1
|
Olson KR, Derry PJ, Kent TA, Straub KD. The Effects of Antioxidant Nutraceuticals on Cellular Sulfur Metabolism and Signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 38:68-94. [PMID: 35819295 PMCID: PMC9885552 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Nutraceuticals are ingested for health benefits, in addition to their general nutritional value. These dietary supplements have become increasingly popular since the late 20th century and they are a rapidly expanding global industry approaching a half-trillion U.S. dollars annually. Many nutraceuticals are promulgated as potent antioxidants. Recent Advances: Experimental support for the efficacy of nutraceuticals has lagged behind anecdotal exuberance. However, accumulating epidemiological evidence and recent, well-controlled clinical trials are beginning to support earlier animal and in vitro studies. Although still somewhat limited, encouraging results have been suggested in essentially all organ systems and against a wide range of pathophysiological conditions. Critical Issues: Health benefits of "antioxidant" nutraceuticals are largely attributed to their ability to scavenge oxidants. This has been criticized based on several factors, including limited bioavailability, short tissue retention time, and the preponderance of endogenous antioxidants. Recent attention has turned to nutraceutical activation of downstream antioxidant systems, especially the Keap1/Nrf2 (Kelch like ECH associated protein 1/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) axis. The question now becomes, how do nutraceuticals activate this axis? Future Directions: Reactive sulfur species (RSS), including hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and its metabolites, are potent activators of the Keap1/Nrf2 axis and avid scavengers of reactive oxygen species. Evidence is beginning to accumulate that a variety of nutraceuticals increase cellular RSS by directly providing RSS in the diet, or through a number of catalytic mechanisms that increase endogenous RSS production. We propose that nutraceutical-specific targeting of RSS metabolism will lead to the design and development of even more efficacious antioxidant therapeutic strategies. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 38, 68-94.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R. Olson
- Department of Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine—South Bend, South Bend, Indiana, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Paul J. Derry
- Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas A. Kent
- Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
- Stanley H. Appel Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Hospital and Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Karl D. Straub
- Central Arkansas Veteran's Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Medicine and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hausburg MA, Banton KL, Roman PE, Salgado F, Baek P, Waxman MJ, Tanner A, Yoder J, Bar-Or D. Effects of propofol on ischemia-reperfusion and traumatic brain injury. J Crit Care 2019; 56:281-287. [PMID: 32001426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2019.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress exacerbates brain damage following ischemia-reperfusion and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Management of TBI and critically ill patients commonly involves use of propofol, a sedation medication that acts as a general anesthetic with inherent antioxidant properties. Here we review available evidence from animal model systems and clinical studies that propofol protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, evidence of propofol toxicity in humans exists and manifests as a rare complication, "propofol infusion syndrome" (PRIS). Evidence in animal models suggests that brain injury induces expression of the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR), which is associated with proapoptotic signaling. p75NTR-mediated apoptosis of neurons is further exacerbated by propofol's superinduction of p75NTR and concomitant inhibition of neurotrophin processing. Propofol is toxic to neurons but not astrocytes, a type of glial cell. Evidence suggests that propofol protects astrocytes from oxidative stress and stimulates astroglial-mediated protection of neurons. One may speculate that in brain injury patients under sedation/anesthesia, propofol provides brain tissue protection or aids in recovery by enhancing astrocyte function. Nevertheless, our understanding of neurologic recovery versus long-term neurological sequelae leading to neurodegeneration is poor, and it is also conceivable that propofol plays a partial as yet unrecognized role in long-term impairment of the injured brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Hausburg
- Trauma Research Department, Swedish Medical Center, 501 E Hampden, Englewood, CO 80113, USA; Trauma Research Department, St. Anthony Hospital, 11600 W 2nd Pl, Lakewood, CO 80228, USA; Trauma Research Department, Medical City Plano, 3901 W 15th St, Plano, TX 75075, USA; Trauma Research Department, Penrose Hospital, 2222 N Nevada Ave, Colorado Springs, CO 80907, USA; Trauma Research Department, Research Medical Center, 2316 E Meyer Blvd, Kansas City, MO 64132, USA; Trauma Research Department, Wesley Medical Center, 550 N Hillside St, Wichita, KS 67214, USA
| | - Kaysie L Banton
- Trauma Research Department, Swedish Medical Center, 501 E Hampden, Englewood, CO 80113, USA
| | - Phillip E Roman
- Trauma Research Department, St. Anthony Hospital, 11600 W 2nd Pl, Lakewood, CO 80228, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, St. Anthony Hospital, Lakewood, CO 80228, USA
| | - Fernando Salgado
- Trauma Research Department, Wesley Medical Center, 550 N Hillside St, Wichita, KS 67214, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Wesley Medical Center, Wichita, KS 67214, USA
| | - Peter Baek
- Trauma Research Department, Medical City Plano, 3901 W 15th St, Plano, TX 75075, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Medical City Plano, Plano, TX 75075, USA
| | - Michael J Waxman
- Department of Critical Care, Research Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64132, USA
| | - Allen Tanner
- Trauma Research Department, Penrose Hospital, 2222 N Nevada Ave, Colorado Springs, CO 80907, USA
| | - Jeffrey Yoder
- Trauma Research Department, St. Anthony Hospital, 11600 W 2nd Pl, Lakewood, CO 80228, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, St. Anthony Hospital, Lakewood, CO 80228, USA
| | - David Bar-Or
- Trauma Research Department, Swedish Medical Center, 501 E Hampden, Englewood, CO 80113, USA; Trauma Research Department, St. Anthony Hospital, 11600 W 2nd Pl, Lakewood, CO 80228, USA; Trauma Research Department, Medical City Plano, 3901 W 15th St, Plano, TX 75075, USA; Trauma Research Department, Penrose Hospital, 2222 N Nevada Ave, Colorado Springs, CO 80907, USA; Trauma Research Department, Research Medical Center, 2316 E Meyer Blvd, Kansas City, MO 64132, USA; Trauma Research Department, Wesley Medical Center, 550 N Hillside St, Wichita, KS 67214, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Rocky Vista University, 8401 S Chambers Rd, Parker, CO 80134, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fabian RH, Derry PJ, Rea HC, Dalmeida WV, Nilewski LG, Sikkema WKA, Mandava P, Tsai AL, Mendoza K, Berka V, Tour JM, Kent TA. Efficacy of Novel Carbon Nanoparticle Antioxidant Therapy in a Severe Model of Reversible Middle Cerebral Artery Stroke in Acutely Hyperglycemic Rats. Front Neurol 2018; 9:199. [PMID: 29686642 PMCID: PMC5900022 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While oxidative stress can be measured during transient cerebral ischemia, antioxidant therapies for ischemic stroke have been clinically unsuccessful. Many antioxidants are limited in their range and/or capacity for quenching radicals and can generate toxic intermediates overwhelming depleted endogenous protection. We developed a new antioxidant class, 40 nm × 2 nm carbon nanoparticles, hydrophilic carbon clusters, conjugated to poly(ethylene glycol) termed PEG-HCCs. These particles are high-capacity superoxide dismutase mimics, are effective against hydroxyl radical, and restore the balance between nitric oxide and superoxide in the vasculature. Here, we report the effects of PEG-HCCs administered during reperfusion after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) by suture in the rat under hyperglycemic conditions. Hyperglycemia occurs in one-third of stroke patients and worsens clinical outcome. In animal models, this worsening occurs largely by accelerating elaboration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during reperfusion. METHODS PEG-HCCs were studied for their protective ability against hydrogen peroxide in b.End3 brain endothelial cell line and E17 primary cortical neuron cultures. In vivo, hyperglycemia was induced by streptozotocin injection 2 days before tMCAO. 58 Male Sprague-Dawley rats were analyzed. They were injected IV with PBS or PEG-HCCs (4 mg/kg 2×) at the time of recanalization after either 90- or 120-min occlusion. Rats were survived for up to 3 days, and infarct volume characteristics and neurological functional outcome (modified Bederson Score) were assessed. RESULTS PEG-HCCs were protective against hydrogen peroxide in both culture models. In vivo improvement was found after PEG-HCCs with 90-min ischemia with reduction in infarct size (42%), hemisphere swelling (46%), hemorrhage score (53%), and improvement in Bederson score (70%) (p = 0.068-0.001). Early high mortality in the 2-h in the PBS control group precluded detailed analysis, but a trend was found in improvement in all factors, e.g., reduction in infarct volume (48%; p = 0.034) and a 56% improvement in Bederson score (p = 0.055) with PEG-HCCs. CONCLUSION This nano-antioxidant showed some improvement in several outcome measures in a severe model of tMCAO when administered at a clinically relevant time point. Long-term studies and additional models are required to assess potential for clinical use, especially for patients hyperglycemic at the time of their stroke, as these patients have the worst outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roderic H. Fabian
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Paul J. Derry
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Harriett Charmaine Rea
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - William V. Dalmeida
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | | | - Pitchaiah Mandava
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ah-Lim Tsai
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Kimberly Mendoza
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Vladimir Berka
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - James M. Tour
- Departments of Chemistry, Computer Science, Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Smalley-Curl Institute and the NanoCarbon Center, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Thomas A. Kent
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sohet F, Lin C, Munji RN, Lee SY, Ruderisch N, Soung A, Arnold TD, Derugin N, Vexler ZS, Yen FT, Daneman R. LSR/angulin-1 is a tricellular tight junction protein involved in blood-brain barrier formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 208:703-11. [PMID: 25753034 PMCID: PMC4362448 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201410131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor, a component of the paracellular barrier at tricellular junctions, is necessary for proper blood–brain barrier sealing during embryogenesis. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a term used to describe the unique properties of central nervous system (CNS) blood vessels. One important BBB property is the formation of a paracellular barrier made by tight junctions (TJs) between CNS endothelial cells (ECs). Here, we show that Lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor (LSR), a component of paracellular junctions at points in which three cell membranes meet, is greatly enriched in CNS ECs compared with ECs in other nonneural tissues. We demonstrate that LSR is specifically expressed at tricellular junctions and that its expression correlates with the onset of BBB formation during embryogenesis. We further demonstrate that the BBB does not seal during embryogenesis in Lsr knockout mice with a leakage to small molecules. Finally, in mouse models in which BBB was disrupted, including an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of multiple sclerosis and a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model of stroke, LSR was down-regulated, linking loss of LSR and pathological BBB leakage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Sohet
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 Department of Pharmacology and Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Christina Lin
- Department of Anatomy, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Roeben N Munji
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 Department of Pharmacology and Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Seo Yeon Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Nadine Ruderisch
- Department of Anatomy, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Allison Soung
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 Department of Pharmacology and Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Thomas D Arnold
- Department of Anatomy, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Nikita Derugin
- Department of Anatomy, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Zinaida S Vexler
- Department of Anatomy, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Frances T Yen
- Unité de Recherche Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux (URAFPA), EA3998, Université de Lorraine, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Richard Daneman
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 Department of Pharmacology and Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yao X, Derugin N, Manley GT, Verkman AS. Reduced brain edema and infarct volume in aquaporin-4 deficient mice after transient focal cerebral ischemia. Neurosci Lett 2014; 584:368-72. [PMID: 25449874 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is a water channel expressed in astrocyte end-feet lining the blood-brain barrier. AQP4 deletion in mice is associated with improved outcomes in global cerebral ischemia produced by transient carotid artery occlusion, and focal cerebral ischemia produced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Here, we investigated the consequences of 1-h transient MCAO produced by intraluminal suture blockade followed by 23 h of reperfusion. In nine AQP4(+/+) and nine AQP4(-/-) mice, infarct volume was significantly reduced by an average of 39 ± 4% at 24h in AQP4(-/-) mice, cerebral hemispheric edema was reduced by 23 ± 3%, and Evans Blue extravasation was reduced by 31 ± 2% (mean ± SEM). Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging showed greatest reduction in apparent diffusion coefficient around the occlusion site after reperfusion, with remarkably lesser reduction in AQP4(-/-) mice. The reduced infarct volume in AQP4(-/-) mice following transient MCAO supports the potential utility of therapeutic AQP4 inhibition in stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Yao
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Nikita Derugin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Geoffrey T Manley
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - A S Verkman
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Samuel ELG, Duong MT, Bitner BR, Marcano DC, Tour JM, Kent TA. Hydrophilic carbon clusters as therapeutic, high-capacity antioxidants. Trends Biotechnol 2014; 32:501-5. [PMID: 25175886 PMCID: PMC4174960 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress reflects an excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and is a hallmark of several acute and chronic human pathologies. Although many antioxidants have been investigated, most have demonstrated poor efficacy in clinical trials. Here we discuss the limitations of current antioxidants and describe a new class of nanoparticle antioxidants, poly(ethylene glycol)-functionalized hydrophilic carbon clusters (PEG-HCCs). PEG-HCCs show high capacity to annihilate ROS such as superoxide (O2(•-)) and the hydroxyl (HO(•)) radical, show no reactivity toward the nitric oxide radical (NO(•)), and can be functionalized with targeting moieties without loss of activity. Given these properties, we propose that PEG-HCCs offer an exciting new area of study for the treatment of numerous ROS-induced human pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Errol L G Samuel
- Department of Chemistry, MS-60, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - MyLinh T Duong
- Department of Chemistry, MS-60, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Brittany R Bitner
- Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Daniela C Marcano
- Department of Chemistry, MS-60, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - James M Tour
- Department of Chemistry, MS-60, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA; Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, MS-222, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
| | - Thomas A Kent
- Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Translational Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, 2002 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Neurology Care Line, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, 2002 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
WONG CONNIEH, ABEYNAIKE LATASHAD, CRACK PETERJ, HICKEY MICHAELJ. Divergent Roles of Glutathione Peroxidase-1 (Gpx1) in Regulation of Leukocyte-Endothelial Cell Interactions in the Inflamed Cerebral Microvasculature. Microcirculation 2010; 18:12-23. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1549-8719.2010.00063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
8
|
Abstract
Brain dysfunction is frequently observed in sepsis as a consequence of changes in cerebral structure and metabolism, resulting in worse outcome and reduced life-quality of surviving patients. However, the mechanisms of sepsis-associated encephalopathy development and a better characterization of this syndrome in vivo are lacking. Here, we used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques to assess brain morphology and metabolism in a murine sepsis model (cecal ligation and puncture, CLP). Sham-operated and CLP mice were subjected to a complete MRI session at baseline, 6 and 24 h after surgery. Accumulation of vasogenic edematic fluid at the base of the brain was observed in T(2)-weighted image at 6 and 24 h after CLP. Also, the water apparent diffusion coefficients in both hippocampus and cortex were decreased, suggesting a cytotoxic edema in brains of nonsurvival septic animals. Moreover, the N-acetylaspartate/choline ratio was reduced in brains of septic mice, indicating neuronal damage. In conclusion, noninvasive assessment by MRI allowed the identification of new aspects of brain damage in sepsis, including cytotoxic and vasogenic edema as well as neuronal damage. These findings highlight the potential applications of MRI techniques for the diagnostic and therapeutic studies in sepsis.
Collapse
|
9
|
Obrenovitch TP. Molecular physiology of preconditioning-induced brain tolerance to ischemia. Physiol Rev 2008; 88:211-47. [PMID: 18195087 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00039.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic tolerance describes the adaptive biological response of cells and organs that is initiated by preconditioning (i.e., exposure to stressor of mild severity) and the associated period during which their resistance to ischemia is markedly increased. This topic is attracting much attention because preconditioning-induced ischemic tolerance is an effective experimental probe to understand how the brain protects itself. This review is focused on the molecular and related functional changes that are associated with, and may contribute to, brain ischemic tolerance. When the tolerant brain is subjected to ischemia, the resulting insult severity (i.e., residual blood flow, disruption of cellular transmembrane gradients) appears to be the same as in the naive brain, but the ensuing lesion is substantially reduced. This suggests that the adaptive changes in the tolerant brain may be primarily directed against postischemic and delayed processes that contribute to ischemic damage, but adaptive changes that are beneficial during the subsequent test insult cannot be ruled out. It has become clear that multiple effectors contribute to ischemic tolerance, including: 1) activation of fundamental cellular defense mechanisms such as antioxidant systems, heat shock proteins, and cell death/survival determinants; 2) responses at tissue level, especially reduced inflammatory responsiveness; and 3) a shift of the neuronal excitatory/inhibitory balance toward inhibition. Accordingly, an improved knowledge of preconditioning/ischemic tolerance should help us to identify neuroprotective strategies that are similar in nature to combination therapy, hence potentially capable of suppressing the multiple, parallel pathophysiological events that cause ischemic brain damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tihomir Paul Obrenovitch
- Division of Pharmacology, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lo ACY, Cheung AKH, Hung VKL, Yeung CM, He QY, Chiu JF, Chung SSM, Chung SK. Deletion of aldose reductase leads to protection against cerebral ischemic injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2007; 27:1496-509. [PMID: 17293845 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we reported that transgenic mice overexpressing endothelin-1 in astrocytes showed more severe neurological deficits and increased infarct after transient focal ischemia. In those studies, we also observed increased level of aldose reductase (AR), the first and rate-limiting enzyme of the polyol pathway, which has been implicated in osmotic and oxidative stress. To further understand the involvement of the polyol pathway, the mice with deletion of enzymes in the polyol pathway, AR, and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SD), which is the second enzyme in this pathway, were challenged with similar cerebral ischemic injury. Deletion of AR-protected animals from severe neurological deficits and large infarct, whereas similar protection was not observed in mice with SD deficiency. Most interestingly, AR(-/-) brains showed lowered expression of transferrin and transferrin receptor with less iron deposition and nitrotyrosine accumulation. The protection against oxidative stress in AR(-/-) brain was also associated with less poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and caspase-3 activation. Pharmacological inhibition of AR by Fidarestat also protected animals against cerebral ischemic injury. These findings are the first to show that AR contributes to iron- and transferrin-related oxidative stress associated with cerebral ischemic injury, suggesting that inhibition of AR but not SD may have therapeutic potential against cerebral ischemic injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Y Lo
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li Q, Liu Q, Cai H, Tan WS. A comparative gene-expression analysis of CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells grown in static and stirred culture systems. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2006; 11:475-87. [PMID: 16983455 PMCID: PMC6275641 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-006-0039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Static and stirred culture systems are widely used to expand hematopoietic cells, but differential culture performances are observed between these systems. We hypothesize that these differential culture outcomes are caused by the physiological responses of CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) to the different physical microenvironments created in these culture devices. To understand the genetic changes provoked by culture microenvironments, the gene expression profiling of CD34+ HSPCs grown in static and stirred culture systems was compared using SMART-PCR and cDNA arrays. The results revealed that 103 and 99 genes were significantly expressed in CD34+ cells from static and stirred systems, respectively. Of those, 91 have similar levels of expression, while 12 show differential transcription levels. These differentially expressed genes are mainly involved in anti-oxidation, DNA repair, apoptosis, and chemotactic activity. A quantitative molecular understanding of the influences of growth microenvironments on transcriptional events in CD34+ HSPCs should give new insights into optimizing culture strategies to produce hematopoietic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qunliang Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 P.R. China
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004 P.R. China
| | - Qiwei Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 P.R. China
| | - Haibo Cai
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 P.R. China
| | - Wen-Song Tan
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen DM, Xiao L, Cai X, Zeng R, Zhu XZ. Involvement of multitargets in paeoniflorin-induced preconditioning. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 319:165-80. [PMID: 16840647 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.104380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Paeoniflorin (PF) is the principal component of Paeoniae radix prescribed in traditional Chinese medicine. The delayed neuroprotection induced by PF preconditioning and its underlying mechanisms were investigated in rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and reperfusion model. At a dosage of 20 or 40 mg/kg, PF preconditioning 48 h before MCAO followed by 24-h reperfusion significantly reduced the mortality and infarct volume and reversed the neurological deficits caused by ischemia. Likewise, the ameliorative effects on mortality, infarct size, and neurological impairment induced by MCAO emerged as well when PF was administered 24 h, 48 h, or 5 days before MCAO at the dose of 20 mg/kg. Furthermore, comparative proteomics analysis was adopted to identify the differentially expressed proteins induced by PF preconditioning itself. The relative levels of 42 proteins were altered after PF preconditioning, among which 20 were elevated and 22 reduced. In summary, A(1) receptor-regulator of G protein signaling-K(ATP) signaling, arachidonic acid cascade, nitric oxide system, markers of neuronal damage, mitochondrial damage-related molecules, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-kappaB pathway are associated with the mechanisms of PF preconditioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Mei Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong Shanghai 201203, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Barber PA, Hoyte L, Kirk D, Foniok T, Buchan A, Tuor U. Early T1- and T2-weighted MRI signatures of transient and permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in a murine stroke model studied at 9.4T. Neurosci Lett 2005; 388:54-9. [PMID: 16055267 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2005] [Revised: 06/02/2005] [Accepted: 06/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Early reperfusion following stroke results in reduced tissue injury. Paradoxically, restoration of blood flow under certain conditions may also cause delayed neuronal damage (reperfusion injury). The interrelationship of changes in T1, T2 and diffusion weighted images of tissue water were studied in mouse models of permanent and transient focal cerebral ischemia. A sham surgery or either permanent or transient (30 min) middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) were induced in 14 mice. Magnetic resonance (MR) images of the brain were acquired including: T2 maps, T1 maps and diffusion weighted spin-echo images to produce apparent diffusion coefficient of water apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps. Images were collected on average 90 min after MCAO in both the transient and permanent ischemia groups. Scans were repeated at 24h post-occlusion in mice with transient ischemia. Permanent MCAO resulted in decreases in ADC and no significant change in T2 acutely following MCAO. There were increases in T1 compared to sham controls within the ischemic region in mice following either transient or permanent MCAO (P<0.001). In contrast to permanent MCAO, there were increases in T2 (P<0.001) in the infarct area present in the reperfusion phase within 90 min of transient MCAO. There was considerable infarct growth at 24h (P<0.001). This study demonstrates that following either type of occlusion there are early increases in T1 suggesting an elevated water content in the stroke lesion, while only following transient MCAO are there early increases in T2, indicative of early vasogenic oedema with breakdown of the blood-brain barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Barber
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Institute for Biodiagnostics (West), Room 153, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nieman BJ, Bock NA, Bishop J, Chen XJ, Sled JG, Rossant J, Henkelman RM. Magnetic resonance imaging for detection and analysis of mouse phenotypes. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2005; 18:447-68. [PMID: 16206127 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
With the enormous and growing number of experimental and genetic mouse models of human disease, there is a need for efficient means of characterizing abnormalities in mouse anatomy and physiology. Adaptation of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to the scale of the mouse promises to address this challenge and make major contributions to biomedical research by non-invasive assessment in the mouse. MRI is already emerging as an enabling technology providing informative and meaningful measures in a range of mouse models. In this review, recent progress in both in vivo and post mortem imaging is reported. Challenges unique to mouse MRI are also identified. In particular, the needs for high-throughput imaging and comparative anatomical analyses in large biological studies are described and current efforts at handling these issues are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Nieman
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|