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Pleszczyńska M, Wiater A, Janczarek M, Szczodrak J. (1→3)-α-D-Glucan hydrolases in dental biofilm prevention and control: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 79:761-78. [PMID: 26047901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Dental plaque is a highly diverse biofilm, which has an important function in maintenance of oral and systemic health but in some conditions becomes a cause of oral diseases. In addition to mechanical plaque removal, current methods of dental plaque control involve the use of chemical agents against biofilm pathogens, which however, given the complexity of the oral microbiome, is not sufficiently effective. Hence, there is a need for development of new anti-biofilm approaches. Polysaccharides, especially (1→3),(1→6)-α-D-glucans, which are key structural and functional constituents of the biofilm matrix, seem to be a good target for future therapeutic strategies. In this review, we have focused on (1→3)-α-glucanases, which can limit the cariogenic properties of the dental plaque extracellular polysaccharides. These enzymes are not widely known and have not been exhaustively described in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Pleszczyńska
- Department of Industrial Microbiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Adrian Wiater
- Department of Industrial Microbiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Monika Janczarek
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Janusz Szczodrak
- Department of Industrial Microbiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
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Biochemical and molecular characterization of a novel type of Mutanase from Paenibacillus sp. strain RM1: identification of its mutan-binding domain, essential for degradation of Streptococcus mutans biofilms. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:2759-65. [PMID: 18326674 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02332-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel type of mutanase (termed mutanase RM1) was isolated from Paenibacillus sp. strain RM1. The purified enzyme specifically hydrolyzed alpha-1,3-glucan (mutan) and effectively degraded biofilms formed by Streptococcus mutans, a major etiologic agent in the progression of dental caries, even following brief incubation. The nucleotide sequence of the gene for this protein contains a 3,873-bp open reading frame encoding 1,291 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 135 kDa. The protein contains two major domains, the N-terminal domain (277 residues) and the C-terminal domain (937 residues), separated by a characteristic sequence composed of proline and threonine repeats. The characterization of the recombinant proteins for each domain which were expressed in Escherichia coli demonstrated that the N-terminal domain had strong mutan-binding activity but no mutanase activity whereas the C-terminal domain was responsible for mutanase activity but had mutan-binding activity significantly lower than that of the intact protein. Importantly, the biofilm-degrading activity observed with the intact protein was not exhibited by either domain alone or in combination with the other. Therefore, these results indicate that the structural integrity of mutanase RM1 containing the N-terminal mutan-binding domain is required for the biofilm-degrading activity.
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3
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Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of mutanase-like genes from Paenibacillus isolates: Proposal of a new family of glycoside hydrolases. Biochimie 2008; 90:525-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2007.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Sumitomo N, Saeki K, Ozaki K, Ito S, Kobayashi T. Mutanase from a Paenibacillus isolate: Nucleotide sequence of the gene and properties of recombinant enzymes. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2007; 1770:716-24. [PMID: 17270351 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2006] [Revised: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A mutanase (alpha-1,3-glucanase)-producing microorganism was isolated from a soil sample and was identified as a relative of Paenibacillus sp. The mutanase was purified to homogeneity from culture, and its molecular mass was around 57 kDa. The gene for the mutanase was cloned by PCR using primers based on the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified enzyme. The determined nucleotide sequence of the gene consisted of 3651-bp open reading frame that encoded a predicted 1217-amino acid polypeptide including a 43-amino acid signal peptide. The mature enzyme showed similarity to mutanases RM1 of Bacillus sp. strain RM1 and KA-304 of Bacillus circulans with 65.6% and 62.7% identity, respectively. The predicted molecular mass of the mutanase was 123 kDa. Thus, the enzyme purified from the isolate appears to be truncated by proteolysis. The genes for the full-length and truncated mutanases were expressed in Bacillus subtilis cells, and the corresponding recombinant enzymes were purified to homogeneity. The molecular masses of the two enzymes were 116 and 57 kDa, respectively. The specific activity was 10-fold higher for the full-length enzyme than for the truncated enzyme. The optimal pH and temperature for both recombinant enzymes was pH 6.4 in citrate buffer and 45 degrees C to 50 degrees C. Amongst several tested polysaccharides, the recombinant full-length enzyme specifically hydrolyzed mutan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Sumitomo
- Tochigi Research Laboratories of Kao Corporation 2606 Akabane, Ichikai, Haga, Tochigi, 321-3497, Japan
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Grün CH, Dekker N, Nieuwland AA, Klis FM, Kamerling JP, Vliegenthart JFG, Hochstenbach F. Mechanism of action of theendo-(1 → 3)-α-glucanase MutAp from the mycoparasitic fungusTrichoderma harzianum. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:3780-6. [PMID: 16780840 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2006] [Revised: 05/25/2006] [Accepted: 05/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
(1-->3)-alpha-glucanases catalyze the hydrolysis of fungal cell wall (1-->3)-alpha-glucan, and function during cell division of yeasts containing this cell wall component or act in mycoparasitic processes. Here, we characterize the mechanism of action of the (1-->3)-alpha-glucanase MutAp from the mycoparasitic fungus Trichoderma harzianum. We observed that MutAp releases predominantly beta-glucose upon hydrolysis of crystalline (1-->3)-alpha-glucan, indicating inversion of the anomeric configuration. After having identified (1-->3)-alpha-glucan tetrasaccharide as the minimal substrate for MutAp, we showed that reduced (1-->3)-alpha-glucan pentasaccharide is cleaved into a trisaccharide and a reduced disaccharide, demonstrating that MutAp displays endo-hydrolytic activity. We propose a model for the catalytic mechanism of MutAp, whereby the enzyme breaks an intrachain glycosidic linkage of (1-->3)-alpha-glucan, and then continues its hydrolysis towards the non-reducing end by releasing beta-glucose residues in a processive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian H Grün
- Bijvoet Center, Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Hayacibara MF, Koo H, Vacca-Smith AM, Kopec LK, Scott-Anne K, Cury JA, Bowen WH. The influence of mutanase and dextranase on the production and structure of glucans synthesized by streptococcal glucosyltransferases. Carbohydr Res 2005; 339:2127-37. [PMID: 15280057 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2004.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2004] [Accepted: 05/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucanohydrolases, especially mutanase [alpha-(1-->3) glucanase; EC 3.2.1.59] and dextranase [alpha-(1-->6) glucanase; EC 3.2.1.11], which are present in the biofilm known as dental plaque, may affect the synthesis and structure of glucans formed by glucosyltransferases (GTFs) from sucrose within dental plaque. We examined the production and the structure of glucans synthesized by GTFs B (synthesis of alpha-(1-->3)-linked glucans) or C [synthesis of alpha-(1-->6)- and alpha-(1-->3)-linked glucans] in the presence of mutanase and dextranase, alone or in combination, in solution phase and on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite beads (surface phase). The ability of Streptococcus sobrinus 6715 to adhere to the glucan, which was formed in the presence of the glucanohydrolases was also explored. The presence of mutanase and/or dextranase during the synthesis of glucans by GTF B and C altered the proportions of soluble to insoluble glucan. The presence of either dextranase or mutanase alone had a modest effect on total amount of glucan formed, especially in the surface phase; the glucanohydrolases in combination reduced the total amount of glucan. The amount of (1-->6)-linked glucan was reduced in presence of dextranase. In contrast, mutanase enhanced the formation of soluble glucan, and reduced the percentage of 3-linked glucose of GTF B and C glucans whereas dextranase was mostly without effect. Glucan formed in the presence of dextranase provided fewer binding sites for S. sobrinus; mutanase was devoid of any effect. We also noted that the GTFs bind to dextranase and mutanase. Glucanohydrolases, even in the presence of GTFs, influence glucan synthesis, linkage remodeling, and branching, which may have an impact on the formation, maturation, physical properties, and bacterial binding sites of the polysaccharide matrix in dental plaque. Our data have relevance for the formation of polysaccharide matrix of other biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsue F Hayacibara
- Faculty of Dentistry of Piracicaba, UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13414-018, Brazil
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Khalikova E, Susi P, Korpela T. Microbial dextran-hydrolyzing enzymes: fundamentals and applications. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2005; 69:306-25. [PMID: 15944458 PMCID: PMC1197420 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.69.2.306-325.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dextran is a chemically and physically complex polymer, breakdown of which is carried out by a variety of endo- and exodextranases. Enzymes in many groups can be classified as dextranases according to function: such enzymes include dextranhydrolases, glucodextranases, exoisomaltohydrolases, exoisomaltotriohydrases, and branched-dextran exo-1,2-alpha-glucosidases. Cycloisomalto-oligosaccharide glucanotransferase does not formally belong to the dextranases even though its side reaction produces hydrolyzed dextrans. A new classification system for glycosylhydrolases and glycosyltransferases, which is based on amino acid sequence similarities, divides the dextranases into five families. However, this classification is still incomplete since sequence information is missing for many of the enzymes that have been biochemically characterized as dextranases. Dextran-degrading enzymes have been isolated from a wide range of microorganisms. The major characteristics of these enzymes, the methods for analyzing their activities and biological roles, analysis of primary sequence data, and three-dimensional structures of dextranases have been dealt with in this review. Dextranases are promising for future use in various scientific and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Khalikova
- Joint Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Finland
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8
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SAN-BLAS G, MORENO B, CALCAGNO AM, SAN-BLAS F. Lysis of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis by Zygosporium geminatum. Med Mycol 1998. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-280x.1998.00121.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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9
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San-Blas G, Moreno B, Calcagno A, San-Blas F. Lysis ofParacoccidioides brasiliensisbyZygosporium geminatum. Med Mycol 1998. [DOI: 10.1080/02681219880000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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10
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Robyt JF. Mechanisms in the glucansucrase synthesis of polysaccharides and oligosaccharides from sucrose. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 1995; 51:133-68. [PMID: 7484361 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2318(08)60193-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J F Robyt
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Iowa State University, Ames,USA
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11
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Abstract
The enzyme alpha(1-->3),3-glucanohydrolase (referred to as mutanase) from the filamentous fungus Trichoderma harzianum OMZ 779 is capable of degrading the water-insoluble glucan in dental plaque. Previously, it was necessary to produce the glucan (referred to as mutan) in vitro for use as the sole carbon source and inducer of mutanase synthesis in fungal cultures. We report here that raffinose also induces the production of mutanase. The metabolism of raffinose differed from that of other sugars in metabolic end products and secreted protein profile. In addition to mutanase, we observed an approximately 15,000 M(r) protein that was also regulated by carbon source and by illumination conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Quivey
- Department of Dental Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, New York 14642
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13
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Taylor C, Cheetham NW, Slodki ME, Walker GJ. Action of Endo-(1 → 6)-α-d-glucanases on the soluble dextrans produced by three extracellular α-d-glucosyltransferases of Streptococcus sobrinus. Carbohydr Polym 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0144-8617(90)90040-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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15
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Andaluz E, Guillén A, Larriba G. Preliminary evidence for a glucan acceptor in the yeast Candida albicans. Biochem J 1986; 240:495-502. [PMID: 2949741 PMCID: PMC1147443 DOI: 10.1042/bj2400495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Two membrane preparation containing glucan synthase activity were obtained by lysis of regenerating sphaeroplasts (enzyme A) or mechanical breakage (enzyme B) of yeast (Candida albicans) cells. The reaction products of both enzymes (glucans A and B respectively) were characterized as linear beta-1,3-linked glucans on the basis of chemical and enzymic analysis. In addition, two pools of glucan could be distinguished in glucan A preparations on the basis of their susceptibility to an exoglucanase. In no case were the reaction products synthesized de novo; rather the radioactive chains were added to the non-reducing end of non-radioactive preformed glucan chains or to an acceptor of a different nature. At least some of the performed chains of glucan A, but not those of glucan B, showed a free reducing terminal. Glucan A preparations were endowed with endoglucanase activity, which, under appropriate conditions, released glucose, laminaribiose and laminaritriose. These sugars were also found in cell-wall autolysates. On the basis of the origin of both enzyme preparations it is suggested that glucan molecules are synthesized while they are bound to a non-glucan acceptor that is subsequently excised, presumably by cell-wall-associated glucanases.
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16
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Walker GJ, Schuerch C. Activity of branched dextrans in the acceptor reaction of a glucosyltransferase (GTF-I) from Streptococcus mutans OMZ176. Carbohydr Res 1986; 146:259-70. [PMID: 2420448 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(86)85045-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ability of several native and chemically synthesized, branched dextrans to stimulate the activity of an alpha-D-glucosyltransferase (GTF-I) of Streptococcus mutans has been compared. The enzyme catalysed the transfer of glucosyl residues from sucrose with the formation of water-insoluble (1----3)-alpha-D-glucan. The rate of this reaction was greatly increased in the presence of dextran, and the extent of stimulation was negatively correlated with the degree of branching of the added dextran. The results refute the concept that growth of water-insoluble glucan occurs from the multiple, non-reducing termini of dextran acceptors.
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17
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Ono K, Inoue M, Smith EE. Specific and non-specific affinities of the extracellular glucosyltransferase complex of Streptococcus mutans 6715. Carbohydr Res 1984; 134:245-64. [PMID: 6085029 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(84)85041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Glucosyltransferases (GTF) from different strains of streptococci exhibited different elution profiles when fractionated on insoluble-dextran affinity columns. The proportions of unadsorbed and adsorbed GTF were not related to their extent of stimulation by exogenous dextran, and GTF preparations exposed to, and freed from, clinical dextran prior to fractionation lost their ability to bind to the dextran columns. Different proportions of bound GTF were released by irrigation of columns with different concentrations of salt and clinical dextran, and the "specific" binding and release of GTF exhibited by a column possessing covalently linked, clinical dextran ligands was duplicated on a control column that did not possess the dextran ligands. These results, and the high affinity of GTF for hydrophobic alkyl (Shaltiel) ligands, demonstrate that ionic and hydrophobic properties of impure GTF aggregates may lead to erroneous characterization of the dextran affinity of some protein fractions. Fractionations on DEAE-Sepharose and on hydroxylapatite showed that the two dextran-dependent GTF activities (GTF-S and GTF-I) were present in the major enzyme fraction (Streptococcus mutans 6715) recovered from a Sephacryl S-200 affinity column. A minor, dextran-independent GTF was not adsorbed onto the Sephacryl column. The presence of SDS (0.005%) and Triton X100 (0.01%) stabilized GTF activity during gel filtration and improved the separation of GTF-S and GTF-I in hydroxylapatite fractionation of the highly aggregated enzyme. A comparable separation of the two enzyme forms on DEAE-Sepharose was achieved only if T10 dextran (10 mg/mL) was included with the detergent mixture in the column irrigant.
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Pérez P, GarcÃa-Acha I, Durán A. β(1,3)-Glucanases from Geotrichum lactis: activity on its own nascent and preformed β(1,3)-glucan. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1984. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1984.tb01069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Walker GJ, Brown RA, Taylor C. Activity of Streptococcus mutans alpha-D-glucosyltransferases released under various growth conditions. J Dent Res 1984; 63:397-400. [PMID: 6230377 DOI: 10.1177/00220345840630030801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of a variety of growth conditions on extracellular D-glucosyltransferase (GTF) activity of Streptococcus mutans strains in continuous culture has been studied. Maximum GTF activity was found at low growth rates and at pH 6.5, and under this condition the predominant glucosyltransferase was GTF-S, an enzyme that synthesized soluble dextran. At high growth rates, the proportion of GTF-S decreased, and 50% or more of the total glucosyltransferase was GTF-I, an enzyme that synthesized water-insoluble (1 leads to 3)-alpha-D-glucan. Variation in the relative activities of GTF-S and GTF-I results in such diversity in the glucans synthesized from sucrose that it is virtually meaningless to describe a structural analysis of S. mutans glucan without specifying the conditions of growth of the organism.
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Hamada S, Koga T, Ooshima T. Virulence factors of Streptococcus mutans and dental caries prevention. J Dent Res 1984; 63:407-11. [PMID: 6230378 DOI: 10.1177/00220345840630031001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans possesses the abilities to adhere to pellicle-coated tooth surfaces and to form acids - two characteristics associated with the cariogenicity of this micro-organism. De novo synthesis of insoluble glucan by S. mutans glucosyltransferase from sucrose is essential in the adherence process. Therefore, agents which interfere with the adherence ability of S. mutans would be useful for controlling dental caries. In the present report, we have summarized our recent findings concerning virulence factors of S. mutans and means for prevention of S. mutans-induced dental caries.
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Improved synthesis of substituted 2,6-dioxabicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes: 1,3-anhydro-2,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-2,4,6-tri-O-p-bromobenzyl- and -2,4,6-tri-O-p-methylbenzyl-β-d-glucopyranose. Carbohydr Res 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(84)85152-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Robyt JF, Martin PJ. Mechanism of synthesis of D-glucans by D-glucosyltransferases from Streptococcus mutans 6715. Carbohydr Res 1983; 113:301-15. [PMID: 6220802 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(83)88245-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Two glucosyltransferases from Streptococcus mutans 6715 were purified and separated. One of the glucosyltransferases synthesized an insoluble glucan, and the other, a soluble glucan. The enzymes were immobilized on Bio-Gel P-2 beads, and the mechanism of glucan synthesis was studied by pulse and chase techniques with 14C-sucrose. Label was associated with the immobilized enzymes. The label could be quantitatively released by heating at pH 2. Analysis of the labeled products from the pulse experiment showed labeled glucose and labeled glucan; the chase experiment showed labeled glucan and a significant decrease in labeled glucose. The glucans from the pulse and the chase experiments were separated from glucose by chromatography on Bio-Gel P-6. They were reduced with sodium borohydride, and the products hydrolyzed with acid. Analysis of the labeled products from the reduced and hydrolyzed, pulsed glucans showed labeled glucose and labeled glucitol; label in the glucitol was greatly decreased in the chase experiment. These experiments showed that glucose and glucan were covalently attached to the active site of the enzymes during synthesis, and that the glucose was being transferred to the reducing end of the glucan chain. A mechanism for the synthesis of the glucans is proposed in which there are two catalytic groups on each enzyme that holds glucosyl and glucanosyl units. During synthesis, the glucosyl and glucanosyl units alternate between the two sites, giving elongation of the glucans from the reducing end. The addition of increasing amounts of B-512F dextran to the insoluble-glucan-forming glucosyltransferase produced a decrease in the proportion of insoluble glucan formed and a concomitant increase in a soluble glucan. The total amount of glucan synthesized (soluble plus insoluble) was increased 1.6 times over the amount of insoluble glucan formed when no exogenous dextran was added. It is shown that the addition of B-512F dextran affects the solubility of the synthesized alpha-(1 to 3)-glucan by accepting alpha-(1-3)-glucan chains at various positions along the dextran chain, to give a soluble, graft polymer.
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23
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Kenney A, Cole J. Identification of a 1,3-α glucosyltransferase involved in insoluble glucan synthesis by a serotype cstrain of Streptococcus mutans. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1983. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1983.tb00278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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24
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Koga T, Sato S, Yakushiji T, Inoue M. Separation of insoluble and soluble glucan-synthesizing glucosyltransferases of Streptococcus mutans OMZ176 (serotype d). FEMS Microbiol Lett 1983. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1983.tb00272.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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25
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Newbrun E, Hoover CI, Walker GJ. Inhibition by acarbose, nojirimycin and 1-deoxynojirimycin of glucosyltransferase produced by oral streptococci. Arch Oral Biol 1983; 28:531-6. [PMID: 6226260 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(83)90186-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Acarbose is known to inhibit glucoamylase, maltase and sucrase. Our aim was to test whether it would also inhibit glucosyltransferase (GTF), to determine the type of inhibition and to compare the inhibitor potency of acarbose with that of nojirimycin and deoxynojirimycin, two other glucosidase inhibitors. Enzyme inhibition was measured either by chemical assay or by incorporation of radioactivity into product. Acarbose effectively inhibited the synthesis of polysaccharide by GTF from strains of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguis, but not by fructosyltransferase from Streptococcus salivarius. Acarbose and 1-deoxynojirimycin were more potent inhibitors of GTF than maltose, nojirimycin or various amino sugars. The mechanism of action of these compounds is consistent with competitive inhibition.
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26
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Capsular and extracellular polysaccharides from Rhizobium microsymbionts of Acacia decurrens. Carbohydr Res 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(82)84008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Inoue M, Koga T, Sato S, Hamada S. Synthesis of adherent insoluble glucan by the concerted action of the two glucosyltransferase components of Streptococcus mutans. FEBS Lett 1982; 143:101-4. [PMID: 6214423 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(82)80282-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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28
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Takehara T, Inoue M. Inhibitory effects of endo-alpha-1,3-glucanase on glucan film formation and glucan synthesis by the glucosyltransferase of the oral bacterium Streptococcus mutans. Arch Oral Biol 1981; 26:217-22. [PMID: 6459076 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(81)90133-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Walker GJ, Hare MD. Hydrolysis of (1→3)-α-D-glucosidic linkages in oligosaccharides and polysaccharides by cladosporium resinae exo-(1→3)-α-D-glucanase. Carbohydr Res 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)83822-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Characterization of the extracellular, water-insoluble α-D-glucans of oral streptococci by methylation analysis, and by enzymic synthesis and degradation. Carbohydr Res 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)83256-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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