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Thompson BM, Tracy ME, Huynh YW, Dwoskin LP, Barrett ST, Bevins RA. Varenicline serves as the training stimulus in the drug-discriminated goal-tracking task with rats: initial evaluation of potential neuropharmacological processes. Behav Pharmacol 2023; 34:12-19. [PMID: 36730812 PMCID: PMC9908820 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Varenicline (Chantix) is an FDA-approved smoking cessation aid that is pharmacologically similar to nicotine, the primary addictive component found within tobacco. In support of this similarity, previous drug discrimination research in rats has reported that the internal or interoceptive stimulus effects of nicotine and varenicline share stimulus elements. Those shared elements appear to be mediated, in part, by overlapping action at alpha4beta2-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). The research supporting this conclusion, however, has only used nicotine, and not varenicline, as the training drug. Accordingly, we used the discriminated goal tracking (DGT) task in which 1 mg/kg varenicline signaled intermittent access to sucrose. On separate intermixed saline days, sucrose was not available. Rats acquired the discrimination as measured by a differential increase in dipper entries (goal tracking) evoked by varenicline. These rats then received a series of tests with several doses of varenicline, nicotine, nornicotine (a metabolite of nicotine and tobacco alkaloid), sazetidine-A (a partial alpha4beta2 agonist), PHA-543613 (an alpha7 agonist), and bupropion (a norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor). Control of goal tracking by varenicline was dose-dependent. Nicotine and nornicotine evoked responding comparable to the varenicline training dose indicating full substitution. Sazetidine-A partially substituted for the varenicline stimulus, whereas bupropion and PHA-543613 evoked little to no varenicline-like responding. These findings indicate that varenicline can serve as the training stimulus in the DGT task. Further, stimulus control of varenicline in the DGT task is driven by its partial agonist activity at alpha4beta2-containing nAChRs. The use of this approach could lead to a better understanding of the pharmacological action of varenicline and help guide treatment geared towards tobacco cessation through a more targeted development of novel synthetically designed, subunit-specific pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Y. Wendy Huynh
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
| | - Linda P. Dwoskin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky
| | | | - Rick A. Bevins
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
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2
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Anatabine, Nornicotine, and Anabasine Reduce Weight Gain and Body Fat through Decreases in Food Intake and Increases in Physical Activity. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11030481. [PMID: 35159932 PMCID: PMC8837150 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a leading cause of preventable death in the United States. Currently approved pharmacotherapies for the treatment of obesity are associated with rebound weight gain, negative side effects, and the potential for abuse. There is a need for new treatments with fewer side effects. Minor tobacco alkaloids (MTAs) are potential candidates for novel obesity pharmacotherapies. These alkaloids are structurally related to nicotine, which can help reduce body weight, but without the same addictive potential. The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of three MTAs (nornicotine, anatabine, and anabasine) and nicotine on weight gain, body composition, chow intake, and physical activity. We hypothesized that the MTAs and nicotine would reduce weight gain through reductions in chow intake and increases in physical activity. To test this, male Sprague Dawley rats were housed in metabolic phenotyping chambers. Following acclimation to these chambers and to (subcutaneous (sc)) injections of saline, animals received daily injections (sc) of nornicotine, anabasine, anatabine, or nicotine for one week. Compared to saline-injected animals that gained body weight and body fat during the treatment phase, injections of nornicotine and anatabine prevented additional weight gain, alongside reductions in body fat. Rats receiving anabasine and nicotine gained body weight at a slower rate relative to rats receiving saline injections, and body fat remained unchanged. All compounds reduced the intake of chow pellets. Nornicotine and nicotine produced consistent increases in physical activity 6 h post-injection, whereas anabasine’s and anatabine’s effects on physical activity were more transient. These results show that short-term, daily administration of nornicotine, anabasine, and anatabine has positive effects on weight loss, through reductions in body fat and food intake and increases in physical activity. Together, these findings suggest that MTAs are worthy of further investigations as anti-obesity pharmacotherapies.
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Popa MD, Sharma A, Kundnani NR, Gag OL, Rosca CI, Mocanu V, Tudor A, Popovici RA, Vlaicu B, Borza C. Identification of Heavy Tobacco Smoking Predictors-Influence of Marijuana Consuming Peers and Truancy among College Students. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:1666. [PMID: 34946393 PMCID: PMC8701256 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9121666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poorly informed college students tend to adopt the habit of cigarette smoking. This habit often continues into their adulthoods, adversely affecting the population's health and increasing the burden on healthcare systems. AIM We aimed at exploring the predictors of the avoidable habit of smoking. We performed an analysis of the correlation between the potential predictors (marijuana use among peers and truancy) and the tobacco smoking statuses of the students. MATERIAL AND METHOD Our study sample included 2976 students from colleges in Timis County, Romania, during the 2018-2019 period. The gender distribution of the participants was 62.5% girls and 37.5% boys, between the ages 18 and 25 years. A logistic regression test was performed to determine the impact of some personal and environmental factors, which are responsible for heavy smoking in this population. RESULTS Our findings suggest that the degree of marijuana smoking among friends and the frequency of college truancy are meaningful predictors of heavy smoking among young adults. The students with higher cigarette smoking rates had significantly more marijuana-smoking friends when compared to the students with average smoking rates. The truancy was higher among the students with higher cigarette smoking rates, compared to the students with average smoking rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela-Daiana Popa
- Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘Victor Babes’, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Abhinav Sharma
- Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘Victor Babes’, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Municipality Hospital, 310030 Arad, Romania
- Civil Medical Society Dr Rosca, 307405 Teremia Mare, Romania;
| | - Nilima Rajpal Kundnani
- Civil Medical Society Dr Rosca, 307405 Teremia Mare, Romania;
- Department of Functional Sciences, Physiology, Centre of Immuno-Physiology and Biotechnologies (CIFBIOTEH), University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘Victor Babes’, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Otilia Lavinia Gag
- Depatment of Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, ‘Vasile Goldis’ Western University of Arad, 310025 Arad, Romania;
- Discipline of Management, Legislation, and Communication in Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘Victor Babes’, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Ciprian Ilie Rosca
- Civil Medical Society Dr Rosca, 307405 Teremia Mare, Romania;
- Department of Internal Medicine-Medical Semiotics, Centre for Advanced Research in Cardiovascular Pathology and Hemostasis, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘Victor Babes’, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Valeria Mocanu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘Victor Babes’, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Anca Tudor
- Department of Functional Science-Biostatistics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘Victor Babes’, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Ramona Amina Popovici
- Discipline of Management, Legislation, and Communication in Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘Victor Babes’, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Brigitha Vlaicu
- Department of Hygiene, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘Victor Babes’, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Claudia Borza
- Department of Functional Science-Physiopathology, Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘Victor Babes’, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
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Wang Y, Wan B, Huang J, Clarke PBS. Effects of nicotine, nornicotine and cotinine, alone or in combination, on locomotor activity and ultrasonic vocalization emission in adult rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:2809-2822. [PMID: 32556369 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05574-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The behavioral effects of the nicotine metabolites nornicotine and cotinine have not been investigated extensively. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of nicotine, cotinine, and nornicotine, given alone or in combination, on locomotor activity and emission of ultrasonic vocalizations in male adult rats. METHODS Rats were first given home cage nicotine injections to make them tolerant to the drug's locomotor depressant effects. On subsequent days, locomotor activity (LMA) and ultrasonic vocalizations were recorded in an open field, for 60 min after challenge injection, using repeated measures designs. In single-drug experiments, subjects were tested with nicotine 0.05-0.4 mg/kg, cotinine 0.03-3 mg/kg, or nornicotine 0.1-10 mg/kg. In drug-combination experiments, saline or nicotine 0.2 mg/kg challenge was preceded by cotinine (0, 0.3, 3 mg/kg) or nornicotine (0, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3 mg/kg) injection. RESULTS High doses of nornicotine increased LMA and blunted the locomotor stimulant effect of nicotine. Less consistently, nicotine and high doses of nornicotine decreased the 50-kHz call rate, with no clear evidence of a nornicotine × nicotine interaction. Cotinine, given alone or before nicotine injection, altered neither LMA nor the call rate. No drug altered the relative prevalence of flat vs. trill 50-kHz call subtypes, except that the highest dose of nornicotine promoted flat calls over trills. No drug evoked 22-kHz calls. CONCLUSION Nornicotine can exert an acute anti-nicotine effect in vivo, as previously reported in vitro. The finding that nicotine did not detectably alter the 50-kHz call profile appears consistent with this drug's mild subjective effects in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, McIntyre Medical Building Rm. 1320, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Benson Wan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, McIntyre Medical Building Rm. 1320, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Jodie Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, McIntyre Medical Building Rm. 1320, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Paul B S Clarke
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, McIntyre Medical Building Rm. 1320, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada.
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Xu Y, Zhang Q, Li P, Hong G, Wang D, Liu J, Zhou H, Chai G, Lu B, He S, Zhang W, Sun S, Zhang J, Mao J. Nicotine Pharmacokinetics in Rat Brain and Blood by Simultaneous Microdialysis, Stable-Isotope Labeling, and UHPLC–HRMS: Determination of Nicotine Metabolites. Anal Chem 2019; 91:2916-2922. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qidong Zhang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Company, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Peng Li
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Company, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Guangfeng Hong
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Company, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Dingzhong Wang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Company, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Junhui Liu
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Company, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Guobi Chai
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Company, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Binbin Lu
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Company, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shengbao He
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Company, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shihao Sun
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Company, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jianxun Zhang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Company, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jian Mao
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Company, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Majdi A, Kamari F, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Gjedde A. Molecular Insights Into Memory-Enhancing Metabolites of Nicotine in Brain: A Systematic Review. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:1002. [PMID: 30697142 PMCID: PMC6341027 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.01002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The alleged procognitive effects of nicotine and its metabolites in brain are controversial. Objective: Here, we review the pharmacologically active metabolites of nicotine in brain and their effects on neuronal mechanisms involving two main cognitive domains, i.e., learning and memory. Methods: We searched Embase, Medline via PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for entries no later than May 2018, and restricted the search to articles about nicotine metabolites and cognitive behavior or cognitive mechanisms. Results: The initial search yielded 425 articles, of which 17 were eligible for inclusion after application of exclusion criteria. Of these, 13 were experimental, two were clinical, and two were conference papers. Conclusions: The results revealed three pharmacologically active biotransformations of nicotine in the brain, including cotinine, norcotinine, and nornicotine, among which cotinine and nornicotine both had a procognitive impact without adverse effects. The observed effect was significant only for cotinine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Majdi
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farzin Kamari
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Albert Gjedde
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Bunney PE, Hansen M, LeSage M. Effects of isolated tobacco alkaloids and tobacco products on deprivation-induced food intake and meal patterns in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2018; 165:45-55. [PMID: 29196096 PMCID: PMC5801111 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability of smoking to reduce body weight serves as motivation for continued smoking. It is unclear to what extent non-nicotine constituents in cigarettes are contributing to the weight-reducing effect of smoking. The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of nicotine and four minor tobacco alkaloids (nornicotine, cotinine, anatabine, and anabasine) on food intake, one of the key regulators of body weight. In addition, a smokeless tobacco extract (STE) and e-cigarette (EC) refill liquid were used to model the effects of actual tobacco product exposure on food intake. Male Holztman rats were trained to lever press for food pellets during daily 2h sessions in operant chambers. In Experiment 1, the effects of subcutaneous injections of saline, nicotine (0.25-1.00mg/kg), nornicotine (0.50-6.00mg/kg), cotinine (1.00-100.00mg/kg), anatabine (0.25-3.00mg/kg), and anabasine (0.50-4.00mg/kg) were assessed. In Experiment 2, rats from Experiment 1 were used to examine the effects of nicotine, STE, and EC liquid. All alkaloids, except cotinine, produced a dose-dependent reduction in overall food intake. The highest doses of all drugs significantly reduced latency and response rate to obtain the first pellet. At some doses, nicotine, anatabine, and nornicotine reduced food intake within the first 45min without compensatory increases in intake later in the session. STE and EC liquid produced dose dependent decreases in food intake similar to nicotine alone. These data suggest that minor tobacco alkaloids have appetite suppressant effects and warrant further investigation into their effects on body weight, energy intake, and energy expenditure under free-feeding conditions. However, findings with STE and EC liquid suggest that nicotine is the primary constituent in these products to affect food intake, whereas levels of minor alkaloids in these products may be too low to influence food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia E Bunney
- Department of Medicine, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, 701 Park Ave., Minneapolis, MN 55415, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
| | - Mylissa Hansen
- Department of Medicine, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, 701 Park Ave., Minneapolis, MN 55415, United States
| | - Mark LeSage
- Department of Medicine, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, 701 Park Ave., Minneapolis, MN 55415, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, N218 Elliot Hall, 75 E River Rd., Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
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8
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Elhassan S, Bagdas D, Damaj MI. Effects of Nicotine Metabolites on Nicotine Withdrawal Behaviors in Mice. Nicotine Tob Res 2017; 19:763-766. [PMID: 28199726 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Rodent studies suggest that nicotine metabolites and minor tobacco alkaloids such as nornicotine and cotinine may promote cigarette smoking by enhancing nicotine rewarding and reinforcing effects. However, there is little information on the effects of these minor tobacco alkaloids on nicotine withdrawal. The present studies were conducted to determine whether the minor tobacco alkaloids nornicotine and cotinine exhibit nicotine-like behavioral effects in a mouse model of spontaneous nicotine withdrawal. Methods Mice were infused with nicotine or saline for 14 days. Experiments were conducted on day 15, 18-24 hours after minipump removal. Ten minutes prior to testing, nicotine-dependent ICR male mice received an acute injection of nicotine (0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg), nornicotine (2.5 and 25 mg/kg), or cotinine (5 and 50 mg/kg) to determine effects on somatic signs, anxiety-like behaviors, and hyperalgesia spontaneous signs of withdrawal. Results Nicotine and the minor tobacco alkaloid nornicotine, but not cotinine, produced dose-dependent reversal of nicotine withdrawal signs in the mouse. Implications The minor tobacco alkaloid and nicotine metabolite nornicotine at high doses have nicotinic like effects that may contribute to tobacco consumption and dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagi Elhassan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Deniz Bagdas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.,Experimental Animals Breeding and Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - M Imad Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
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van de Nobelen S, Kienhuis AS, Talhout R. An Inventory of Methods for the Assessment of Additive Increased Addictiveness of Tobacco Products. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18:1546-55. [PMID: 26817491 PMCID: PMC4902882 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarettes and other forms of tobacco contain the addictive drug nicotine. Other components, either naturally occurring in tobacco or additives that are intentionally added during the manufacturing process, may add to the addictiveness of tobacco products. As such, these components can make cigarette smokers more easily and heavily dependent.Efforts to regulate tobacco product dependence are emerging globally. Additives that increase tobacco dependence will be prohibited under the new European Tobacco Product Directive. OBJECTIVE This article provides guidelines and recommendations for developing a regulatory strategy for assessment of increase in tobacco dependence due to additives. Relevant scientific literature is summarized and criteria and experimental studies that can define increased dependence of tobacco products are described. CONCLUSIONS Natural tobacco smoke is a very complex matrix of components, therefore analysis of the contribution of an additive or a combination of additives to the level of dependence on this product is challenging. We propose to combine different type of studies analyzing overall tobacco product dependence potential and the functioning of additives in relation to nicotine. By using a combination of techniques, changes associated with nicotine dependence such as behavioral, physiological, and neurochemical alterations can be examined to provide sufficient information.Research needs and knowledge gaps will be discussed and recommendations will be made to translate current knowledge into legislation. As such, this article aids in implementation of the Tobacco Product Directive, as well as help enable regulators and researchers worldwide to develop standards to reduce dependence on tobacco products. IMPLICATIONS This article provides an overall view on how to assess tobacco product constituents for their potential contribution to use and dependence. It provides guidelines that help enable regulators worldwide to develop standards to reduce dependence on tobacco products and guide researches to set research priorities on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne van de Nobelen
- Center for Health Protection (GZB), National Institute of Public Health and Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anne S Kienhuis
- Center for Health Protection (GZB), National Institute of Public Health and Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Reinskje Talhout
- Center for Health Protection (GZB), National Institute of Public Health and Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Craig EL, Zhao B, Cui JZ, Novalen M, Miksys S, Tyndale RF. Nicotine pharmacokinetics in rats is altered as a function of age, impacting the interpretation of animal model data. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1447-55. [PMID: 24980255 PMCID: PMC4152873 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.058719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Several behavioral studies report that adolescent rats display a preference for nicotine compared with adults. However, age-related pharmacokinetic differences may confound the interpretation of these findings. Thus, differences in pharmacokinetic analyses of nicotine were investigated. Nicotine was administered via acute s.c. (1.0 mg base/kg) or i.v. (0.2 mg base/kg) injection to early adolescent (EA; postnatal day 25) and adult (AD; postnatal day 71) male Wistar rats. Nicotine and its primary metabolite, cotinine, and additional metabolites nornicotine, nicotine-1'-N-oxide, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, and norcotinine were sampled from 10 minutes to 8 hours (plasma) and 2 to 8 hours (brain) post nicotine and analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Following s.c. nicotine, the EA cohort had lower levels of plasma nicotine, cotinine, and nicotine-1'-N-oxide at multiple time points, resulting in a lower area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) for nicotine (P < 0.001), cotinine (P < 0.01), and nicotine-1'-N-oxide (P < 0.001). Brain levels were also lower for these compounds. In contrast, the EA cohort had higher plasma and brain AUCs (P < 0.001) for the minor metabolite nornicotine. Brain-to-plasma ratios varied for nicotine and its metabolites, and by age. Following i.v. nicotine administration, similar age-related differences were observed, and this route allowed detection of a 1.6-fold-larger volume of distribution and 2-fold higher plasma clearance in the EA cohort compared with the AD cohort. Thus, unlike in humans, there are substantial age differences in nicotine pharmacokinetics such that for a given nicotine dose, adolescent rats will have lower plasma and brain nicotine compared with adults, suggesting that this should be considered when interpreting animal model data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn L Craig
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (E.L.C., B.Z., M.N., S.M., R.F.T.) and Child & Family Research Institute, Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (J.Z.C.)
| | - Bin Zhao
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (E.L.C., B.Z., M.N., S.M., R.F.T.) and Child & Family Research Institute, Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (J.Z.C.)
| | - Jason Z Cui
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (E.L.C., B.Z., M.N., S.M., R.F.T.) and Child & Family Research Institute, Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (J.Z.C.)
| | - Maria Novalen
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (E.L.C., B.Z., M.N., S.M., R.F.T.) and Child & Family Research Institute, Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (J.Z.C.)
| | - Sharon Miksys
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (E.L.C., B.Z., M.N., S.M., R.F.T.) and Child & Family Research Institute, Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (J.Z.C.)
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (E.L.C., B.Z., M.N., S.M., R.F.T.) and Child & Family Research Institute, Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (J.Z.C.)
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Vieira-Brock PL, Miller EI, Nielsen SM, Fleckenstein AE, Wilkins DG. Simultaneous quantification of nicotine and metabolites in rat brain by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:3465-74. [PMID: 21963483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous quantification of nicotine (NIC), cotinine (COT), nornicotine (NNIC), norcotinine (NCOT), nicotine-N-β-D-glucuronide (NIC GLUC), cotinine-N-β-D-glucuronide (COT GLUC), nicotine-1'-oxide (NNO), cotinine-N-oxide (CNO), trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (3-HC), anabasine (AB) and anatabine (AT) was modified and validated for quantification of these selected analytes in rat brain tissue. This analytical method provides support for preclinical NIC pharmacokinetic and toxicological studies after controlled dosing protocols. After brain homogenization and solid-phase extraction, target analytes and corresponding deuterated internal standards were chromatographically separated on a Discovery(®) HS F5 HPLC column with gradient elution and analyzed by LC-MS/MS in positive electrospray ionization (ESI) mode with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) data acquisition. Method linearity was assessed and calibration curves were determined over the following ranges: 0.1-7.5 ng/mg for NIC, COT GLUC and AB; and 0.025-7.5 ng/mg for COT, NNIC, NCOT, NIC GLUC, NNO, CNO, 3-HC and AT (R(2)≥0.99 for all analytes). Extraction recoveries ranged from 64% to 115%, LC-MS/MS matrix effects were ≤21%, and overall process efficiency ranged from 57% to 93% at low and high quality control concentrations. Intra- and inter-assay imprecisions and accuracy for all analytes were ≤12.9% and ≥86%, respectively. The method was successfully applied to quantification of NIC and metabolites in the brain of post-natal day 90 rats that were sacrificed 2-h after a single 0.8 mg/kg s.c. administration of (-)NIC. In these tissues, striatal concentrations were 204.8±49.4, 138.2±14.2 and 36.1±6.1 pg/mg of NIC, COT and NNIC, respectively. Concentrations of NIC, COT and NNIC in the remaining whole brain (RWhB) were 183.3±68.0, 130.0±14.1 and 46.7±10.3 pg/mg, respectively. Quantification of these same analytes in plasma was also performed by a previously validated method. NIC, COT, NNIC, NCOT, NNO and CNO were detected in plasma with concentrations comparable to those reported in previous studies. However, and in contrast to brain tissues, COT concentrations in plasma were significantly higher than were those of NIC (194.6±18.6 ng/mL versus 52.7±12.9 ng/mL). Taken together, these results demonstrate that a sensitive and selective method has been developed for the determination of NIC biomarkers in rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula L Vieira-Brock
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States.
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Hauser SR, Getachew B, Oster SM, Dhaher R, Ding ZM, Bell RL, McBride WJ, Rodd ZA. Nicotine modulates alcohol-seeking and relapse by alcohol-preferring (P) rats in a time-dependent manner. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011; 36:43-54. [PMID: 21689122 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01579.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol is frequently co-abused with smoking. In humans, nicotine use can increase alcohol craving and consumption. The objectives of the current study were to assess the acute effects of nicotine on alcohol seeking and relapse at 2 different time points. METHODS Adult female alcohol-preferring (P) rats were trained in 2-lever operant chambers to self-administer 15% ethanol (EtOH) (v/v) and water on a concurrent fixed-ratio 5-fixed-ratio 1 (FR5-FR1) schedule of reinforcement in daily 1-hour sessions. Following 10 weeks of daily 1-hour sessions, rats underwent 7 extinction sessions, followed by 2 weeks in their home cages. Rats were then returned to the operant chambers without EtOH or water being present for 4 sessions (Pavlovian Spontaneous Recovery [PSR]). Rats were then given a week in their home cage before being returned to the operant chambers with access to EtOH and water (relapse). Nicotine (0, 0.1, 0.3, or 1.0 mg/kg) was injected subcutaneously immediately or 4 hours prior to PSR or relapse testing. RESULTS Injections of nicotine immediately prior to testing reduced (5 to 10 responses PSR; 50 to 60 responses relapse), whereas injections of nicotine 4 hours prior to testing increased (up to 150 responses for PSR; up to 400 responses for relapse with 1.0 mg/kg dose) responses on the EtOH lever during PSR and relapse tests. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrate that acute effects of nicotine on EtOH-seeking and relapse behaviors may be time dependent, with the immediate effects being a result of nicotine possibly acting as a substitute for EtOH, whereas with a delay of 4 hours, priming effects of nicotine alterations in nicotinic receptors, and/or the effects of nicotine's metabolites (i.e., cotinine and nornicotine) may enhance the expression of EtOH-seeking and relapse behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheketha R Hauser
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, 46202-4887, USA.
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Danielson K, Truman P, Kivell BM. The effects of nicotine and cigarette smoke on the monoamine transporters. Synapse 2011; 65:866-79. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.20914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Holtman JR, Crooks PA, Johnson-Hardy JK, Wala EP. The analgesic and toxic effects of nornicotine enantiomers alone and in interaction with morphine in rodent models of acute and persistent pain. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2009; 94:352-62. [PMID: 19800911 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2009.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholinic receptors (nAChR) are promising targets for the development of novel analgesics. Nicotine and other nAChR-agonists produce profound analgesia in rodent models of acute and persistent pain. However, significant side-effects are of concern. Nornicotine (N-desmethyl-nicotine) appears to activate different nAChR subtypes, has a better pharmacokinetic profile, and produces less toxicity than nicotine. Little is known about its analgesic properties. In the present study, the S(-)- and R(+)-enantiomers of nornicotine were characterized with regard to analgesia and side-effects profile. Efficacy was demonstrated in rat models of pain where central sensitization is involved: i.e. the chronic constriction nerve injury model of peripheral neuropathy and the formalin model of tonic inflammatory pain. The desirable (analgesic) properties resided predominantly in the S(-)- rather than the R(+)-enantiomer. In contrast, undesirable effects (motor in-coordination, reduced locomotor activity, ataxia) were more pronounced with the R(+)-enantiomer. This is an interesting finding, which may suggest separation of toxicity from analgesia by utilization of S(-)-enantiomer of nornicotine. Maximum analgesic effectiveness without significant side-effects was achieved when S(-)-nornicotine (sub-analgesic dose) was combined with a low-dose of the micro-opioid, morphine. These preclinical data suggest that S(-)-nornicotine may be of value, either alone or in combination with an opioid, for treatment of a broad-spectrum of pain (i.e. nociceptive, neuropathic, and mixed pain).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Holtman
- Anesthesiology/Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536, United States.
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Choonara YE, Pillay V, Khan RA, Singh N, du Toit LC. Mechanistic evaluation of alginate-HEC gelisphere compacts for controlled intrastriatal nicotine release in Parkinson's disease. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:2059-72. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Molyneux RJ, Panter KE. Alkaloids toxic to livestock. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2009; 67:143-216. [PMID: 19827367 DOI: 10.1016/s1099-4831(09)06703-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Russell J Molyneux
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Albany, California, USA.
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