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Riera J, Senna A, Cubero M, Roman A, Rello J. Primary Graft Dysfunction and Mortality Following Lung Transplantation: A Role for Proadrenomedullin Plasma Levels. Am J Transplant 2016; 16:634-9. [PMID: 26461449 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Primary graft dysfunction (PGD) after lung transplantation (LT) is a heterogeneous syndrome that comprises clinical presentations with diverse grades of severity. Proadrenomedullin (proADM) levels may be associated with PGD and may enhance its relationship with outcomes. We prospectively included 100 LT recipients. Plasma levels of proADM were measured at 24, 48 and 72 h after admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). We assessed their relationship with PGD grade and ICU mortality. Fifty patients (50%) presented grade 3 PGD at ICU admission. Twenty-two patients (22%) developed grade 3 PGD at 72 h, the only grade associated with higher mortality (odds ratio 6.84, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.47-38.44). ProADM levels measured at 24 h (3.25 vs. 1.61 nmol/L; p = 0.016) and 72 h (2.17 vs. 1.35 nmol/L; p = 0.011) were higher in these patients than the rest of the population. When we added the individual predictive utility of grade 3 PGD at 72 h for ICU mortality (area under the curve [AUC] 0.72, 95% CI 0.53-0.90) to that of ProADM at 72 h, the predictive value of the model improved (AUC 0.81, 95% CI 0.65-0.97). Higher levels of proADM measured following LT are associated with grade 3 PGD at 72 h. ProADM enhances the association of this entity with mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Riera
- Critical Care Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Vall d'Hebron Research Institut, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Senna
- Vall d'Hebron Research Institut, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Cubero
- Vall d'Hebron Research Institut, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Roman
- Vall d'Hebron Research Institut, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pulmonology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Rello
- Critical Care Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Vall d'Hebron Research Institut, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Ferrarini G, Borghetti P, De Angelis E, Ferrari L, Canelli E, Catella A, Di Lecce R, Martelli P. Immunoregulatory signal FoxP3, cytokine gene expression and IFN-γ cell responsiveness upon porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) natural infection. Res Vet Sci 2015; 103:96-102. [PMID: 26679802 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The study aims at evaluating gene expression of pro-inflammatory (IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α), pro-immune (IFN-γ), anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines and of the immunoregulatory signal FoxP3 in association with PRRSV-specific IFN-γ secreting cell (SC) responsiveness upon PRRSV natural infection. Forty PRRSV-negative pigs were assigned to two groups: 20 pigs were vaccinated at 3 weeks of age (weaning) against PRRSV (V-PRRSV) with a modified live virus vaccine (MLV) and 20 pigs were kept non-vaccinated (NV) as controls. Blood samples were collected at 3 (vaccination), 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 weeks of age. Natural infection occurred from 8 weeks of age onward in both groups and viremia lasted 8 weeks. In the early phase of infection, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α) showed a delayed increase concomitant with the peak of viremia in both groups. In both groups, IL-10 peaked at 12 weeks in association with the increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Conversely, in vaccinated pigs (V-PRRSV), IFN-γ showed higher gene expression during the early phase of infection and a more intense secreting cell (SC) response in the late phase. Differently, gene expression of the transcription factor FoxP3, expressed by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs), increased significantly in controls only and was associated with the rise of the viral load. Moreover, FoxP3 levels remained significantly higher during the late phase of infection and paralleled with lower levels of IFN-γ SC detected by ELISPOT. The expression/production of immunoregulatory signals involved in Treg activation could be a promising marker to study the immunobiology of PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ferrarini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Paolo Borghetti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Elena De Angelis
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Luca Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Elena Canelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Alessia Catella
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Rosanna Di Lecce
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Paolo Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
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Sardi C, Zambusi L, Finardi A, Ruffini F, Tolun AA, Dickerson IM, Righi M, Zacchetti D, Grohovaz F, Provini L, Furlan R, Morara S. Involvement of calcitonin gene-related peptide and receptor component protein in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 271:18-29. [PMID: 24746422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) inhibits microglia inflammatory activation in vitro. We here analyzed the involvement of CGRP and Receptor Component Protein (RCP) in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Alpha-CGRP deficiency increased EAE scores which followed the scale alpha-CGRP null>heterozygote>wild type. In wild type mice, CGRP delivery into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 1) reduced chronic EAE (C-EAE) signs, 2) inhibited microglia activation (revealed by quantitative shape analysis), and 3) did not alter GFAP expression, cell density, lymphocyte infiltration, and peripheral lymphocyte production of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-17, IL-2, and IL-4. RCP (probe for receptor involvement) was expressed in white matter microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and vascular-endothelial cells: in EAE, also in infiltrating lymphocytes. In relapsing-remitting EAE (R-EAE) RCP increased during relapse, without correlation with lymphocyte density. RCP nuclear localization (stimulated by CGRP in vitro) was I) increased in microglia and decreased in astrocytes (R-EAE), and II) increased in microglia by CGRP CSF delivery (C-EAE). Calcitonin like receptor was rarely localized in nuclei of control and relapse mice. CGRP increased in motoneurons. In conclusion, CGRP can inhibit microglia activation in vivo in EAE. CGRP and its receptor may represent novel protective factors in EAE, apparently acting through the differential cell-specific intracellular translocation of RCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Sardi
- Neuroscience Institute, C.N.R., Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Zambusi
- Neuroscience Institute, C.N.R., Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy; Dept. of Medical Biotechnol. Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Annamaria Finardi
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Ruffini
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Adviye A Tolun
- Dept. of Biochem. Mol. Biol., University of Miami, Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | - Ian M Dickerson
- Dept. of Neurobiol. Anatomy, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 603, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Marco Righi
- Neuroscience Institute, C.N.R., Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy; Dept. of Medical Biotechnol. Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Daniele Zacchetti
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Grohovaz
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Luciano Provini
- Dept. of Pharmacol. Biomol. Sci., University of Milano, Via Trentacoste 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Furlan
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Morara
- Neuroscience Institute, C.N.R., Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy; Dept. of Medical Biotechnol. Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy.
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Borghetti P, Morganti M, Saleri R, Ferrari L, De Angelis E, Cavalli V, Cacchioli A, Corradi A, Martelli P. Innate pro-inflammatory and adaptive immune cytokines in PBMC of vaccinated and unvaccinated pigs naturally exposed to porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection vary with the occurrence of the disease and the viral burden. Vet Microbiol 2012; 163:42-53. [PMID: 23290117 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory (IL-8, TNF-α, IL-1β) and immune (IFN-γ, IL-10) cytokines were evaluated in PCV2-vaccinated and unvaccinated pigs exposed to natural PCV2 infection retrospectively selected according to the time of the onset of viremia and the viral burden, and the presence of PMWS clinical signs. In a farrow-to-finish herd with a history of PMWS in animals aged older than 15 weeks, at weaning (21 ± 3 days of age), vaccinated pigs were intramuscularly inoculated with one dose of Porcilis(®) PCV vaccine+adjuvant whereas the adjuvant alone was administered to the control animals. Thirty animals bled at 16 weeks of age (before the occurrence of the natural infection and the onset of the disease) and then at 19, 20, 22 and 26 weeks of age, were categorized as: (a) vaccinated non-infected and non-PMWS-affected (PCV2-vac), (b) unvaccinated spontaneously infected/non-PMWS-affected (Ctrl) and (c) unvaccinated spontaneously infected/PMWS-affected (Ctrl-PMWS+) pigs. A major evidence of this study is that PMWS-affected animals were not able to mount an efficient innate pro-inflammatory response to cope with PCV2 infection as demonstrated by the low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely IL-8, TNF-α and IL-1β, and IFN-γ. Conversely, significantly increased gene expression levels of IL-8, TNF-α and IL-1β were detected especially in the PCV2-vac group at the early phase of the infection. Moreover, in PMWS diseased animals, a significant increase of IL-10 occurred at the early phase of infection, while, vaccinated pigs, in addition to the low viremia burden and its frequency and the absence of PMWS disease, showed a more stable IFN-γ response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Borghetti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10 - 43126 Parma, Italy.
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Nambiar MP, Wright BS, Rezk PE, Smith KB, Gordon RK, Moran TS, Richards SM, Sciuto AM. Development of a microinstillation model of inhalation exposure to assess lung injury following exposure to toxic chemicals and nerve agents in Guinea pigs. Toxicol Mech Methods 2012; 16:295-306. [PMID: 20021028 DOI: 10.1080/15376510600748760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory disturbances due to chemical warfare nerve agents (CWNAs) are the starting point of mass casualty and the primary cause of death by these weapons of terror and mass destruction. However, very few studies have been implemented to assess respiratory toxicity and exacerbation induced by CWNAs, especially methylphosphonothioic acid S-(2-(bis(1-methylethyl)amino)ethyl)O-ethyl ester (VX). In this study, we developed a microinstillation technique of inhalation exposure to assess lung injury following exposure to CWNAs and toxic chemicals. Guinea pigs were gently intubated by placing a microcatheter into the trachea 1.5 to 2.0 cm centrally above the bifurcation. This location is crucial to deliver aerosolized agents uniformly to the lung's lobes. The placement of the tube is calculated by measuring the distance from the upper front teeth to the tracheal bifurcation, which is typically 8.5 cm for guinea pigs of equivalent size and a weight range of 250 g to 300 g. The catheter is capable of withstanding 100 psi pressure; the terminus has five peripheral holes to pump air that aerosolizes the nerve agent that is delivered in the central hole. The microcatheter is regulated by a central control system to deliver the aerosolized agent in a volume lower than the tidal volume of the guinea pigs. The average particle size of the nerve agent delivered was 1.48 +/- 0.07 micrometer. The microinstillation technology has been validated by exposing the animals to Coomassie brilliant blue, which showed a uniform distribution of the dye in different lung lobes. In addition, the concentration of the dye in the lungs correlated with the dose/time of exposure. Furthermore, histopathological analysis confirmed the absence of barotraumas following micoinstillation. This novel technique delivers the agent safely, requires less amount of agent, avoids exposure to skin, pelt, and eye, and circumvents the concern of deposition of the particles in the nasal and palette due to the switching of breathing from nasal to oronasal in whole-body dynamic chamber or nose only exposure. Currently, we are using this inhalation exposure technique to investigate lung injuries and respiratory disturbances following direct exposure to VX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhusoodana P Nambiar
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacology/Division of Biochemistry, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20910-7500, USA
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Di Paola R, Talero E, Galuppo M, Mazzon E, Bramanti P, Motilva V, Cuzzocrea S. Adrenomedullin in inflammatory process associated with experimental pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Res 2011; 12:41. [PMID: 21477302 PMCID: PMC3079622 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-12-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenomedullin (AM), a 52-amino acid ringed-structure peptide with C-terminal amidation, was originally isolated from human pheochromocytoma. AM are widely distributed in various tissues and acts as a local vasoactive hormone in various conditions. METHODS In the present study, we investigated the efficacy of AM on the animal model of bleomycin (BLM)-induced lung injury. Mice were subjected to intratracheal administration of BLM and were assigned to receive AM daily by an intraperitoneal injection of 200 ngr/kg. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Myeloperoxidase activity, lung histology, immunohistochemical analyses for cytokines and adhesion molecules expression, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nitrotyrosine, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) were performed one week after fibrosis induction. Lung histology and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) were performed 14 and 21 days after treatments. After bleomycin administration, AM-treated mice exhibited a reduced degree of lung damage and inflammation compared with BLM-treated mice, as shown by the reduction of (1) myeloperoxidase activity (MPO), (2) cytokines and adhesion molecules expression, (3) nitric oxide synthase expression, (4) the nitration of tyrosine residues, (5) poly (ADP-ribose) (PAR) formation, a product of the nuclear enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) (6) transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) (7)and the degree of lung injury. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that AM administration is able to prevent bleomycin induced lung injury through the down regulation of proinflammatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Di Paola
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, S,S, 113 Via Palermo, CTR Casazza, Messina, Italy
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Jaoude PA, Knight PR, Ohtake P, El-Solh AA. Biomarkers in the diagnosis of aspiration syndromes. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2010; 10:309-19. [PMID: 20370588 PMCID: PMC2882092 DOI: 10.1586/erm.10.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Recognizing and managing the different types of aspiration events remain a challenging task due to the lack of distinguishing clinical or laboratory characteristics. Numerous biomarkers in serum, sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage have been studied, and their role in the recognition of aspiration remains controversial at this time. Recent animal investigations using an array of biomarkers based on distinct pathogenic features of each aspiration event have produced promising results; however, they have not been validated in humans. Newer markers are being introduced as diagnostic and prognostic tools in conditions such as community-acquired pneumonia and sepsis, but they have not been examined in aspiration. The present review summarizes the different biomarkers that have been studied in aspiration and those who might have a potential clinical use in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Abou Jaoude
- The Veterans Affairs Western New York, Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA and Western New York Respiratory Research Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Paul R Knight
- The Veterans Affairs Western New York, Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA and Department of Anesthesiology, State University of New York at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences and School of Public Health and Health Professions, NY, USA
| | - Patricia Ohtake
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, State University of New York at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences and School of Public Health and Health Professions, NY, USA
| | - Ali A El-Solh
- Medical Research, Bldg 20 (151) VISN02, VA Western New York Healthcare System, 3495 Bailey Avenue, Buffalo, NY, 14215-1199, USA and Western New York Respiratory Research Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, NY, USA and Department of Social and Preventive Medicine State University of New York at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences and School of Public Health and Health Professions, NY, USA, Tel.: +1 716 862 7366, Fax: +1 425 675 4502
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Chada M, Nögel S, Schmidt AM, Rückel A, Bosselmann S, Walther J, Papadopoulos T, von der Hardt K, Dötsch J, Rascher W, Kandler MA. Anakinra (IL-1R antagonist) lowers pulmonary artery pressure in a neonatal surfactant depleted piglet model. Pediatr Pulmonol 2008; 43:851-7. [PMID: 18668691 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.20851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with pulmonary hypertension, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) are involved in the pulmonary inflammatory reaction. The purpose of this study was to determine whether systemic and aerosolized administered IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) Anakinra (Kineret) improves lung mechanics and pulmonary artery pressure in surfactant depleted newborn piglets. After induction of acute lung injury by lung lavage, neonatal piglets received repetitive treatment of either aerosolized IL-1Ra (IL-1Ra-Aerosol) or intravenous IL-1Ra (IL-1Ra-i.v.), or saline solution as control. IL-1Ra given as aerosol or intravenously significantly reduced mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) but did not influence mean systemic arterial pressure (MAP) compared with the control group. IL-1 beta and IL-8 mRNA expressions normalized to beta-actin and hypoxanthine-guanine-phosphoribosyl transferase were significantly reduced in the IL-1Ra-Aerosol group but not in IL-1Ra-i.v. group compared to the control group. The lung injury score was not significantly different between IL-1Ra groups and the control group. Application of aerosolized IL-1Ra reduced MPAP without affecting MAP in a piglet model of surfactant depletion with pulmonary hypertension. Furthermore, there is evidence for reduction of early pro-inflammatory pulmonary reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Chada
- Kinder- und Jugendklinik, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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Tomson PL, Grover LM, Lumley PJ, Sloan AJ, Smith AJ, Cooper PR. Dissolution of bio-active dentine matrix components by mineral trioxide aggregate. J Dent 2007; 35:636-42. [PMID: 17566626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2007.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2007] [Revised: 04/19/2007] [Accepted: 04/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyze the soluble components of setting and set mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), assess the abilities of two varieties of MTA and Ca(OH)(2) solutions to solubilise dentine matrix proteins (DMPs) and determine if these extracts contain signalling molecules important to pulpal repair and regeneration. METHODS The metallic ion composition of solutions of white and grey MTA (pH 11.7), 0.02M Ca(OH)(2) (pH 11.9) and 10% EDTA (pH 7.2) was determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Extracellular dentine matrix components from powdered human dentine were extracted using all solutions over 14 days. Extracts were analysed for concentrations of non-collagenous proteins (NCPs) and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and protein profiles were examined using 1D-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1D-PAGE). ELISAs for TGF-beta1 and adrenomedullin (ADM) were also performed. RESULTS Aluminium, calcium, potassium, and sodium ions were detected in both white and grey MTA solutions. MTA and Ca(OH)(2) solutions liberated similar amounts of GAGs and NCPs although yields were considerably lower than those obtained using the EDTA solution. 1D-PAGE analysis demonstrated differences in protein profiles solubilised from dentine for all solutions. All extracts contained TGF-beta1 and ADM, EDTA solution liberated significantly greater amounts of TGF-beta1, and Ca(OH)(2) and grey MTA solutions released more ADM. CONCLUSIONS These data imply that when placed clinically soluble components of set and setting MTA may release dentine matrix components that potentially influence cellular events for dentine repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip L Tomson
- Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, The University of Birmingham, St Chad's Queensway, Birmingham B4 6NN, UK.
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Itoh T, Obata H, Murakami S, Hamada K, Kangawa K, Kimura H, Nagaya N. Adrenomedullin ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in rats. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 293:L446-52. [PMID: 17557801 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00412.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM), an endogenous peptide, has been shown to have a variety of protective effects on the cardiovascular system. However, the effect of AM on acute lung injury remains unknown. Accordingly, we investigated whether AM infusion ameliorates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury in rats. Rats were randomized to receive continuous intravenous infusion of AM (0.1 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1)) or vehicle through a microosmotic pump. The animals were intratracheally injected with either LPS (1 mg/kg) or saline. At 6 and 18 h after intratracheal instillation, we performed histological examination and bronchoalveolar lavage and assessed the lung wet/dry weight ratio as an index of acute lung injury. Then we measured the numbers of total cells and neutrophils and the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). In addition, we evaluated BALF total protein and albumin levels as indexes of lung permeability. LPS instillation caused severe acute lung injury, as indicated by the histological findings and the lung wet/dry weight ratio. However, AM infusion attenuated these LPS-induced abnormalities. AM decreased the numbers of total cells and neutrophils and the levels of TNF-alpha and CINC in BALF. AM also reduced BALF total protein and albumin levels. In addition, AM significantly suppressed apoptosis of alveolar wall cells as indicated by cleaved caspase-3 staining. In conclusion, continuous infusion of AM ameliorated LPS-induced acute lung injury in rats. This beneficial effect of AM on acute lung injury may be mediated by inhibition of inflammation, hyperpermeability, and alveolar wall cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takefumi Itoh
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
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Plank C, Hartner A, Klanke B, Geissler B, Porst M, Amann K, Hilgers KF, Rascher W, Dötsch J. Adrenomedullin reduces mesangial cell number and glomerular inflammation in experimental mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 2006; 68:1086-95. [PMID: 16105039 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenomedullin (ADM) is a vasodilator peptide that is abundantly expressed in the kidney. ADM has antiproliferative effects on glomerular mesangial cells (MC) in vitro. Whether or not treatment with ADM can reduce MC proliferation in vivo [i.e., in mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis (GN)] is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that ADM substitution reduces MC proliferation in GN. METHODS GN in rats was induced by injection of an anti-Thy-1.1 antibody. Rats received osmotic minipumps, which continuously delivered rat ADM (500 ng/hour, N = 11), or vehicle (N = 13) from day 3 to day 6 after GN induction. Rats were sacrificed 6 days after induction of GN. On kidney sections, cells staining positive for proliferating cell nuclear antigen, mesangial cells, monocytes, and apoptotic cells were counted. Parameters of inflammation and fibrosis were measured in renal cortex and sieved glomeruli by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS Systolic blood pressure, diuresis, albuminuria, creatinine clearance, microaneurysm formation, and mesangial matrix expansion were not influenced by ADM infusion. However, ADM treatment significantly reduced the number of MC, showed a tendency to reduce total glomerular cell proliferation, and significantly increased apoptosis. ADM-treated GN animals showed significantly less glomerular monocyte infiltration. ADM treatment normalized transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 mRNA expression and reduced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), osteopontin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), collagen I, and collagen III mRNA expression significantly. CONCLUSION Exogenous ADM infusion reduces MC number and glomerular monocyte infiltration in the state of mesangial proliferation during acute experimental mesangioproliferative GN. These findings indicate that ADM can influence the course of mesangioproliferative GN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Plank
- Department of Pediatrics, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany.
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12
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Hamid SA, Baxter GF. Adrenomedullin: regulator of systemic and cardiac homeostasis in acute myocardial infarction. Pharmacol Ther 2005; 105:95-112. [PMID: 15670621 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
During and following acute myocardial infarction, a variety of endogenous mediators are elevated, one of which is adrenomedullin (AM). AM is a multifunctional peptide that has been identified as having a putative beneficial role following an ischemic insult at both systemic and local levels. Classically described as a potent vasodilator, natriuretic, and diuretic agent, experimental infarct models also demonstrate AM to exhibit antiproliferative and antiapoptotic functions in the myocardium, counterregulating the effects of mediators such as angiotensin-II and endothelin-1. Less well documented are the angiogenic and inflammatory modulating potentials of AM, which may also contribute toward reducing adverse ventricular remodeling. The review examines clinical and experimental studies, looking at the effects of AM and cellular mechanisms that could be involved in mediating cardioprotective effects and ultimately optimizing left ventricular remodeling. Finally, the possibility of enhancing endogenous actions of AM by pharmacological intervention is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabaz A Hamid
- Department of Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK.
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International Society of Nephrology. Kidney Int 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.90662.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kandler MA, von der Hardt K, Gericke N, Chada M, Dötsch J, Rascher W. Dose response to aerosolized perflubron in a neonatal swine model of lung injury. Pediatr Res 2004; 56:191-7. [PMID: 15181181 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000132667.47744.f4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Aerosolized perfluorocarbon (PFC) improves gas exchange, lung mechanics, and pulmonary artery pressure. The objective of this intervention was to study the dose-response effect to aerosolized perfluorooctylbromide (PFOB; perflubron, LiquiVent, Alliance Pharmaceutical Corp.) in surfactant-depleted piglets. After induction of lung injury by saline lavage, 25 newborn piglets were randomly assigned to receive 0, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, or 7.5 mL/kg aerosolized PFOB per hour. A 2-h therapy period was followed by a 3-h observation period. In all animals, respiratory support was performed with intermittent mandatory ventilation. After aerosol treatment and 3 h of observation, arterial oxygen pressure was similarly improved in the 2.5-, 5.0-, and 7.5-mL. kg(-1). h(-1) aerosol-PFOB groups and higher compared with the 1.25-mL. kg(-1). h(-1) aerosol-PFOB (P < 0.01) and the control groups (P < 0.001). Compared with the control group, arterial carbon dioxide pressure was significantly reduced with 2.5-, 5.0-, and 7.5-mL. kg(-1). h(-1) aerosol-PFOB (P < 0.001). Treatment with 1.25 mL. kg(-1). h(-1) aerosol-PFOB did not significantly affect arterial carbon dioxide pressure. The 20% terminal dynamic compliance/dynamic compliance was significantly improved in the groups that received 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 mL. kg(-1). h(-1) aerosol-PFOB compared with control animals. Mean pulmonary artery pressure was lower after therapy with 5.0 and 7.5 mL. kg(-1). h(-1) aerosol-PFOB (P < 0.01) than in the control group. IL-1beta gene expression in lung tissue was significantly reduced with PFOB 1.25 mL. kg(-1). h(-1). In summary, aerosolized PFOB improved terminal dynamic compliance, pulmonary gas exchange, and pulmonary artery pressure in a dose-dependent manner. In terms of oxygenation and lung mechanics, the optimum dose was between 2.5 and 5 mL. kg(-1). h(-1).
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von der Hardt K, Kandler MA, Brenn G, Scheuerer K, Schoof E, Dötsch J, Rascher W. Comparison of aerosol therapy with different perfluorocarbons in surfactant-depleted animals. Crit Care Med 2004; 32:1200-6. [PMID: 15190973 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000124876.31138.f6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study investigates the effectiveness of aerosol treatment on gas exchange and pulmonary inflammatory reaction using perfluorocarbons with different molecular structure and vapor pressure. DESIGN Experimental, prospective, randomized, controlled study. SETTING Experimental laboratory at a university hospital. SUBJECTS Twenty anesthetized neonatal piglets assigned to four groups. INTERVENTIONS After establishment of lung injury by bronchoalveolar lavage, piglets either received aerosolized FC77 (n = 5), perfluorooctylbromide (n = 5), or FC43 (n = 5, 10 mL x kg(-1) x hr(-1) for 2 hrs) or intermittent mandatory ventilation (control, n = 5). Thereafter, animals were supported for another 6 hrs. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Pao2 significantly improved in the perfluorocarbon groups compared with control (p < .01). Final Pao2 (mean +/- SEM) was FC77, 406 +/- 27 mm Hg; perfluorooctylbromide, 332 +/- 32 mm Hg; FC43, 406 +/- 19 mm Hg; control, 68 +/- 8 mm Hg. Paco2 and mean pulmonary arterial pressure were lower in all perfluorocarbon groups compared with control. The ratio of terminal dynamic compliance to total compliance was significantly higher in the FC77 than in the FC43, perfluorooctylbromide, and control groups. Relative gene expression of interleukin-1beta, interleukin-8, P-selectin, E-selectin, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in lung tissue was determined by TaqMan real time polymerase chain reaction normalized to hypoxanthineguanine-phosphoribosyl-transferase and was shown to be reduced by all perfluorocarbons. CONCLUSIONS Aerosol treatment with all the perfluorocarbons investigated improved gas exchange and reduced pulmonary inflammatory reaction independently from molecular structure and vapor pressure of the perfluorocarbons. Although differences in vapor pressure and molecular structure may account for varying optimal dosing strategies, several different perfluorocarbons were shown to be principally suitable for aerosol treatment.
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von der Hardt K, Kandler MA, Fink L, Schoof E, Dötsch J, Brandenstein O, Bohle RM, Rascher W. High frequency oscillatory ventilation suppresses inflammatory response in lung tissue and microdissected alveolar macrophages in surfactant depleted piglets. Pediatr Res 2004; 55:339-46. [PMID: 14663153 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000106802.55721.8a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The impact of high frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) compared with intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) on oxygenation and pulmonary inflammatory response was studied in a surfactant depleted piglet model. After establishment of lung injury by bronchoalveolar lavage, piglets either received HFOV (n =5) or IMV (control; n = 5) for eight hours. PaO(2) was higher and mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP) was lower with HFOV (HFOV versus control, mean +/- SEM; endpoint PaO(2): 252 +/- 73 versus 68 +/- 8.4 mm Hg; p < 0.001; MPAP: 22 +/- 2.3 versus 34 +/- 2.5 mm Hg; p < 0.01). mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TGF-beta 1, Endothelin-1, and adhesion molecules (E-selectin, P-selectin, ICAM-1) in lung tissue was quantified by real time PCR normalized to beta-actin and hypoxanthine-guanine-phosphoribosyl-transferase (HPRT). mRNA expression of all cytokines and adhesion molecules/HPRT was higher in controls (e.g.: HFOV versus control, mean +/- SEM; IL-1 beta/HPRT: 1.6 +/- 0.3 versus 23.1 +/- 8.6 relative units (RU), p < 0.001; IL-8/HPRT: 8.5 +/- 2.0 versus 63.5 +/- 15.2 RU, p < 0.001). IL-8/HPRT gene expression was quantified in microdissected single cells. With HFOV, IL-8 gene expression was highly reduced in alveolar macrophages: 10 +/- 3.4 copies IL-8 mRNA/copy HPRT mRNA versus 356 +/- 142; p < 0.05 (bronchiolar epithelial cells: 33 +/- 16 versus 208 +/- 108; alveolar septum: 2.1 +/- 1.3 versus 26 +/- 11; bronchiolar smooth muscle cells: 1.3 +/- 0.3 versus 2.8 +/- 1.0; vascular smooth muscle cells: 0.7 +/- 0.3 versus 1.1 +/- 0.4). In conclusion, HFOV improved oxygenation, reduced pulmonary arterial pressure and attenuated pulmonary inflammatory response.
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Kandler MA, Von Der Hardt K, Mahfoud S, Chada M, Schoof E, Papadopoulos T, Rascher W, Dötsch J. Pilot intervention: aerosolized adrenomedullin reduces pulmonary hypertension. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 306:1021-6. [PMID: 12750441 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.049817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In pulmonary hypertension, systemic infusion of adrenomedullin (ADM), a potent vasodilator peptide, leads to pulmonary vasodilatation. However, systemic blood pressure declines alike. The present study investigated the effect of aerosolized ADM on pulmonary arterial pressure in surfactant-depleted newborn piglets with pulmonary hypertension. Animals randomly received aerosolized ADM (ADM, n = 6), aerosolized ADM combined with intravenous application of NG-nitro-l-arginine methylester to inhibit nitric-oxide (NO) synthases (ADM + l-NAME, n = 5), or aerosolized normal saline solution (control, n = 6). Aerosol therapy was performed in 30-min intervals for 5 h. After a total experimental period of 8 h, mRNA expression of endothelial and inducible NO synthase and endothelin-1 (ET-1) in lung tissue was quantified using TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction. Aerosolized ADM reduced mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) compared with control (p < 0.001; at the end of the study, Delta-MPAP -13.5 +/- 1.4 versus -6.2 +/- 2.4 mm Hg). PaO2 significantly increased in the ADM (DeltaPaO2 243.3 mm Hg) and the ADM + l-NAME group (DeltaPaO2 217.4 mm Hg) compared with the control group (DeltaPaO2 82.9 mm Hg; p < 0.001). Aerosolized ADM did not influence mean systemic arterial pressure (baseline 63.2 +/- 2.7 versus end of the study 66.3 +/- 6.5 mm Hg; not significant). NO synthases gene expressions were 20 to 30% lower with ADM compared with control. ET-1 gene expression was significantly reduced (>50%) after ADM aerosol therapy (p < 0.001). Aerosolized adrenomedullin significantly reduced MPAP without lowering the systemic arterial pressure and improved profoundly the arterial oxygen tension. This effect seems to be mediated at least in part by the reduction of ET-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Kandler
- Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen/Germany.
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