1
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Dasmahapatra U, Maiti B, Alam MM, Chanda K. Anti-cancer property and DNA binding interaction of first row transition metal complexes: A decade update. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 275:116603. [PMID: 38936150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Metal ions carry out a wide variety of functions, including acid-base/redox catalysis, structural functions, signaling, and electron transport. Understanding the interactions of transition metal complexes with biomacromolecules is essential for biology, medicinal chemistry, and the production of synthetic metalloenzymes. After the coincidental discovery of cisplatin, importance of the metal complexes in biochemistry became a top priority for inquiry. In this review, a decade update on various synthetic strategies to first row transition metal complex and their interaction with DNA through non-covalent binding are explored. Moreover, this effort provides an excellent analysis on the efficacy of theoretical and practical approaches to the systematic generation of new non-platinum based metallodrugs for anti-cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upala Dasmahapatra
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India
| | - Barnali Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India.
| | - Mohammed Mujahid Alam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kaushik Chanda
- Department of Chemistry, Rabindranath Tagore University, Hojai, Assam, 782435, India.
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2
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Alazaly AM, Clarkson GJ, Ward MD, Abdel-Shafi AA. Mechanism of Oxygen Quenching of the Excited States of Heteroleptic Chromium(III) Phenanthroline Derivatives. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:16101-16113. [PMID: 37721399 PMCID: PMC10548418 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report the synthesis and characterization of some heteroleptic Cr(III) complexes of the form [Cr(Phen)2L](OTf)3, where Phen = 1,10-phenanthroline and L is either 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) or its derivatives, such as 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (4,4'-DMB), 4,4'-dimethoxy-2,2'-bipyridine (4,4'-DMOB), 4,4'-ditert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine (4,4'-dtbpy), 5,5'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (5,5'-DMB), 4,4'-dimethoxycarbonyl-2,2'-bipyridine (4,4'-dmcbpy) or 1,10-phenanthroline derivatives, such as 5-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline (5-Me-Phen) and 4,7-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (4,7-DMP). Heteroleptic complexes were prepared in two stages via the intermediate [Cr(Phen)2(CF3SO3)2](CF3SO3) and five examples have been crystallographically characterized. Steady-state absorption and luminescence emission characteristics of these complexes were measured in 1 M HCl solutions. The luminescence quantum yield of these complexes was found to be the lowest for [Cr(Phen)2(4,4'-dmcbpy)](OTf)3 and the highest for [Cr(Phen)2(4,4'-DMB)](OTf)3 with values of 0.31 × 10-2 and 1.48 × 10-2, respectively. The calculated excited state energy, E0-0, was found to vary within the narrow range of 163.1-165.0 kJ mol-1 across the series. Transient absorption spectra in degassed, air-equilibrated, and oxygen-saturated 1 M HCl aqueous solutions were also measured at different time decays and demonstrated no significant differences, indicating the absence of any ion-separated species in the excited state. Excited-state decay traces at the wavelength of maximum absorption were used to calculate oxygen quenching rate constants, kq, which were found to be in the range 3.26-5.27 × 107 M-1 s-1. Singlet oxygen luminescence photosensitized by these complexes was observed in D2O, and its luminescence intensity at 1270 nm was used for the determination of singlet oxygen quantum yields for these complexes, which were in the range of 0.20-0.44, while the fraction of the excited 2E state quenched by oxygen was in the range of 0.22-0.68, and the efficiency of singlet oxygen production was in the range of 0.44-0.90. The mechanism by which the excited 2E state is quenched by oxygen is explained by a spin statistical model that predicts the balance between charge transfer and noncharge transfer deactivation pathways, which was represented by the parameter pCT that was found to vary from 0.35 to 0.68 for this series of Cr(III) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed
M. M. Alazaly
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams
University, Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Guy J. Clarkson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Michael D. Ward
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Ayman A. Abdel-Shafi
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams
University, Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
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3
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Jones RW, Auty AJ, Wu G, Persson P, Appleby MV, Chekulaev D, Rice CR, Weinstein JA, Elliott PIP, Scattergood PA. Direct Determination of the Rate of Intersystem Crossing in a Near-IR Luminescent Cr(III) Triazolyl Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37224437 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A detailed understanding of the dynamics of photoinduced processes occurring in the electronic excited state is essential in informing the rational design of photoactive transition-metal complexes. Here, the rate of intersystem crossing in a Cr(III)-centered spin-flip emitter is directly determined through the use of ultrafast broadband fluorescence upconversion spectroscopy (FLUPS). In this contribution, we combine 1,2,3-triazole-based ligands with a Cr(III) center and report the solution-stable complex [Cr(btmp)2]3+ (btmp = 2,6-bis(4-phenyl-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl-methyl)pyridine) (13+), which displays near-infrared (NIR) luminescence at 760 nm (τ = 13.7 μs, ϕ = 0.1%) in fluid solution. The excited-state properties of 13+ are probed in detail through a combination of ultrafast transient absorption (TA) and femtosecond-to-picosecond FLUPS. Although TA spectroscopy allows us to observe the evolution of phosphorescent excited states within the doublet manifold, more significantly and for the first time for a complex of Cr(III), we utilize FLUPS to capture the short-lived fluorescence from initially populated quartet excited states immediately prior to the intersystem crossing process. The decay of fluorescence from the low-lying 4MC state therefore allows us to assign a value of (823 fs)-1 to the rate of intersystem crossing. Importantly, the sensitivity of FLUPS to only luminescent states allows us to disentangle the rate of intersystem crossing from other closely associated excited-state events, something which has not been possible in the spectroscopic studies previously reported for luminescent Cr(III) systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Alexander J Auty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Guanzhi Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Petter Persson
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin V Appleby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Dimitri Chekulaev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Craig R Rice
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Julia A Weinstein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Paul I P Elliott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Paul A Scattergood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
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4
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Rosko MC, Espinoza EM, Arteta S, Kromer S, Wheeler JP, Castellano FN. Employing Long-Range Inductive Effects to Modulate Metal-to-Ligand Charge Transfer Photoluminescence in Homoleptic Cu(I) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:3248-3259. [PMID: 36749829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Four Cu(I) bis(phenanthroline) photosensitizers formulated from a new ligand structural motif (Cu1-Cu4) coded according to their 2,9-substituents were synthesized, structurally characterized, and fully evaluated using steady-state and time-resolved absorption and photoluminescence (PL) measurements as well as electrochemistry. The 2,9-disubstituted-3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline ligands feature the following six-membered ring systems prepared through photochemical synthesis: 4,4-dimethylcyclohexyl (1), tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl (2), tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-4-yl (3), and 4,4-difluorocyclohexyl (4). Universally, these Cu(I) metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) chromophores display excited-state lifetimes on the microsecond time scale at room temperature, including the three longest-lived homoleptic cuprous phenanthroline excited states measured to date in de-aerated CH2Cl2, τ = 2.5-4.3 μs. This series of molecules also feature high PL quantum efficiencies (ΦPL = 5.3-12% in CH2Cl2). Temperature-dependent PL lifetime experiments confirmed that all these molecules exhibit reverse intersystem crossing and display thermally activated delayed PL from a 1MLCT excited state lying slightly above the 3MLCT state, 1050-1490 cm-1. Ultrafast and conventional transient absorption measurements confirmed that the PL originates from the MLCT excited state, which remains sterically arrested, preventing an excessive flattening distortion even when dissolved in Lewis basic CH3CN. Combined PL and electrochemical data provided evidence that Cu1-Cu4 are highly potent photoreductants (Eox* = -1.73 to -1.62 V vs Fc+/0 in CH3CN), whose potentials are altered solely based on which heteroatoms or substituents are resident on the 2,9-appended ring derivatives. It is proposed that long-range electronic inductive effects are responsible for the systematic modulation observed in the PL spectra, excited-state lifetimes, and the ground state absorption spectra and redox potentials. Cu1-Cu4 quantitatively follow the energy gap law, correlating well with structurally related cuprous phenanthrolines and are also shown to triplet photosensitize the excited states of 9,10-diphenylanthracene with bimolecular rate constants ranging from 1.61 to 2.82 × 108 M-1 s-1. The ability to tailor both photophysical and electrochemical properties using long-range inductive effects imposed by the 2,9-ring platforms advocates new directions for future MLCT chromophore discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Rosko
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Eli M Espinoza
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Sarah Arteta
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Sarah Kromer
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Jonathan P Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Felix N Castellano
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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5
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Stein L, Boden P, Naumann R, Förster C, Niedner-Schatteburg G, Heinze K. The overlooked NIR luminescence of Cr(ppy) 3. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:3701-3704. [PMID: 35226026 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00680d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cr(ppy)3, a structural analog of the green phosphorescent Ir(ppy)3, emits even in solution at room temperature from a weakly distorted spin-flip state at 910 nm (Hppy = 2-phenylpyridine). The low energy arises from an enhanced covalence of the Cr-C bonds as compared to Cr-N bonds. Lower temperature reduces thermally activated decay increasing the emission intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Stein
- Johannes Gutenberg-University, Department of Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Pit Boden
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center Optimas, TU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Robert Naumann
- Johannes Gutenberg-University, Department of Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Christoph Förster
- Johannes Gutenberg-University, Department of Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Gereon Niedner-Schatteburg
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center Optimas, TU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Johannes Gutenberg-University, Department of Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz, Germany.
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6
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Wang C, Kitzmann WR, Weigert F, Förster C, Wang X, Heinze K, Resch-Genger U. Matrix Effects on Photoluminescence and Oxygen Sensitivity of a Molecular Ruby. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202100296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cui Wang
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing: Bundesanstalt fur Materialforschung und -prufung Division Biophotonics Richard-Willstaetter-Str. 11 12489 Berlin GERMANY
| | - Winald R. Kitzmann
- Johannes Gutenberg University: Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz Department of Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Florian Weigert
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing: Bundesanstalt fur Materialforschung und -prufung Division Biophotonics GERMANY
| | - Christoph Förster
- Johannes Gutenberg University: Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz Department of Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Xifan Wang
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing: Bundesanstalt fur Materialforschung und -prufung Division Biophotonics GERMANY
| | - Katja Heinze
- Johannes Gutenberg University: Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz Department of Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) Analytische Chemie und Referenzmaterialien Richard-Willstaetter-Str. 11 12489 Berlin GERMANY
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7
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Reichenauer F, Wang C, Förster C, Boden P, Ugur N, Báez-Cruz R, Kalmbach J, Carrella LM, Rentschler E, Ramanan C, Niedner-Schatteburg G, Gerhards M, Seitz M, Resch-Genger U, Heinze K. Strongly Red-Emissive Molecular Ruby [Cr(bpmp) 2] 3+ Surpasses [Ru(bpy) 3] 2. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:11843-11855. [PMID: 34296865 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gaining chemical control over the thermodynamics and kinetics of photoexcited states is paramount to an efficient and sustainable utilization of photoactive transition metal complexes in a plethora of technologies. In contrast to energies of charge transfer states described by spatially separated orbitals, the energies of spin-flip states cannot straightforwardly be predicted as Pauli repulsion and the nephelauxetic effect play key roles. Guided by multireference quantum chemical calculations, we report a novel highly luminescent spin-flip emitter with a quantum chemically predicted blue-shifted luminescence. The spin-flip emission band of the chromium complex [Cr(bpmp)2]3+ (bpmp = 2,6-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)pyridine) shifted to higher energy from ca. 780 nm observed for known highly emissive chromium(III) complexes to 709 nm. The photoluminescence quantum yields climb to 20%, and very long excited state lifetimes in the millisecond range are achieved at room temperature in acidic D2O solution. Partial ligand deuteration increases the quantum yield to 25%. The high excited state energy of [Cr(bpmp)2]3+ and its facile reduction to [Cr(bpmp)2]2+ result in a high excited state redox potential. The ligand's methylene bridge acts as a Brønsted acid quenching the luminescence at high pH. Combined with a pH-insensitive chromium(III) emitter, ratiometric optical pH sensing is achieved with single wavelength excitation. The photophysical and ground state properties (quantum yield, lifetime, redox potential, and acid/base) of this spin-flip complex incorporating an earth-abundant metal surpass those of the classical precious metal [Ru(α-diimine)3]2+ charge transfer complexes, which are commonly employed in optical sensing and photo(redox) catalysis, underlining the bright future of these molecular ruby analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Reichenauer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Cui Wang
- Division Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Förster
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Pit Boden
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center Optimas, University Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Naz Ugur
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ricardo Báez-Cruz
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jens Kalmbach
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Luca M Carrella
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Eva Rentschler
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Charusheela Ramanan
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gereon Niedner-Schatteburg
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center Optimas, University Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Markus Gerhards
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center Optimas, University Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Michael Seitz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- Division Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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8
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Doistau B, Jiménez JR, Piguet C. Beyond Chiral Organic (p-Block) Chromophores for Circularly Polarized Luminescence: The Success of d-Block and f-Block Chiral Complexes. Front Chem 2020; 8:555. [PMID: 32850617 PMCID: PMC7399180 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiral molecules are essential for the development of advanced technological applications in spintronic and photonic. The best systems should produce large circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) as estimated by their dissymmetry factor (g lum), which can reach the maximum values of -2 ≤ g lum ≤ 2 when either pure right- or left-handed polarized light is emitted after standard excitation. For matching this requirement, theoretical considerations indicate that optical transitions with large magnetic and weak electric transition dipole moments represent the holy grail of CPL. Because of their detrimental strong and allowed electric dipole transitions, popular chiral emissive organic molecules display generally moderate dissymmetry factors (10-5 ≤ g lum ≤ 10-3). However, recent efforts in this field show that g lum can be significantly enhanced when the chiral organic activators are part of chiral supramolecular assemblies or of liquid crystalline materials. At the other extreme, chiral EuIII- and SmIII-based complexes, which possess intra-shell parity-forbidden electric but allowed magnetic dipole transitions, have yielded the largest dissymmetry factor reported so far with g lum ~ 1.38. Consequently, 4f-based metal complexes with strong CPL are currently the best candidates for potential technological applications. They however suffer from the need for highly pure samples and from considerable production costs. In this context, chiral earth-abundant and cheap d-block metal complexes benefit from a renewed interest according that their CPL signal can be optimized despite the larger covalency displayed by d-block cations compared with 4f-block analogs. This essay thus aims at providing a minimum overview of the theoretical aspects rationalizing circularly polarized luminescence and their exploitation for the design of chiral emissive metal complexes with strong CPL. Beyond the corroboration that f-f transitions are ideal candidates for generating large dissymmetry factors, a special attention is focused on the recent attempts to use chiral CrIII-based complexes that reach values of g lum up to 0.2. This could pave the way for replacing high-cost rare earths with cheap transition metals for CPL applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Doistau
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Juan-Ramón Jiménez
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Claude Piguet
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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9
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Magnetic field effect on the photochemistry of chromium complex. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Garcia PF, Coronel Arrechea C, Velo A, Riva J, Yudi LM, Argüello GA. Interaction of polypyridyl Cr(III) complexes with bovine serum albumin. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL : EBJ 2020; 49:125-132. [PMID: 31927653 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-019-01416-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report a detailed investigation of the interaction of Cr(NN)33+ with bovine serum albumin (BSA), an important protein for the transport of drugs in blood plasma which allows us to understand further the role of Cr(NN)33+ as a sensitizer in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Chromium(III) complexes, Cr(5Cl-phen)33+, Cr(5Me-phen)33+ and Cr(5Ph-phen)33+ (where Cl = chlorine, Me = methyl and Ph = phenyl are substituents in position 5 of the phen = 1,10-phenanthroline bidentate ligand), were used for the present study. The interactions of BSA with Cr(NN)33+ were assessed employing fluorescence spectroscopy and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy; in addition electrochemical experiments carried out at a liquid/liquid interface gave insight into the relative hydrophobicities of the complexes. We found that chromium complexes bind strongly with bovine serum albumins (BSA) with intrinsic binding constants, Kb, of (3.33 ± 0.08) × 105 M-1, (5.92 ± 0.08) × 105 M-1 and (1.64 ± 0.05) × 105 M-1 at 300.3 K. Analysis of the thermodynamic parameters ΔG, ΔH, and ΔS indicated that hydrophobic interactions played a major role in all the BSA-Cr(NN)33+ association processes. The binding distances and transfer efficiencies for BSA binding reactions were calculated according to the Förster theory of non-radiation energy transfer giving distance (r) of 2.63 nm, 2.94 nm and 3.00 nm for 5Clphen, 5Mephen and 5Ph phenanthroline complexes, respectively. All these experimental results indicate that Cr(NN)33+ binds to serum albumins, by which these proteins could act as carriers of this complex for further applications in PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo F Garcia
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba, INFIQC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Consuelo Coronel Arrechea
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba, INFIQC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Velo
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba, INFIQC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Julieta Riva
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba, INFIQC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Lidia M Yudi
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba, INFIQC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gerardo A Argüello
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba, INFIQC, Córdoba, Argentina.
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11
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Treiling S, Wang C, Förster C, Reichenauer F, Kalmbach J, Boden P, Harris JP, Carrella LM, Rentschler E, Resch‐Genger U, Reber C, Seitz M, Gerhards M, Heinze K. Luminescence and Light-Driven Energy and Electron Transfer from an Exceptionally Long-Lived Excited State of a Non-Innocent Chromium(III) Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:18075-18085. [PMID: 31600421 PMCID: PMC6916301 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Photoactive metal complexes employing Earth-abundant metal ions are a key to sustainable photophysical and photochemical applications. We exploit the effects of an inversion center and ligand non-innocence to tune the luminescence and photochemistry of the excited state of the [CrN6 ] chromophore [Cr(tpe)2 ]3+ with close to octahedral symmetry (tpe=1,1,1-tris(pyrid-2-yl)ethane). [Cr(tpe)2 ]3+ exhibits the longest luminescence lifetime (τ=4500 μs) reported up to date for a molecular polypyridyl chromium(III) complex together with a very high luminescence quantum yield of Φ=8.2 % at room temperature in fluid solution. Furthermore, the tpe ligands in [Cr(tpe)2 ]3+ are redox non-innocent, leading to reversible reductive chemistry. The excited state redox potential and lifetime of [Cr(tpe)2 ]3+ surpass those of the classical photosensitizer [Ru(bpy)3 ]2+ (bpy=2,2'-bipyridine) enabling energy transfer (to oxygen) and photoredox processes (with azulene and tri(n-butyl)amine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Treiling
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Cui Wang
- Division BiophotonicsFederal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)Richard-Willstätter-Straße 1112489BerlinGermany
- Institute of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität BerlinTakustraße 314195BerlinGermany
| | - Christoph Förster
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Florian Reichenauer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Jens Kalmbach
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Pit Boden
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center OptimasTU KaiserslauternErwin-Schrödinger-Straße67663KaiserslauternGermany
| | - Joe P. Harris
- Département de chimieUniversité de MontréalMontréalQuébecH3C 3J7Canada
| | - Luca M. Carrella
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Eva Rentschler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Ute Resch‐Genger
- Division BiophotonicsFederal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)Richard-Willstätter-Straße 1112489BerlinGermany
| | - Christian Reber
- Département de chimieUniversité de MontréalMontréalQuébecH3C 3J7Canada
| | - Michael Seitz
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Markus Gerhards
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center OptimasTU KaiserslauternErwin-Schrödinger-Straße67663KaiserslauternGermany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
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12
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Treiling S, Wang C, Förster C, Reichenauer F, Kalmbach J, Boden P, Harris JP, Carrella LM, Rentschler E, Resch‐Genger U, Reber C, Seitz M, Gerhards M, Heinze K. Luminescence and Light‐Driven Energy and Electron Transfer from an Exceptionally Long‐Lived Excited State of a Non‐Innocent Chromium(III) Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Treiling
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Cui Wang
- Division BiophotonicsFederal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11 12489 Berlin Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität Berlin Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Christoph Förster
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Florian Reichenauer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Jens Kalmbach
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Pit Boden
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center OptimasTU Kaiserslautern Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Joe P. Harris
- Département de chimieUniversité de Montréal Montréal Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Luca M. Carrella
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Eva Rentschler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Ute Resch‐Genger
- Division BiophotonicsFederal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Christian Reber
- Département de chimieUniversité de Montréal Montréal Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Michael Seitz
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Markus Gerhards
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center OptimasTU Kaiserslautern Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
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13
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Doistau B, Collet G, Bolomey EA, Sadat-Noorbakhsh V, Besnard C, Piguet C. Heteroleptic Ter–Bidentate Cr(III) Complexes as Tunable Optical Sensitizers. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:14362-14373. [PMID: 30376321 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Doistau
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Collet
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Emilio Acuña Bolomey
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Vida Sadat-Noorbakhsh
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Céline Besnard
- Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Geneva, 24 quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Claude Piguet
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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14
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Wang C, Otto S, Dorn M, Kreidt E, Lebon J, Sršan L, Di Martino-Fumo P, Gerhards M, Resch-Genger U, Seitz M, Heinze K. Deuterierter molekularer Rubin mit Rekord-Lumineszenzquantenausbeute. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cui Wang
- Fachbereich Biophotonik; Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM); Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11 12489 Berlin Deutschland
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie; Freie Universität Berlin; 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Sven Otto
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Graduiertenschule Materials Science in Mainz - MAINZ; Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Matthias Dorn
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Elisabeth Kreidt
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Deutschland
| | - Jakob Lebon
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Deutschland
| | - Laura Sršan
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Deutschland
| | - Patrick Di Martino-Fumo
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center Optimas; Universität Kaiserslautern; Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 67663 Kaiserslautern Deutschland
| | - Markus Gerhards
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center Optimas; Universität Kaiserslautern; Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 67663 Kaiserslautern Deutschland
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- Fachbereich Biophotonik; Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM); Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Michael Seitz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Deutschland
| | - Katja Heinze
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
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15
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Wang C, Otto S, Dorn M, Kreidt E, Lebon J, Sršan L, Di Martino-Fumo P, Gerhards M, Resch-Genger U, Seitz M, Heinze K. Deuterated Molecular Ruby with Record Luminescence Quantum Yield. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:1112-1116. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cui Wang
- Division Biophotonics; Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM); Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11 12489 Berlin Germany
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie; Freie Universität Berlin; 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Sven Otto
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz; Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Matthias Dorn
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kreidt
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; University of Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Jakob Lebon
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; University of Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Laura Sršan
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; University of Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Patrick Di Martino-Fumo
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center Optimas; University Kaiserslautern; Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Markus Gerhards
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center Optimas; University Kaiserslautern; Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- Division Biophotonics; Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM); Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Michael Seitz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; University of Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
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16
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Barbour JC, Kim AJI, deVries E, Shaner SE, Lovaasen BM. Chromium(III) Bis-Arylterpyridyl Complexes with Enhanced Visible Absorption via Incorporation of Intraligand Charge-Transfer Transitions. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:8212-8222. [PMID: 28665604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of chromium(III) bis-arylterpyridyl complexes containing intraligand charge-transfer (ILCT) excited states were prepared and characterized. These complexes show significant absorption in the visible region due to the ILCT bands. The ILCT bands are tunable across the UV and visible spectrum via incorporation of electron-withdrawing and electron-donating groups on the aryl ring. The absorption of Cr(4'-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2,2':6',2″-terpyridine)23+ (4) in particular is much stronger in the visible region (ε = 11 900 M-1 cm-1 at 450 nm and ε = 5090 M-1 cm-1 at 500 nm) than that of the parent complex Cr(tpy)23+ (tpy = 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine; ε = 2160 M-1 cm-1 at 450 nm, and ε = 170 M-1 cm-1 at 500 nm). Emission experiments on this series reveal Cr(III)-based phosphorescence with lifetimes from 140 to 600 ns upon excitation into the ILCT bands, which indicates funneling of the excitation energy from ligand-localized excited states to Cr(III)-based excited states. Cyclic voltammograms exhibit at least three reversible ligand-based reductions. The first reduction shows shifts of up to -160 mV compared to Cr(tpy)23+. The excited-state reduction potential of these complexes ranges from +0.95 to +1.04 V vs the ferrocene/ferrocenium couple, making them potent photooxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna C Barbour
- Department of Chemistry, Wheaton College , 501 College Avenue, Wheaton, Illinois 60187, United States
| | - Amy J I Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Wheaton College , 501 College Avenue, Wheaton, Illinois 60187, United States
| | - Elsemarie deVries
- Department of Chemistry, Wheaton College , 501 College Avenue, Wheaton, Illinois 60187, United States
| | - Sarah E Shaner
- Department of Chemistry, Benedictine University , 5700 College Road, Lisle, Illinois 60532, United States
| | - Benjamin M Lovaasen
- Department of Chemistry, Wheaton College , 501 College Avenue, Wheaton, Illinois 60187, United States
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17
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Otto S, Nauth AM, Ermilov E, Scholz N, Friedrich A, Resch-Genger U, Lochbrunner S, Opatz T, Heinze K. Photo-Chromium: Sensitizer for Visible-Light-Induced Oxidative C−H Bond Functionalization-Electron or Energy Transfer? CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201700077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Otto
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz; Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Alexander M. Nauth
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Eugenyi Ermilov
- Division 1.10; Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM); Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Norman Scholz
- Division 1.10; Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM); Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Aleksej Friedrich
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Str. 23 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- Division 1.10; Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM); Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Stefan Lochbrunner
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Str. 23 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Till Opatz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
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18
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Zare D, Doistau B, Nozary H, Besnard C, Guénée L, Suffren Y, Pelé AL, Hauser A, Piguet C. CrIII as an alternative to RuII in metallo-supramolecular chemistry. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:8992-9009. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01747b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Semi-labile [Cr(tpy)(CF3SO3)3] precursors can be exploited for building rod-like dinuclear dyads, in which paramagnetic and luminescent trivalent CrIII replace diamagnetic RuII for unravelling intermetallic communication in supramolecular architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davood Zare
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- University of Geneva
- CH-1211 Geneva 4
- Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Doistau
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- University of Geneva
- CH-1211 Geneva 4
- Switzerland
| | - Homayoun Nozary
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- University of Geneva
- CH-1211 Geneva 4
- Switzerland
| | - Céline Besnard
- Laboratory of Crystallography
- University of Geneva
- CH-1211 Geneva 4
- Switzerland
| | - Laure Guénée
- Laboratory of Crystallography
- University of Geneva
- CH-1211 Geneva 4
- Switzerland
| | - Yan Suffren
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- University of Geneva
- CH-1211 Geneva 4
- Switzerland
| | - Anne-Laure Pelé
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- University of Geneva
- CH-1211 Geneva 4
- Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hauser
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- University of Geneva
- CH-1211 Geneva 4
- Switzerland
| | - Claude Piguet
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- University of Geneva
- CH-1211 Geneva 4
- Switzerland
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19
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Babu B, Nandhini T, Vaidyanathan V, Nair BU. Studies on interaction of Cr(III) polypyridyl complexes with DNA. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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20
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Razgoniaev AO, Butaeva EV, Iretskii AV, Ostrowski AD. Changing Mechanical Strength in Cr(III)- Metallosupramolecular Polymers with Ligand Groups and Light Irradiation. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:5430-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anton O. Razgoniaev
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Evgeniia V. Butaeva
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Alexei V. Iretskii
- Department
of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Lake Superior State University, Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan 49783, United States
| | - Alexis D. Ostrowski
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
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21
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Goforth SK, Gill TW, Weisbruch AE, Kane-Maguire KA, Helsel ME, Sun KW, Rodgers HD, Stanley FE, Goudy SR, Wheeler SK, Wheeler JF, Kane-Maguire NAP. Synthesis of cis-[Cr(diimine)2(1-methylimidazole)2](3+) Complexes and an Investigation of Their Interaction with Mononucleotides and Polynucleotides. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:1516-26. [PMID: 26836266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A protocol is presented for the synthesis of chromium(III) complexes of the type cis-[Cr(diimine)2(1-methylimidazole)2](3+). These compounds exhibit large excited-state oxidizing powers and strong luminescence in solution. Emission is quenched by added guanine, yielding rate constants that track the driving force for guanine oxidation. The cis-[Cr(TMP)(DPPZ)(1-MeImid)2](3+) species binds strongly to duplex DNA with a preference for AT base sites in the minor groove and may serve as a precursor for photoactivated DNA covalent adduct formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Goforth
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University , Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - Thomas W Gill
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University , Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - April E Weisbruch
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University , Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | | | - Marian E Helsel
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University , Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - Katherine W Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University , Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - Hillary D Rodgers
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University , Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - Floyd E Stanley
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University , Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - Samuel R Goudy
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University , Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - Sandra K Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University , Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - John F Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University , Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - Noel A P Kane-Maguire
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University , Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
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22
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23
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Otto S, Grabolle M, Förster C, Kreitner C, Resch-Genger U, Heinze K. [Cr(ddpd)2]3+: ein molekulares, wasserlösliches, hoch NIR-lumineszentes Rubin-Analogon. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201504894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Otto S, Grabolle M, Förster C, Kreitner C, Resch‐Genger U, Heinze K. [Cr(ddpd)
2
]
3+
: A Molecular, Water‐Soluble, Highly NIR‐Emissive Ruby Analogue. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:11572-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201504894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Otto
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg‐University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz (Germany)
| | - Markus Grabolle
- Division 1.10, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard‐Willstätter‐Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin (Germany)
| | - Christoph Förster
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg‐University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz (Germany)
| | - Christoph Kreitner
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg‐University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz (Germany)
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Staudingerweg 9, 55128 Mainz (Germany)
| | - Ute Resch‐Genger
- Division 1.10, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard‐Willstätter‐Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin (Germany)
| | - Katja Heinze
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg‐University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz (Germany)
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25
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Ballardini R, Gandolfi MT, Moya ML, Prodi L, Balzani V. Supramolecular Photochemistry and Photophysics. Adducts of Metal Complexes with the Natural Ionophore Lasalocid A Anion. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.199200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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26
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Hoffman MZ, Serpone N. The Potentiality of Chromium(III)-Polypyridyl Complexes Toward Use in Photochemical Solar Energy Conversion. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.198200019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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Vaidyanathan VG, Asthana Y, Nair BU. Importance of ligand structure in DNA/protein binding, mutagenicity, excision repair and nutritional aspects of chromium(iii) complexes. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:2337-46. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt32124f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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28
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Xiang H, Cheng J, Ma X, Zhou X, Chruma JJ. Near-infrared phosphorescence: materials and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:6128-85. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60029g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 491] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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29
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Liang XL, Tan LF, Zhu WG. Study on DNA-Binding and DNA-Cleavage Properties of Cr(III) Complexes with Polypyridyl Ligands. DNA Cell Biol 2011; 30:61-7. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2010.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Ling Liang
- Key Lab of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application in Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, P.R. China
| | - Li-Feng Tan
- Key Lab of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application in Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Guo Zhu
- Key Lab of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application in Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, P.R. China
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31
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McDaniel AM, Tseng HW, Damrauer NH, Shores MP. Synthesis and Solution Phase Characterization of Strongly Photooxidizing Heteroleptic Cr(III) Tris-Dipyridyl Complexes. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:7981-91. [DOI: 10.1021/ic1009972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M. McDaniel
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872
| | - Huan-Wei Tseng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215
| | - Niels H. Damrauer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215
| | - Matthew P. Shores
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872
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Vandiver MS, Bridges EP, Koon RL, Kinnaird AN, Glaeser JW, Campbell JF, Priedemann CJ, Rosenblatt WT, Herbert BJ, Wheeler SK, Wheeler JF, Kane-Maguire NAP. Effect of ancillary ligands on the DNA interaction of [Cr(diimine)3]3+ complexes containing the intercalating dipyridophenazine ligand. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:839-48. [PMID: 20039692 DOI: 10.1021/ic9013619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of photoluminescent Cr(III) complexes of the type [Cr(diimine)(2)(DPPZ)](3+) are described, where DPPZ is the intercalating dipyridophenazine ligand, and diimine corresponds to the ancillary ligands bpy, phen, DMP, and TMP (where bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, DMP = 5,6-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline, and TMP = 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline). For TMP, DMP, and phen as ancillary ligands, the complexes have also been resolved into their Lambda and Delta optical isomers. A comparison of the photophysical and electrochemical properties reveal similar (2)E(g) --> (4)A(2g) (O(h)) emission wavelengths and lifetimes, and a variation of 110 mV in the (2)E(g) excited state oxidizing power. A detailed investigation has been undertaken of ancillary ligand effects on the DNA binding of these complexes with a range of polynucleotides. For all four complexes, emission is quenched by the addition of calf thymus B-DNA, with the emission lifetime data yielding bimolecular quenching rate constants close to the diffusion controlled limit. Equilibrium dialysis studies have established a general predilection for AT base binding sites, while companion experiments with added distamycin (a selective minor groove binder) provide evidence for a minor groove binding preference. For the case of [Cr(TMP)(2)(DPPZ)](3+), concomitant equilibrium dialysis and circular dichroism measurements have demonstrated very strong enantioselective binding by the Lambda optical isomer. The thermodynamics of DNA binding have also been explored via isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The ITC data establish that the primary binding mode for all four Cr(III) complexes is entropically driven, a result that is attributed to the highly favorable free energy contribution associated with the hydrophobic transfer of the Cr(III) complexes from solution into the DNA binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Scott Vandiver
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, USA
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Friesen DA, Nashiem RE, Waltz WL. Solvent Effects on the Spectroscopic and Photophysical Properties of the trans-(1,4,8,11-Tetraazacyclotetradecane)diisothiocyanatochromium(III) Ion, trans-[Cr(cyclam)(NCS)2]+. Inorg Chem 2007; 46:7982-91. [PMID: 17696340 DOI: 10.1021/ic701096g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The spectroscopy and photophysics of trans-[Cr(cyclam)(NCS)2]+ (where cyclam is 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) were studied in a range of solvents. The cyclam NH stretching vibration [nu(NH)] wavenumber correlates with the Gutmann donor number, whereas the thiocyanate CN stretching vibration [nu(CN)] wavenumber correlates with the Snyder solvent strength (P') scale. These results signify that there is a difference in the solvent interactions with the two types of ligands. The energy of the ligand-to-metal charge transfer absorption maximum between 310 and 320 nm and the energy of the spin-forbidden (doublet-quartet) absorption and emission bands above 700 nm correlate with the nu(CN) wavenumber. This establishes the dominant role of solvent effects at the NCS- ligand in "tuning" the energy of these spectroscopic features. Quantum yields phirx for photosubstitution are <0.02 at 54 degrees C and <0.002 at 22 degrees C, demonstrating that photochemical reaction is a very minor pathway. The effects of solvent and temperature on the nonradiative decay of the doublet excited-state were investigated by observing the time-resolved phosphorescence between 700 and 750 nm. Below 30 degrees C, the lifetimes are relatively temperature-independent, whereas at higher temperatures, a strong Arrhenius-type dependence is observed. Values for the preexponential factor (A) and the activation energy (Ea) are solvent-dependent and follow a Barclay-Butler-type correlation. These observations are consistent with a dominant back-intersystem crossing pathway for nonradiative decay in the higher-temperature region. From trends observed between ln(A) and the nu(CN) frequency, it appears that solvent effects at the thiocyanate ligand play a dominant role in influencing the rate of nonradiative decay in the high-temperature region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duane A Friesen
- Chemistry Department, Malaspina University College, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5. friesend@ mala.bc.ca
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Donnay EG, Schaeper JP, Brooksbank RD, Fox JL, Potts RG, Davidson RM, Wheeler JF, Kane-Maguire NA. Synthesis and characterization of tris(heteroleptic) diimine complexes of chromium(III). Inorganica Chim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2007.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Endicott JF, Kumar K, Ramasami T, Rotzinger FP. Structural and Photochemical Probes of Electron Transfer Reactivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470166314.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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36
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Maestri M, Balzani V, Deuschel-Cornioley C, Zelewsky AV. Photochemistry and Luminescence of Cyclometallated Complexes. ADVANCES IN PHOTOCHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470133484.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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37
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Endicott JF. Concerning Models for Substitution Reactions of Vibrationally Equilibrated Transition Metal Excited States. COMMENT INORG CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/02603598508079691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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38
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Evans RC, Douglas P, Winscom CJ. Coordination complexes exhibiting room-temperature phosphorescence: Evaluation of their suitability as triplet emitters in organic light emitting diodes. Coord Chem Rev 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 963] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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39
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Herbert BJ, Carpenter HE, Kane-Maguire NA, Wheeler JF. Use of chiral capillary electrophoresis and circular dichroism for the determination of absolute values of Δε for diimine transition metal complexes. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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40
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Vaidyanathan V, Nair B. Synthesis, Characterization, and DNA Binding Studies of a Chromium(III) Complex Containing a Tridentate Ligand. Eur J Inorg Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200300170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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DeRosa F, Bu X, Ford PC. Synthesis and photophysical properties of new chromium(III) complexes of N-derivatized 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane ligands cis-[Cr(1,8-R(2)cyclam)Cl(2)]Cl, where R is a pendant chromophore. exclusive formation of the cis isomer. Inorg Chem 2003; 42:4171-8. [PMID: 12817978 DOI: 10.1021/ic0300870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several new chromium(III) complexes have been synthesized utilizing derivatives of the macrocyclic ligand cyclam (1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) with various N-substituted chromophores in the 1 and 8 positions (1,8-R(2)cyclam) where R = CH(3), CH(2)Ph, CH(2)Nph (Nph = naphthyl), and CH(2)Anth (Anth = anthracyl). X-ray crystal structures were determined for all four complexes, and these are formed exclusively in the cis configuration with the two tertiary amines in the "hinge" positions (i.e., along the folding axis) of the coordinated ligand. As a result, the cis isomers appear to be inert to isomerization under conditions dramatically more forcing than needed to effect the cis to trans isomerization of the unsubstituted Cr(cyclam)Cl(2)(+) ion. Photophysical studies demonstrated that emission occurs solely from the metal-centered ligand field doublet excited states regardless of whether initial excitation is into the quartet ligand field bands or into the pi-pi bands of the pendant chromophore. Thus, excitation of the pendant chromophore results in efficient intramolecular energy transfer to the metal centered ligand field excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank DeRosa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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42
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Barker KD, Benoit BR, Bordelon JA, Davis RJ, Delmas AS, Mytykh OV, Petty JT, Wheeler JF, Kane-Maguire NA. Intercalative binding and photoredox behavior of [Cr(phen)2(dppz)]3+ with B-DNA. Inorganica Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(01)00555-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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43
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Barker KD, Barnett KA, Connell SM, Glaeser JW, Wallace AJ, Wildsmith J, Herbert BJ, Wheeler* JF, Kane-Maguire* NA. Synthesis and characterization of heteroleptic Cr(diimine)33+ complexes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(01)00377-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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44
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Pagliero D, Argüello GA. Mechanism of oxidation of phenol and 2,6-dimethylphenol in the presence of Cr(phen)33+ excited state: the role of O2. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(00)00391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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45
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Kane-Maguire NA, Wheeler JF. Photoredox behavior and chiral discrimination of DNA bound M(diimine)3n+ complexes (M=Ru2+, Cr3+). Coord Chem Rev 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0010-8545(00)00280-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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46
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Mytykh OV, Martin SE, Wheeler* JF, Kane-Maguire* NA. Application of capillary electrophoresis to stereochemical conversions. A case study: the photoracemization/hydrolysis of Cr(diimine)33+ species. Inorganica Chim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(00)00315-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D. Kirk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W3V6
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48
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Watson RT, Desai N, Wildsmith J, Wheeler JF, Kane-Maguire NAP. Interaction of Cr(diimine)33+ Complexes with DNA. Inorg Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ic980857l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rhett T. Watson
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613-1120
| | - Nehal Desai
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613-1120
| | - Justin Wildsmith
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613-1120
| | - John F. Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613-1120
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49
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Pagliero D, Argüello GA, Staricco EH. Quenching of tris (2,2′-bipyridine) chromium (III) and tris(1,10-phenanthroline)chromium (III) excited states by phenols: Temperature and pH effect. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(98)00262-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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50
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Riccieri P, Zinato E, Aliboni A. Pentacyano(pyridine)chromate(III): Synthesis, Characterization, and Photochemistry. Inorg Chem 1997; 36:2279-2286. [PMID: 11669861 DOI: 10.1021/ic9612156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Cr(CN)(5)(py)(2)(-) anion (py = pyridine) has been prepared by acid-promoted methanolysis of Cr(CN)(6)(3)(-) followed by reaction with pyridine, isolated as the potassium salt, and characterized by absorption spectra (lambda(max): 403 and 256 nm in H(2)O; 411 nm in Me(2)SO) and phosphorescence, observed in Me(2)SO (lambda(max), 774 nm; tau = 56 &mgr;s at 20 degrees C) but not in H(2)O. In acid aqueous solution the complex decomposes stepwise to Cr(H(2)O)(5)(py)(3+); by contrast, the thermal reaction in Me(2)SO leads to Cr(CN)(5)(Me(2)SO)(2)(-) with first-order kinetics (k(25) = 9.8 x 10(-)(7) s(-)(1), DeltaH() = 138 +/- 8 kJ mol(-)(1)). Ligand-field (LF) band irradiation results in substitution of py and CN(-). The quantum yields, measured by ligand analysis, spectrophotometry, and HPLC, are as follows: Phi(py) = 0.08, Phi(CN) = 0.01 in H(2)O (pH 7.2, phosphate buffer) and Phi(py) = 0.04, Phi(CN) = 0.002 in Me(2)SO. The preference for py release obeys the prediction of the Vanquickenborne-Ceulemans, additive angular overlap model (AOM). A notable feature of this complex is that both types of ligands are pi acceptors, and the pi effect of py on bond labilization is evidenced by comparison with the photolysis of Cr(CN)(5)(NH(3))(2)(-). Irradiation of the intense UV absorption due to overlap of charge-transfer (CT) and pi --> pi, py localized transitions causes the increase of both quantum yields, suggesting the involvement of higher-energy states besides the LF ones. Co(sep)(3+) (sep = 1,3,6,8,10,13,16,19-octaazabicyclo[6.6.6]eicosane = sepulchrate) quenches the phosphorescence (k(q) = 1.6 x 10(9) M(-)(1) s(-)(1)) but has no effect on the photoreaction efficiencies: the photochemistry is thus inferred to originate entirely from the lowest quartet excited state(s) in competition with intersystem crossing. The marked solvent effects on the absorption spectrum, on the emission behavior, on the thermal reactivity, on the photolysis quantum yields, and, in particular, on the Phi(py)/Phi(CN) ratio, are discussed in terms of the proneness of the cyanide ligand to either protonation or hydrogen bonding and of solvent orientation toward anionic complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Riccieri
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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