1
|
Weiss M, D'Argenio DZ, Siegmund W. Analysis of Complex Absorption After Multiple Dosing: Application to the Interaction Between the P-glycoprotein Substrate Talinolol and Rifampicin. Pharm Res 2022; 39:3293-3300. [PMID: 36163409 PMCID: PMC9780127 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03397-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In order to clarify the effect of rifampicin on the bioavailability of the P-glycoprotein substrate talinolol, its absorption kinetics was modeled after multiple-dose oral administration of talinolol in healthy subjects. METHODS A sum of two inverse Gaussian functions was used to calculate the time course of the input rate into the systemic circulation. RESULTS The estimated rate of drug entry into the systemic circulation revealed two distinct peaks at 1 and 3.5 h after administration. Rifampicin did not affect bioavailability of talinolol, but did shift the second peak of the input function by 1.3 h to later times. Elimination clearance and one of the intercompartmental distribution clearances increased significantly under rifampicin treatment. CONCLUSIONS Rifampicin changes the time course of absorption rate but not the fraction absorbed of talinolol. The model suggests the existence of two intestinal absorption windows for talinolol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Weiss
- Department of Pharmacology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
| | - David Z D'Argenio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Werner Siegmund
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Streekstra EJ, Kiss M, van den Heuvel J, Nicolaï J, van den Broek P, Botden SMBI, Stommel MWJ, van Rijssel L, Ungell A, van de Steeg E, Russel FGM, de Wildt SN. A proof of concept using the Ussing chamber methodology to study pediatric intestinal drug transport and age-dependent differences in absorption. Clin Transl Sci 2022; 15:2392-2402. [PMID: 35962572 PMCID: PMC9579398 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the impact of age on the processes governing human intestinal drug absorption. The Ussing chamber is a system to study drug transport across tissue barriers, but it has not been used to study drug absorption processes in children. This study aimed to explore the feasibility of the Ussing chamber methodology to assess pediatric intestinal drug absorption. Furthermore, differences between intestinal drug transport processes of children and adults were explored as well as the possible impact of age. Fresh terminal ileal leftover tissues from both children and adults were collected during surgery and prepared for Ussing chamber experiments. Paracellular (enalaprilat), transcellular (propranolol), and carrier-mediated drug transport by MDR1 (talinolol) and BCRP (rosuvastatin) were determined with the Ussing chamber methodology. We calculated apparent permeability coefficients and efflux ratios and explored their relationship with postnatal age. The success rate for the Ussing chamber experiments, as determined by electrophysiological measurements, was similar between children (58%, N = 15, median age: 44 weeks; range 8 weeks to 17 years) and adults (67%, N = 13). Mean serosal to mucosal transport of talinolol by MDR1 and rosuvastatin by BCRP was higher in adult than in pediatric tissues (p = 0.0005 and p = 0.0091). In contrast, within our pediatric cohort, there was no clear correlation for efflux transport across different ages. In conclusion, the Ussing chamber is a suitable model to explore pediatric intestinal drug absorption and can be used to further elucidate ontogeny of individual intestinal pharmacokinetic processes like drug metabolism and transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva J. Streekstra
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands,Department of Metabolic Health ResearchTNOZeistThe Netherlands
| | - Márton Kiss
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Jeroen van den Heuvel
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Johan Nicolaï
- Development ScienceUCB Biopharma SRLBraine‐l'AlleudBelgium
| | - Petra van den Broek
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Sanne M. B. I. Botden
- Department of Pediatric SurgeryRadboudumc‐Amalia Children's HospitalNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Lara van Rijssel
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Frans G. M. Russel
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Saskia N. de Wildt
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands,Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric SurgeryErasmus MC‐Sophia Children's HospitalRotterdamThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lai Y, Chu X, Di L, Gao W, Guo Y, Liu X, Lu C, Mao J, Shen H, Tang H, Xia CQ, Zhang L, Ding X. Recent advances in the translation of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics science for drug discovery and development. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:2751-2777. [PMID: 35755285 PMCID: PMC9214059 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK) is an important branch of pharmaceutical sciences. The nature of ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) and PK (pharmacokinetics) inquiries during drug discovery and development has evolved in recent years from being largely descriptive to seeking a more quantitative and mechanistic understanding of the fate of drug candidates in biological systems. Tremendous progress has been made in the past decade, not only in the characterization of physiochemical properties of drugs that influence their ADME, target organ exposure, and toxicity, but also in the identification of design principles that can minimize drug-drug interaction (DDI) potentials and reduce the attritions. The importance of membrane transporters in drug disposition, efficacy, and safety, as well as the interplay with metabolic processes, has been increasingly recognized. Dramatic increases in investments on new modalities beyond traditional small and large molecule drugs, such as peptides, oligonucleotides, and antibody-drug conjugates, necessitated further innovations in bioanalytical and experimental tools for the characterization of their ADME properties. In this review, we highlight some of the most notable advances in the last decade, and provide future perspectives on potential major breakthroughs and innovations in the translation of DMPK science in various stages of drug discovery and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Lai
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Chu
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Yingying Guo
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46221, USA
| | - Xingrong Liu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Chuang Lu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Accent Therapeutics, Inc. Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Jialin Mao
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hong Shen
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Huaping Tang
- Bioanalysis and Biomarkers, Glaxo Smith Kline, King of the Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Cindy Q. Xia
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, CDER, FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Xinxin Ding
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kim C, Lo Re V, Rodriguez M, Lukas JC, Leal N, Campo C, García-Bea A, Suarez E, Schmidt S, Vozmediano V. Application of a dual mechanistic approach to support bilastine dose selection for older adults. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 10:1006-1017. [PMID: 34157202 PMCID: PMC8452293 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate bilastine dosing recommendations in older adults and overcome the limitation of insufficient data from phase I studies in this underrepresented population. This was achieved by integrating bilastine physicochemical, in vitro and in vivo data in young adults and the effect of aging in the pharmacology by means of two alternative approaches: a physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model and a semi‐mechanistic population pharmacokinetic (Senescence) model. Intestinal apical efflux and basolateral influx transporters were needed in the PBPK model to capture the observations from young adults after single i.v. (10 mg) and p.o. (20 mg) doses, supporting the hypothesis of involvement of gut transporters on secretion. The model was then used to extrapolate the pharmacokinetics (PKs) to elderly subjects considering their specific physiology. Additionally, the Senescence model was develop starting from a published population PK) model, previously applied for pediatrics, and incorporating declining functions on different physiological systems and changes in body composition with aging. Both models were qualified using observed data in a small group of young elderlies (N = 16, mean age = 68.69 years). The PBPK model was further used to evaluate the dose in older subjects (mean age = 80 years) via simulation. The PBPK model supported the hypothesis that basolateral influx and apical efflux transporters are involved in bilastine PK. Both, PBPK and Senescence models indicated that a 20 mg q.d. dose is safe and effective for geriatrics of any age. This approach provides an alternative to generate supplementary data to inform dosing recommendations in under‐represented groups in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaejin Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Valentina Lo Re
- Drug Modeling & Consulting (DMC), Dynakin, SL, Bilbao, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU/ Biocruces Health Research Institute, Bizkaia, Spain
| | | | - John C Lukas
- Drug Modeling & Consulting (DMC), Dynakin, SL, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Nerea Leal
- Drug Modeling & Consulting (DMC), Dynakin, SL, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | | | - Elena Suarez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU/ Biocruces Health Research Institute, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Valvanera Vozmediano
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang D, Wei C, Hop CECA, Wright MR, Hu M, Lai Y, Khojasteh SC, Humphreys WG. Intestinal Excretion, Intestinal Recirculation, and Renal Tubule Reabsorption Are Underappreciated Mechanisms That Drive the Distribution and Pharmacokinetic Behavior of Small Molecule Drugs. J Med Chem 2021; 64:7045-7059. [PMID: 34010555 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Drug reabsorption following biliary excretion is well-known as enterohepatic recirculation (EHR). Renal tubular reabsorption (RTR) following renal excretion is also common but not easily assessed. Intestinal excretion (IE) and enteroenteric recirculation (EER) have not been recognized as common disposition mechanisms for metabolically stable and permeable drugs. IE and intestinal reabsorption (IR:EHR/EER), as well as RTR, are governed by dug concentration gradients, passive diffusion, active transport, and metabolism, and together they markedly impact disposition and pharmacokinetics (PK) of small molecule drugs. Disruption of IE, IR, or RTR through applications of active charcoal (AC), transporter knockout (KO), and transporter inhibitors can lead to changes in PK parameters. The impacts of intestinal and renal reabsorption on PK are under-appreciated. Although IE and EER/RTR can be an intrinsic drug property, there is no apparent strategy to optimize compounds based on this property. This review seeks to improve understanding and applications of IE, IR, and RTR mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donglu Zhang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Cong Wei
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Cornelis E C A Hop
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Matthew R Wright
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ming Hu
- University of Houston College of Pharmacy, 4849 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Yurong Lai
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - W Griff Humphreys
- Aranmore Pharma Consulting, 11 Andrew Drive, Lawrenceville, New Jersey 08648, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wenzel C, Drozdzik M, Oswald S. Organic Cation Transporter 1 an Intestinal Uptake Transporter: Fact or Fiction? Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:648388. [PMID: 33935750 PMCID: PMC8080103 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.648388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal transporter proteins are known to affect the pharmacokinetics and in turn the efficacy and safety of many orally administered drugs in a clinically relevant manner. This knowledge is especially well-established for intestinal ATP-binding cassette transporters such as P-gp and BCRP. In contrast to this, information about intestinal uptake carriers is much more limited although many hydrophilic or ionic drugs are not expected to undergo passive diffusion but probably require specific uptake transporters. A transporter which is controversially discussed with respect to its expression, localization and function in the human intestine is the organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1). This review article provides an up-to-date summary on the available data from expression analysis as well as functional studies in vitro, animal findings and clinical observations. The current evidence suggests that OCT1 is expressed in the human intestine in small amounts (on gene and protein levels), while its cellular localization in the apical or basolateral membrane of the enterocytes remains to be finally defined, but functional data point to a secretory function of the transporter at the basolateral membrane. Thus, OCT1 should not be considered as a classical uptake transporter in the intestine but rather as an intestinal elimination pathway for cationic compounds from the systemic circulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Wenzel
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marek Drozdzik
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Stefan Oswald
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Murakami T, Bodor E, Bodor N. Factors and dosage formulations affecting the solubility and bioavailability of P-glycoprotein substrate drugs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:555-580. [PMID: 33703995 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1902986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) increases toward the distal small intestine, implying that the duodenum is the preferential absorption site for P-gp substrate drugs. Oral bioavailability of poorly soluble P-gp substrate drugs is low and varied but increases with high-fat meals that supply lipoidal components and bile in the duodenum.Areas covered: Absorption properties of P-gp substrate drugs along with factors and oral dosage formulations affecting their solubility and bioavailability were reviewed with PubMed literature searches. An overview is provided from the viewpoint of the 'spring-and-parachute approach' that generates supersaturation of poorly soluble P-gp substrate drugs.Expert opinion: The oral bioavailability of P-gp substrate drugs is difficult to predict because of their low solubility, preferential absorption sites, and overlapping substrate specificities with CYP3A4, along with the scattered intestinal P-gp expression/function. To attain high and steady oral bioavailability of poorly soluble P-gp substrate drugs, physicochemical modification of drugs to improve solubility, or oral dosage formulations that generate long-lasting supersaturation in the duodenum, is preferred. In particular, supersaturable lipid-based drug delivery systems that can increase passive diffusion and/or lymphatic absorption are effective and applicable to many poorly soluble P-gp substrate drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicholas Bodor
- Bodor Laboratories, Miami, Florida, USA.,College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Akiyama Y, Ito S, Fujita T, Sugano K. Prediction of negative food effect induced by bile micelle binding on oral absorption of hydrophilic cationic drugs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 155:105543. [PMID: 32927073 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to quantitatively predict the negative food effect induced by bile micelle binding on the oral absorption of hydrophilic cationic drugs. The intrinsic membrane permeability and bile micelle unbound fraction of 12 model drugs (7 tertiary amines, 3 quaternary ammoniums, and 2 neutral drugs) were calculated from the experimental Caco-2 permeability data (Papp) under fasted and fed conditions. From these input data, the fraction of a dose absorbed (Fa) was predicted using the gastrointestinal unified theoretical framework, a mechanism-based oral absorption model. The predicted Fa ratio (fed/fasted) was then compared with the in vivo fed/fasted area under the plasma concentration-time curve ratio (AUCr). The AUCr values of tertiary amines and neutral drugs were appropriately predicted (absolute average fold error (AAFE) = 1.19), whereas those of quaternary ammoniums were markedly underestimated (AAFE = 4.70). The Papp ratio (fed/fasted) predicted AUCr less quantitatively (AAFE = 1.30 for tertiary amines and neutral drugs). The results of the present study would lead to a better understanding of negative food effect on oral drug absorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Akiyama
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan.
| | - Soichiro Ito
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Takuya Fujita
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Kiyohiko Sugano
- Molecular Pharmaceutics Lab, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Quantitative analysis of the effect of controlled-release formulation on nonlinear gastrointestinal absorption of P-glycoprotein substrate talinolol using physiologically based pharmacokinetic absorption model. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
10
|
Murakami T, Bodor E, Bodor N. Modulation of expression/function of intestinal P-glycoprotein under disease states. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2019; 16:59-78. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1701653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicholas Bodor
- Bodor Laboratories, Miami, FL, USA
- College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Akamine Y, Yasui-Furukori N, Uno T. Drug-Drug Interactions of P-gp Substrates Unrelated to CYP Metabolism. Curr Drug Metab 2019; 20:124-129. [PMID: 30280663 DOI: 10.2174/1389200219666181003142036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) draft guidance on pharmacokinetic drugdrug interactions (DDIs) has highlighted the clinical importance of ABC transporters B1 or P-glycoprotein (P-gp), hepatic organic anion-transporting polypeptide transporters and breast cancer resistant protein because of their broad substrate specificity and the potential to be involved in DDIs. This guidance has indicated that digoxin, dabigatran etexilate and fexofenadine are P-gp substrate drugs and has defined P-gp inhibitors as those that increase the AUC of digoxin by ≧1.25-fold in clinical DDI studies. However, when substrate drugs of both CYPs and P-gp are involved in DDIs, it remains that the mechanisms of DDIs will be quite ambiguous in assessing how much the CYPs and/or drug transporters partially contribute to DDIs. OBJECTIVE Since there are no detailed manuscripts that summarizes P-gp interactions unrelated to CYP metabolism, this article reviews the effects of potent P-gp inhibitors and P-gp inducers on the pharmacokinetics of P-gp substrate drugs, including digoxin, talinolol, dabigatran etexilate, and fexofenadine in human studies. In addition, the present outcome were to determine the PK changes caused by DDIs among P-gp substrate drugs without CYP metabolism in human DDI studies. CONCLUSION Our manuscript concludes that the PK changes of the DDIs among P-gp drugs unrelated to CYP metabolism are less likely to be serious, and it appears to be convincing that the absences of clinical effects caused to the PK changes by the P-gp inducers is predominant compared with the excessive effects caused to those by the P-gp inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Akamine
- Department of Pharmacy, Akita University Hospital, Akita, Japan
| | - Norio Yasui-Furukori
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Uno
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Zikeikai-Aoimori Hospital, Aomori, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kazi M, Al-Swairi M, Ahmad A, Raish M, Alanazi FK, Badran MM, Khan AA, Alanazi AM, Hussain MD. Evaluation of Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SNEDDS) for Poorly Water-Soluble Talinolol: Preparation, in vitro and in vivo Assessment. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:459. [PMID: 31118895 PMCID: PMC6507620 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro and in vivo performance of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDSs) of talinolol (TAL), a poorly water-soluble drug. Methods Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems of TAL were prepared using various oils, non-ionic surfactants and/or water-soluble co-solvents and assessed visually/by droplet size measurement. Equilibrium solubility of TAL in the anhydrous and diluted SNEDDS was conducted to achieve the maximum drug loading. The in vitro dissolution experiments and human red blood cells (RBCs) toxicity test, ex vivo gut permeation studies, and bioavailability of SNEDDS in rats were studied to compare the representative formulations with marketed product Cordanum® 50 mg and raw drug. Results The results from the characterization and solubility studies showed that SNEDDS formulations were stable with lower droplet sizes and higher TAL solubility. From the dissolution studies, it was found that the developed SNEDDS provided significantly higher rate of TAL release (>97% in 2.0 h) compared to raw TAL and marketed product Cordanum®. The RBC lysis test suggested negligible toxicity of the formulation to the cells. The ex vivo permeability assessment and in vivo pharmacokinetics study of a selected SNEDDS formulation (F6) showed about four-fold increase in permeability and 1.58-fold enhanced oral bioavailability of TAL in comparison to pure drug, respectively. Conclusion Talinolol loaded SNEDDS formulations could be a potential oral pharmaceutical product with high drug-loading capacity, improved drug dissolution, increased gut permeation, reduced/no human RBC toxicity, and enhanced oral bioavailability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Kazi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al-Swairi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ajaz Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Raish
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fars K Alanazi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Badran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azmat Ali Khan
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amer M Alanazi
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Delwar Hussain
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, California Health Sciences University, Clovis, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xue Y, Ma C, Hanna I, Pan G. Intestinal Transporter-Associated Drug Absorption and Toxicity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1141:361-405. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7647-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
14
|
Kosa RE, Lazzaro S, Bi YA, Tierney B, Gates D, Modi S, Costales C, Rodrigues AD, Tremaine LM, Varma MV. Simultaneous Assessment of Transporter-Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions Using a Probe Drug Cocktail in Cynomolgus Monkey. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1179-1189. [PMID: 29880631 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.081794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We aim to establish an in vivo preclinical model to enable simultaneous assessment of inhibition potential of an investigational drug on clinically relevant drug transporters, organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP)1B, breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and organic anion transporter (OAT)3. Pharmacokinetics of substrate cocktail consisting of pitavastatin (OATP1B substrate), rosuvastatin (OATP1B/BCRP/OAT3), sulfasalazine (BCRP), and talinolol (P-gp) were obtained in cynomolgus monkey-alone or in combination with transporter inhibitors. Single-dose rifampicin (30 mg/kg) significantly (P < 0.01) increased the plasma exposure of all four drugs, with a marked effect on pitavastatin and rosuvastatin [area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) ratio ∼21-39]. Elacridar, BCRP/P-gp inhibitor, increased the AUC of sulfasalazine, talinolol, as well as rosuvastatin and pitavastatin. An OAT1/3 inhibitor (probenecid) significantly (P < 0.05) impacted the renal clearance of rosuvastatin (∼8-fold). In vitro, rifampicin (10 µM) inhibited uptake of pitavastatin, rosuvastatin, and sulfasalazine by monkey and human primary hepatocytes. Transport studies using membrane vesicles suggested that all probe substrates, except talinolol, are transported by cynoBCRP, whereas talinolol is a cynoP-gp substrate. Elacridar and rifampicin inhibited both cynoBCRP and cynoP-gp in vitro, indicating potential for in vivo intestinal efflux inhibition. In conclusion, a probe substrate cocktail was validated to simultaneously evaluate perpetrator impact on multiple clinically relevant transporters using the cynomolgus monkey. The results support the use of the cynomolgus monkey as a model that could enable drug-drug interaction risk assessment, before advancing a new molecular entity into clinical development, as well as providing mechanistic insights on transporter-mediated interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Kosa
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Medicine Design (R.E.K., S.L., Y.-a.B., B.T., C.C., A.D.R., L.M.T., M.V.V.) and Research Formulations, Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.G., S.M.), Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Sarah Lazzaro
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Medicine Design (R.E.K., S.L., Y.-a.B., B.T., C.C., A.D.R., L.M.T., M.V.V.) and Research Formulations, Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.G., S.M.), Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Yi-An Bi
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Medicine Design (R.E.K., S.L., Y.-a.B., B.T., C.C., A.D.R., L.M.T., M.V.V.) and Research Formulations, Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.G., S.M.), Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Brendan Tierney
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Medicine Design (R.E.K., S.L., Y.-a.B., B.T., C.C., A.D.R., L.M.T., M.V.V.) and Research Formulations, Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.G., S.M.), Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Dana Gates
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Medicine Design (R.E.K., S.L., Y.-a.B., B.T., C.C., A.D.R., L.M.T., M.V.V.) and Research Formulations, Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.G., S.M.), Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Sweta Modi
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Medicine Design (R.E.K., S.L., Y.-a.B., B.T., C.C., A.D.R., L.M.T., M.V.V.) and Research Formulations, Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.G., S.M.), Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Chester Costales
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Medicine Design (R.E.K., S.L., Y.-a.B., B.T., C.C., A.D.R., L.M.T., M.V.V.) and Research Formulations, Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.G., S.M.), Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut
| | - A David Rodrigues
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Medicine Design (R.E.K., S.L., Y.-a.B., B.T., C.C., A.D.R., L.M.T., M.V.V.) and Research Formulations, Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.G., S.M.), Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Larry M Tremaine
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Medicine Design (R.E.K., S.L., Y.-a.B., B.T., C.C., A.D.R., L.M.T., M.V.V.) and Research Formulations, Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.G., S.M.), Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Manthena V Varma
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Medicine Design (R.E.K., S.L., Y.-a.B., B.T., C.C., A.D.R., L.M.T., M.V.V.) and Research Formulations, Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.G., S.M.), Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In pharmacotherapy, drugs are mostly taken orally to be absorbed systemically from the small intestine, and some drugs are known to have preferential absorption sites in the small intestine. It would therefore be valuable to know the absorption sites of orally administered drugs and the influencing factors. Areas covered:In this review, the author summarizes the reported absorption sites of orally administered drugs, as well as, influencing factors and experimental techniques. Information on the main absorption sites and influencing factors can help to develop ideal drug delivery systems and more effective pharmacotherapies. Expert opinion: Various factors including: the solubility, lipophilicity, luminal concentration, pKa value, transporter substrate specificity, transporter expression, luminal fluid pH, gastrointestinal transit time, and intestinal metabolism determine the site-dependent intestinal absorption. However, most of the dissolved fraction of orally administered drugs including substrates for ABC and SLC transporters, except for some weakly basic drugs with higher pKa values, are considered to be absorbed sequentially from the proximal small intestine. Securing the solubility and stability of drugs prior to reaching to the main absorption sites and appropriate delivery rates of drugs at absorption sites are important goals for achieving effective pharmacotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teruo Murakami
- a Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Hiroshima International University , Hiroshima , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Müller J, Keiser M, Drozdzik M, Oswald S. Expression, regulation and function of intestinal drug transporters: an update. Biol Chem 2017; 398:175-192. [PMID: 27611766 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Although oral drug administration is currently the favorable route of administration, intestinal drug absorption is challenged by several highly variable and poorly predictable processes such as gastrointestinal motility, intestinal drug solubility and intestinal metabolism. One further determinant identified and characterized during the last two decades is the intestinal drug transport that is mediated by several transmembrane proteins such as P-gp, BCRP, PEPT1 and OATP2B1. It is well-established that intestinal transporters can affect oral absorption of many drugs in a significant manner either by facilitating their cellular uptake or by pumping them back to gut lumen, which limits their oral bioavailability. Their functional relevance becomes even more apparent in cases of unwanted drug-drug interactions when concomitantly given drugs that cause transporter induction or inhibition, which in turn leads to increased or decreased drug exposure. The longitudinal expression of several intestinal transporters is not homogeneous along the human intestine, which may have functional implications on the preferable site of intestinal drug absorption. Besides the knowledge about the expression of pharmacologically relevant transporters in human intestinal tissue, their exact localization on the apical or basolateral membrane of enterocytes is also of interest but in several cases debatable. Finally, there is obviously a coordinative interplay of intestinal transporters (apical-basolateral), intestinal enzymes and transporters as well as intestinal and hepatic transporters. This review aims to give an updated overview about the expression, localization, regulation and function of clinically relevant transporter proteins in the human intestine.
Collapse
|
17
|
Kisser B, Mangelsen E, Wingolf C, Partecke LI, Heidecke CD, Tannergren C, Oswald S, Keiser M. The Ussing Chamber Assay to Study Drug Metabolism and Transport in the Human Intestine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [PMID: 28640954 DOI: 10.1002/cpph.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Ussing chamber is an old but still powerful technique originally designed to study the vectorial transport of ions through frog skin. This technique is also used to investigate the transport of chemical agents through the intestinal barrier as well as drug metabolism in enterocytes, both of which are key determinants for the bioavailability of orally administered drugs. More contemporary model systems, such as Caco-2 cell monolayers or stably transfected cells, are more limited in their use compared to the Ussing chamber because of differences in expression rates of transporter proteins and/or metabolizing enzymes. While there are limitations to the Ussing chamber assay, the use of human intestinal tissue remains the best laboratory test for characterizing the transport and metabolism of compounds following oral administration. Detailed in this unit is a step-by-step protocol for preparing human intestinal tissue, for designing Ussing chamber experiments, and for analyzing and interpreting the findings. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Kisser
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Eva Mangelsen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Lars Ivo Partecke
- Department of General Surgery, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Claus-Dieter Heidecke
- Department of General Surgery, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Oswald
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Markus Keiser
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Renal drug transporters and their significance in drug-drug interactions. Acta Pharm Sin B 2016; 6:363-373. [PMID: 27709005 PMCID: PMC5045553 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney is a vital organ for the elimination of therapeutic drugs and their metabolites. Renal drug transporters, which are primarily located in the renal proximal tubules, play an important role in tubular secretion and reabsorption of drug molecules in the kidney. Tubular secretion is characterized by high clearance capacities, broad substrate specificities, and distinct charge selectivity for organic cations and anions. In the past two decades, substantial progress has been made in understanding the roles of transporters in drug disposition, efficacy, toxicity and drug-drug interactions (DDIs). In the kidney, several transporters are involved in renal handling of organic cation (OC) and organic anion (OA) drugs. These transporters are increasingly recognized as the target for clinically significant DDIs. This review focuses on the functional characteristics of major human renal drug transporters and their involvement in clinically significant DDIs.
Collapse
Key Words
- ABC, ATP-binding cassette
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- AUC, area under the plasma concentration curve
- BBB, blood–brain barrier
- CHO, Chinese hamster ovary
- CL, plasma clearance
- CLR, renal clearance
- Cmax, maximum plasma concentration
- DDIs, drug–drug interactions
- Drug–drug interactions
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- GSH, glutathione
- HEK, human embryonic kidney
- IC50, half maximal inhibitory concentration
- ITC, International Transporter Consortium
- Ki, inhibitory constant
- MATE, multidrug and toxin extrusion protein
- MPP+, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridimium
- MRP, multidrug resistance-associated protein
- MSD, membrane-spanning domain
- MW, molecular weight
- NBD, nucleotide-binding domain
- NME, new molecular entity
- NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- Nephrotoxicity
- OA, organic anion
- OAT or Oat, organic anion transporters
- OATP or Oatp, organic anion-transporting peptide
- OC, organic cation
- OCT or Oct, organic cation transporter
- OCTN, Organic zwitterions/cation transporters
- Organic anions
- Organic cations
- P-gp, P-glycoprotein
- PAH, p-aminohippurate
- Renal drug transporters
- SLC, solute carrier
- SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism
- TEA, tetraethylammonium
- TMD, transmembrane domain
- URAT, urate transporter
- fe, fraction of the absorbed dose excreted unchanged in urine
Collapse
|
19
|
Takano J, Maeda K, Bolger MB, Sugiyama Y. The Prediction of the Relative Importance of CYP3A/P-glycoprotein to the Nonlinear Intestinal Absorption of Drugs by Advanced Compartmental Absorption and Transit Model. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:1808-1818. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.070011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
|
20
|
Olivares-Morales A, Lennernäs H, Aarons L, Rostami-Hodjegan A. Translating Human Effective Jejunal Intestinal Permeability to Surface-Dependent Intrinsic Permeability: a Pragmatic Method for a More Mechanistic Prediction of Regional Oral Drug Absorption. AAPS JOURNAL 2015; 17:1177-92. [PMID: 25986421 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-015-9758-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Regional intestinal effective permeability (P(eff)) values are key for the understanding of drug absorption along the whole length of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The distal regions of the GI tract (i.e. ileum, ascending-transverse colon) represent the main sites for GI absorption when there is incomplete absorption in the upper GI tract, e.g. for modified release formulations. In this work, a new and pragmatic method for the estimation of (passive) intestinal permeability in the different intestinal regions is being proposed, by translating the observed differences in the available mucosal surface area along the human GI tract into corrections of the historical determined jejunal P(eff) values. These new intestinal P(eff) values or "intrinsic" P(eff)(P(eff,int)) were subsequently employed for the prediction of the ileal absorption clearance (CL(abs,ileum)) for a set of structurally diverse compounds. Additionally, the method was combined with a semi-mechanistic absorption PBPK model for the prediction of the fraction absorbed (f(abs)). The results showed that P(eff,int) can successfully be employed for the prediction of the ileal CL(abs) and the f(abs). P(eff,int) also showed to be a robust predictor of the f(abs) when the colonic absorption was allowed in the PBPK model, reducing the overprediction of f(abs) observed for lowly permeable compounds when using the historical P(eff) values. Due to its simplicity, this approach provides a useful alternative for the bottom-up prediction of GI drug absorption, especially when the distal GI tract plays a crucial role for a drug's GI absorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Olivares-Morales
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Schönherr D, Wollatz U, Haznar-Garbacz D, Hanke U, Box KJ, Taylor R, Ruiz R, Beato S, Becker D, Weitschies W. Characterisation of selected active agents regarding pKa values, solubility concentrations and pH profiles by SiriusT3. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 92:155-70. [PMID: 25758123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to determine pKa values and solubility properties of 34active agents using the SiriusT3 apparatus. The selected drug substances belong to the groups of ACE-inhibitors, β-blockers, antidiabetics and lipid lowering substances. Experimentally obtained pKa and intrinsic solubility values were compared to calculated values (program ACD/ChemSketch) and pKa values to published data as well. Solubility-pH profiles were generated to visualise the substance solubility over the gastrointestinal pH range. The relationship between the solubility characteristic of a substance, its bioavailability and categorisation according to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) was examined as well. The results showed a good agreement between experimentally obtained, calculated and published pKa values. The measured and calculated intrinsic solubility values indicated several major deviations. All solubility-pH profiles showed the expected shape and appearance for acids, bases or zwitterionic substances. The obtained results for the pKa and solubility measurements of the examined active agents may help to predict their physicochemical behaviour in vivo, and to understand the bioavailability of the substances according to their BCS categorisation. The easy and reproducible determination of pKa and solubility values makes the SiriusT3 apparatus a useful tool in early stages of drug and formulation development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Schönherr
- University of Greifswald, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Institute of Pharmacy, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - U Wollatz
- University of Greifswald, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Institute of Pharmacy, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - D Haznar-Garbacz
- University of Greifswald, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Institute of Pharmacy, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - U Hanke
- University of Greifswald, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Institute of Pharmacy, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - K J Box
- Sirius Analytical Ltd., Forest Row, East Sussex RH18 5DW, UK
| | - R Taylor
- Sirius Analytical Ltd., Forest Row, East Sussex RH18 5DW, UK
| | - R Ruiz
- Sirius Analytical Ltd., Forest Row, East Sussex RH18 5DW, UK
| | - S Beato
- Novartis Pharma AG, Technical Research & Development, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - D Becker
- Vivo Drug Delivery GmbH, 8832 Wollerau, Switzerland
| | - W Weitschies
- University of Greifswald, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Institute of Pharmacy, 17487 Greifswald, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
High-dose short-term administration of naringin did not alter talinolol pharmacokinetics in humans. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 68:36-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
23
|
Dahlgren D, Roos C, Sjögren E, Lennernäs H. Direct In Vivo Human Intestinal Permeability (Peff ) Determined with Different Clinical Perfusion and Intubation Methods. J Pharm Sci 2014; 104:2702-26. [PMID: 25410736 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Regional in vivo human intestinal effective permeability (Peff ) is calculated by measuring the disappearance rate of substances during intestinal perfusion. Peff is the most relevant parameter in the prediction of rate and extent of drug absorption from all parts of the intestine. Today, human intestinal perfusions are not performed on a routine basis in drug development. Therefore, it would be beneficial to increase the accuracy of the in vitro and in silico tools used to evaluate the intestinal Peff of novel drugs. This review compiles historical Peff data from 273 individual measurements of 80 substances from 61 studies performed in all parts of the human intestinal tract. These substances include: drugs, monosaccharaides, amino acids, dipeptides, vitamins, steroids, bile acids, ions, fatty acids, and water. The review also discusses the determination and prediction of Peff using in vitro and in silico methods such as quantitative structure-activity relationship, Caco-2, Ussing chamber, animal intestinal perfusion, and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. Finally, we briefly outline how to acquire accurate human intestinal Peff data by deconvolution of plasma concentration-time profiles following regional intestinal bolus dosing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Dahlgren
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carl Roos
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Sjögren
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hans Lennernäs
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Drozdzik M, Gröer C, Penski J, Lapczuk J, Ostrowski M, Lai Y, Prasad B, Unadkat JD, Siegmund W, Oswald S. Protein Abundance of Clinically Relevant Multidrug Transporters along the Entire Length of the Human Intestine. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:3547-55. [DOI: 10.1021/mp500330y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Drozdzik
- Department
of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Christian Gröer
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jette Penski
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Joanna Lapczuk
- Department
of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marek Ostrowski
- Department
of General and Transplantation Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Yurong Lai
- Department
of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7610, United States
| | - Jashvant D. Unadkat
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7610, United States
| | - Werner Siegmund
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Oswald
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Poirier A, Cascais AC, Bader U, Portmann R, Brun ME, Walter I, Hillebrecht A, Ullah M, Funk C. Calibration of In Vitro Multidrug Resistance Protein 1 Substrate and Inhibition Assays as a Basis to Support the Prediction of Clinically Relevant Interactions In Vivo. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1411-22. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.057943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
|
26
|
Suzuki M, Komura H, Yoshikawa T, Enya S, Nagao A, Takubo H, Kogayu M. Characterization of gastrointestinal absorption of digoxin involving influx and efflux transporter in rats: application of mdr1a knockout (-/-) rats into absorption study of multiple transporter substrate. Xenobiotica 2014; 44:1039-45. [PMID: 24839994 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2014.920551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
1. This study was aimed to characterize gastrointestinal absorption of digoxin using wild-type (WT) and multidrug resistance protein 1a [mdr1a; P-glycoprotein (P-gp)] knockout (-/-) rats. 2. In WT rats, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of oral digoxin increased after oral pretreatment with quinidine at 30 mg/kg compared with non-treatment, but the increasing ratio tended to decrease at a high dose of 100 mg/kg. In mdr1a (-/-) rats, however, quinidine pretreatment caused a dose-dependent decrease in the AUC. 3. Quinidine pretreatment did not alter the hepatic availability of digoxin, indicating that the changes in the digoxin AUC were attributable to inhibition of the absorption process by quinidine; i.e. inhibition of influx by quinidine in mdr1a (-/-) rats and inhibition of efflux and influx by quinidine in WT rats. 4. An in situ rat intestinal closed loop study using naringin implied that organic anion transporting peptide (Oatp) 1a5 may be a responsible transporter in the absorption of digoxin. 5. These findings imply that the rat absorption behavior of digoxin is possibly governed by Oatp1a5-mediated influx and P-gp-mediated efflux. The mdr1a (-/-) rat is therefore a useful in vivo tool to investigate drug absorption associated with multiple transporters including P-gp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Motoya Suzuki
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute , Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka , Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gao X, Bhattacharya S, Chan WK, Jasti BR, Upadrashta B, Li X. Expression of P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 along the porcine oral-gastrointestinal tract: implications on oral mucosal drug delivery. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2014; 40:599-603. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2014.884118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
28
|
Lennernäs H. Human in vivo regional intestinal permeability: importance for pharmaceutical drug development. Mol Pharm 2013; 11:12-23. [PMID: 24206063 DOI: 10.1021/mp4003392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Both the development and regulation of pharmaceutical dosage forms have undergone significant improvements and development over the past 25 years, due primarily to the extensive application of the biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS). The Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System, which was published in 2005, has also been a useful resource for predicting the influence of transporters in several pharmacokinetic processes. However, there remains a need for the pharmaceutical industry to develop reliable in vitro/in vivo correlations and in silico methods for predicting the rate and extent of complex gastrointestinal (GI) absorption, the bioavailability, and the plasma concentration-time curves for orally administered drug products. Accordingly, a more rational approach is required, one in which high quality in vitro or in silico characterizations of active pharmaceutical ingredients and formulations are integrated into physiologically based in silico biopharmaceutics models to capture the full complexity of GI drug absorption. The need for better understanding of the in vivo GI process has recently become evident after an unsuccessful attempt to predict the GI absorption of BCS class II and IV drugs. Reliable data on the in vivo permeability of the human intestine (Peff) from various intestinal regions is recognized as one of the key biopharmaceutical requirements when developing in silico GI biopharmaceutics models with improved predictive accuracy. The Peff values for human jejunum and ileum, based on historical open, single-pass, perfusion studies are presented in this review. The main objective of this review is to summarize and discuss the relevance and current status of these human in vivo regional intestinal permeability values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Lennernäs
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Uppsala University , 753 12 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Oswald S, Gröer C, Drozdzik M, Siegmund W. Mass spectrometry-based targeted proteomics as a tool to elucidate the expression and function of intestinal drug transporters. AAPS J 2013. [PMID: 23982336 DOI: 10.1208/s12248‐013‐9521‐3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal transporter proteins affect the oral bioavailability of many drugs in a significant manner. In order to estimate or predict their impact on oral drug absorption, data on their intestinal expression levels are needed. So far, predominantly mRNA expression data are available which are not necessarily correlated with the respective protein content. All available protein data were assessed by immunoblotting techniques such as Western blotting which both possess a number of limitations for reliable protein quantification. In contrast to this, mass spectrometry-based targeted proteomics may represent a promising alternative method to provide comprehensive protein expression data. In this review, we will summarize so far available intestinal mRNA and protein expression data for relevant human multidrug transporters. Moreover, recently observed mass spectrometry-based targeted proteomic data will be presented and discussed with respect to potential functional consequences. Associated to this, we will provide a short tutorial how to set up these methods and emphasize critical aspects in method development. Finally, potential limitations and pitfalls of this emerging technique will be discussed. From our perspective, LC-MS/MS-based targeted proteomics represents a valuable new method to comprehensively analyse the intestinal expression of transporter proteins. The resulting expression data are expected to improve our understanding about the intestinal processing of drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Oswald
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, 17487, Greifswald, Germany,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Oswald S, Gröer C, Drozdzik M, Siegmund W. Mass spectrometry-based targeted proteomics as a tool to elucidate the expression and function of intestinal drug transporters. AAPS JOURNAL 2013; 15:1128-40. [PMID: 23982336 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-013-9521-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal transporter proteins affect the oral bioavailability of many drugs in a significant manner. In order to estimate or predict their impact on oral drug absorption, data on their intestinal expression levels are needed. So far, predominantly mRNA expression data are available which are not necessarily correlated with the respective protein content. All available protein data were assessed by immunoblotting techniques such as Western blotting which both possess a number of limitations for reliable protein quantification. In contrast to this, mass spectrometry-based targeted proteomics may represent a promising alternative method to provide comprehensive protein expression data. In this review, we will summarize so far available intestinal mRNA and protein expression data for relevant human multidrug transporters. Moreover, recently observed mass spectrometry-based targeted proteomic data will be presented and discussed with respect to potential functional consequences. Associated to this, we will provide a short tutorial how to set up these methods and emphasize critical aspects in method development. Finally, potential limitations and pitfalls of this emerging technique will be discussed. From our perspective, LC-MS/MS-based targeted proteomics represents a valuable new method to comprehensively analyse the intestinal expression of transporter proteins. The resulting expression data are expected to improve our understanding about the intestinal processing of drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Oswald
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, 17487, Greifswald, Germany,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lennernäs H. Regional intestinal drug permeation: biopharmaceutics and drug development. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 57:333-41. [PMID: 23988845 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 25 years, profound changes have been seen in both the development and regulation of pharmaceutical dosage forms, due primarily to the extensive use of the biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) in both academia and industry. The BCS and the FDA scale-up and post-approval change guidelines were both developed during the 1990s and both are currently widely used to claim biowaivers. The development of the BCS and its wide acceptance were important steps in pharmaceutical science that contributed to the more rational development of oral dosage forms. The effective permeation (Peff) of drugs through the intestine often depends on the combined outcomes of passive diffusion and multiple parallel transport processes. Site-specific jejunal Peff cannot reflect the permeability of the whole intestinal tract, since this varies along the length of the intestine, but is a useful approximation of the fraction of the oral dose that is absorbed. It appears that drugs with a jejunal Peff>1.5×10(-4)cm/s will be completely absorbed no matter which transport mechanisms are utilized. In this paper, historical clinical data originating from earlier open, single-pass perfusion studies have been used to calculate the Peff of different substances from sites in the jejunum and ileum. More exploratory in vivo studies are required in order to obtain reliable data on regional intestinal drug absorption. The development of experimental and theoretical methods of assessing drug absorption from both small intestine and various sites in the colon is encouraged. Some of the existing human in vivo data are discussed in relation to commonly used cell culture models. It is crucial to accurately determine the input parameters, such as the regional intestinal Peff, as these will form the basis for the expected increase in modeling and simulation of all the processes involved in GI drug absorption, thus facilitating successful pharmaceutical development in the future. It is suggested that it would be feasible to use open, single-pass perfusion studies for the in vivo estimation of regional intestinal Peff, but that care should be taken in the study design to optimize the absorption conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Lennernäs
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Uppsala University, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Farrell TL, Poquet L, Dew TP, Barber S, Williamson G. Predicting Phenolic Acid Absorption in Caco-2 Cells: A Theoretical Permeability Model and Mechanistic Study. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 40:397-406. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.041665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
|
33
|
Oswald S, Terhaag B, Siegmund W. In vivo probes of drug transport: commonly used probe drugs to assess function of intestinal P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) in humans. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2011:403-447. [PMID: 21103977 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-14541-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal P-glycoprotein (P-gp, ABCB1) may significantly influence drug absorption and elimination. Its expression and function is highly variable, regio-selective and influenced by genetic polymorphisms, drug interactions and intestinal diseases. An in vivo probe drug for intestinal P-gp should a registered, safe and well tolerated nonmetabolized selective substrate with low protein binding for which P-gp is rate-limiting during absorption. Other P-gp dependent processes should be of minor influence. The mechanism(s) and kinetics of intestinal uptake must be identified and quantified. Moreover, the release properties of the dosage form should be known. So far, the cardiac glycoside digoxin and the ß₁-selective blocker talinolol have been used in mechanistic clinical studies, because they meet most of these criteria. Digoxin and talinolol are suitable in vivo probe drugs for intestinal P-gp under the precondition, that they are used as tools in carefully designed pharmacokinetic studies with adequate biometrically planning of the sample size and that several limitations are considered in interpreting and discussion of the study results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Oswald
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kagan L, Dreifinger T, Mager DE, Hoffman A. Role of P-Glycoprotein in Region-Specific Gastrointestinal Absorption of Talinolol in Rats. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:1560-6. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.033019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
35
|
Ma JD, Tsunoda SM, Bertino JS, Trivedi M, Beale KK, Nafziger AN. Evaluation of in vivo P-glycoprotein phenotyping probes: a need for validation. Clin Pharmacokinet 2010; 49:223-37. [PMID: 20214407 DOI: 10.2165/11318000-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Drug transporters are involved in clinically relevant drug-drug interactions. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is an efflux transporter that displays genetic polymorphism. Phenotyping permits evaluation of real-time, in vivo P-gp activity and P-gp-mediated drug-drug interactions. Digoxin, fexofenadine, talinolol and quinidine are commonly used probe drugs for P-gp phenotyping. Although current regulatory guidance documents highlight methodologies for evaluating transporter-based drug-drug interactions, whether current probe drugs are suitable for phenotyping has not been established, and validation criteria are lacking. This review proposes validation criteria and evaluates P-gp probes to determine probe suitability. Based on these criteria, digoxin, fexofenadine, talinolol and quinidine have limitations to their use and are not recommended for P-gp phenotyping.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Ma
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Davies NM, Takemoto JK, Brocks DR, Yáñez JA. Multiple Peaking Phenomena in Pharmacokinetic Disposition. Clin Pharmacokinet 2010; 49:351-77. [DOI: 10.2165/11319320-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
37
|
Pang KS, Morris ME, Sun H. Formed and preformed metabolites: facts and comparisons. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 60:1247-75. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.10.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The administration of metabolites arising from new drug entities is often employed in drug discovery to investigate their associated toxicity. It is expected that administration of metabolites can predict the exposure of metabolites originating from the administration of precursor drug. Whether exact and meaningful information can be obtained from this has been a topic of debate. This communication summarizes observations and theoretical relationships based on physiological modelling for the liver, kidney and intestine, three major eliminating organs/tissues. Theoretical solutions based on physiological modelling of organs were solved, and the results suggest that deviations are expected. Here, examples of metabolite kinetics observed mostly in perfused organs that did not match predictions are provided. For the liver, discrepancies in fate between formed and preformed metabolites may be explained by the heterogeneity of enzymes, the presence of membrane barriers and whether transporters are involved. For the kidney, differences have been attributed to glomerular filtration of the preformed but not the formed metabolite. For the intestine, the complexity of segregated flows to the enterocyte and serosal layers and differences in metabolism due to the route of administration are addressed. Administration of the metabolite may or may not directly reflect the toxicity associated with drug use. However, kinetic data on the preformed metabolite will be extremely useful to develop a sound model for modelling and simulations; in-vitro evidence on metabolite handling at the target organ is also paramount. Subsequent modelling and simulation of metabolite data arising from a combined model based on both drug and preformed metabolite data are needed to improve predictions on the behaviours of formed metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Sandy Pang
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Marilyn E Morris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260, USA
| | - Huadong Sun
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Petri N, Lennernäs H. In Vivo
Permeability Studies in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527623860.ch9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
39
|
Zeng Y, He FY, He YJ, Dai LL, Fan L, Zhou HH. Effect of bifendate on the pharmacokinetics of talinolol in healthy subjects. Xenobiotica 2009; 39:844-9. [DOI: 10.3109/00498250903111870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
40
|
Tydén E, Tallkvist J, Tjälve H, Larsson P. P-glycoprotein in intestines, liver, kidney and lymphocytes in horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2009; 32:167-76. [PMID: 19290947 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.01017.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is an important drug transporter, which is expressed in a variety of cells, such as the intestinal enterocytes, the hepatocytes, the renal tubular cells and the intestinal and peripheral blood lymphocytes. We have studied the localization and the gene and protein expression of P-gp in these cells in horse. In addition we have compared the protein sequence of P-gp in horse with the protein sequences of P-gp in several other species. Real time RT-PCR and Western blot showed gene and protein expression of horse P-gp in all parts of the intestines, but there was no strict correlation between these parameters. Immunohistochemistry showed localization of P-gp in the apical cell membranes of the enterocytes and, in addition, staining was observed in the intestinal intraepithelial and lamina propria lymphocytes. Peripheral blood lymphocytes also stained for P-gp, and gene and protein expression of P-gp were observed in these cells. There was a high gene and protein expression of P-gp in the liver, with P-gp-immunoreactivity in the bile canalicular membranes of the hepatocytes. Gene and protein expression of P-gp were found in the kidney with localization of the protein in different parts of the nephrons. Protein sequence alignment showed that horse P-gp has two amino acid insertions at the N-terminal region of the protein, which are not present in several other species examined. One of these is a 99 amino acid long sequence inserted at amino acid positions 23-121 from the N-terminal. The other is a six amino acid long sequence present at the amino acid positions 140-145 from the N-terminal. The results of the present study indicate that P-gp has an important function for oral bioavailability, distribution and excretion of substrate compounds in horse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Tydén
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Pathology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Bolger MB, Lukacova V, Woltosz WS. Simulations of the nonlinear dose dependence for substrates of influx and efflux transporters in the human intestine. AAPS JOURNAL 2009; 11:353-63. [PMID: 19434502 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-009-9111-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop simulation and modeling methods for the evaluation of pharmacokinetics when intestinal influx and efflux transporters are involved in gastrointestinal absorption. The advanced compartmental absorption and transit (ACAT) model as part of the computer program GastroPlus was used to simulate the absorption and pharmacokinetics of valacyclovir, gabapentin, and talinolol. Each of these drugs is a substrate for an influx or efflux transporter and all show nonlinear dose dependence within the normal therapeutic range. These simulations incorporated the experimentally derived gastrointestinal distributions of transporter expression levels for oligopeptide transporters PepT1 and HPT1 (valacyclovir); System L-amino acid transporter LAT2 and organic cation transporter OCTN1 (gabapentin); and organic anion transporter (OATP1A2) and P-glycoprotein (talinolol). By assuming a uniform distribution of oligopeptide transporter and by application of the in vitro K(m) value for valacyclovir, the simulations accurately reproduced the experimental nonlinear dose dependence. For gabapentin, LAT2 distribution produced simulation results that were much more accurate than OCTN1 distributions. For talinolol, an influx transporter distribution for OATP1A2 and the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein distributed with increasing expression in the distal small intestine produced the best results. The physiological characteristics of the small and large intestines used in the ACAT model were able to accurately account for the positional and temporal changes in concentration and carrier-mediated transport of the three drugs included in this study. The ACAT model reproduced the nonlinear dose dependence for each of these drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Bolger
- Simulations Plus, Inc., 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, California 93534, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Oostendorp RL, Beijnen JH, Schellens JH. The biological and clinical role of drug transporters at the intestinal barrier. Cancer Treat Rev 2009; 35:137-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2008.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Revised: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
43
|
Drug-drug interactions mediated through P-glycoprotein: clinical relevance and in vitro-in vivo correlation using digoxin as a probe drug. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2008; 85:173-81. [PMID: 18987624 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2008.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The clinical pharmacokinetics and in vitro inhibition of digoxin were examined to predict the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) component of drug-drug interactions. Coadministered drugs (co-meds) in clinical trials (N = 123) resulted in a small, <or=100% increase in digoxin pharmacokinetics. Digoxin is likely to show the highest perturbation, via inhibition of P-gp, because of the absence of metabolic clearance. In vitro inhibitory potency data (concentration of inhibitor to inhibit 50% P-gp activity; IC(50)) were generated using Caco-2 cells for 19 P-gp inhibitors. Maximum steady-state inhibitor systemic concentration [I], [I]/IC(50) ratios, hypothetical gut concentration ([I(2)], dose/250 ml), and [I(2)]/IC(50) ratios were calculated to simulate systemic and gut-based interactions and were compared with peak plasma concentration (C(max))(,i,ss)/C(max,ss) and area under the curve (AUC)(i)/AUC ratios from the clinical trials. [I]/IC(50) < 0.1 shows high false-negative rates (24% AUC, 41% C(max)); however, to a limited extent, [I(2)]/IC(50) < 10 is predictive of negative digoxin interaction for AUC, and [I]/IC(50) > 0.1 is predictive of clinical digoxin interactions (AUC and C(max)).
Collapse
|
44
|
Oswald S, Grube M, Siegmund W, Kroemer HK. Transporter-mediated uptake into cellular compartments. Xenobiotica 2008; 37:1171-95. [DOI: 10.1080/00498250701570251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
45
|
Kagan L, Hoffman A. Systems for region selective drug delivery in the gastrointestinal tract: biopharmaceutical considerations. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2008; 5:681-92. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.5.6.681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
46
|
Influence of genetic polymorphisms on intestinal expression and rifampicin-type induction of ABCC2 and on bioavailability of talinolol. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2008; 18:357-65. [PMID: 18334920 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e3282f974b7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether ABCC2 gene polymorphisms are associated with expression and/or function of the efflux pump. METHODS We investigated the allele frequency of ABCC2 -24C>T, -23G>A, c.1249G>A, c.1446C>G, c.1457C>T, c.2302C>T, c.2366C>T, c.3542G>T, c.3561G>A, c.3563T>A, c.3972C>T, c.4348G>A, and 4544G>A in 374 nonrelated German healthy volunteers and determined the impact on duodenal mRNA and protein content of ABCC2. For functional analysis, the disposition of intravenously (30 mg) and orally administered talinolol (100 mg) was measured among 31 individuals. Moreover, the effects of rifampicin-type induction (600 mg, 8 days) of duodenal ABCC2 were quantified in 22 participants with regard to genetic polymorphisms. RESULTS The allele frequencies were 18.3% (-24T), 21.1% (1249A), 1.4% (1446G), 0.1% (3542T), 4.5% (3563A), 34.2% (3972T), and 4.4% (4544A); carriers of -23G>A, 1457C>T, 2302C>T, 2366C>T, 3561G>A, and 4348G>A were not identified. The -24T allele was in strong linkage with 3972T, and 3563A with 4544A, whereas 1249A was weakly linked with other variant alleles. None of the single nucleotide polymorphisms investigated influenced significantly intestinal ABCC2 mRNA and protein content. The variant ABCC2 1249G>A (V417I), however, was associated with lower oral bioavailability (P=0.001), and increased residual clearance of intravenous talinolol (P=0.021). Intestinal ABCC2 mRNA and protein expression were upregulated by rifampicin treatment, a genetic influence could be detected in only four cases heterozygote for 3563T>A or 4544G>A. CONCLUSION The 1249G>A (V417I) polymorphism is obviously associated with higher activity of the intestinal transporter.
Collapse
|
47
|
Juan H, Terhaag B, Cong Z, Bi-Kui Z, Rong-Hua Z, Feng W, Fen-Li S, Juan S, Jing T, Wen-Xing P. Unexpected effect of concomitantly administered curcumin on the pharmacokinetics of talinolol in healthy Chinese volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2007; 63:663-8. [PMID: 17468862 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-007-0298-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of concomitantly administered curcumin on the pharmacokinetics of the beta1 adrenoceptor blocker talinolol. METHODS The study was conducted in a self-controlled, two-period experiment with a randomized, open-labeled design, using 12 healthy volunteers and a wash out period of 1 week between the administration of a single oral dose of 50 mg talinolol and the concomitant administration of curcumin (300 mg day(-1) for 6 days) and a single oral dose of 50 mg talinolol on the seventh day. Concentrations of talinolol were measured in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Non-compartmental analysis was used to characterize talinolol plasma concentration-time profiles, all pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using DAS: (ver. 2.0) software, and comparisons of mean values were analyzed by the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Differences were considered to be significant at p < 0.05 (two-sided test). RESULTS The consumption of curcumin for 6 days reduced the area under the curve (AUC) from predose to infinity (AUC(0-infinity)) of talinolol from 1860.0 +/- 377.9 to 1246.0 +/- 328.2 ng x h mL(-1), the highest observed concentration values (C(max)) were significantly decreased from 147.8 +/- 63.8 to 106.4 +/- 39.9 ng mL(-1), and the CL/F was increased from 27.9 +/- 5.5 to 43.1 +/- 13.4 L x h(-1) (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in sampling time for C(max) (t(max)) and elimination half-life (t(1/2)) values between the two periods (p > 0.05). The interindividual variability in AUC(0-60) and C(max) of talinolol was comparable in two study periods; the coefficient of variance (CV) of AUC(0-60) and C(max) was 26 and 40% after curcumin versus 21 and 43% after talinolol alone, respectively. CONCLUSION We suggest that the reduced bioavailability of talinolol is most probably due to the low intraluminal curcumin concentration, or possibly due to the upregulation of further ATP-binding cassette transporters, such as MRP2, in different tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He Juan
- Clinical Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
He J, Terhaag B, Yang LY, Zhang BK, Su FL, Zhu YG, Song J, Tang J, Liu XL, Peng WX. Determination of talinolol in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry: application to pharmacokinetic study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 853:275-80. [PMID: 17466606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2006] [Revised: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive method for determination and screening in human plasma of talinolol is described using propranolol as the internal standard. The analytes in plasma were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction using methyl t-butyl ether. After removed and dried the upper organic phase, the extracts were reconstituted with a fixed volume of buffer of ammonium acetate and acetonitrile (60:40, v/v). The extracts were analyzed by a HPLC coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/ESI). The HPLC separation of the analytes was performed on a Phenomenex C18 (250 mmx4.6 mm, 5 microm, USA) column, with a flow rate of 0.85 mL/min. The complete elution was obtained within 5.5 min. The calibration curve was linear in the 1.0-400.0 ng/mL range for talinolol, with a coefficient of determination of 0.9996. The average extraction recovery was above 83%. The methodology recovery was between 101% and 102%. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.3 ng/mL for talinolol. The intraday and inter-day coefficients of variation were less than 6%. This HPLC-MS/ESI procedure was used to assess the pharmacokinetics of talinolol. A single oral 50 mg dose of talinolol tablet was administered to 12 healthy Chinese volunteers, the main pharmacokinetic data are as follows: Cmax was 147.8+/-63.8 ng/mL; tmax was 2.0+/-0.7 h; t1/2 was 12.0+/-2.6 h. The method is accurate, sensitive and simple for the pharmacokinetic study of talinolol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan He
- Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology Institute of Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Schwarz UI, Hanso H, Oertel R, Miehlke S, Kuhlisch E, Glaeser H, Hitzl M, Dresser GK, Kim RB, Kirch W. Induction of intestinal P-glycoprotein by St John's wort reduces the oral bioavailability of talinolol. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007; 81:669-78. [PMID: 17392718 DOI: 10.1038/sj.clpt.6100191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
St John's wort (SJW) is known to induce cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 and P-glycoprotein through pregnane X-receptor activation. Our study evaluated the effects of long-term SJW administration on oral and intravenous pharmacokinetics of the nonmetabolized in vivo probe of P-glycoprotein, talinolol, in relation to intestinal P-glycoprotein expression. In a controlled, randomized study (N=9), the pharmacokinetics of oral (50 mg) and intravenous talinolol (30 mg) was determined before and after 12 days SJW (900 mg daily, Jarsin 300). Duodenal biopsies were taken and MDR1 genotypes assessed. SJW reduced the oral talinolol bioavailability by 25% (P=0.049) compared with water control. A 93% increase in oral clearance (P=0.177) and a 31% reduction in area under the serum concentration time curve (AUC; P=0.030) were observed. Renal and nonrenal clearance (CLNR), elimination half-life, peak serum drug concentration (Cmax), and time to reach Cmax were not significantly altered. After intravenous talinolol, SJW affected only CLNR (35% increase compared with water, P=0.006). SJW increased MDR1 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) as well as P-glycoprotein levels in the duodenal mucosa. Subjects with the combined MDR1 genotype comprising 1236C>T, 2677G>T/A, and 3435C>T polymorphisms had lower intestinal MDR1 mRNA levels and displayed an attenuated inductive response to SJW as assessed by talinolol disposition. Long-term SJW decreased talinolol AUC with a corresponding increase in intestinal MDR1 expression, suggesting that SJW has a major inductive effect on intestinal P-glycoprotein. Interestingly, the magnitude of induction appeared to be affected by MDR1 genotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U I Schwarz
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Berggren S, Gall C, Wollnitz N, Ekelund M, Karlbom U, Hoogstraate J, Schrenk D, Lennernäs H. Gene and protein expression of P-glycoprotein, MRP1, MRP2, and CYP3A4 in the small and large human intestine. Mol Pharm 2007; 4:252-7. [PMID: 17263554 DOI: 10.1021/mp0600687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme and the ABC-transporters may affect the first-pass extraction and bioavailability of drugs and metabolites. Conflicting reports can be found in the literature on the expression levels of efflux transporters in human intestine and how they vary along the intestine. The relative levels of mRNA and protein of CYP3A4 and the ABC tranporters Pgp (ABCB1), MRP1 (ABCC1), and MRP2 (ABCC2) were determined using RT-PCR and Western blot for human intestinal tissues (n = 14) from jejunum, ileum and colon. The expression of mRNA for CYP3A4, Pgp, and MRP2 was highest in jejunum and decreased toward more distal regions, whereas MRP1 was equally distributed in all intestinal regions. For CYP3A4, a more significant correlation could be established between mRNA and protein expression than for the ABC transporters. The samples showed considerable interindividual variability, especially at the protein level. The apically located Pgp and MRP2 showed a similar expression pattern along the human intestine as for CYP3A4. The gene expression of MRP1 exhibited a more uniform distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Berggren
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|