1
|
Liu J, Mouradian MM. Pathogenetic Contributions and Therapeutic Implications of Transglutaminase 2 in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2364. [PMID: 38397040 PMCID: PMC10888553 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases encompass a heterogeneous group of disorders that afflict millions of people worldwide. Characteristic protein aggregates are histopathological hallmark features of these disorders, including Amyloid β (Aβ)-containing plaques and tau-containing neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease, α-Synuclein (α-Syn)-containing Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites in Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, and mutant huntingtin (mHTT) in nuclear inclusions in Huntington's disease. These various aggregates are found in specific brain regions that are impacted by neurodegeneration and associated with clinical manifestations. Transglutaminase (TG2) (also known as tissue transglutaminase) is the most ubiquitously expressed member of the transglutaminase family with protein crosslinking activity. To date, Aβ, tau, α-Syn, and mHTT have been determined to be substrates of TG2, leading to their aggregation and implicating the involvement of TG2 in several pathophysiological events in neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we summarize the biochemistry and physiologic functions of TG2 and describe recent advances in the pathogenetic role of TG2 in these diseases. We also review TG2 inhibitors tested in clinical trials and discuss recent TG2-targeting approaches, which offer new perspectives for the design of future highly potent and selective drugs with improved brain delivery as a disease-modifying treatment for neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Maral Mouradian
- RWJMS Institute for Neurological Therapeutics and Department of Neurology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mueller A, Lam I, Kishor K, Lee RK, Bhattacharya S. Secondary glaucoma: Toward interventions based on molecular underpinnings. WIREs Mech Dis 2024; 16:e1628. [PMID: 37669762 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a heterogeneous group of progressive diseases that leads to irreversible blindness. Secondary glaucoma refers to glaucoma caused by a known underlying condition. Pseudoexfoliation and pigment dispersion syndromes are common causes of secondary glaucoma. Their respective deposits may obstruct the trabecular meshwork, leading to aqueous humor outflow resistance, ocular hypertension, and optic neuropathy. There are no disease-specific interventions available for either. Pseudoexfoliation syndrome is characterized by fibrillar deposits (pseudoexfoliative material) on anterior segment structures. Over a decade of multiomics analyses taken together with the current knowledge on pseudoexfoliative glaucoma warrant a re-think of mechanistic possibilities. We propose that the presence of nucleation centers (e.g., vitamin D binding protein), crosslinking enzymes (e.g., transglutaminase 2), aberrant extracellular matrix, flawed endocytosis, and abnormal aqueous-blood barrier contribute to the formation of proteolytically resistant pseudoexfoliative material. Pigment dispersion syndrome is characterized by abnormal iridolenticular contact that disrupts iris pigment epithelium and liberates melanin granules. Iris melanogenesis is aberrant in this condition. Cytotoxic melanogenesis intermediates leak out of melanosomes and cause iris melanocyte and pigment epithelium cell death. Targeting melanogenesis can likely decrease the risk of pigmentary glaucoma. Skin and melanoma research provides insights into potential therapeutics. We propose that specific prostanoid agonists and fenofibrates may reduce melanogenesis by inhibiting cholesterol internalization and de novo synthesis. Additionally, melatonin is a potent melanogenesis suppressor, antioxidant, and hypotensive agent, rendering it a valuable agent for pigmentary glaucoma. In pseudoexfoliative glaucoma, where environmental insults drive pseudoexfoliative material formation, melatonin's antioxidant and hypotensive properties may offer adjunct therapeutic benefits. This article is categorized under: Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mueller
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Isabel Lam
- Idaho College of Osteopathic Medicine, Meridian, Idaho, USA
| | - Krishna Kishor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Miami Integrative Metabolomics Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Richard K Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Miami Integrative Metabolomics Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Sanjoy Bhattacharya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Miami Integrative Metabolomics Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chatanaka MK, Sohaei D, Diamandis EP, Prassas I. Beyond the amyloid hypothesis: how current research implicates autoimmunity in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2023; 60:398-426. [PMID: 36941789 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2023.2187342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The amyloid hypothesis has so far been at the forefront of explaining the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that leads to cognitive decline and eventual death. Recent evidence, however, points to additional factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease. These include the neurovascular hypothesis, the mitochondrial cascade hypothesis, the inflammatory hypothesis, the prion hypothesis, the mutational accumulation hypothesis, and the autoimmunity hypothesis. The purpose of this review was to briefly discuss the factors that are associated with autoimmunity in humans, including sex, the gut and lung microbiomes, age, genetics, and environmental factors. Subsequently, it was to examine the rise of autoimmune phenomena in AD, which can be instigated by a blood-brain barrier breakdown, pathogen infections, and dysfunction of the glymphatic system. Lastly, it was to discuss the various ways by which immune system dysregulation leads to AD, immunomodulating therapies, and future directions in the field of autoimmunity and neurodegeneration. A comprehensive account of the recent research done in the field was extracted from PubMed on 31 January 2022, with the keywords "Alzheimer's disease" and "autoantibodies" for the first search input, and "Alzheimer's disease" with "IgG" for the second. From the first search, 19 papers were selected, because they contained recent research on the autoantibodies found in the biofluids of patients with AD. From the second search, four papers were selected. The analysis of the literature has led to support the autoimmune hypothesis in AD. Autoantibodies were found in biofluids (serum/plasma, cerebrospinal fluid) of patients with AD with multiple methods, including ELISA, Mass Spectrometry, and microarray analysis. Through continuous research, the understanding of the synergistic effects of the various components that lead to AD will pave the way for better therapeutic methods and a deeper understanding of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miyo K Chatanaka
- Department of Laboratory and Medicine Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Dorsa Sohaei
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory and Medicine Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ioannis Prassas
- Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Čater M, Hölter SM. A Pathophysiological Intersection of Diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911562. [PMID: 36232867 PMCID: PMC9569835 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is among the most prevalent diseases of the modern world and is strongly linked to an increased risk of numerous neurodegenerative disorders, although the exact pathophysiological mechanisms are not clear yet. Insulin resistance is a serious pathological condition, connecting type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and obesity. Recently, insulin resistance has been proven to be connected also to cognitive decline and dementias, including the most prevalent form, Alzheimer's disease. The relationship between diabetes and Alzheimer's disease regarding pathophysiology is so significant that it has been proposed that some presentations of the condition could be termed type 3 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maša Čater
- Chair of Genetics, Animal Biotechnology and Immunology, Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1230 Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Sabine M. Hölter
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- School of Life Sciences, Technical University Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wilhelmus MMM, Tonoli E, Coveney C, Boocock DJ, Jongenelen CAM, Brevé JJP, Verderio EAM, Drukarch B. The Transglutaminase-2 Interactome in the APP23 Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030389. [PMID: 35159198 PMCID: PMC8834516 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition in the brain is closely linked with the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Unfortunately, therapies specifically targeting Aβ deposition have failed to reach their primary clinical endpoints, emphasizing the need to broaden the search strategy for alternative targets/mechanisms. Transglutaminase-2 (TG2) catalyzes post-translational modifications, is present in AD lesions and interacts with AD-associated proteins. However, an unbiased overview of TG2 interactors is lacking in both control and AD brain. Here we aimed to identify these interactors using a crossbreed of the AD-mimicking APP23 mouse model with wild type and TG2 knock-out (TG2−/−) mice. We found that absence of TG2 had no (statistically) significant effect on Aβ pathology, soluble brain levels of Aβ1–40 and Aβ1–42, and mRNA levels of TG family members compared to APP23 mice at 18 months of age. Quantitative proteomics and network analysis revealed a large cluster of TG2 interactors involved in synaptic transmission/assembly and cell adhesion in the APP23 brain typical of AD. Comparative proteomics of wild type and TG2−/− brains revealed a TG2-linked pathological proteome consistent with alterations in both pathways. Our data show that TG2 deletion leads to considerable network alterations consistent with a TG2 role in (dys)regulation of synaptic transmission and cell adhesion in APP23 brains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Micha M. M. Wilhelmus
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.M.M.W.); (C.A.M.J.); (J.J.P.B.); (B.D.)
| | - Elisa Tonoli
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK; (E.T.); (C.C.); (D.J.B.)
| | - Clare Coveney
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK; (E.T.); (C.C.); (D.J.B.)
| | - David J. Boocock
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK; (E.T.); (C.C.); (D.J.B.)
| | - Cornelis A. M. Jongenelen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.M.M.W.); (C.A.M.J.); (J.J.P.B.); (B.D.)
| | - John J. P. Brevé
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.M.M.W.); (C.A.M.J.); (J.J.P.B.); (B.D.)
| | - Elisabetta A. M. Verderio
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK; (E.T.); (C.C.); (D.J.B.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-115-8486628
| | - Benjamin Drukarch
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.M.M.W.); (C.A.M.J.); (J.J.P.B.); (B.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Keillor JW, Johnson GVW. Transglutaminase 2 as a therapeutic target for neurological conditions. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:721-731. [PMID: 34607527 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1989410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) has been implicated in numerous neurological conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, multiple sclerosis, and CNS injury. Early studies on the role of TG2 in neurodegenerative conditions focused on its ability to 'crosslink' proteins into insoluble aggregates. However, more recent studies have suggested that this is unlikely to be the primary mechanism by which TG2 contributes to the pathogenic processes. Although the specific mechanisms by which TG2 is involved in neurological conditions have not been clearly defined, TG2 regulates numerous cellular processes through which it could contribute to a specific disease. Given the fact that TG2 is a stress-induced gene and elevated in disease or injury conditions, TG2 inhibitors may be useful neurotherapeutics. AREAS COVERED Overview of TG2 and different TG2 inhibitors. A brief review of TG2 in neurodegenerative diseases, multiple sclerosis and CNS injury and inhibitors that have been tested in different models. Database search: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov prior to 1 July 2021. EXPERT OPINION Currently, it appears unlikely that inhibiting TG2 in the context of neurodegenerative diseases would be therapeutically advantageous. However, for multiple sclerosis and CNS injuries, TG2 inhibitors may have the potential to be therapeutically useful and thus there is rationale for their further development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Keillor
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Gail V W Johnson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Young KZ, Xu G, Keep SG, Borjigin J, Wang MM. Overlapping Protein Accumulation Profiles of CADASIL and CAA: Is There a Common Mechanism Driving Cerebral Small-Vessel Disease? THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 191:1871-1887. [PMID: 33387456 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) are two distinct vascular angiopathies that share several similarities in clinical presentation and vascular pathology. Given the clinical and pathologic overlap, the molecular overlap between CADASIL and CAA was explored. CADASIL and CAA protein profiles from recently published proteomics-based and immuno-based studies were compared to investigate the potential for shared disease mechanisms. A comparison of affected proteins in each disease highlighted 19 proteins that are regulated in both CADASIL and CAA. Functional analysis of the shared proteins predicts significant interaction between them and suggests that most enriched proteins play roles in extracellular matrix structure and remodeling. Proposed models to explain the observed enrichment of extracellular matrix proteins include both increased protein secretion and decreased protein turnover by sequestration of chaperones and proteases or formation of stable protein complexes. Single-cell RNA sequencing of vascular cells in mice suggested that the vast majority of the genes accounting for the overlapped proteins between CADASIL and CAA are expressed by fibroblasts. Thus, our current understanding of the molecular profiles of CADASIL and CAA appears to support potential for common mechanisms underlying the two disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Z Young
- Departments of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gang Xu
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Simon G Keep
- Departments of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jimo Borjigin
- Departments of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michael M Wang
- Departments of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Neurology Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Alam J, Sharma L. Potential Enzymatic Targets in Alzheimer's: A Comprehensive Review. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:316-339. [PMID: 30124150 DOI: 10.2174/1389450119666180820104723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's, a degenerative cause of the brain cells, is called as a progressive neurodegenerative disease and appears to have a heterogeneous etiology with main emphasis on amyloid-cascade and hyperphosphorylated tau-cascade hypotheses, that are directly linked with macromolecules called enzymes such as β- & γ-secretases, colinesterases, transglutaminases, and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK-3), cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk-5), microtubule affinity-regulating kinase (MARK). The catalytic activity of the above enzymes is the result of cognitive deficits, memory impairment and synaptic dysfunction and loss, and ultimately neuronal death. However, some other enzymes also lead to these dysfunctional events when reduced to their normal activities and levels in the brain, such as α- secretase, protein kinase C, phosphatases etc; metabolized to neurotransmitters, enzymes like monoamine oxidase (MAO), catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) etc. or these abnormalities can occur when enzymes act by other mechanisms such as phosphodiesterase reduces brain nucleotides (cGMP and cAMP) levels, phospholipase A2: PLA2 is associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) production etc. On therapeutic fronts, several significant clinical trials are underway by targeting different enzymes for development of new therapeutics to treat Alzheimer's, such as inhibitors for β-secretase, GSK-3, MAO, phosphodiesterase, PLA2, cholinesterases etc, modulators of α- & γ-secretase activities and activators for protein kinase C, sirtuins etc. The last decades have perceived an increasing focus on findings and search for new putative and novel enzymatic targets for Alzheimer's. Here, we review the functions, pathological roles, and worth of almost all the Alzheimer's associated enzymes that address to therapeutic strategies and preventive approaches for treatment of Alzheimer's.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jahangir Alam
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, H.P., Pin 173229, India
| | - Lalit Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, H.P., Pin 173229, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Du Y, Fu M, Huang Z, Tian X, Li J, Pang Y, Song W, Tian Wang Y, Dong Z. TRPV1 activation alleviates cognitive and synaptic plasticity impairments through inhibiting AMPAR endocytosis in APP23/PS45 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13113. [PMID: 32061032 PMCID: PMC7059138 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common causes of neurodegenerative diseases in the elderly. The accumulation of amyloid‐β (Aβ) peptides is one of the pathological hallmarks of AD and leads to the impairments of synaptic plasticity and cognitive function. The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), a nonselective cation channel, is involved in synaptic plasticity and memory. However, the role of TRPV1 in AD pathogenesis remains largely elusive. Here, we reported that the expression of TRPV1 was decreased in the brain of APP23/PS45 double transgenic AD model mice. Genetic upregulation of TRPV1 by adeno‐associated virus (AAV) inhibited the APP processing and Aβ deposition in AD model mice. Meanwhile, upregulation of TRPV1 ameliorated the deficits of hippocampal CA1 long‐term potentiation (LTP) and spatial learning and memory through inhibiting GluA2‐containing α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) endocytosis. Furthermore, pharmacological activation of TRPV1 by capsaicin (1 mg/kg, i.p.), an agonist of TRPV1, dramatically reversed the impairments of hippocampal CA1 LTP and spatial learning and memory in AD model mice. Taken together, these results indicate that TRPV1 activation effectively ameliorates cognitive and synaptic functions through inhibiting AMPAR endocytosis in AD model mice and could be a novel molecule for AD treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yehong Du
- Pediatric Research Institute Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
| | - Min Fu
- Pediatric Research Institute Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
| | - Zhilin Huang
- Pediatric Research Institute Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
| | - Xin Tian
- Department of Neurology Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
| | - Junjie Li
- Pediatric Research Institute Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
| | - Yayan Pang
- Pediatric Research Institute Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
| | - Weihong Song
- Pediatric Research Institute Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
- Department of Psychiatry Townsend Family Laboratories University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Yu Tian Wang
- Pediatric Research Institute Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
- Brain Research Centre University of British Columbia Vancouver BCCanada
| | - Zhifang Dong
- Pediatric Research Institute Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wilhelmus MMM, Jongenelen CA, Bol JGJM, Drukarch B. Interaction between tissue transglutaminase and amyloid-beta: Protein-protein binding versus enzymatic crosslinking. Anal Biochem 2020; 592:113578. [PMID: 31923381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Self-interaction, chaperone binding and posttranslational modification of amyloid-beta (Aβ) is essential in the initiation and propagation of Aβ aggregation. Aggregation results in insoluble Aβ deposits characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain lesions, i.e. senile plaques and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is a calcium-dependent enzyme that catalyzes posttranslational modifications including the formation of covalent ε-(γ-glutamyl)lysine isopeptide bonds (molecular crosslinks), and colocalizes with Aβ deposits in AD. Two independent groups recently found that apart from the induction of Aβ oligomerization, the blood-derived transglutaminase member FXIIIa forms stable protein-protein complexes with Aβ independent of the transamidation reaction. Here, we investigated whether also tTG forms rigid protein complexes with Aβ in the absence of catalytic activation. We found that both Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 are substrates for tTG-catalyzed crosslinking. In addition, in the absence of calcium or the presence of a peptidergic inhibitor of tTG, stable tTG-Aβ1-40 complexes were found. Interestingly, the stable complexes between tTG and Aβ1-40, were only found at 'physiological' concentrations of Aβ1-40. Together, our data suggest that depending on the Aβ species at hand, and on the concentration of Aβ, rigid protein-complexes are formed between tTG and Aβ1-40 without the involvement of the crosslinking reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Micha M M Wilhelmus
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan, 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Cornelis A Jongenelen
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan, 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John G J M Bol
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan, 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Drukarch
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan, 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rudlong J, Cheng A, Johnson GVW. The role of transglutaminase 2 in mediating glial cell function and pathophysiology in the central nervous system. Anal Biochem 2019; 591:113556. [PMID: 31866289 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.113556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitously expressed transglutaminase 2 (TG2) has diverse functions in virtually all cell types, with its role depending not only on cell type, but also on specific subcellular localization. In the central nervous system (CNS) different types of glial cells, such as astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes and their precursor cells (OPCs), play pivotal supportive functions. This review is focused on what is currently known about the role of TG2 in each type of glial cell, in the context of normal function and pathophysiology. For example, astrocytic TG2 facilitates their migration and proliferation, but hinders their ability to protect neurons after CNS injury. The review also examines the interactions between glial cell types, and how TG2 in one cell type may affect another, as well as implications for specific TG2 populations as therapeutic targets in CNS pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Rudlong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and the Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14620, USA
| | - Anson Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and the Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14620, USA
| | - Gail V W Johnson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and the Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14620, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (tTG), also referred to as type 2 transglutaminase or Gαh, can bind and hydrolyze GTP, as well as function as a protein crosslinking enzyme. tTG is widely expressed and can be detected both inside cells and in the extracellular space. In contrast to many enzymes, the active and inactive conformations of tTG are markedly different. The catalytically inactive form of tTG adopts a compact “closed-state” conformation, while the catalytically active form of the protein adopts an elongated “open-state” conformation. tTG has long been appreciated as an important player in numerous diseases, including celiac disease, neuronal degenerative diseases, and cancer, and its roles in these diseases often depend as much upon its conformation as its catalytic activity. While its ability to promote these diseases has been traditionally thought to be dependent on its protein crosslinking activity, more recent findings suggest that the conformational state tTG adopts is also important for mediating its effects. In particular, we and others have shown that the closed-state of tTG is important for promoting cell growth and survival, while maintaining tTG in the open-state is cytotoxic. In this review, we examine the two unique conformations of tTG and how they contribute to distinct biological processes. We will also describe how this information can be used to generate novel therapies to treat diseases, with a special focus on cancer.
Collapse
|
13
|
Ismail T, Vancha SR, Kanapathipillai M. L‐proline and betaine inhibit extracellular enzymes mediated abeta 1‐42 aggregation, oxidative stress, and toxicity. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Ismail
- University of Michigan‐DearbornDepartment of Mechanical Engineering Dearborn Michigan
| | - Sushma Reddy Vancha
- University of Michigan‐DearbornDepartment of Mechanical Engineering Dearborn Michigan
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Min B, Chung KC. New insight into transglutaminase 2 and link to neurodegenerative diseases. BMB Rep 2018; 51:5-13. [PMID: 29187283 PMCID: PMC5796628 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2018.51.1.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of toxic protein aggregates is a common feature and mainly contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), which include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and prion diseases. The transglutaminase 2 (TG2) gene encodes a multifunctional enzyme, displaying four types of activity, such as transamidation, GTPase, protein disulfide isomerase, and protein kinase activities. Many studies demonstrated that the calcium-dependent transamidation activity of TG2 affects the formation of insoluble and toxic amyloid aggregates that mainly consisted of NDD-related proteins. So far, many important and NDD-related substrates of TG2 have been identified, including amlyoid-β, tau, α-synuclein, mutant huntingtin, and ALS-linked trans-activation response (TAR) DNA-binding protein 43. Recently, the formation of toxic inclusions mediated by several TG2 substrates were efficiently inhibited by TG2 inhibitors. Therefore, the development of highly specific TG2 inhibitors would be an important tool in alleviating the progression of TG2-related brain disorders. In this review, the authors discuss recent advances in TG2 biochemistry, several mechanisms of molecular regulation and pleotropic signaling functions, and the presumed role of TG2 in the progression of many NDDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boram Min
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Kwang Chul Chung
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Watts ME, Pocock R, Claudianos C. Brain Energy and Oxygen Metabolism: Emerging Role in Normal Function and Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:216. [PMID: 29988368 PMCID: PMC6023993 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic metabolic changes occurring in neurons are critically important in directing brain plasticity and cognitive function. In other tissue types, disruptions to metabolism and the resultant changes in cellular oxidative state, such as increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) or induction of hypoxia, are associated with cellular stress. In the brain however, where drastic metabolic shifts occur to support physiological processes, subsequent changes to cellular oxidative state and induction of transcriptional sensors of oxidative stress likely play a significant role in regulating physiological neuronal function. Understanding the role of metabolism and metabolically-regulated genes in neuronal function will be critical in elucidating how cognitive functions are disrupted in pathological conditions where neuronal metabolism is affected. Here, we discuss known mechanisms regulating neuronal metabolism as well as the role of hypoxia and oxidative stress during normal and disrupted neuronal function. We also summarize recent studies implicating a role for metabolism in regulating neuronal plasticity as an emerging neuroscience paradigm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E Watts
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Roger Pocock
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Charles Claudianos
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Mental Health Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Katt WP, Antonyak MA, Cerione RA. The diamond anniversary of tissue transglutaminase: a protein of many talents. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:575-591. [PMID: 29362136 PMCID: PMC5864117 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is capable of binding and hydrolyzing GTP, as well as catalyzing an enzymatic transamidation reaction that crosslinks primary amines to glutamine residues. tTG adopts two vastly different conformations, depending on whether it is functioning as a GTP-binding protein or a crosslinking enzyme. It has been shown to have important roles in several different aspects of cancer progression, making it an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. Here, we highlight many of the major findings involving tTG since its discovery 60 years ago, and describe recent drug discovery efforts that target specific activities or conformations of this unique protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William P Katt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, NY, USA
| | - Marc A Antonyak
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, NY, USA
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, NY, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
André W, Nondier I, Valensi M, Guillonneau F, Federici C, Hoffner G, Djian P. Identification of brain substrates of transglutaminase by functional proteomics supports its role in neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 101:40-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
|
18
|
Song M, Hwang H, Im CY, Kim SY. Recent Progress in the Development of Transglutaminase 2 (TGase2) Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2016; 60:554-567. [PMID: 28122456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TGase2, TG2) activity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of unrelated disorders, including celiac, neurological, and renal diseases, and various forms of cancer. It has been suggested that TGase2 activity, such as cross-linking, deamidation, and GTP-related activity, is associated with each disease. Continuing efforts to develop small molecule TG2 inhibitors are ongoing. To develop a new class of TG2 inhibitors, the factors impeding the development of TG2 inhibitors have been identified. Additionally, the conformational effect of TG2 enzyme in regard to its pathological roles, in vitro screening methods, recently discovered TG2 inhibitors, and preclinical evaluations are discussed with a brief summary of current TG2 inhibitor pipelines under the clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minsoo Song
- New Drug Development Center (NDDC), Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF) , 80 Cheombok-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 701-310, Korea
| | - Hayoung Hwang
- New Drug Development Center (NDDC), Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF) , 80 Cheombok-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 701-310, Korea
| | - Chun Young Im
- New Drug Development Center (NDDC), Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF) , 80 Cheombok-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 701-310, Korea
| | - Soo-Youl Kim
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center , Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pellitteri R, Bonfanti R, Spatuzza M, Cambria MT, Ferrara M, Raciti G, Campisi A. Effect of Some Growth Factors on Tissue Transglutaminase Overexpression Induced by β-Amyloid in Olfactory Ensheathing Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6785-6794. [PMID: 27757835 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0152-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we assessed in a particular glial cell type, called olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), the effect of some growth factors (GFs) on tissue transglutaminase (TG2) overexpression induced by amyloid-beta (Aβ) with native full-length peptide 1-42 or by fragments, 25-35 or 35-25, as control. Previously, we demonstrated that TG2 overexpression induced by some stressors was down-regulated by GFs exposure in OECs. To monitor cell viability, an MTT test was used, while TG2 expression was examined using immunocytochemical and Western blot analysis. We also considered the involvement of the TG2-mediated apoptotic pathway. Vimentin expression was evaluated as well. Reactive oxygen species and reduced glutathione levels were utilized to test the oxidative intracellular status. Lactate dehydrogenase released into the medium, as a marker of necrotic cell death, was evaluated. We found that in OECs exposed to Aβ(1-42) or Aβ(25-35) for 24 h, TG2 expression increased, and we observed that the protein appeared prevalently localized in the cytosol. The pre-treatment with GFs, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) or glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), down-regulated the TG2 level, which was prevalently limited to the nuclear compartment. Vimentin expression and caspase cleavage showed a significant enhancement in Aβ(1-42) and Aβ(25-35) exposed cells. The pre-treatment with bFGF or GDNF was able to restore the levels of the proteins to control values, and the intracellular oxidative status modified by the exposure to Aβ(1-42) or Aβ(25-35). Our data suggest that both bFGF or GDNF could be an innovative mechanism to contrast TG2 expression, which plays a key role in Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia Pellitteri
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, National Research Council, Section of Catania, via P. Gaifami 18, 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Roberta Bonfanti
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, National Research Council, Section of Catania, via P. Gaifami 18, 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Michela Spatuzza
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, National Research Council, Section of Catania, via P. Gaifami 18, 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Cambria
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Mariacristina Ferrara
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Raciti
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Agata Campisi
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang J, Wang S, Huang W, Bennett DA, Dickson DW, Wang D, Wang R. Tissue Transglutaminase and Its Product Isopeptide Are Increased in Alzheimer's Disease and APPswe/PS1dE9 Double Transgenic Mice Brains. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 53:5066-78. [PMID: 26386840 PMCID: PMC4799778 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9413-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by intracellular and extracellular protein aggregates, including microtubule-associated protein tau and cleavage product of amyloid precursor protein, β-amyloid (Aβ). Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is a calcium-dependent enzyme that cross-links proteins forming a γ-glutamyl-ε-lysine isopeptide bond. Highly resistant to proteolysis, this bond can induce protein aggregation and deposition. We set out to determine if tTG may play a role in pathogenesis of AD. Previous studies have shown that tTG and isopeptide are increased in advanced AD, but they have not addressed if this is an early or late feature of AD. In the present study, we measured tTG expression levels and enzyme activity in the brains of individuals with no cognitive impairment (NCI), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD, as well as a transgenic mouse model of AD. We found that both enzyme expression and activity were increased in MCI as well as AD compared to NCI. In the transgenic model of AD, tTG expression and enzyme activity increased sharply with age and were relatively specific for the hippocampus. We also assessed overlap of isopeptide immunoreactivity with neurodegeneration-related proteins with Western blots and found neurofilament, tau, and Aβ showed co-localization with isopeptide in both AD and transgenic mice. These results suggest that tTG might be a key factor in pathogenesis of abnormal protein aggregation in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Suqing Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dennis W Dickson
- Department of Pathology (Neuropathology) and Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Dengshun Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Rui Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wilhelmus MMM, de Jager M, Smit AB, van der Loo RJ, Drukarch B. Catalytically active tissue transglutaminase colocalises with Aβ pathology in Alzheimer's disease mouse models. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20569. [PMID: 26837469 PMCID: PMC4738336 DOI: 10.1038/srep20569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterised by amyloid-beta (Aβ) protein deposition in the brain. Posttranslational modifications in Aβ play an important role in Aβ deposition. Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is an enzyme involved in posttranslational cross-linking of proteins. tTG levels and activity are increased in AD brains, and tTG is associated with Aβ deposits and lesion-associated astrocytes in AD cases. Furthermore, Aβ is a substrate of tTG-catalysed cross-linking. To study the role of tTG in Aβ pathology, we compared tTG distribution and activity in both the APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 and APP23 mice models with human AD. Using immunohistochemistry, we found association of both tTG and in situ active tTG with Aβ plaques and vascular Aβ, in early and late stages of Aβ deposition. In addition, tTG staining colocalised with Aβ-associated reactive astrocytes. Thus, alike human AD cases, tTG was associated with Aβ depositions in these AD models. Although, distribution pattern and spatial overlay of both tTG and its activity with Aβ pathology was substantially different from human AD cases, our findings provide evidence for an early role of tTG in Aβ pathology. Yet, species differences should be taken into account when using these models to study the role of tTG in Aβ pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Micha M M Wilhelmus
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU medical center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mieke de Jager
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU medical center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - August B Smit
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rolinka J van der Loo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Drukarch
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU medical center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
de Jager M, Drukarch B, Hofstee M, Brevé J, Jongenelen CAM, Bol JGJM, Wilhelmus MMM. Tissue transglutaminase-catalysed cross-linking induces Apolipoprotein E multimers inhibiting Apolipoprotein E's protective effects towards amyloid-beta-induced toxicity. J Neurochem 2015; 134:1116-28. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mieke de Jager
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Drukarch
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Marloes Hofstee
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - John Brevé
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A. M. Jongenelen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - John G. J. M. Bol
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Micha M. M. Wilhelmus
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
de Jager M, Boot MV, Bol JGJM, Brevé JJP, Jongenelen CAM, Drukarch B, Wilhelmus MMM. The blood clotting Factor XIIIa forms unique complexes with amyloid-beta (Aβ) and colocalizes with deposited Aβ in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 42:255-72. [PMID: 25871449 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a key pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) characterized by accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) protein in blood vessel walls. CAA impairs vessel functioning, affects blood brain barrier integrity and accelerates cognitive decline of AD patients. Unfortunately, mechanisms underlying Aβ deposition in the vessel wall remain largely unknown. Factor XIIIa (FXIIIa) is a blood-derived transglutaminase crucial in blood coagulation by cross-linking fibrin molecules. Evidence is mounting that blood-derived factors are present in CAA and may play a role in protein deposition in the vessel wall. We therefore investigated whether FXIIIa is present in CAA and if FXIIIa cross-link activity affects Aβ aggregation. METHODS Using immunohistochemistry, we investigated the distribution of FXIIIa, its activator thrombin and in situ FXIIIa activity in CAA in post-mortem AD tissue. We used surface plasmon resonance and Western blot analysis to study binding of FXIIIa to Aβ and the formation of FXIIIa-Aβ complexes, respectively. In addition, we studied cytotoxicity of FXIIIa-Aβ complexes to cerebrovascular cells. RESULTS FXIIIa, thrombin and in situ FXIIIa activity colocalize with the Aβ deposition in CAA. Furthermore, FXIIIa binds to Aβ with a higher binding affinity for Aβ1-42 compared with Aβ1-40 . Moreover, highly stable FXIIIa-Aβ complexes are formed independently of FXIIIa cross-linking activity that protected cerebrovascular cells from Aβ-induced toxicity in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Our data showed that FXIIIa colocalizes with Aβ in CAA and that FXIIIa forms unique protein complexes with Aβ that might play an important role in Aβ deposition and persistence in the vessel wall.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M de Jager
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Cellular Neuropharmacology Section, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M V Boot
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Cellular Neuropharmacology Section, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J G J M Bol
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Cellular Neuropharmacology Section, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J J P Brevé
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Cellular Neuropharmacology Section, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C A M Jongenelen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Cellular Neuropharmacology Section, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B Drukarch
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Cellular Neuropharmacology Section, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M M M Wilhelmus
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Cellular Neuropharmacology Section, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Inhibitors of tissue transglutaminase. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2014; 36:32-40. [PMID: 25500711 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) catalyzes the cross-linking of proteins by the formation of isopeptide bonds between glutamine (Gln) and lysine (Lys) side chains. Although TG2 is essential for the stabilization of the extracellular matrix, its unregulated activity has been implicated in celiac disease, fibrosis, and cancer metastasis, among other disorders. Given the importance and range of TG2-related pathologies, recent work has focused on the development of potent and selective inhibitors against TG2. In this review, we present the latest and most noteworthy irreversible and reversible inhibitors of TG2, and offer perspectives for the design of future inhibitors, in the hope that lead compounds with therapeutic potential may soon be discovered.
Collapse
|
25
|
Aberrant calcium signaling by transglutaminase-mediated posttranslational modification of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E3966-75. [PMID: 25201980 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1409730111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) in the endoplasmic reticulum mediates calcium signaling that impinges on intracellular processes. IP3Rs are allosteric proteins comprising four subunits that form an ion channel activated by binding of IP3 at a distance. Defective allostery in IP3R is considered crucial to cellular dysfunction, but the specific mechanism remains unknown. Here we demonstrate that a pleiotropic enzyme transglutaminase type 2 targets the allosteric coupling domain of IP3R type 1 (IP3R1) and negatively regulates IP3R1-mediated calcium signaling and autophagy by locking the subunit configurations. The control point of this regulation is the covalent posttranslational modification of the Gln2746 residue that transglutaminase type 2 tethers to the adjacent subunit. Modification of Gln2746 and IP3R1 function was observed in Huntington disease models, suggesting a pathological role of this modification in the neurodegenerative disease. Our study reveals that cellular signaling is regulated by a new mode of posttranslational modification that chronically and enzymatically blocks allosteric changes in the ligand-gated channels that relate to disease states.
Collapse
|
26
|
Currò M, Matarese G, Isola G, Caccamo D, Ventura VP, Cornelius C, Lentini M, Cordasco G, Ientile R. Differential expression of transglutaminase genes in patients with chronic periodontitis. Oral Dis 2014; 20:616-23. [PMID: 24112124 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gingival epithelium plays a key role in the protection of oral tissues from microbial challenge, especially during the periodontal disease. This study was aimed to evaluate levels of mRNA transcripts of different forms of transglutaminase in the human gingival tissues from patients with chronic periodontitis and relative controls. SUBJECTS AND METHODS This study included 22 patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) and 22 healthy controls. For each patient, the values of probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were recorded. Gene expression of transglutaminase 1, transglutaminase 2, transglutaminase 3, and metalloprotease 2 was evaluated by real-time PCR, while that of Factor XIIIA and metalloprotease 9 by RT-PCR. RESULTS The values of all the clinical parameters were significantly higher in the CP group than in the healthy control group (P < 0.05). In the CP group, the mRNA expression of transglutaminase 1 and transglutaminase 3 was significantly decreased in comparison with healthy control group. A slight nonsignificant changes of transglutaminase 2 gene expression were observed in samples from CP patients in comparison with controls. CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest that transglutaminase gene expression may be modified in response to chronic injury in the damaged gingival and emphasizes the key role of these enzymes in gingival remodelling/healing and adaptive processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Currò
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, AOU Policlinico "G. Martino", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (transglutaminase 2) is a multifunctional enzyme with many interesting properties resulting in versatile roles in both physiology and pathophysiology. Herein, the particular involvement of the enzyme in human diseases will be outlined with special emphasis on its role in cancer and in tissue interactions with biomaterials. Despite recent progress in unraveling the different cellular functions of transglutaminase 2, several questions remain. Transglutaminase 2 features in both confirmed and some still ambiguous roles within pathological conditions, raising interest in developing inhibitors and imaging probes which target this enzyme. One important prerequisite for identifying and characterizing such molecular tools are reliable assay methods to measure the enzymatic activity. This digest Letter will provide clarification about the various assay methods described to date, accompanied by a discussion of recent progress in the development of inhibitors and imaging probes targeting transglutaminase 2.
Collapse
|
28
|
Keillor JW, Clouthier CM, Apperley KYP, Akbar A, Mulani A. Acyl transfer mechanisms of tissue transglutaminase. Bioorg Chem 2014; 57:186-197. [PMID: 25035302 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is a calcium-dependent enzyme that catalyses several acyl transfer reactions. The most biologically relevant of these involve protein-bound Gln residues as an acyl-donor substrate, and either water or a primary amine as an acyl-acceptor substrate. The former leads to deamidation of Gln to Glu, whereas the latter leads to transamidation, typically resulting in protein cross-linking when the amine substrate is a protein-bound Lys residue. In this review, we present an overview of over fifty years of mechanistic studies that have led to our current understanding of TG2-mediated hydrolysis and transamidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Keillor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Cure, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Christopher M Clouthier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Cure, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Kim Y P Apperley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Cure, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Abdullah Akbar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Cure, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Amina Mulani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Cure, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Espitia Pinzon N, Stroo E, ‘t Hart BA, Bol JGJM, Drukarch B, Bauer J, van Dam AM. Tissue transglutaminase in marmoset experimental multiple sclerosis: discrepancy between white and grey matter. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100574. [PMID: 24959868 PMCID: PMC4069090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infiltration of leukocytes is a major pathological event in white matter lesion formation in the brain of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. In grey matter lesions, less infiltration of these cells occur, but microglial activation is present. Thus far, the interaction of β-integrins with extracellular matrix proteins, e.g. fibronectin, is considered to be of importance for the influx of immune cells. Recent in vitro studies indicate a possible role for the enzyme tissue Transglutaminase (TG2) in mediating cell adhesion and migration. In the present study we questioned whether TG2 is present in white and grey matter lesions observed in the marmoset model for MS. To this end, immunohistochemical studies were performed. We observed that TG2, expressed by infiltrating monocytes in white matter lesions co-expressed β1-integrin and is located in close apposition to deposited fibronectin. These data suggest an important role for TG2 in the adhesion and migration of infiltrating monocytes during white matter lesion formation. Moreover, in grey matter lesions, TG2 is mainly present in microglial cells together with some β1-integrin, whereas fibronectin is absent in these lesions. These data imply an alternative role for microglial-derived TG2 in grey matter lesions, e.g. cell proliferation. Further research should clarify the functional role of TG2 in monocytes or microglial cells in MS lesion formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaly Espitia Pinzon
- VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Stroo
- VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bert A. ‘t Hart
- Biomedical Primate Research Center, Department of Immunobiology, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
- University Groningen, University Medical Center, Department of Neuroscience, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - John G. J. M. Bol
- VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Drukarch
- VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Bauer
- Center for Brain Research, Department of Neuroimmunology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anne-Marie van Dam
- VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Eckert RL, Kaartinen MT, Nurminskaya M, Belkin AM, Colak G, Johnson GVW, Mehta K. Transglutaminase regulation of cell function. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:383-417. [PMID: 24692352 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00019.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGs) are multifunctional proteins having enzymatic and scaffolding functions that participate in regulation of cell fate in a wide range of cellular systems and are implicated to have roles in development of disease. This review highlights the mechanism of action of these proteins with respect to their structure, impact on cell differentiation and survival, role in cancer development and progression, and function in signal transduction. We also discuss the mechanisms whereby TG level is controlled and how TGs control downstream targets. The studies described herein begin to clarify the physiological roles of TGs in both normal biology and disease states.
Collapse
|
31
|
Wolf J, Jäger C, Morawski M, Lachmann I, Schönknecht P, Mothes T, Arendt T. Tissue transglutaminase in Alzheimer's disease - facts and fiction: a reply to "Tissue transglutaminase is a biochemical marker for Alzheimer's disease". Neurobiol Aging 2013; 35:e5-9. [PMID: 24300236 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Wolf
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical Faculty of the University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carsten Jäger
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Morawski
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Peter Schönknecht
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Mothes
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical Faculty of the University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Thomas Arendt
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Bains W. Transglutaminse 2 and EGGL, the protein cross-link formed by transglutaminse 2, as therapeutic targets for disabilities of old age. Rejuvenation Res 2013; 16:495-517. [PMID: 23968147 PMCID: PMC3869435 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2013.1452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging of the extracellular matrix (ECM), the protein matrix that surrounds and penetrates the tissues and binds the body together, contributes significantly to functional aging of tissues. ECM proteins become increasingly cross-linked with age, and this cross-linking is probably important in the decline of the ECM's function. This article reviews the role of ε-(γ-glutamyl)-lysine (EGGL), a cross-link formed by transglutaminase enzymes, and particularly the widely expressed isozyme transglutaminase 2 (TG2), in the aging ECM. There is little direct data on EGGL accumulation with age, and no direct evidence of a role of EGGL in the aging of the ECM with pathology. However, several lines of circumstantial evidence suggest that EGGL accumulates with age, and its association with pathology suggests that this might reflect degradation of ECM function. TG activity increases with age in many circumstances. ECM protein turnover is such that some EGGL made by TG is likely to remain in place for years, if not decades, in healthy tissue, and both EGGL and TG levels are enhanced by age-related diseases. If further research shows EGGL does accumulate with age, removing it could be of therapeutic benefit. Also reviewed is the blockade of TG and active removal of EGGL as therapeutic strategies, with the conclusion that both have promise. EGGL removal may have benefit for acute fibrotic diseases, such as tendinopathy, and for treating generalized decline in ECM function with old age. Extracellular TG2 and EGGL are therefore therapeutic targets both for specific and more generalized diseases of aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Bains
- SRF Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kato S, Matsukawa T, Koriyama Y, Sugitani K, Ogai K. A molecular mechanism of optic nerve regeneration in fish: the retinoid signaling pathway. Prog Retin Eye Res 2013; 37:13-30. [PMID: 23994437 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The fish optic nerve regeneration process takes more than 100 days after axotomy and comprises four stages: neurite sprouting (1-4 days), axonal elongation (5-30 days), synaptic refinement (35-80 days) and functional recovery (100-120 days). We screened genes specifically upregulated in each stage from axotomized fish retina. The mRNAs for heat shock protein 70 and insulin-like growth factor-1 rapidly increased in the retinal ganglion cells soon after axotomy and function as cell-survival factors. Purpurin mRNA rapidly and transiently increased in the photoreceptors and purpurin protein diffusely increased in all nuclear layers at 1-4 days after injury. The purpurin gene has an active retinol-binding site and a signal peptide. Purpurin with retinol functions as a sprouting factor for thin neurites. This neurite-sprouting effect was closely mimicked by retinoic acid and blocked by its inhibitor. We propose that purpurin works as a retinol transporter to supply retinoic acid to damaged RGCs which in turn activates target genes. We also searched for genes involved in the second stage of regeneration. The mRNA of retinoid-signaling molecules increased in retinal ganglion cells at 7-14 days after injury and tissue transglutaminase and neuronal nitric oxide synthase mRNAs, RA-target genes, increased in retinal ganglion cells at 10-30 days after injury. They function as factors for the outgrowth of thick, long neurites. Here we present a retinoid-signaling hypothesis to explain molecular events during the early stages of optic nerve regeneration in fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Kato
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wilhelmus MMM, Drukarch B. Tissue transglutaminase is a biochemical marker for Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 35:e3-4. [PMID: 24080177 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Micha M M Wilhelmus
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Cellular Neuropharmacology Section, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Benjamin Drukarch
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Cellular Neuropharmacology Section, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wolf J, Jäger C, Lachmann I, Schönknecht P, Morawski M, Arendt T, Mothes T. Tissue transglutaminase is not a biochemical marker for Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:2495-8. [PMID: 23747046 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Typical hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are pathologic deposits in cortical and subcortical regions consisting of self-aggregated proteins such as amyloid-beta (Aβ) or tau. Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) catalyses calcium-dependent cross-linking between proteins (transamidation) resulting in protease-resistant isopeptide bonds. Because of this ability, tTG was suspected to participate in AD pathogenesis. Aβ and tau can be cross-linked by tTG in vitro. In AD neocortex, messenger RNA expression of tTG is increased. However, data on transamidation in AD specimens--activity of not only tTG but also other transglutaminases--are contradictory. The aim of our study was to investigate if tTG is involved in AD development and may be useful as biomarker for AD. We studied human brain samples for tTG concentration, tTG localization, and transamidation activity and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for tTG content by novel sensitive and highly specific methods. Neither tTG concentration nor transamidation was increased in AD brain homogenates. Immunohistologically, we found no colocalization of tTG in neocortex sections with tau or Aβ deposits but with blood vessels. Only in rare cases, tTG was detectable in CSF samples. This could be attributed to liberation from erythrocytes. Our data contradict the view that tTG is a potential biochemical marker for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Wolf
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
de Jager M, van der Wildt B, Schul E, Bol JGJM, van Duinen SG, Drukarch B, Wilhelmus MMM. Tissue transglutaminase colocalizes with extracellular matrix proteins in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 34:1159-69. [PMID: 23122413 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a key histopathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis of the Dutch type (HCHWA-D). CAA is characterized by amyloid-beta (Aβ) depositions and remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in brain vessels and plays an important role in the development and progression of both AD and HCHWA-D. Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) modulates the ECM by molecular cross-linking of ECM proteins. Here, we investigated the distribution pattern, cellular source, and activity of tTG in CAA in control, AD, and HCHWA-D cases. We observed increased tTG immunoreactivity and colocalization with Aβ in the vessel wall in early stage CAA, whereas in later CAA stages, tTG and its cross-links were present in halos enclosing the Aβ deposition. In CAA, tTG and its cross-links at the abluminal side of the vessel were demonstrated to be either of astrocytic origin in parenchymal vessels, of fibroblastic origin in leptomeningeal vessels, and of endothelial origin at the luminal side of the deposited Aβ. Furthermore, the ECM proteins fibronectin and laminin colocalized with the tTG-positive halos surrounding the deposited Aβ in CAA. However, we observed that in situ tTG activity was present throughout the vessel wall in late stage CAA. Together, our data suggest that tTG and its activity might play a differential role in the development and progression of CAA, possibly evolving from direct modulation of Aβ aggregation to cross-linking of ECM proteins resulting in ECM restructuring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mieke de Jager
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Tay WM, Bryant JG, Martin PK, Nix AJ, Cusack BM, Rosenberry TL. A mass spectrometric approach for characterization of amyloid-β aggregates and identification of their post-translational modifications. Biochemistry 2012; 51:3759-66. [PMID: 22506642 DOI: 10.1021/bi300316d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomeric aggregates have been proposed as toxic agents in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Knowledge of their structures not only may provide insight into the basis of their neurotoxicities but also may reveal new targets for therapeutic drugs and diagnostic tools. However, the low levels of these Aβ oligomers have impeded structural characterization. Evidence suggests that the endogenous oligomers are covalently modified in vivo. In this report, we demonstrate an established mass spectrometry (MS) methodology called precursor ion mapping (PIM) that potentially may be applied to endogenous oligomer characterization. First, we illustrate the use of this PIM technique with a synthetic Aβ(1-40) monomer sample that had been cross-linked with transglutaminase (TGase) and digested with pepsin. From PIM analysis of an Aβ(4-13) MS/MS fragment, precursor ions were identified that corresponded to peptic fragments of three TGase cross-linked species: Aβ(4-19)--(4-19), Aβ(4-19)--(20-34), and Aβ(1-19)--(20-34). Next, we demonstrate the applicability of the PIM technique to an endogenous Aβ sample that had been purified and concentrated by immunoaffinity chromatography. Without pepsin digestion, we successfully identified the full length and C-terminally truncated monomeric Aβ species 1-35 to 1-42, along with select methionine-oxidized counterparts. Because PIM focuses only on a subpopulation of ions, namely the related precursor ions, the resulting spectra are of increased specificity and sensitivity. Therefore, this methodology shows great promise for structural analysis and identification of post-translational modification(s) in endogenous Aβ oligomers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William M Tay
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Correia SC, Santos RX, Carvalho C, Cardoso S, Candeias E, Santos MS, Oliveira CR, Moreira PI. Insulin signaling, glucose metabolism and mitochondria: major players in Alzheimer's disease and diabetes interrelation. Brain Res 2012; 1441:64-78. [PMID: 22290178 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Many epidemiological studies have shown that diabetes, particularly type 2 diabetes, significantly increases the risk to develop Alzheimer's disease. Both diseases share several common abnormalities including impaired glucose metabolism, increased oxidative stress, insulin resistance and deposition of amyloidogenic proteins. It has been suggested that these two diseases disrupt common cellular and molecular pathways and each disease potentiates the progression of the other. This review discusses clinical and biochemical features shared by Alzheimer's disease and diabetes, giving special attention to the involvement of insulin signaling, glucose metabolism and mitochondria. Understanding the key mechanisms underlying this deleterious interaction may provide opportunities for the design of effective therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sónia C Correia
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Transglutaminase 2: biology, relevance to neurodegenerative diseases and therapeutic implications. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 133:392-410. [PMID: 22212614 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by progressive neuronal loss and the aggregation of disease-specific pathogenic proteins in hallmark neuropathologic lesions. Many of these proteins, including amyloid Αβ, tau, α-synuclein and huntingtin, are cross-linked by the enzymatic activity of transglutaminase 2 (TG2). Additionally, the expression and activity of TG2 is increased in affected brain regions in these disorders. These observations along with experimental evidence in cellular and mouse models suggest that TG2 can contribute to the abnormal aggregation of disease causing proteins and consequently to neuronal damage. This accumulating evidence has provided the impetus to develop inhibitors of TG2 as possible neuroprotective agents. However, TG2 has other enzymatic activities in addition to its cross-linking function and can modulate multiple cellular processes including apoptosis, autophagy, energy production, synaptic function, signal transduction and transcription regulation. These diverse properties must be taken into consideration in designing TG2 inhibitors. In this review, we discuss the biochemistry of TG2, its various physiologic functions and our current understanding about its role in degenerative diseases of the brain. We also describe the different approaches to designing TG2 inhibitors that could be developed as potential disease-modifying therapies.
Collapse
|
40
|
Wilhelmus MMM, de Jager M, Drukarch B. Tissue transglutaminase: a novel therapeutic target in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. NEURODEGENER DIS 2011; 10:317-9. [PMID: 22156619 DOI: 10.1159/000333224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) in brain vessel walls, known as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), plays a key role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. CAA might result from impaired transport of Aβ out of the brain. Although the mechanisms underlying reduced Aβ transport are largely unknown, thickening of basement membrane extracellular matrix (ECM) is likely involved. Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is an enzyme capable of modulating the ECM by covalently cross-linking ECM proteins. Recently, our group found that tTG and its cross-linking activity are associated with CAA pathology, suggesting a role for tTG in ECM modulation in CAA. Therefore, inhibition of tTG activity might be a promising novel therapeutic target to counteract CAA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Micha M M Wilhelmus
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Quantification of human tissue transglutaminase by a luminescence sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Anal Biochem 2011; 419:153-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
42
|
Cellular model of Alzheimer's disease--relevance to therapeutic testing. Exp Neurol 2011; 233:733-9. [PMID: 22119424 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
43
|
Hoffner G, Vanhoutteghem A, André W, Djian P. Transglutaminase in epidermis and neurological disease or what makes a good cross-linking substrate. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 78:97-160. [PMID: 22220473 DOI: 10.1002/9781118105771.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guylaine Hoffner
- Unité Propre de Recherche 2228 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Régulation de la Transcription et Maladies Génétiques, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Nemes Z. Effects and Analysis of Transglutamination on Protein Aggregation and Clearance in Neurodegenerative Diseases. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY - AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 78:347-83. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118105771.ch8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
45
|
Kim SY. Transglutaminase 2: a new paradigm for NF-kappaB involvement in disease. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 78:161-95. [PMID: 22220474 DOI: 10.1002/9781118105771.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Youl Kim
- Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Kyonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Li B, Cerione RA, Antonyak M. Tissue transglutaminase and its role in human cancer progression. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 78:247-93. [PMID: 22220476 DOI: 10.1002/9781118105771.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Brain microbleeds often occur in Alzheimer's disease patients. Our previous studies have demonstrated that iron contributes to brain injury following intracerebral hemorrhage. This study investigated the effect of iron on amyloid β (Aβ)-mediated brain injury. There were two parts to this study. In first part, rats received an intracaudate injection of saline, iron, Aβ 25-35 or iron+Aβ 25-35. In the second part, rats received intracaudate injection of iron+Aβ and were treated with saline or cystamine, an inhibitor of transglutaminase. Rats were killed after 24 hours for brain edema measurement. DNA damage, neuronal death and tissue-type transglutaminase (tTG) expression were also examined. We found that brain water content in the ipsilateral caudate was higher (p<0.05) in rats injected with iron+Aβ than with iron, Aβ or saline. Combined iron+Aβ injection also resulted in more severe DNA damage (both single- and double-strand; p<0.01) and more Fluoro-Jade C staining (p<0.05). Expression of tTG increased markedly in the iron+Aβ group (p<0.05) and treatment with a tTG inhibitor reduced brain edema (p<0.05) and reduced degenerating neurons (124±25 vs. 249±50/mm(2) in vehicle-treated group, p<0.05). These results suggest that increased brain iron from microbleeds may exaggerate brain Aβ toxicity and that tTG is involved in the enhanced toxicity.
Collapse
|
48
|
Verhaar R, Jongenelen CA, Gerard M, Baekelandt V, Van Dam AM, Wilhelmus MM, Drukarch B. Blockade of enzyme activity inhibits tissue transglutaminase-mediated transamidation of α-synuclein in a cellular model of Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2011; 58:785-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
49
|
Munsie L, Caron N, Atwal RS, Marsden I, Wild EJ, Bamburg JR, Tabrizi SJ, Truant R. Mutant huntingtin causes defective actin remodeling during stress: defining a new role for transglutaminase 2 in neurodegenerative disease. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:1937-51. [PMID: 21355047 PMCID: PMC3080606 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by an expanded CAG tract in the Interesting transcript 15 (IT15) gene encoding the 350 kDa huntingtin protein. Cellular stresses can trigger the release of huntingtin from the endoplasmic reticulum, allowing huntingtin nuclear entry. Here, we show that endogenous, full-length huntingtin localizes to nuclear cofilin–actin rods during stress and is required for the proper stress response involving actin remodeling. Mutant huntingtin induces a dominant, persistent nuclear rod phenotype similar to that described in Alzheimer's disease for cytoplasmic cofilin–actin rods. Using live cell temporal studies, we show that this stress response is similarly impaired when mutant huntingtin is present, or when normal huntingtin levels are reduced. In clinical lymphocyte samples from HD patients, we have quantitatively detected cross-linked complexes of actin and cofilin with complex formation varying in correlation with disease progression. By live cell fluorescence lifetime imaging measurement–Förster resonant energy transfer studies and western blot assays, we quantitatively observed that stress-activated tissue transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is responsible for the actin–cofilin covalent cross-linking observed in HD. These data support a direct role for huntingtin in nuclear actin re-organization, and describe a new pathogenic mechanism for aberrant TG2 enzymatic hyperactivity in neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lise Munsie
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N3Z5
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Schmid AW, Condemi E, Tuchscherer G, Chiappe D, Mutter M, Vogel H, Moniatte M, Tsybin YO. Tissue transglutaminase-mediated glutamine deamidation of beta-amyloid peptide increases peptide solubility, whereas enzymatic cross-linking and peptide fragmentation may serve as molecular triggers for rapid peptide aggregation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:12172-88. [PMID: 21300794 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.176149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (TGase) has been implicated in a number of cellular processes and disease states, where the enzymatic actions of TGase may serve in both, cell survival and apoptosis. To date, the precise functional properties of TGase in cell survival or cell death mechanisms still remain elusive. TGase-mediated cross-linking has been reported to account for the formation of insoluble lesions in conformational diseases. We report here that TGase induces intramolecular cross-linking of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ), resulting in structural changes of monomeric Aβ. Using high resolution mass spectrometry (MS) of cross-linked Aβ peptides, we observed a shift in mass, which is, presumably associated with the loss of NH3 due to enzymatic transamidation activity and hence intramolecular peptide cross-linking. We have observed that a large population of Aβ monomers contained an 0.984 Da increase in mass at a glutamine residue, indicating that glutamine 15 serves as an indispensable substrate in TGase-mediated deamidation to glutamate 15. We provide strong analytical evidence on TGase-mediated Aβ peptide dimerization, through covalent intermolecular cross-linking and hence the formation of Aβ1-40 dimers. Our in depth analyses indicate that TGase-induced post-translational modifications of Aβ peptide may serve as an important seed for aggregation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrien W Schmid
- Proteomics Core Facility, AI 0151, Station 15, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|