands. Although rimcazole cannot be considered a selective ligand for sigma receptors, the recent development of other selective agonists and antagonists for sigma receptors have aided in clarifying the involvement of these receptors in the actions of rimcazole. Many of the physiological and behavioral effects of rimcazole can in fact be ascribed to its action as a sigma receptor antagonist, although there are exceptions. Rimcazole is likely to have a continued role in elucidating sigma receptor function in either in vitro or in vivo systems where sigma receptor-mediated effects can be studied independently of the influence of dopamine and serotonin transporters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L. Gilmore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Rae R. Matsumoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Salzmann J, Marie-claire C, Guen SL, Roques BP, Noble F. Importance of ERK activation in behavioral and biochemical effects induced by MDMA in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2003; 140:831-8. [PMID: 14517176 PMCID: PMC1574098 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2003] [Revised: 08/05/2003] [Accepted: 08/18/2003] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the cellular effects induced by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy), although changes in gene expression have been observed following treatments with other psychostimulants. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate in mice, the relationships between the ras-dependent protein kinase ERK and MDMA-induced reinforcement using the conditioned place preference (CPP) and locomotor activity measurements. This was completed using real-time quantitative PCR method by a study of immediate early-genes (IEGs) transcription known to be involved in neuronal plasticity. A significant CPP was observed after repeated MDMA treatment in CD-1 mice at a dose of 9 mg kg-1 i.p. but not at 3 and 6 mg kg-1. This rewarding effect was abolished by the selective inhibitor of ERK activation, SL327 (50 mg kg-1; i.p.). Similar results were obtained on MDMA-induced locomotor activity, clearly suggesting a role of ERK pathway in these behavioral responses. Following acute i.p. injection, MDMA induced a strong c-fos transcription in brain structures, such as caudate putamen, nucleus accumbens and hippocampus, whereas egr-1 and egr-3 transcripts were only increased in the caudate putamen. MDMA-induced IEGs transcription was selectively suppressed by SL327 in the caudate putamen, suggesting a role for other signaling pathways in regulation of IEGs transcription in the other brain structures. In agreement with these results, MDMA-induced c-fos protein expression was blocked by SL327 in the caudate putamen. This study confirms and extends to mice the reported role of ERK pathway in the development of addiction-like properties of MDMA. This could facilitate studies about the molecular mechanism of this process by using mutant mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Salzmann
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire et Structurale INSERM U266, CNRS FRE 2463, Université René Descartes, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 4, Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75270 Paris, Cedex 06, France
| | - Cynthia Marie-claire
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire et Structurale INSERM U266, CNRS FRE 2463, Université René Descartes, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 4, Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75270 Paris, Cedex 06, France
| | - Stéphanie Le Guen
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire et Structurale INSERM U266, CNRS FRE 2463, Université René Descartes, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 4, Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75270 Paris, Cedex 06, France
| | - Bernard P Roques
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire et Structurale INSERM U266, CNRS FRE 2463, Université René Descartes, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 4, Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75270 Paris, Cedex 06, France
| | - Florence Noble
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire et Structurale INSERM U266, CNRS FRE 2463, Université René Descartes, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 4, Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75270 Paris, Cedex 06, France
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jouvert P, Pain L, Aunis D, Zwiller J. The anesthetics propofol and ketamine inhibit cocaine-induced egr-1 gene expression in rat forebrain. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 449:239-43. [PMID: 12167465 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(02)02035-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Acute cocaine injection to rats is known to induce the expression of immediate early genes in the forebrain, the effect being primarily mediated by the dopaminergic system. We examined the effect of the anesthetics ketamine and propofol on cocaine-induced egr-1 mRNA expression. Using in situ hybridization, we show that both compounds did not induce egr-1 gene by themselves, but were able to dose-dependently reduce cocaine-induced egr-1 mRNA synthesis in the nucleus accumbens, caudate-putamen and cingulate cortex. Our data suggest that in addition to glutamate NMDA receptors, propofol may act via GABA(A) receptors or ion channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Jouvert
- INSERM U338, Centre de Neurochimie, 5 rue Blaise Pascal, 67084 Strasbourg, Cedex, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|