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Hanazono A, Takahashi Y, Sanpei Y, Kamada S, Sugawara M. Focal brain lactate accumulation in metformin-induced encephalopathy without systemic lactic acidosis: A case report suggesting mitochondrial vulnerability in lentiform fork sign. eNeurologicalSci 2021; 25:100383. [PMID: 34917782 PMCID: PMC8645906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ensci.2021.100383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Metformin causes metabolic encephalopathy in some patients with end-stage chronic kidney disease, resulting in impaired consciousness and parkinsonism. This encephalopathy has a very characteristic magnetic resonance imaging feature in lentiform nuclei known as the “lentiform fork sign”. However, the mechanism is unknown. Here, we report a case of metformin-induced encephalopathy with a novel observation of lactate accumulation in the lentiform nuclei on magnetic resonance spectroscopy without systemic lactic acidosis. Since metformin is an inhibitor of mitochondrial complex-I, this focal brain lactate accumulation implies that a part of the pathogenesis of metformin-induced encephalopathy is the focal vulnerability of mitochondria to metformin in the lentiform nuclei. When metformin causes encephalopathy, not only testing for serum lactic acidosis and performing routine magnetic resonance imaging but also evaluation of brain lactate accumulation by magnetic resonance spectroscopy should be required to elucidate the etiology. Metformin-induced encephalopathy with lactate accumulation in lentiform fork sign was reported. Lentiform nuclei might be more vulnerable to metformin than other organs. This case suggested an etiology for the lentiform fork sign because metformin is a mitochondrial inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Hanazono
- Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Takahashi
- Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yui Sanpei
- Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Sachiko Kamada
- Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Masashiro Sugawara
- Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
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Miller JJ, Grist JT, Serres S, Larkin JR, Lau AZ, Ray K, Fisher KR, Hansen E, Tougaard RS, Nielsen PM, Lindhardt J, Laustsen C, Gallagher FA, Tyler DJ, Sibson N. 13C Pyruvate Transport Across the Blood-Brain Barrier in Preclinical Hyperpolarised MRI. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15082. [PMID: 30305655 PMCID: PMC6180068 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33363-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperpolarised MRI with Dynamic Nuclear Polarisation overcomes the fundamental thermodynamic limitations of conventional magnetic resonance, and is translating to human studies with several early-phase clinical trials in progress including early reports that demonstrate the utility of the technique to observe lactate production in human brain cancer patients. Owing to the fundamental coupling of metabolism and tissue function, metabolic neuroimaging with hyperpolarised [1-13C]pyruvate has the potential to be revolutionary in numerous neurological disorders (e.g. brain tumour, ischemic stroke, and multiple sclerosis). Through the use of [1-13C]pyruvate and ethyl-[1-13C]pyruvate in naïve brain, a rodent model of metastasis to the brain, or porcine brain subjected to mannitol osmotic shock, we show that pyruvate transport across the blood-brain barrier of anaesthetised animals is rate-limiting. We show through use of a well-characterised rat model of brain metastasis that the appearance of hyperpolarized [1-13C]lactate production corresponds to the point of blood-brain barrier breakdown in the disease. With the more lipophilic ethyl-[1-13C]pyruvate, we observe pyruvate production endogenously throughout the entire brain and lactate production only in the region of disease. In the in vivo porcine brain we show that mannitol shock permeabilises the blood-brain barrier sufficiently for a dramatic 90-fold increase in pyruvate transport and conversion to lactate in the brain, which is otherwise not resolvable. This suggests that earlier reports of whole-brain metabolism in anaesthetised animals may be confounded by partial volume effects and not informative enough for translational studies. Issues relating to pyruvate transport and partial volume effects must therefore be considered in pre-clinical studies investigating neuro-metabolism in anaesthetised animals, and we additionally note that these same techniques may provide a distinct biomarker of blood-brain barrier permeability in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack J Miller
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
| | - James T Grist
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sébastien Serres
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - James R Larkin
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Angus Z Lau
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kevin Ray
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Esben Hansen
- MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Stilling Tougaard
- MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Per Mose Nielsen
- MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jakob Lindhardt
- MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Laustsen
- MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Damian J Tyler
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicola Sibson
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Jeong HS, Lee SR, Kim JE, Lyoo IK, Yoon S, Namgung E, Chang KT, Kim BS, Yang S, Im JJ, Jeon S, Kang I, Ma J, Chung YA, Lim SM. Brain structural changes in cynomolgus monkeys administered with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A longitudinal voxel-based morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0189804. [PMID: 29320500 PMCID: PMC5761839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD), 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is one of the most widely used agents that damages the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway. However, brain structural changes in response to MPTP remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate in vivo longitudinal changes in gray matter (GM) volume and white matter (WM) microstructure in primate models administered with MPTP. In six cynomolgus monkeys, high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) scans were acquired 7 times over 32 weeks, and assessments of motor symptoms were conducted over 15 months, before and after the MPTP injection. Changes in GM volume and WM microstructure were estimated on a voxel-by-voxel basis. Mixed-effects regression models were used to examine the trajectories of these structural changes. GM volume initially increased after the MPTP injection and gradually decreased in the striatum, midbrain, and other dopaminergic areas. The cerebellar volume temporarily decreased and returned to its baseline level. The rate of midbrain volume increase was positively correlated with the increase rate of motor symptom severity (Spearman rho = 0.93, p = 0.008). Mean, axial, and radial diffusivity in the striatum and frontal areas demonstrated initial increases and subsequent decreases. The current multi-modal imaging study of MPTP-administered monkeys revealed widespread and dynamic structural changes not only in the nigrostriatal pathway but also in other cortical, subcortical, and cerebellar areas. Our findings may suggest the need to further investigate the roles of inflammatory reactions and glial activation as potential underlying mechanisms of these structural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonseok S. Jeong
- Department of Radiology, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Rae Lee
- National Primate Research Center, Korean Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, South Korea
| | - Jieun E. Kim
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In Kyoon Lyoo
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sujung Yoon
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Namgung
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyu-Tae Chang
- National Primate Research Center, Korean Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, South Korea
| | - Bom Sahn Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sejung Yang
- Institute of Convergence Medicine, Ewha Womans University Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jooyeon J. Im
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Saerom Jeon
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ilhyang Kang
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jiyoung Ma
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-An Chung
- Department of Radiology, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soo Mee Lim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Radiology, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- * E-mail:
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Heo H, Ahn JB, Lee HH, Kwon E, Yun JW, Kim H, Kang BC. Neurometabolic profiles of the substantia nigra and striatum of MPTP-intoxicated common marmosets: An in vivo proton MRS study at 9.4 T. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2017; 30:e3686. [PMID: 28028868 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Given the strong coupling between the substantia nigra (SN) and striatum (STR) in the early stage of Parkinson's disease (PD), yet only a few studies reported to date that have simultaneously investigated the neurochemistry of these two brain regions in vivo, we performed longitudinal metabolic profiling in the SN and STR of 1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-intoxicated common marmoset monkey models of PD (n = 10) by using proton MRS (1 H-MRS) at 9.4 T. T2 relaxometry was also performed in the SN by using MRI. Data were classified into control, MPTP_2weeks, and MPTP_6-10 weeks groups according to the treatment duration. In the SN, T2 of the MPTP_6-10 weeks group was lower than that of the control group (44.33 ± 1.75 versus 47.21 ± 2.47 ms, p < 0.05). The N-acetylaspartate to total creatine ratio (NAA/tCr) and γ-aminobutyric acid to tCr ratio (GABA/tCr) of the MPTP_6-10 weeks group were lower than those of the control group (0.41 ± 0.04 versus 0.54 ± 0.08 (p < 0.01) and 0.19 ± 0.03 versus 0.30 ± 0.09 (p < 0.05), respectively). The glutathione to tCr ratio (GSH/tCr) was correlated with T2 for the MPTP_6-10 weeks group (r = 0.83, p = 0.04). In the STR, however, GABA/tCr of the MPTP_6-10 weeks group was higher than that of the control group (0.25 ± 0.10 versus 0.16 ± 0.05, p < 0.05). These findings may be an in vivo depiction of the altered basal ganglion circuit in PD brain resulting from the degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons and disruption of nigrostriatal dopaminergic projections. Given the important role of non-human primates in translational studies, our findings provide better understanding of the complicated evolution of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwon Heo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Bum Ahn
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeong Hun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Euna Kwon
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jun-Won Yun
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeonjin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byeong-Cheol Kang
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Designed Animal and Transplantation Research Institute, Institute of GreenBio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, South Korea
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5
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Febo M, Foster TC. Preclinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Studies of Memory, Aging, and Cognitive Decline. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:158. [PMID: 27468264 PMCID: PMC4942756 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging provides for non-invasive evaluation of brain structure and activity and has been employed to suggest possible mechanisms for cognitive aging in humans. However, these imaging procedures have limits in terms of defining cellular and molecular mechanisms. In contrast, investigations of cognitive aging in animal models have mostly utilized techniques that have offered insight on synaptic, cellular, genetic, and epigenetic mechanisms affecting memory. Studies employing magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy (MRI and MRS, respectively) in animal models have emerged as an integrative set of techniques bridging localized cellular/molecular phenomenon and broader in vivo neural network alterations. MRI methods are remarkably suited to longitudinal tracking of cognitive function over extended periods permitting examination of the trajectory of structural or activity related changes. Combined with molecular and electrophysiological tools to selectively drive activity within specific brain regions, recent studies have begun to unlock the meaning of fMRI signals in terms of the role of neural plasticity and types of neural activity that generate the signals. The techniques provide a unique opportunity to causally determine how memory-relevant synaptic activity is processed and how memories may be distributed or reconsolidated over time. The present review summarizes research employing animal MRI and MRS in the study of brain function, structure, and biochemistry, with a particular focus on age-related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Febo
- Department of Psychiatry, William L. and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas C Foster
- Department of Neuroscience, William L. and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
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NMR-Based Metabolomics Reveal a Recovery from Metabolic Changes in the Striatum of 6-OHDA-Induced Rats Treated with Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:6690-6697. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9579-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Van der Perren A, Toelen J, Casteels C, Macchi F, Van Rompuy AS, Sarre S, Casadei N, Nuber S, Himmelreich U, Osorio Garcia MI, Michotte Y, D'Hooge R, Bormans G, Van Laere K, Gijsbers R, Van den Haute C, Debyser Z, Baekelandt V. Longitudinal follow-up and characterization of a robust rat model for Parkinson's disease based on overexpression of alpha-synuclein with adeno-associated viral vectors. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:1543-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Duarte J, Schuck PF, Wenk GL, Ferreira GC. Metabolic disturbances in diseases with neurological involvement. Aging Dis 2014; 5:238-55. [PMID: 25110608 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2014.0500238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of specific neuronal populations and progressive nervous system dysfunction characterize neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. These findings are also reported in inherited diseases such as phenylketonuria and glutaric aciduria type I. The involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in these diseases was reported, elicited by genetic alterations, exogenous toxins or buildup of toxic metabolites. In this review we shall discuss some metabolic alterations related to the pathophysiology of diseases with neurological involvement and aging process. These findings may help identifying early disease biomarkers and lead to more effective therapies to improve the quality of life of the patients affected by these devastating illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrícia F Schuck
- Laboratory of inborn errors of metabolism, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Brazil
| | - Gary L Wenk
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Gustavo C Ferreira
- Laboratory of inborn errors of metabolism, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Brazil
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Gray-Edwards HL, Salibi N, Josephson EM, Hudson JA, Cox NR, Randle AN, McCurdy VJ, Bradbury AM, Wilson DU, Beyers RJ, Denney TS, Martin DR. High resolution MRI anatomy of the cat brain at 3 Tesla. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 227:10-7. [PMID: 24525327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline models of neurologic diseases, such as lysosomal storage diseases, leukodystrophies, Parkinson's disease, stroke and NeuroAIDS, accurately recreate many aspects of human disease allowing for comparative study of neuropathology and the testing of novel therapeutics. Here we describe in vivo visualization of fine structures within the feline brain that were previously only visible post mortem. NEW METHOD 3Tesla MR images were acquired using T1-weighted (T1w) 3D magnetization-prepared rapid gradient echo (MPRAGE) sequence (0.4mm isotropic resolution) and T2-weighted (T2w) turbo spin echo (TSE) images (0.3mm×0.3mm×1mm resolution). Anatomic structures were identified based on feline and canine histology. RESULTS T2w high resolution MR images with detailed structural identification are provided in transverse, sagittal and dorsal planes. T1w MR images are provided electronically in three dimensions for unrestricted spatial evaluation. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Many areas of the feline brain previously unresolvable on MRI are clearly visible in three orientations, including the dentate, interpositus and fastigial cerebellar nuclei, cranial nerves, lateral geniculate nucleus, optic radiation, cochlea, caudal colliculus, temporal lobe, precuneus, spinocerebellar tract, vestibular nuclei, reticular formation, pyramids and rostral and middle cerebral arteries. Additionally, the feline brain is represented in three dimensions for the first time. CONCLUSIONS These data establish normal appearance of detailed anatomical structures of the feline brain, which provide reference when evaluating neurologic disease or testing efficacy of novel therapeutics in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nouha Salibi
- MR R&D Siemens Healthcare, Malvern, PA, United States
| | - Eleanor M Josephson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Judith A Hudson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Nancy R Cox
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Ashley N Randle
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Victoria J McCurdy
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States; Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Allison M Bradbury
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States; Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Diane U Wilson
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Ronald J Beyers
- Auburn University MRI Research Center, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Thomas S Denney
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States; Auburn University MRI Research Center, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Douglas R Martin
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States; Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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Fu W, Zheng Z, Zhuang W, Chen D, Wang X, Sun X, Wang X. Neural metabolite changes in corpus striatum after rat multipotent mesenchymal stem cells transplanted in hemiparkinsonian rats by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Int J Neurosci 2013; 123:883-91. [DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2013.814132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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11
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Lee SH, Jahng GH, Choe IH, Choi CB, Kim DH, Kim HY. Neural pathway interference by retained acupuncture: a functional MRI study of a dog model of Parkinson's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 19:585-95. [PMID: 23578167 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to investigate the interference of the brain activation during a passive movement task (PMT) by retained acupuncture at the ST 36 acupoint and to compare these effects between normal brain and Parkinson's disease (PD) brain. METHODS Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques have been used to study neurophysiology in animals. Eight healthy beagle dogs were divided into two groups of four dogs each, a normal control group and a PD model group. PD was induced by intravenous injection of 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-HCl. During fMRI, the PMT was performed in the right tarsal joint during three different sessions, which consisted of PMT only, PMT while an acupuncture needle was inserted at the ST 36 acupoint, and PMT while needle was inserted at a sham point. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Standard veterinary neurological examination was performed on dogs with MPTP-induced PD. A homogeneous grade similar to human PD patients was evident in all dogs. The fMRI study showed that insertion of the acupuncture needle at acupoint ST 36 significantly affected the proprioceptive brain activation by decreasing blood oxygenation level-dependent signal intensity in basal ganglia, limbic system, and cerebellum. Compared with normal and PD brain, we suggest that acupuncture at ST 36 has different modulation effects depending on the pathologic condition of the brain. The study provides evidence of the potential clinical applications of retained acupuncture at ST 36 for rehabilitation therapy of PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Ho Lee
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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12
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The neurochemical profile quantified by in vivo 1H NMR spectroscopy. Neuroimage 2012; 61:342-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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13
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Kim SY, Choe BY, Lee HS, Lee DW, Ryu KN, Park JS, Yin CS, Hong KS, Lee CH, Choi CB. Forelimb akinesia and metabolic alteration in the striatum following unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion in rats: An in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. NEUROCHEM J+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712411040088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Everse J, Liu CJJ, Coates PW. Physical and catalytic properties of a peroxidase derived from cytochrome c. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1812:1138-45. [PMID: 21620967 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Except for its redox properties, cytochrome c is an inert protein. However, dissociation of the bond between methionine-80 and the heme iron converts the cytochrome into a peroxidase. Dissociation is accomplished by subjecting the cytochrome to various conditions, including proteolysis and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-mediated oxidation. In affected cells of various neurological diseases, including Parkinson's disease, cytochrome c is released from the mitochondrial membrane and enters the cytosol. In the cytosol cytochrome c is exposed to cellular proteases and to H(2)O(2) produced by dysfunctional mitochondria and activated microglial cells. These could promote the formation of the peroxidase form of cytochrome c. In this study we investigated the catalytic and cytolytic properties of the peroxidase form of cytochrome c. These properties are qualitatively similar to those of other heme-containing peroxidases. Dopamine as well as sulfhydryl group-containing metabolites, including reduced glutathione and coenzyme A, are readily oxidized in the presence of H(2)O(2). This peroxidase also has cytolytic properties similar to myeloperoxidase, lactoperoxidase, and horseradish peroxidase. Cytolysis is inhibited by various reducing agents, including dopamine. Our data show that the peroxidase form of cytochrome c has catalytic and cytolytic properties that could account for at least some of the damage that leads to neuronal death in the parkinsonian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Everse
- Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
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Choi CB, Kim SY, Lee SH, Jahng GH, Kim HY, Choe BY, Ryu KN, Yang DM, Yim SV, Choi WS. Assessment of metabolic changes in the striatum of a MPTP-intoxicated canine model: in vivo ¹H-MRS study of an animal model for Parkinson's disease. Magn Reson Imaging 2010; 29:32-9. [PMID: 20980117 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2010.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, which projects to the striatum. We induced a selective loss of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons, by infusing the mitochondrial complex 1 inhibitor 1-methyl 4-phenyl 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) into adult beagle dogs (N=5). Single voxel ¹H water suppressed magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H-MRS) at 3 T was used to assess the metabolic changes in the striatum of canine before and after MPTP intoxication. The metabolite spectra obtained from the striatum (voxel size: 2 cm³) showed a lower N-acetyl aspartate to total creatine (creatine+phosphocreatine) ratio after MPTP intoxication. There were no significant differences in other metabolite ratios such as glutamate+glutamine, choline-containing compounds (glycerophosphocholine+phophorylcholine and myo-inositol). Our findings indicated that ¹H-MRS is a sensitive, noninvasive measure of neural toxicity and biochemical alterations of the striatum in a canine model of PD, and further studies are needed to confirm brain metabolic changes in association with progression of MPTP-intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Bong Choi
- Department of Radiology, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-702, Republic of Korea
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16
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Pattison AJ, Lollis SS, Perriñez PR, Perreard IM, McGarry MDJ, Weaver JB, Paulsen KD. Time-harmonic magnetic resonance elastography of the normal feline brain. J Biomech 2010; 43:2747-52. [PMID: 20655045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Imaging of the mechanical properties of in vivo brain tissue could eventually lead to non-invasive diagnosis of hydrocephalus, Alzheimer's disease and other pathologies known to alter the intracranial environment. The purpose of this work is to (1) use time-harmonic magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) to estimate the mechanical property distribution of cerebral tissue in the normal feline brain and (2) compare the recovered properties of grey and white matter. Various in vivo and ex vivo brain tissue property measurement strategies have led to the highly variable results that have been reported in the literature. MR elastography is an imaging technique that can estimate mechanical properties of tissue non-invasively and in vivo. Data was acquired in 14 felines and elastic parameters were estimated using a globo-regional nonlinear image reconstruction algorithm. Results fell within the range of values reported in the literature and showed a mean shear modulus across the subject group of 7-8 kPa with all but one animal falling within 5-15 kPa. White matter was statistically stiffer (p<0.01) than grey matter by about 1 kPa on a per subject basis. To the best of our knowledge, the results reported represent the most extensive set of estimates in the in vivo brain which have been based on MRE acquisition of the three-dimensional displacement field coupled to volumetric shear modulus image reconstruction achieved through nonlinear parameter estimation. However, the inter-subject variation in mean shear modulus indicates the need for further study, including the possibility of applying more advanced models to estimate the relevant tissue mechanical properties from the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Pattison
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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17
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Lee SH, Kim SY, Woo DC, Choe BY, Ryu KN, Choi WS, Jahng GH, Yim SV, Kim HY, Choi CB. Differential neurochemical responses of the canine striatum with pentobarbital or ketamine anesthesia: a 3T proton MRS study. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:583-7. [PMID: 20103994 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.09-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although anesthetic agents are known to affect cerebral metabolism, pentobarbital and ketamine have been widely used for animal imaging studies. The purpose of this study is to evaluate alterations in striatum metabolites in dogs between anesthetized with pentobarbital and with ketamine in proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS). (1)H-MRS was performed to ten healthy adult beagle dogs (9-11 kg) at a field strength of 3 T in order to identify metabolic changes after pentobarbital or ketamine administration in the striatum in vivo. Ten dogs were divided into 2 groups as follows: 5 as the pentobarbital-administered group (P group) and 5 as the ketamine-administered group (K group). We found that levels of Glx of the P group was significantly lower than that of the K group (6.90 +/- 0.99 (SD) vs 9.77 +/- 1.14 in 5 dogs, p= 0.003). In addition, the P group also has lower levels of Cr (6.29 +/- 0.44 vs 7.89 +/- 0.91 in 5 dogs, p=0.009) and NAA (5.02 +/- 0.65 vs 6.45 +/- 1.13 in 5 dogs, p=0.041) compared to the K group. However, there were no significant difference between the P group and the K group in striatal levels of Cho and Ins (p>0.1). We demonstrated that MRS-measured metabolites in the specific regions of the brain can be influenced by anesthetic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Ho Lee
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Hwayang-Dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea
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18
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Vernon AC, Johansson SM, Modo MM. Non-invasive evaluation of nigrostriatal neuropathology in a proteasome inhibitor rodent model of Parkinson's disease. BMC Neurosci 2010; 11:1. [PMID: 20051106 PMCID: PMC2824797 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-11-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Predominantly, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies in animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD) have focused on alterations in T2 water 1H relaxation or 1H MR spectroscopy (MRS), whilst potential morphological changes and their relationship to histological or behavioural outcomes have not been appropriately addressed. Therefore, in this study we have utilised MRI to scan in vivo brains from rodents bearing a nigrostriatal lesion induced by intranigral injection of the proteasome inhibitor lactacystin. Results Lactacystin induced parkinsonian-like behaviour, characterised by impaired contralateral forelimb grip strength and increased contralateral circling in response to apomorphine. T2-weighted MRI, 3-weeks post-lesion, revealed significant morphological changes in PD-relevant brain areas, including the striatum and ventral midbrain in addition to a decrease in T2 water 1H relaxation in the substantia nigra (SN), but not the striatum. Post-mortem histological analyses revealed extensive dopaminergic neuronal degeneration and α-synuclein aggregation in the SN. However, extensive neuronal loss could also be observed in extra-nigral areas, suggesting non-specific toxicity of lactacystin. Iron accumulation could also be observed throughout the midbrain reflecting changes in T2. Importantly, morphological, but not T2 relaxivity changes, were significantly associated with both behavioural and histological outcomes in this model. Conclusions A pattern of morphological changes in lactacystin-lesioned animals has been identified, as well as alterations in nigral T2 relaxivity. The significant relationship of morphological changes with behavioural and histological outcomes in this model raises the possibility that these may be useful non-invasive surrogate markers of nigrostriatal degeneration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Vernon
- Department of Neuroscience, Kings College London, The James Black Centre, UK
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19
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Lagrue E, Abert B, Nadal L, Tabone L, Bodard S, Medja F, Lombes A, Chalon S, Castelnau P. MPTP intoxication in mice: a useful model of Leigh syndrome to study mitochondrial diseases in childhood. Metab Brain Dis 2009; 24:321-35. [PMID: 19319673 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-009-9132-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The basal ganglia, which are interconnected in the striato-nigral dopaminergic network, are affected in several childhood diseases including Leigh syndrome (LS). LS is the most common mitochondrial disorder affecting children and usually arise from inhibition of the respiratory chain. This vulnerability is attributed to a particular susceptibility to energetic stress, with mitochondrial inhibition as a common pathogenic pathway. In this study we developed a LS model for neuroprotection trials in mice by using the complex I inhibitor MPTP. We first verified that MPTP significantly inhibits the mitochondrial complex I in the brain (p = 0.018). This model also reproduced the biochemical and pathological features of LS: MPTP increased plasmatic lactate levels (p = 0.023) and triggered basal ganglia degeneration, as evaluated through dopamine transporter (DAT) autoradiography, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry, and dopamine dosage. Striatal DAT levels were markedly decreased after MPTP treatment (p = 0.003). TH immunoreactivity was reduced in the striatum and substantia nigra (p = 0.005), and striatal dopamine was significantly reduced (p < 0.01). Taken together, these results confirm that acute MPTP intoxication in young mice provides a reproducible pharmacological paradigm of LS, thus opening new avenues for neuroprotection research.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lagrue
- Unité Imagerie et Cerveau, Inserm, U930, Tours, France
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20
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Kickler N, Lacombe E, Chassain C, Durif F, Krainik A, Farion R, Provent P, Segebarth C, Rémy C, Savasta M. Assessment of metabolic changes in the striatum of a rat model of parkinsonism: an in vivo (1)H MRS study. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2009; 22:207-212. [PMID: 19130495 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta in Parkinson's disease induces an abnormal activation of the glutamatergic neurotransmission system within the basal ganglia network and related structures. The aim of this study was to use proton MRS to show metabolic changes in the striatum of 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats, a rodent animal model of Parkinson's disease. Animals were examined before and after extensive lesioning of the nigral dopaminergic neurons and after acute administration of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine. No significant alterations in glutamate concentrations, assessed by the MR signal dominated by glutamate with minor contributions from glutamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid, could be measured. The total choline/total creatine ratio was found to be reduced in the striatum of the ipsilateral hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kickler
- INSERM U836, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, BP 170, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
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21
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Blagbrough IS, Zara C. Animal models for target diseases in gene therapy--using DNA and siRNA delivery strategies. Pharm Res 2008; 26:1-18. [PMID: 18841450 PMCID: PMC7088656 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-008-9646-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles, including lipopolyamines leading to lipoplexes, liposomes, and polyplexes are targeted drug carrier systems in the current search for a successful delivery system for polynucleic acids. This review is focused on the impact of gene and siRNA delivery for studies of efficacy, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics within the setting of the wide variety of in vivo animal models now used. This critical appraisal of the recent literature sets out the different models that are currently being investigated to bridge from studies in cell lines through towards clinical reality. Whilst many scientists will be familiar with rodent (murine, fecine, cricetine, and musteline) models, few probably think of fish as a clinically relevant animal model, but zebrafish, madake, and rainbow trout are all being used. Larger animal models include rabbit, cat, dog, and cow. Pig is used both for the prevention of foot-and-mouth disease and human diseases, sheep is a model for corneal transplantation, and the horse naturally develops arthritis. Non-human primate models (macaque, common marmoset, owl monkey) are used for preclinical gene vector safety and efficacy trials to bridge the gap prior to clinical studies. We aim for the safe development of clinically effective delivery systems for DNA and RNAi technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian S Blagbrough
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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22
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Exploring the neuroprotective effects of modafinil in a marmoset Parkinson model with immunohistochemistry, magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. Brain Res 2008; 1189:219-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Revised: 10/21/2007] [Accepted: 10/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Chassain C, Bielicki G, Durand E, Lolignier S, Essafi F, Traoré A, Durif F. Metabolic changes detected by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in vivo and in vitro in a murin model of Parkinson's disease, the MPTP-intoxicated mouse. J Neurochem 2007; 105:874-82. [PMID: 18088356 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.05185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, which project to the striatum. The aim of this study was to analyze in vivo and in vitro consequences of dopamine depletion on amount of metabolites in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease using proton (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). The study was performed on control mice (n = 7) and MPTP-intoxicated mice (n = 7). All the experiments were performed at 9.4 T. For in vivo MRS acquisitions, mice were anesthetized and carefully placed on an animal handling system with the head centered in birdcage coil used for both excitation and signal reception. Spectra were acquired in a voxel (8 microL) centered in the striatum, applying a point-resolved spectroscopy sequence (TR = 4000 ms, TE = 8.8 ms). After in vivo MRS acquisitions, mice were killed; successful lesion verified by tyrosine hydroxylase immunolabeling on the substantia nigra pars compacta and in vitro MRS acquisitions performed on perchloric extracts of anterior part of mice brains. In vitro spectra were acquired using a standard one-pulse experiment. The absolute concentrations of metabolites were determined using jmrui (Lyon, France) from (1)H spectra obtained in vivo on striatum and in vitro on perchloric extracts. Glutamate (Glu), glutamine (Gln), and GABA concentrations obtained in vivo were significantly increased in striatum of MPTP-lesioned mice (Glu: 15.5 +/- 2.5 vs. 12.9 +/- 1.0 mmol/L, p < 0.05; Gln: 2.3 +/- 0.9 vs. 1.8 +/- 0.6 mmol/L, p < 0.05; GABA: 2.3 +/- 0.9 vs. 1.3 +/- 0.6 mmol/L, p < 0.05). The in vitro results confirmed these results, Glu (10.9 +/- 2.5 vs. 7.9 +/- 1.7 micromol/g, p < 0.05), Gln (6.8 +/- 2.9 vs. 4.3 +/- 1.0 micromol/g, p < 0.05), and GABA (2.9 +/- 0.9 vs. 1.5 +/- 0.4 micromol/g, p < 0.01). The present study strongly supports a hyperactivity of the glutamatergic cortico-striatal pathway hypothesis after dopaminergic denervation in association with an increase of striatal GABA levels. It further shows an increased of striatal Gln concentrations, perhaps as a strategy to protect neurons from Glu excitotoxic injury after striatal dopamine depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Chassain
- Univ Clermont 1, UFR Medicine, EA 3845, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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24
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A metabolomic study of brain tissues from aged mice with low expression of the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) gene. Neurochem Res 2007; 33:292-300. [PMID: 18041582 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-007-9542-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) sequesters monoamines into synaptic vesicles in preparation for neurotransmission. Samples of cerebellum, cortex, hippocampus, substantia nigra and striatum from VMAT2-deficient mice were compared to age-matched control mice. Multivariate statistical analyses of (1)H NMR spectral profiles separated VMAT2-deficient mice from controls for all five brain regions. Although the data show that metabolic alterations are region- and age-specific, in general, analyses indicated decreases in the concentrations of taurine and creatine/phosphocreatine and increases in glutamate and N-acetyl aspartate in VMAT2-deficient mouse brain tissues. This study demonstrates the efficacy of metabolomics as a functional genomics phenotyping tool for mouse models of neurological disorders, and indicates that mild reductions in the expression of VMAT2 affect normal brain metabolism.
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Abstract
Advances in postgenomic technologies have radically changed the information output from complex biological systems, generating vast amounts of high complexity data that can be interpreted by means of chemometric and bioinformatic methods to achieve disease diagnosis and prognosis. High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of biofluids such as plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine can generate robust, interpretable metabolic fingerprints that contain latent information relating to physiological or pathological status. This technology has been successfully applied to both preclinical and clinical studies of neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington's disease, muscular dystrophy, and cerebellar ataxia. An extension of this technology, (1)H magic-angle-spinning (HRMAS) NMR spectroscopy, can be used to generate metabolic information on small intact tissue samples, providing a metabolic link between metabolic profiling of biofluids and histology. In this review we provide a summary of high-resolution NMR studies in neurodegenerative disease and explore the potential of metabonomics in evaluating disease progression with respect to therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Holmes
- Biological Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences Division, Faculty of Natural Science, Imperial College London, South Kensington, UK.
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26
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Koga K, Mori A, Ohashi S, Kurihara N, Kitagawa H, Ishikawa M, Mitsumoto Y, Nakai M. H MRS identifies lactate rise in the striatum of MPTP-treated C57BL/6 mice. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 23:1077-81. [PMID: 16519673 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04610.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the death of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated experimental models of Parkinson's disease (PD). Here we utilized proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) to identify changes in energy metabolism in the striatum of MPTP-treated C57BL/6 mice. Remarkable increases in lactate/creatine (Lac/Cr) ratio were observed at 2 h and then quickly returned to about the basal level by 7 h after injection of MPTP. Neurochemical and Western blot analyses revealed that dopamine contents and protein levels of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter in the striatum were profoundly decreased at 3 days after MPTP treatment. Pretreatment with deprenyl, a monoamine oxidase B inhibitor, or GBR-12909, a dopamine uptake inhibitor, almost completely attenuated both the increases in striatal Lac/Cr ratio and the subsequent loss of dopaminergic nerve terminals in MPTP-treated mice. The present study indicates that (1)H MRS is a sensitive measure of biochemical alterations of the brain in a mouse model of PD, and further shows that the increases in striatal Lac/Cr ratio induced by MPTP may be associated with mitochondrial energy crisis, followed by dopaminergic neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Koga
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics Research, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Tokushima 771-0192, Japan
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Boska MD, Lewis TB, Destache CJ, Benner EJ, Nelson JA, Uberti M, Mosley RL, Gendelman HE. Quantitative 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging determines therapeutic immunization efficacy in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci 2005; 25:1691-700. [PMID: 15716405 PMCID: PMC6725925 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4364-04.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nigrostriatal degeneration, the pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD), is mirrored by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) intoxication. MPTP-treated animals show the common behavioral, motor, and pathological features of human disease. We demonstrated previously that adoptive transfer of Copaxone (Cop-1) immune cells protected the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway in MPTP-intoxicated mice. Herein, we evaluated this protection by quantitative proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (1H MRSI). 1H MRSI performed in MPTP-treated mice demonstrated that N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) was significantly diminished in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and striatum, regions most affected in human disease. When the same regions were coregistered with immunohistochemical stains for tyrosine hydroxylase, numbers of neuronal bodies and termini were similarly diminished. MPTP-intoxicated animals that received Cop-1 immune cells showed NAA levels, in the SNpc and striatum, nearly equivalent to PBS-treated animals. Moreover, adoptive transfer of immune cells from ovalbumin-immunized to MPTP-treated mice failed to alter NAA levels or protect dopaminergic neurons and their projections. These results demonstrate that 1H MRSI can evaluate dopaminergic degeneration and its protection by Cop-1 immunization strategies. Most importantly, the results provide a monitoring system to assess therapeutic outcomes for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Boska
- Center for Neurovirology and Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5215, USA
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28
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Vite CH, McGowan JC, Niogi SN, Passini MA, Drobatz KJ, Haskins ME, Wolfe JH. Effective gene therapy for an inherited CNS disease in a large animal model. Ann Neurol 2005; 57:355-64. [PMID: 15732095 DOI: 10.1002/ana.20392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Genetic diseases affecting the brain typically have widespread lesions that require global correction. Lysosomal storage diseases are good candidates for central nervous system gene therapy, because active enzyme from genetically corrected cells can be secreted and taken up by surrounding diseased cells, and only small amounts of enzyme (<5% of normal) are required to reverse storage lesions. Injection of gene transfer vectors into multiple sites in the mouse brain has been shown to mediate widespread reversal of storage lesions in several disease models. To study a brain closer in size to the human brain, we evaluated the extent of storage correction mediated by a limited number of adeno-associated virus vector injections in the cat model of human alpha-mannosidosis. The treated cats showed remarkable improvements in clinical neurological signs and in brain myelination assessed by quantitative magnetic resonance imaging. Postmortem examination showed that storage lesions were greatly reduced throughout the brain, even though gene transfer was limited to the areas surrounding the injection tracks. The data demonstrate that widespread improvement of neuropathology in a large mammalian brain can be achieved using multiple injection sites during one operation and suggest that this could be an effective treatment for the central nervous system component of human lysosomal enzyme deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Vite
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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29
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Emborg ME. Evaluation of animal models of Parkinson's disease for neuroprotective strategies. J Neurosci Methods 2004; 139:121-43. [PMID: 15488225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2004.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2004] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic nigral neurons and striatal dopamine. Despite the advances of modern therapy to treat the symptoms of PD, most of the patients will eventually experience debilitating disability. The need for neuroprotective strategies that will slow or stop the progression of the disease is clear. The progress in the understanding of the cause and pathogenesis of PD is providing clues for the development of disease-modifying strategies. In that regard, animal models of PD and non-human primate models in particular, are essential for the preclinical evaluation and testing of candidate therapies. However, the diversity of models and different outcome measures used by investigators make it challenging to compare results between neuroprotective agents. In this review we will discuss methods for the selection, development and assessment of animal models of PD, the role of non-human primates and the concept of "multiple models/multiple endpoints" to predict the success in the clinic of neuroprotective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina E Emborg
- National Primate Research Center and Department of Anatomy, University of Wisconsin, 1223 Capitol Court, Madison, WI 53715, USA.
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30
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Sharma SK, Ebadi M. An improved method for analyzing coenzyme Q homologues and multiple detection of rare biological samples. J Neurosci Methods 2004; 137:1-8. [PMID: 15196822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2004.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2003] [Revised: 01/20/2004] [Accepted: 02/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a simple method for the estimation of coenzyme Q homologues, neurotransmitters, metal ions, lipid peroxidation, gene expression, and DNA fragmentation simultaneously from genetically engineered mice brain regions and cultured neurons. The primary objective of this study was to improve conventional time-consuming, cumbersome, and less efficient procedures, and reduce the cost of conducting kinetic studies in rare biological samples. The improved method is novel, precise, efficient, accurate, sensitive, economical, versatile, and highly reproducible. The recovery and shelf life of coenzyme Q homologues was significantly increased and the chromatograms exhibited reduced background and retention times. It is envisaged that in addition to coenzyme Q homologues, the improved method could be utilized for the multiple analyses of DNA, RNA and proteins from clinically significant biopsy and autopsy samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil K Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, & Therapeutics, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, 501 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA.
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