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Lima MF, Amaral AG, Moretto IA, Paiva-Silva FJTN, Pereira FOB, Barbas C, dos Santos AM, Simionato AVC, Rupérez FJ. Untargeted Metabolomics Studies of H9c2 Cardiac Cells Submitted to Oxidative Stress, β-Adrenergic Stimulation and Doxorubicin Treatment: Investigation of Cardiac Biomarkers. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:898742. [PMID: 35847971 PMCID: PMC9277393 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.898742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the biggest challenges in the search for more effective treatments for diseases is understanding their etiology. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are an important example of this, given the high number of deaths annually. Oxidative stress (the imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant species in biological system) is one of the factors responsible for CVD occurrence, demanding extensive investigation. Excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are primarily responsible for this condition, and clinical and scientific literature have reported a significant increase in ROS when therapeutic drugs, such as doxorubicin and isoproterenol, are administered. In this context, the aim of this study is the investigation of potential biomarkers that might be associated with oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes. For this purpose, H9c2 cardiomyocytes were submitted to oxidative stress conditions by treatment with doxorubicin (DOX), isoproterenol (ISO) and hydrogen peroxide (PER). Metabolomics analyses of the cell extract and the supernatant obtained from the culture medium were then evaluated by CE-ESI(+)-TOF-MS. Following signal processing, statistical analyses, and molecular features annotations, the results indicate changes in the aspartate, serine, pantothenic acid, glycerophosphocholine and glutathione metabolism in the cell extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Força Lima
- Center for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Alan Gonçalves Amaral
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Isabela Aparecida Moretto
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Flávia Oliveira Borges Pereira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Coral Barbas
- Center for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aline Mara dos Santos
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Aline Mara dos Santos, ; Francisco Javier Rupérez,
| | - Ana Valéria Colnaghi Simionato
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalytics (INCTBio), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Francisco Javier Rupérez
- Center for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Aline Mara dos Santos, ; Francisco Javier Rupérez,
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Vujacic-Mirski K, Bruns K, Kalinovic S, Oelze M, Kröller-Schön S, Steven S, Mojovic M, Korac B, Münzel T, Daiber A. Development of an Analytical Assay for Electrochemical Detection and Quantification of Protein-Bound 3-Nitrotyrosine in Biological Samples and Comparison with Classical, Antibody-Based Methods. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E388. [PMID: 32384768 PMCID: PMC7278855 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) cause oxidative damage, which is associated with endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease, but may also contribute to redox signaling. Therefore, their precise detection is important for the evaluation of disease mechanisms. Here, we compared three different methods for the detection of 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), a marker of nitro-oxidative stress, in biological samples. Nitrated proteins were generated by incubation with peroxynitrite or 3-morpholino sydnonimine (Sin-1) and subjected to total hydrolysis using pronase, a mixture of different proteases. The 3-NT was then separated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and quantified by electrochemical detection (ECD, CoulArray) and compared to classical methods, namely enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and dot blot analysis using specific 3-NT antibodies. Calibration curves for authentic 3-NT (detection limit 10 nM) and a concentration-response pattern for 3-NT obtained from digested nitrated bovine serum albumin (BSA) were highly linear over a wide 3-NT concentration range. Also, ex vivo nitration of protein from heart, isolated mitochondria, and serum/plasma could be quantified using the HPLC/ECD method and was confirmed by LC-MS/MS. Of note, nitro-oxidative damage of mitochondria results in increased superoxide (O2•-) formation rates (measured by dihydroethidium-based HPLC assay), pointing to a self-amplification mechanism of oxidative stress. Based on our ex vivo data, the CoulArray quantification method for 3-NT seems to have some advantages regarding sensitivity and selectivity. Establishing a reliable automated HPLC assay for the routine quantification of 3-NT in biological samples of cell culture, of animal and human origin seems to be more sophisticated than expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenija Vujacic-Mirski
- Center for Cardiology, Department of Cardiology 1–Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (K.V.-M.); (S.K.); (M.O.); (S.K.-S.); (S.S.); (T.M.)
| | - Kai Bruns
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Sanela Kalinovic
- Center for Cardiology, Department of Cardiology 1–Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (K.V.-M.); (S.K.); (M.O.); (S.K.-S.); (S.S.); (T.M.)
| | - Matthias Oelze
- Center for Cardiology, Department of Cardiology 1–Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (K.V.-M.); (S.K.); (M.O.); (S.K.-S.); (S.S.); (T.M.)
| | - Swenja Kröller-Schön
- Center for Cardiology, Department of Cardiology 1–Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (K.V.-M.); (S.K.); (M.O.); (S.K.-S.); (S.S.); (T.M.)
| | - Sebastian Steven
- Center for Cardiology, Department of Cardiology 1–Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (K.V.-M.); (S.K.); (M.O.); (S.K.-S.); (S.S.); (T.M.)
| | - Milos Mojovic
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Bato Korac
- Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Center for Cardiology, Department of Cardiology 1–Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (K.V.-M.); (S.K.); (M.O.); (S.K.-S.); (S.S.); (T.M.)
- Partner Site Rhine-Main, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Daiber
- Center for Cardiology, Department of Cardiology 1–Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (K.V.-M.); (S.K.); (M.O.); (S.K.-S.); (S.S.); (T.M.)
- Partner Site Rhine-Main, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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Azevedo CC, Guzmán-Guillén R, Martins JC, Osório H, Vasconcelos V, da Fonseca RR, Campos A. Proteomic profiling of gill GSTs in Mytilus galloprovincialis from the North of Portugal and Galicia evidences variations at protein isoform level with a possible relation with water quality. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 110:152-161. [PMID: 26364681 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione transferases (GSTs) are key for xenobiotic detoxification at the molecular level across phyla. These enzymes are therefore likely to be part of the defence mechanisms used by marine organisms, such as mussels, that thrive in highly polluted environments. Taking this hypothesis into account, we used proteomics to characterize the profile of GSTs from the gills of marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis in order to discriminate natural mussel populations exposed to different levels of pollution. Samples were collected between Cabo Home (Spain) and Matosinhos (Portugal) covering a north-south transect of approximately 122 Km of the Atlantic Ocean along the Western Coast of the Iberian Peninsula. GSTs from mussel gills were extracted and purified by affinity chromatography with glutathione as the binding substrate to the solid medium. We studied the abundance of GST isoforms by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and assessed total activity. Eleven putative individual GSTs from classes Mu, Pi and Sigma were identified by proteomics. Few variations were observed in total GST activity of post-mitochondrial samples between sampling sites, with animals from Matosinhos (polluted site) showing highest GST activity and Cabo Home (clean site) showing lowest. This contrasts with the increased number of differences in the individual GST isoforms. Each mussel population showed unique GST proteomic profiles. Based on the results we conclude that proteomics surpasses the conventional GST enzymatic activity method to discriminate natural mussel populations and has potential application in environmental monitoring. It is reasonable to suggest that the GST proteomic profiles observed may reflect differences in contamination levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina C Azevedo
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, CIIMAR/CIMAR, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - José C Martins
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, CIIMAR/CIMAR, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Osório
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, CIIMAR/CIMAR, Porto, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rute R da Fonseca
- The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexandre Campos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, CIIMAR/CIMAR, Porto, Portugal.
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A glutathione transferase from Agrobacterium tumefaciens reveals a novel class of bacterial GST superfamily. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34263. [PMID: 22496785 PMCID: PMC3319563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present work, we report a novel class of glutathione transferases (GSTs) originated from the pathogenic soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58, with structural and catalytic properties not observed previously in prokaryotic and eukaryotic GST isoenzymes. A GST-like sequence from A. tumefaciens C58 (Atu3701) with low similarity to other characterized GST family of enzymes was identified. Phylogenetic analysis showed that it belongs to a distinct GST class not previously described and restricted only in soil bacteria, called the Eta class (H). This enzyme (designated as AtuGSTH1-1) was cloned and expressed in E. coli and its structural and catalytic properties were investigated. Functional analysis showed that AtuGSTH1-1 exhibits significant transferase activity against the common substrates aryl halides, as well as very high peroxidase activity towards organic hydroperoxides. The crystal structure of AtuGSTH1-1 was determined at 1.4 Å resolution in complex with S-(p-nitrobenzyl)-glutathione (Nb-GSH). Although AtuGSTH1-1 adopts the canonical GST fold, sequence and structural characteristics distinct from previously characterized GSTs were identified. The absence of the classic catalytic essential residues (Tyr, Ser, Cys) distinguishes AtuGSTH1-1 from all other cytosolic GSTs of known structure and function. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that instead of the classic catalytic residues, an Arg residue (Arg34), an electron-sharing network, and a bridge of a network of water molecules may form the basis of the catalytic mechanism. Comparative sequence analysis, structural information, and site-directed mutagenesis in combination with kinetic analysis showed that Phe22, Ser25, and Arg187 are additional important residues for the enzyme's catalytic efficiency and specificity.
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Johansson K, Järvliden J, Gogvadze V, Morgenstern R. Multiple roles of microsomal glutathione transferase 1 in cellular protection: a mechanistic study. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49:1638-45. [PMID: 20727966 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of membrane-bound microsomal glutathione transferase 1 (MGST1) in cellular resistance against oxidative stress as well as its mechanism of protection. MGST1 is ubiquitously expressed and predominantly located in the endoplasmic reticulum and outer mitochondrial membrane. Utilizing MCF7 cells overexpressing MGST1 we show significant protection against agents that are known to induce lipid peroxidation (e.g., cumene hydroperoxide and tert-butylhydroperoxide) and an end-product of lipid peroxidation (e.g., 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal). Furthermore, our results demonstrate that MGST1 protection can be enhanced by vitamin E when toxicity depends on oxidative stress, but not when direct alkylation is the dominant mechanism. Mitochondria in MGST1-overexpressing cells were shown to be protected from oxidative insult as measured by calcium loading capacity and respiration. MGST1 induces cellular resistance against cisplatin. Here we used vitamin E to elucidate whether oxidative stress caused by cisplatin is significant for cell toxicity. The results indicate that oxidative stress and induction of lipid peroxidation are not the most prominent toxic mechanism of cisplatin in our cell system. We thus conclude that MGST1 protects cells (and mitochondria) by both conjugation and glutathione peroxidase functions. A new protective mechanism against cisplatin is also indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Johansson
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Quantitative proteomic analysis of S-nitrosated proteins in diabetic mouse liver with ICAT switch method. Protein Cell 2010; 1:675-87. [PMID: 21203939 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-010-0087-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we developed a quantitative proteomic method named ICAT switch by introducing isotope-coded affinity tag (ICAT) reagents into the biotin-switch method, and used it to investigate S-nitrosation in the liver of normal control C57BL/6J mice and type 2 diabetic KK-Ay mice. We got fifty-eight S-nitrosated peptides with quantitative information in our research, among which thirty-seven had changed S-nitrosation levels in diabetic mouse liver. The S-nitrosated peptides belonged to forty-eight proteins (twenty-eight were new S-nitrosated proteins), some of which were new targets of S-nitrosation and known to be related with diabetes. S-nitrosation patterns were different between diabetic and normal mice. Gene ontology enrichment results suggested that S-nitrosated proteins are more abundant in amino acid metabolic processes. The network constructed for S-nitrosated proteins by text-mining technology provided clues about the relationship between S-nitrosation and type 2 diabetes. Our work provides a new approach for quantifying S-nitrosated proteins and suggests that the integrative functions of S-nitrosation may take part in pathophysiological processes of type 2 diabetes.
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7
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Daiber A. Redox signaling (cross-talk) from and to mitochondria involves mitochondrial pores and reactive oxygen species. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2010; 1797:897-906. [PMID: 20122895 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the important role of redox signaling between mitochondria and NADPH oxidases. Besides the definition and general importance of redox signaling, the cross-talk between mitochondrial and Nox-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) is discussed on the basis of 4 different examples. In the first model, angiotensin-II is discussed as a trigger for NADPH oxidase activation with subsequent ROS-dependent opening of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels leading to depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential followed by mitochondrial ROS formation and respiratory dysfunction. This concept was supported by observations that ethidium bromide-induced mitochondrial damage suppressed angiotensin-II-dependent increase in Nox1 and oxidative stress. In another example hypoxia was used as a stimulator of mitochondrial ROS formation and by using pharmacological and genetic inhibitors, a role of mitochondrial ROS for the induction of NADPH oxidase via PKCvarepsilon was demonstrated. The third model was based on cell death by serum withdrawal that promotes the production of ROS in human 293T cells by stimulating both the mitochondria and Nox1. By superior molecular biological methods the authors showed that mitochondria were responsible for the fast onset of ROS formation followed by a slower but long-lasting oxidative stress condition based on the activation of an NADPH oxidase (Nox1) in response to the fast mitochondrial ROS formation. Finally, a cross-talk between mitochondria and NADPH oxidases (Nox2) was shown in nitroglycerin-induced tolerance involving the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and ATP-sensitive potassium channels. The use of these redox signaling pathways as pharmacological targets is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Daiber
- Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, II. Med. Klinik u. Poliklinik-Labor für Molekulare Kardiologie, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 63, 55101 Mainz, Germany.
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Mueller AS, Klomann SD, Wolf NM, Schneider S, Schmidt R, Spielmann J, Stangl G, Eder K, Pallauf J. Redox regulation of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B by manipulation of dietary selenium affects the triglyceride concentration in rat liver. J Nutr 2008; 138:2328-36. [PMID: 19022953 DOI: 10.3945/jn.108.089482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is a key enzyme in the counter-regulation of insulin signaling and in the stimulation of fatty acid synthesis. Selenium (Se), via the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), is involved in the removal of H(2)O(2) and organic peroxides, which are critical compounds in the modulation of PTP1B activity via glutathionylation. Our study with growing rats investigated how the manipulation of dietary Se concentration influences the regulation of PTP1B and lipogenic effects mediated by PTP1B. Weanling albino rats were divided into 3 groups of 10. The negative control group (NC) was fed a Se-deficient diet for 8 wk. Rats in groups Se75 and Se150 received diets supplemented with 75 or 150 microg Se/kg. Se supplementation of the rats strongly influenced expression and activity of the selenoenzymes cytosolic GPx, plasma GPx, phospholipidhydroperoxide GPx, and cytosolic TrxR, and liver PTP1B. Liver PTP1B activity was significantly higher in groups Se75 and Se150 than in the NC group and this was attributed to a lowered inhibition of the enzyme by glutathionylation. The increased liver PTP1B activity in groups Se75 and Se150 resulted in 1.1- and 1.4-fold higher liver triglyceride concentrations than in the NC rats. The upregulation of the sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c and of fatty acid synthase, 2 PTP1B targets, provided a possible explanation for the lipogenic effect of PTP1B due to the manipulation of dietary Se. We therefore conclude that redox-regulated proteins, such as PTP1B, represent important interfaces between dietary antioxidants such as Se and the regulation of metabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas S Mueller
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Preventive Nutrition Group, Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Halle, Saale, Germany.
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9
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Charles RL, Eaton P. Redox signalling in cardiovascular disease. Proteomics Clin Appl 2008; 2:823-36. [PMID: 21136882 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200780104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has almost universally and unequivocally been implicated in the pathogenesis of all major diseases, including those of the cardiovascular system. Oxidative stress in cells and cardiovascular biology was once considered only in terms of injury, disease and dysfunction. However, it is now appreciated that oxidants are also produced in healthy tissues, and they function as signalling molecules transmitting information throughout the cell. Conversely, when cells move to a more reduced state, as can occur when oxygen is limiting, this can also result in alterations in the function of biomolecules and subsequently cells. At the centre of this 'redox signalling' are oxidoreductive chemical reactions involving oxidants or reductants post translationally modifying proteins. These structural alterations allow changes in cellular redox state to be coupled to alterations in cell function. In this review, we consider aspects of redox signalling in the cardiovascular system, focusing on the molecular basis of redox sensing by proteins and the array of post-translational oxidative modifications that can occur. In addition, we discuss studies utilising proteomic methods to identify redox-sensitive cardiac proteins, as well as those using this technology more broadly to assess redox signalling in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Charles
- King's College London, Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Division, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
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Reischl E, Dafre AL, Franco JL, Wilhelm Filho D. Distribution, adaptation and physiological meaning of thiols from vertebrate hemoglobins. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2007; 146:22-53. [PMID: 17368111 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2006.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Revised: 06/16/2006] [Accepted: 07/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present review, the sequences of hemoglobins (Hb) of 267 adult vertebrate species belonging to eight major vertebrate taxa are examined for the presence and location of cysteinyl residues in an attempt at correlation with their ecophysiology. Essentially, all vertebrates have surface cysteinyl residues in Hb molecules whereby their thiol groups may become highly reactive. Thiol-rich Hbs may display eight or more thiols per tetramer. In vertebrates so far examined, the cysteinyl residues occur in 44 different sequence positions in alpha chains and 41 positions in beta chains. Most of them are conservatively located and occur in only a few positions in Teleostei, Aves and Mammalia, whereas they are dispersed in Amphibia. The internal cysteinyl residue alpha104 is ubiquitous in vertebrates. Residue beta93 is highly conserved in reptiles, birds and mammals. The number of cysteine residues per tetramer with solvent access varies in vertebrates, mammalians and bony fish having the lowest number of external residues, whereas nearly all external cysteine residues in Aves and Lepidosauria are of the surface crevice type. In cartilaginous fish, amphibians, Crocodylidae and fresh water turtles, a substantial portion of the solvent accessible thiols are of the totally external type. Recent evidence shows that some Hb thiol groups are highly reactive and undergo extensive and reversible S-thiolation, and that they may be implicated in interorgan redox equilibrium processes. Participation of thiol groups in nitric oxide ((*)NO) metabolism has also been proved. The evidence argues for a new physiologically relevant role for Hb via involvement in free radical and antioxidant metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evaldo Reischl
- Departamento de Biofísica and Curso de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Alcir Luiz Dafre
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 8804-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Jeferson Luis Franco
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 8804-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Danilo Wilhelm Filho
- Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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Kireev RA, Tresguerres AF, Vara E, Ariznavarreta C, Tresguerres JAF. Effect of chronic treatments with GH, melatonin, estrogens, and phytoestrogens on oxidative stress parameters in liver from aged female rats. Biogerontology 2007; 8:469-82. [PMID: 17476580 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-007-9089-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The aging theory postulates that this process may be due to the accumulation of oxidative damage in cells and molecules. The present study has investigated the effect of castration in old female rats on various parameters related to the antioxidant properties of several cellular fractions obtained from the liver, and the influence of several chronic treatments on it, both in intact and castrated animals. Sixty-one 22-month-old Wistar female rats, were used. About 21 intact animals were divided into three groups and treated for 10 weeks with GH, melatonin or saline, and 40 ovariectomized (at 12 months of age) animals were divided into five groups and treated for the same time with GH, melatonin, estrogens (Eos), phytoestrogens (Phyt) or saline. All animals were sacrificed at 24 months of age by decapitation. The activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in cytosolic fraction, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in cytosol and microsomal fractions, and the levels of nitric oxide (NO) and cytochrome C in mitochondrial and cytosol fractions of liver were determined. A decrease in GST activity was detected in cytosol and in the microsomal fraction in ovariectomized animals as compared to intact rats. The activity of GPx was also decreased in ovariectomized as compared with the intact group. NO level was increased and cytochrome C decreased in the mitochondrial fraction of the liver in ovariectomized females as compared with the intact group, respectively. No significant changes after melatonin or GH treatments were found in GPx, GST activity and NO level in mitochondrial fraction in the intact group. Administration of GH, melatonin, Eos and Phyt in the ovariectomized groups significantly increased the GPx, and GST activity in the cytosol and microsomal fraction and decreased the level of NO in the mitochondrial fraction as compared with the untreated rats. A significant increase in the level of cytochrome C in the mitochondrial fraction and a decrease in the cytosol fraction were also found with all treatments. The administration of GH, melatonin, Eos and Phyt to castrated females seem to reduce oxidative changes in the liver from old ovariectomized rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Kireev
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
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Alguindigue Nimmo SL, Lemma K, Ashby MT. Reactions of cysteine sulfenyl thiocyanate with thiols to give unsymmetrical disulfides. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.20340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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13
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Shi Q, Chen HF, Lou YJ. Further evidence that rat liver microsomal glutathione transferase 1 is not a cellular protein target for S-nitrosylation. Chem Biol Interact 2006; 162:228-36. [PMID: 16899233 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2006.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2006] [Revised: 06/26/2006] [Accepted: 06/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
By adopting biotin switch method, we recently reported that liver microsomal glutathione transferase 1 (MGST1) might not be a protein target for S-nitrosylation in rat microsomes or in vivo. However, alternative analytic methods are needed to confirm this observation, as a single biotin switch method in judging specific protein S-nitrosylation in biological samples is increasingly recognized as insufficient, or even unreliable. Besides, only MGST1 localized on endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but not mitochondria which favors protein S-nitrosylation was examined in the previous report. Present study was therefore carried out to address these issues. Primary cultured hepatocytes were used. A physiological existing nitric oxide (NO) donor S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) was adopted to trigger protein S-nitrosylation. MGST1 was immunoprecipitated and its S-nitrosothiol content was measured by the NO probe 2,3-diaminonaphthalene. In parallel, S-nitrosylated proteins were immunoprecipitated by a monoclonal anti-S-nitrosocysteine antibody and probed with an anti-MGST1 antibody. In hepatocytes, neither ER nor mitochondria were found to contain S-nitrosylated MGST1 after GSNO treatment, showing that differently distributed MGST1 was consistently un-nitrosylable in the cellular environment. But under broken cell conditions, when samples were incubated directly with GSNO, MGST1 S-nitrosylation was indeed detectable in both the microsomal and mitochondrial proteins, indicating that previous failure in detecting MGST1 S-nitrosylation in microsomes is due to the limitations of biotin switch method. These results clearly, if not definitely, demonstrate that MGST1 is not a ready candidate for S-nitrosylation in the cellular content, despite its susceptibility to S-nitrosylation under broken cell conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Shi
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310031, China
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14
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Michelet L, Zaffagnini M, Massot V, Keryer E, Vanacker H, Miginiac-Maslow M, Issakidis-Bourguet E, Lemaire SD. Thioredoxins, glutaredoxins, and glutathionylation: new crosstalks to explore. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2006; 89:225-45. [PMID: 17089213 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-006-9096-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2006] [Accepted: 08/17/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Oxidants are widely considered as toxic molecules that cells have to scavenge and detoxify efficiently and continuously. However, emerging evidence suggests that these oxidants can play an important role in redox signaling, mainly through a set of reversible post-translational modifications of thiol residues on proteins. The most studied redox system in photosynthetic organisms is the thioredoxin (TRX) system, involved in the regulation of a growing number of target proteins via thiol/disulfide exchanges. In addition, recent studies suggest that glutaredoxins (GRX) could also play an important role in redox signaling especially by regulating protein glutathionylation, a post-translational modification whose importance begins to be recognized in mammals while much less is known in photosynthetic organisms. This review focuses on oxidants and redox signaling with particular emphasis on recent developments in the study of functions, regulation mechanisms and targets of TRX, GRX and glutathionylation. This review will also present the complex emerging interplay between these three components of redox-signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Michelet
- Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8618, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Paris-Sud, Bâtiment 630, Orsay Cedex, 91405, France
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15
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Lindermayr C, Saalbach G, Durner J. Proteomic identification of S-nitrosylated proteins in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 137:921-30. [PMID: 15734904 PMCID: PMC1065393 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.058719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 493] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2004] [Revised: 01/05/2005] [Accepted: 01/05/2005] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Although nitric oxide (NO) has grown into a key signaling molecule in plants during the last few years, less is known about how NO regulates different events in plants. Analyses of NO-dependent processes in animal systems have demonstrated protein S-nitrosylation of cysteine (Cys) residues to be one of the dominant regulation mechanisms for many animal proteins. For plants, the principle of S-nitrosylation remained to be elucidated. We generated S-nitrosothiols by treating extracts from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) cell suspension cultures with the NO-donor S-nitrosoglutathione. Furthermore, Arabidopsis plants were treated with gaseous NO to analyze whether S-nitrosylation can occur in the specific redox environment of a plant cell in vivo. S-Nitrosylated proteins were detected by a biotin switch method, converting S-nitrosylated Cys to biotinylated Cys. Biotin-labeled proteins were purified and analyzed using nano liquid chromatography in combination with mass spectrometry. We identified 63 proteins from cell cultures and 52 proteins from leaves that represent candidates for S-nitrosylation, including stress-related, redox-related, signaling/regulating, cytoskeleton, and metabolic proteins. Strikingly, many of these proteins have been identified previously as targets of S-nitrosylation in animals. At the enzymatic level, a case study demonstrated NO-dependent reversible inhibition of plant glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, suggesting that this enzyme could be affected by S-nitrosylation. The results of this work are the starting point for further investigation to get insight into signaling pathways and other cellular processes regulated by protein S-nitrosylation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Lindermayr
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, D-85764 Munich/Neuherberg, Germany
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Neal Martin
- Rutgers University, Center for Biotechnology and the Environment, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA
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17
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Bogdanova AY, Ogunshola OO, Bauer C, Gassmann M. Pivotal role of reduced glutathione in oxygen-induced regulation of the Na(+)/K(+) pump in mouse erythrocyte membranes. J Membr Biol 2004; 195:33-42. [PMID: 14502424 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-003-2042-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2002] [Accepted: 06/02/2003] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study addresses the mechanisms of oxygen-induced regulation of ion transport pathways in mouse erythrocyte, specifically focusing on the role of cellular redox state and ATP levels. Mouse erythrocytes possess Na(+)/K(+) pump, K(+)-Cl(-) and Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) cotransporters that have been shown to be potential targets of oxygen. The activity of neither cotransporter changed in response to hypoxia-reoxygenation. In contrast, the Na(+)/K(+) pump responded to hypoxic treatment with reversible inhibition. Hypoxia-induced inhibition was abolished in Na(+)-loaded cells, revealing no effect of O(2) on the maximal operation rate of the pump. Notably, the inhibitory effect of hypoxia was not followed by changes in cellular ATP levels. Hypoxic exposure did, however, lead to a rapid increase in cellular glutathione (GSH) levels. Decreasing GSH to normoxic levels under hypoxic conditions abolished hypoxia-induced inhibition of the pump. Furthermore, GSH added to the incubation medium was able to mimic hypoxia-induced inhibition. Taken together these data suggest a pivotal role of intracellular GSH in oxygen-induced modulation of the Na(+)/K(+) pump activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Bogdanova
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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18
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Celli N, Motos-Gallardo A, Tamburro A, Favaloro B, Rotilio D. Liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry study of cysteine-10 S-glutathiolation in recombinant glutathione S-transferase of Ochrobactrum anthropi. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 787:405-13. [PMID: 12650762 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00706-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferase of Ochrobactrum anthropi (OaGST), a bacterium isolated from soils contaminated by xenobiotic pollutants, was recently purified, cloned and characterised in our laboratories. The recombinant OaGST (rOaGST), highly expressed in Escherichia coli, when purified by glutathione-affinity chromatography and then analysed by electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), has evidenced a disulphide bond with glutathione (S-glutathiolation), which was removable by reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol. Enzymatic digestion of rOaGST with endoproteinase Glu-C, followed by liquid chromatography (LC)-ESI-MS analyses of the peptide mixtures under both reducing and not reducing conditions, have shown that glutathione was covalently bound to the Cys10 residue of rOaGST. Furthermore, LC-ESI-MS analyses of overexpressed rOaGST in Escherichia coli crude extracts, with and without incubation with glutathione, have not shown any S-glutathiolation of the recombinant enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Celli
- G. Paone Environmental Health Center, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Via Nazionale, 66030 Santa Maria Imbaro, Chieti, Italy.
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19
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Abstract
Peroxynitrite (ONOO-) toxicity is associated with protein oxidation and/or tyrosine nitration, usually resulting in inhibition of enzyme activity. We examined the effect of ONOO- on the activity of purified rat liver microsomal glutathione S-transferase (GST) and found that the activity of reduced glutathione (GSH)-free enzyme was increased 4- to 5-fold by 2 mM ONOO-; only 15% of this increased activity was reversed by dithiothreitol. Exposure of the microsomal GST to ONOO- resulted in concentration-dependent oxidation of protein sulfhydryl groups, dimer and trimer formation, protein fragmentation, and tyrosine nitration. With the exception of sulfhydryl oxidation, these modifications of the enzyme correlated well with the increase in enzyme activity. Nitration or acetylation of tyrosine residues of the enzyme using tetranitromethane and N-acetylimidazole, respectively, also resulted in increased enzyme activity, providing additional evidence that modification of tyrosine residues can alter catalytic activity. Addition of ONOO--treated microsomal GST to microsomal membrane preparations caused a marked reduction in iron-induced lipid peroxidation, which raises the possibility that this enzyme may act to lessen the degree of membrane damage that would otherwise occur under pathophysiological conditions of increased ONOO- formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Ji
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Hemachand T, Gopalakrishnan B, Salunke DM, Totey SM, Shaha C. Sperm plasma-membrane-associated glutathione S-transferases as gamete recognition molecules. J Cell Sci 2002; 115:2053-65. [PMID: 11973347 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.115.10.2053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are enzymes that detoxify electrophilic compounds. Earlier studies from our laboratory showed that anti-GST antibodies interfered with the fertilising ability of spermatozoa from Capra hircus (goat) in vitro, suggesting that GSTs are localised at the cell surface. In this study, we provide evidence for the presence of GSTs of 24 kDa on the sperm plasma membrane attached by non-covalent interactions. The GST activity associated with the spermatozoal plasma membrane was significantly higher than the activity present in the plasma membranes of brain cells,hepatocytes, spleenocytes and ventriculocytes. Analysis of GST isoforms demonstrates the presence of GST Pi and Mu on the sperm plasma membranes. Both isoforms were able to bind to solubilised as well as intact zona pellucida(ZP) through their N-terminal regions but failed to bind to ZP once the oocytes were fertilised. Solubilised goat ZP separates into three components,one of which, the ZP3-like component, bound to sperm GSTs. High concentrations of anti-GST antibodies or solubilised ZP led to aggregation of sperm GSTs,resulting in the release of acrosin. In contrast, inhibition of sperm GST binding to ZP, by saturation of binding sites for sperm GSTs on the solubilised ZP using peptides designed from the N-terminii of GST Pi or Mu or blocking of binding sites for ZP on sperm GSTs with antibodies raised against the N-terminal GST peptides, inhibited essential prefertilisation changes in sperm.
These data therefore demonstrate the strategic location of catalytically active defensive enzymes on the sperm surface that also act as zona-binding proteins. Therefore, sperm-surface GSTs serve as bifunctional molecules in a transcriptionally inactive cell whose requirement for cellular defense and economy of molecules that it can carry is greater than that of any somatic cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tummala Hemachand
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Road, New Delhi 110067, India
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21
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Daiber A, Frein D, Namgaladze D, Ullrich V. Oxidation and nitrosation in the nitrogen monoxide/superoxide system. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:11882-8. [PMID: 11805115 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111988200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the previous report of McCord and co-workers (Crow, J. P., Beckman, J. S., and McCord, J. M. (1995) Biochemistry 34, 3544-3552), the zinc dithiolate active site of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) has been studied as a target for cellular oxidants. In the nitrogen monoxide ((*NO)/superoxide (O(2)) system, an equimolar generation of both radicals under peroxynitrite (PN) formation led to rapid inactivation of ADH activity, whereas hydrogen peroxide and ( small middle dot)NO alone reacted too slowly to be of physiological significance. 3-Morpholino sydnonimine inactivated the enzyme with an IC(50) value of 250 nm; the corresponding values for PN, hydrogen peroxide, and (*NO) were 500 nm, 50 microm, and 200 microm. When superoxide was generated at low fluxes by xanthine oxidase, it was quite effective in ADH inactivation (IC(50) (XO) approximately 1 milliunit/ml). All inactivations were accompanied by zinc release and disulfide formation, although no strict correlation was observed. From the two zinc thiolate centers, only the zinc Cys(2)His center released the metal by oxidants. The zinc Cys(4) center was also oxidized, but no second zinc atom could be found with 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol (PAR) as a chelating agent except under denaturing conditions. Surprisingly, the oxidative actions of PN were abolished by a 2-3-fold excess of (*)NO under generation of a nitrosating species, probably dinitrogen trioxide. We conclude that in cellular systems, low fluxes of (*)NO and O(2) generate peroxynitrite at levels effective for zinc thiolate oxidations, facilitated by the nucleophilic nature of the complexed thiolate group. With an excess of (*)NO, the PN actions are blocked, which may explain the antioxidant properties of (*)NO and the mechanism of cellular S-nitrosations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Daiber
- Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Sektion, Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
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22
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Prabhu KS, Reddy PV, Gumpricht E, Hildenbrandt GR, Scholz RW, Sordillo LM, Reddy CC. Microsomal glutathione S-transferase A1-1 with glutathione peroxidase activity from sheep liver: molecular cloning, expression and characterization. Biochem J 2001; 360:345-54. [PMID: 11716762 PMCID: PMC1222234 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3600345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A 25 kDa subunit of glutathione S-transferase (GST) from sheep liver microsomes (microsomal GSTA1-1) with a significant selenium-independent glutathione peroxidase activity has been isolated and characterized. Several analytical criteria, including EDTA stripping, protease protection assay and extraction with alkaline Na(2)CO(3), indicate that the microsomal GSTA1-1 is associated with the inner microsomal membrane. The specific cDNA nucleotide sequence reveals that the enzyme is made up of 222 amino acid residues and shares approx. 73-83% sequence similarity to Alpha-class GSTs from different species. The molecular mass, as determined by electrospray mass ionization, is 25611.3 Da. The enzyme is distinct from the previously reported rat liver microsomal GST in both amino acid sequence and catalytic properties [Morgenstern, Guthenberg and DePierre (1982) Eur. J. Biochem. 128, 243-248]. The microsomal GSTA1-1 differs from the sheep liver cytosolic GSTs, reported previously from this laboratory, in its substrate specificity profile and molecular mass [Reddy, Burgess, Gong, Massaro and Tu (1983) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 224, 87-101]. In addition to catalysing the conjugation of 4-hydroxynonenal with GSH, the enzyme also exhibits significant glutathione peroxidase activity towards physiologically relevant fatty acid hydroperoxides, such as linoleic and arachidonic acid hydroperoxides, as well as phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxide, but not with H(2)O(2). Thus the microsomal GSTA1-1 isoenzyme might have an important role in the protection of biological membranes against oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Prabhu
- Department of Veterinary Science, 115 Henning Building, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Naskalski
- Department of Diagnostics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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24
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Klatt P, Lamas S. Regulation of protein function by S-glutathiolation in response to oxidative and nitrosative stress. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2000; 267:4928-44. [PMID: 10931175 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01601.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 558] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Protein S-glutathiolation, the reversible covalent addition of glutathione to cysteine residues on target proteins, is emerging as a candidate mechanism by which both changes in the intracellular redox state and the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species may be transduced into a functional response. This review will provide an introduction to the concepts of oxidative and nitrosative stress and outline the molecular mechanisms of protein regulation by oxidative and nitrosative thiol-group modifications. Special attention will be paid to recently published work supporting a role for S-glutathiolation in stress signalling pathways and in the adaptive cellular response to oxidative and nitrosative stress. Finally, novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of S-glutathiolation as well as methodological problems related to the interpretation of the biological relevance of this post-translational protein modification will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Klatt
- Department of Estructura y Función de Proteínas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigaciones Nefrológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain.
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25
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Abstract
It is now established that endothelial cells acquire several functional properties in response to a diverse array of extracellular stimuli. This expression of an altered phenotype is referred to as endothelial cell activation, and it includes several activities that promote inflammation and coagulation. While it is recognized that endothelial cell activation has a principal role in host defense, recent studies also demonstrate that endothelial cells are capable of complex molecular responses that protect the endothelium against various forms of stress including heat shock, hypoxia, oxidative stress, shock, ischemia-reperfusion injury, toxins, wounds, and mechanical stress. In this review, we examine endothelial cell genotypic and phenotypic responses to stress. Also, we highlight important cellular stress responses that, although not yet demonstrated directly in endothelial cells, likely exist as part of the repertoire of stress responses in endothelium. A detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms mediating the adaptive responses of endothelial cells to stress should facilitate the development of novel therapeutics to aid in the management of diverse surgical diseases and their complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Pohlman
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA
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26
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Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is the major cellular thiol participating in cellular redox reactions and thioether formation. This article serves as introduction to the FRBM Forum on glutathione and emphasizes cellular functions: What is GSH? Where does it come from? Where does it go? What does it do? What is new and noteworthy? Research tools, historical remarks, and links to current trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sies
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie I, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Germany.
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27
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Chen HM, Luo SL, Chen KT, Lii CK. Affinity purification of Schistosoma japonicum glutathione-S-transferase and its site-directed mutants with glutathione affinity chromatography and immobilized metal affinity chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1999; 852:151-9. [PMID: 10480240 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00490-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A C-terminally polyhistidine-tagged protein of Schistosoma japonicum glutathione-S-transferase, named as SjGST/His, and its Cys85-->Ser, Cys138-->Ser, and Cys178-->Ser site-directed mutants were prepared and highly expressed in Escherichia coli. Both immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) and glutathione (GSH) affinity chromatography were used to purify these four enzymes. All of them were purified with equal efficiency by Ni2+-chelated nitrilotriacetic acid agarose gel, but not by GSH Sepharose 4B gel. The protein amounts of wild-type and Cys85-->Ser enzymes purified by the latter gel were three to seven-fold greater than those of the other two enzymes purified by the same gel, while their specific activities were two-fold lower, presumably because of the occurrence of noncovalent aggregation. Both purification methods yielded highly pure enzymes, while there were minor amounts of inter- and intra-disulfide forms in the IMAC purified enzymes except for the Cys85-->Ser mutant. Addition of dithiothreitol to GSH-affinity purified enzymes shifted all of their mass spectra of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry toward low molecular-mass regions, while addition of GSH to IMAC purified enzymes shifted the spectra toward high molecular-mass regions. The shift values of wild-type enzyme were larger than those of the three mutants, indicating that the Cys85, Cys138, and Cys178 residues were S-thiolated by GSH during the GSH-affinity purification. This result was confirmed by isoelectric focusing. These findings suggest that IMAC is more efficient than the conventional GSH-affinity system for the purification of SjGST/His enzyme, especially for its mutants and fusion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei
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28
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Reddy GV, Gold MH. A two-component tetrachlorohydroquinone reductive dehalogenase system from the lignin-degrading basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 257:901-5. [PMID: 10208882 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.0561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tetrachloro-1,4-hydroquinone (TClHQ) is an intermediate in the degradation of pentachlorophenol by the lignin-degrading basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Two enzymes required for the reductive dehalogenation of TClHQ to trichlorohydroquinone (TrClHQ) were identified in cell-free extracts of P. chrysosporium. In the presence of GSH, a membrane-bound enzyme converted TClHQ to the glutathionyl conjugate of TrClHQ (GS-TrClHQ). This membrane-bound glutathione transferase was specific for GSH as a cosubstrate. In the second step of the reductive dehalogenation reaction, a soluble enzyme fraction converted GS-TrClHQ to TrClHQ in the presence of GSH, cysteine, or dithiothreitol. Thus, this second enzyme appears to be a GS-conjugate reductase. These two enzyme fractions, working in tandem, also reductively dehalogenated TrClHQ and 2,6-dichlorohydroquinone, which are intermediates in the degradation of chlorophenols by this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- G V Reddy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology, Portland, Oregon, 97291-1000, USA
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