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Abstract
Thioredoxin-interacting protein (Txnip) is a metabolic regulator, which modulates insulin sensitivity and likely plays a role in type 2 diabetes. We studied the regulation of Txnip in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Cells were incubated under different conditions and Txnip was measured by immunoblotting. We confirmed that high glucose markedly increases Txnip expression by promoting transcription. Insulin decreases Txnip protein levels. Rapamycin under most conditions decreased Txnip, suggesting that mTOR complex-1 is involved. The acute effects of insulin are mainly posttranscriptional; insulin (100 nM) accelerates Txnip degradation more than tenfold. This effect is cell type specific. It works in adipocytes, preadipocytes and in L6 myotubes but not in HepG2 or in HEK 293 cells or in a pancreatic β-cell line. The ubiquitin/proteasome pathway is involved. Degradation of Txnip occurred within 15 min in the presence of 3 nM insulin and overnight with 0.6 nM insulin. Proteasomal Txnip degradation is not mediated by a cysteine protease or an anti-calpain enzyme. Okadaic acid (OKA), an inhibitor of phosphoprotein phosphatases (pp), markedly reduced Txnip protein and stimulated its further decrease by insulin. The latter occurred after incubation with 1 or 1000 nM OKA, suggesting that insulin enhances the phosphorylation of a pp2A substrate. Incubation with 0.1 μM Wortmannin, a PI3 kinase inhibitor, increased Txnip protein twofold and significantly inhibited its insulin-induced decrease. Thus, while OKA mimics the effect of insulin, Wortmannin opposes it. In summary, insulin stimulates Txnip degradation by a PI3 kinase-dependent mechanism, which activates the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway and likely serves to mitigate insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Robinson
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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2
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Muthusamy T, Murugesan P, Balasubramanian K. Sex steroids deficiency impairs glucose transporter 4 expression and its translocation through defective Akt phosphorylation in target tissues of adult male rat. Metabolism 2009; 58:1581-92. [PMID: 19615701 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Revised: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
There is a substantial body of evidence suggesting that altered level of sex steroids in male is associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the mechanism of this effect is not apparent. Our recent study indicated that testosterone deprivation decreases insulin receptor expression and glucose oxidation in insulin target tissues. The present study was designed to assess the impact of deficiency of testosterone and estradiol on Akt phosphorylation, glucose transporter expression, and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and liver of adult male rat. Adult male albino rats of Wistar strain were orchidectomized and supplemented with testosterone (100 microg/100 g body weight per day), estradiol (5 microg/100 g body weight per day), and their combination (100 microg testosterone plus 5 microg estradiol per 100 g body weight per day) for 15 days from the 11th day postorchidectomy. On the day after the last treatment, animals were perfused; and blood was collected for the assay of plasma glucose, serum insulin, testosterone, and estradiol. Gastrocnemius muscle, adipose tissue, and liver were dissected out and used for the assay of various parameters such as Akt phosphorylation, glucose transporter (GLUT) 2 and 4 expression, glucose uptake, and glycogenic and glycogenolytic enzymes activity. Castration elevated the blood glucose level, which was accompanied by inhibitory effect on serum insulin, Akt phosphorylation, GLUT4 expression and its plasma membrane population, glucose uptake, glycogen and glycogen synthase activity, and stimulatory effect on GLUT2 expression and glycogen phosphorylase activity in tissues studied. After testosterone and its combination with estradiol supplementation to castrated rats, a normal pattern of all these parameters was restored. Estradiol administration to castrated rats increased the Akt phosphorylation without altering other parameters studied. It is concluded from the present study that sex steroids deficiency-induced defective glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue is mediated through defective Akt phosphorylation and GLUT4 expression in plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirupathi Muthusamy
- Department of Endocrinology, Dr ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai 600 113, Tamil Nadu, India
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3
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González-Rodriguez A, Nevado C, Escrivá F, Sesti G, Rondinone CM, Benito M, Valverde AM. PTP1B deficiency increases glucose uptake in neonatal hepatocytes: involvement of IRA/GLUT2 complexes. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 295:G338-47. [PMID: 18535291 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00514.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of the liver to glucose utilization is essential to maintain glucose homeostasis. Previous data from protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) 1B-deficient mice demonstrated that the liver is a major site for PTP1B action in the periphery. In this study, we have investigated the consequences of PTP1B deficiency in glucose uptake in hepatocytes from neonatal and adult mice. The lack of PTP1B increased basal glucose uptake in hepatocytes from neonatal (3-5 days old) but not adult (10-12 wk old) mice. This occurs without changes in hexokinase, glucokinase, and glucose 6-phosphatase enzymatic activities. By contrast, the glucose transporter GLUT2 was upregulated at the protein level in neonatal hepatocytes and livers from PTP1B-deficient neonates. These results were accompanied by a significant increase in the net free intrahepatic glucose levels in the livers of PTP1B(-/-) neonates. The association between GLUT2 and insulin receptor (IR) A isoform was increased in PTP1B(-/-) neonatal hepatocytes compared with the wild-type. Indeed, PTP1B deficiency in neonatal hepatocytes shifted the ratio of isoforms A and B of the IR by increasing the amount of IRA and decreasing IRB. Moreover, overexpression of IRA in PTP1B(-/-) neonatal hepatocytes increased the amount of IRA/GLUT2 complexes. Conversely, hepatocytes from adult mice only expressed IRB. Since IRA plays a direct role in the regulation of glucose uptake in neonatal hepatocytes through its specific association with GLUT2, we propose the increase in IRA/GLUT2 complexes due to PTP1B deficiency as the molecular mechanism of the increased glucose uptake in the neonatal stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agueda González-Rodriguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, C/ Arturo Pérez Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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4
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Escribano O, Arribas M, Valverde AM, Benito M. IRS-3 mediates insulin-induced glucose uptake in differentiated IRS-2(-/-) brown adipocytes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007; 268:1-9. [PMID: 17316975 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2006.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2006] [Revised: 12/07/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
IRS-2 mediates insulin-induced glucose uptake in brown preadipocytes. Upon differentiation, basal IRS-3 expression increased concurrently with an enhancement in the IRS-3-associated phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase activity in the Triton-insoluble fraction in wild-type and IRS-2-deficient brown adipocytes stimulated with insulin. Moreover, insulin induced protein kinase B (Akt) and protein kinase C (PKC) zeta phosphorylation in both kinds of cells. More importantly, insulin induced glucose uptake in differentiated IRS-2-deficient brown adipocytes in a wortmannin-dependent manner. However, while insulin induced Akt phosphorylation occurred mainly in the cytosolic fraction, PKC zeta activation was constrained to the Triton-insoluble fraction. The reduction of IRS-3 expression by siRNA inhibited insulin-induced glucose uptake and also PKC zeta activation in differentiated IRS-2(-/-) brown adipocytes. In addition, inhibition of PKC zeta totally blunted insulin-induced glucose uptake in those cells. Our results provide evidences suggesting that IRS-3/PI 3-kinase/PKC zeta signaling is the main responsible for the insulin-induced glucose uptake observed upon differentiation of brown adipocytes lacking IRS-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Escribano
- Institute of Biochemistry/Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, (CSIC/UCM), School of Pharmacy, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Fernández-Veledo S, Hernandez R, Teruel T, Mas JA, Ros M, Lorenzo M. Ceramide mediates TNF-alpha-induced insulin resistance on GLUT4 gene expression in brown adipocytes. Arch Physiol Biochem 2006; 112:13-22. [PMID: 16754199 DOI: 10.1080/13813450500508137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha impaired insulin induction on GLUT4 mRNA in foetal brown adipocytes, as demonstrated by quantitative RT-PCR and Northern blot. We have explored the hypothesis that some effects of TNF-alpha could be mediated by the generation of ceramide, since TNF-alpha treatment induced the production of ceramide in these primary cells. A short-chain ceramide analogue, C2-ceramide, precluded insulin-induced GLUT4 mRNA accumulation and GLUT4-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) full promoter activation. Moreover, inhibition of the ceramide biosynthesis with fumonisin B, which inhibits ceramide synthase, completely restored insulin-induced GLUT4 mRNA and protein accumulation as well as GLUT4-CAT transactivation in the presence of TNF-alpha. In consequence, TNF-alpha-induced insulin resistance on glucose uptake was completely alleviated. In addition, TNF-alpha down-regulated insulin-induced CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)-alpha gene expression and DNA binding activity, but fumonisin B precludes these effects. Furthermore, co-transfection with a wild-type C/EBP-alpha construct transactivates GLUT4-CAT construct. Our results indicate that de novo ceramide produced by TNF-alpha-induced insulin resistance on GLUT4 gene expression in brown adipocytes by interfering C/EBP-alpha expression, a transcription factor essential for the expression of GLUT4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Fernández-Veledo
- Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Valverde AM, Benito M, Lorenzo M. The brown adipose cell: a model for understanding the molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 183:59-73. [PMID: 15654920 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-201x.2004.01384.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disease that occurs when insulin secretion can no longer compensate insulin resistance in peripheral tissues. At the molecular level, insulin resistance correlates with impaired insulin signalling. This review provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of insulin action and resistance in brown adipose tissue and pinpoints the role of this tissue in the control of glucose homeostasis. Brown adipocytes are target cells for insulin and IGF-I action, especially during late foetal development when insulin supports survival and promotes both adipogenic and thermogenic differentiation. The main pathway involved in insulin induction of adipogenic differentiation, monitored by fatty acid synthase expression, is the cascade insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt. Glucose transport in these cells is maintained mainly by the activity of GLUT4. Acute insulin treatment stimulates glucose transport largely by mediating translocation of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane, involving the activation of IRS-2/PI3K, and the downstream targets Akt and protein kinase C zeta. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) caused insulin resistance on glucose uptake by impairing insulin signalling at the level of IRS-2. Activation of stress kinases and phosphatases by this cytokine contribute to insulin resistance. Furthermore, brown adipocytes are also target cells for rosiglitazone action since they show a high expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma, and rosiglitazone increased the expression of the thermogenic uncoupling protein 1. Rosiglitazone ameliorates insulin resistance provoked by TNF-alpha, completely restoring insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in parallel to the insulin signalling cascade. Accordingly, foetal brown adipocytes represent a model for investigating insulin action, as well as for the mechanism by which rosiglitazone increase insulin sensitivity under situations that mimic insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Valverde
- Instituto de Bioquimica. Centro Mixto CSIC/UCM, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Hernandez R, Teruel T, de Alvaro C, Lorenzo M. Rosiglitazone ameliorates insulin resistance in brown adipocytes of Wistar rats by impairing TNF-alpha induction of p38 and p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinases. Diabetologia 2004; 47:1615-24. [PMID: 15365619 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-004-1503-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2004] [Accepted: 04/22/2004] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS TNF-alpha caused insulin resistance on glucose uptake and on insulin signalling in fetal brown adipocytes. Since treatment with TNF-alpha activates stress kinases, including c-jun NH2 terminal kinase (JNK), and p42/p44 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), we explored the contribution of these pathways to insulin resistance by TNF-alpha. Rosiglitazone is used to treat Type 2 diabetes as it improves insulin sensitivity in vivo. However, its ability to ameliorate TNF-alpha-induced insulin resistance in brown adipocytes remains to be explored. METHODS We used fetal rat primary brown adipocytes cultured with TNF-alpha, with or without stress kinase inhibitors or rosiglitazone, and further stimulated with insulin. Then, we measured glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation. To determine the insulin signalling cascade, we submitted cells to lysis, immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting. RESULTS Exposure to TNF-alpha for 24 h impairs insulin stimulation of the phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase activity associated with IRS-2 and Akt activity. Pretreatment with PD98059 or PD169316, which inhibit p42/p44MAPK and p38MAPK respectively, restored insulin signalling and insulin-induced glucose uptake in the presence of TNF-alpha. However, in the presence of SP600125, an inhibitor of JNK, TNF-alpha still produced insulin resistance. Rosiglitazone ameliorated insulin resistance by TNF-alpha in brown adipocytes, restoring completely insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation to plasma membrane in parallel to the insulin signalling cascade IRS-2/PI 3-kinase/Akt. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Rosiglitazone treatment impaired TNF-alpha activation of p38 and p42/p44MAPK, restoring insulin signalling and leading to normalisation of glucose uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hernandez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, 28040-Madrid, Spain
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8
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Abstract
The function of brown adipose tissue is to transfer energy from food into heat; physiologically, both the heat produced and the resulting decrease in metabolic efficiency can be of significance. Both the acute activity of the tissue, i.e., the heat production, and the recruitment process in the tissue (that results in a higher thermogenic capacity) are under the control of norepinephrine released from sympathetic nerves. In thermoregulatory thermogenesis, brown adipose tissue is essential for classical nonshivering thermogenesis (this phenomenon does not exist in the absence of functional brown adipose tissue), as well as for the cold acclimation-recruited norepinephrine-induced thermogenesis. Heat production from brown adipose tissue is activated whenever the organism is in need of extra heat, e.g., postnatally, during entry into a febrile state, and during arousal from hibernation, and the rate of thermogenesis is centrally controlled via a pathway initiated in the hypothalamus. Feeding as such also results in activation of brown adipose tissue; a series of diets, apparently all characterized by being low in protein, result in a leptin-dependent recruitment of the tissue; this metaboloregulatory thermogenesis is also under hypothalamic control. When the tissue is active, high amounts of lipids and glucose are combusted in the tissue. The development of brown adipose tissue with its characteristic protein, uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1), was probably determinative for the evolutionary success of mammals, as its thermogenesis enhances neonatal survival and allows for active life even in cold surroundings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Cannon
- The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Miele C, Riboulet A, Maitan MA, Oriente F, Romano C, Formisano P, Giudicelli J, Beguinot F, Van Obberghen E. Human glycated albumin affects glucose metabolism in L6 skeletal muscle cells by impairing insulin-induced insulin receptor substrate (IRS) signaling through a protein kinase C alpha-mediated mechanism. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:47376-87. [PMID: 12970360 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m301088200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonenzymatic glycation is increased in diabetes and leads to increased levels of glycated proteins. Most studies have focused on the role of glycation products in vascular complications. Here, we have investigated the action of human glycated albumin (HGA) on insulin signaling in L6 skeletal muscle cells. Exposure of these cells to HGA inhibited insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and glycogen synthase activity by 95 and 80%, respectively. These effects were time- and dose-dependent, reaching a maximum after 12 h incubation with 0.1 mg/ml HGA. In contrast, exposure of the cells to HGA had no effect on thymidine incorporation. Further, HGA reduced insulin-stimulated serine phosphorylation of PKB and GSK3, but did not alter ERK1/2 activation. HGA did not affect either insulin receptor kinase activity or insulin-induced Shc phosphorylation on tyrosine. In contrast, insulin-dependent IRS-1 and IRS-2 tyrosine phosphorylation was severely reduced in cells preincubated with HGA for 24 h. Insulin-stimulated association of PI3K with IRS-1 and IRS-2, and PI3K activity were reduced by HGA in parallel with the changes in IRS tyrosine phosphorylation, while Grb2-IRS association was unchanged. In L6 myotubes, exposure to HGA increased PKC activity by 2-fold resulting in a similar increase in Ser/Thr phosphorylation of IRS-1 and IRS-2. These phosphorylations were blocked by the PKC inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide (BDM). BDM also blocked the action of HGA on insulin-stimulated PKB and GSK3 alpha. Simultaneously, BDM rescued insulin-stimulation of glucose uptake and glycogen synthase activity in cells exposed to HGA. The use of antibodies specific to PKC isoforms shows that this effect appears to be mediated by activated PKC alpha, independent of reactive oxygen species production. In summary, in L6 skeletal muscle cells, exposure to HGA leads to insulin resistance selectively in glucose metabolism with no effect on growth-related pathways regulated by the hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Miele
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare & Centro di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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10
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Valverde AM, Burks DJ, Fabregat I, Fisher TL, Carretero J, White MF, Benito M. Molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance in IRS-2-deficient hepatocytes. Diabetes 2003; 52:2239-48. [PMID: 12941762 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.52.9.2239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
To assess the role of insulin receptor (IR) substrate (IRS)-2 in insulin action and resistance in the liver, immortalized neonatal hepatocyte cell lines have been generated from IRS-2(-/-), IRS-2(+/-), and wild-type mice. These cells maintained the expression of the differentiated liver markers albumin and carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, as well as bear a high number of IRs. The lack of IRS-2 did not result in enhanced IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation or IRS-1-associated phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase activity on insulin stimulation. Total insulin-induced PI 3-kinase activity was decreased by 50% in IRS-2(-/-) hepatocytes, but the translocation of PI-3,4,5-trisphosphate to the plasma membrane in these cells was almost completely abolished. Downstream PI 3-kinase, activation of Akt, glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3 (alpha and beta isoforms), Foxo1, and atypical protein kinase C were blunted in insulin-stimulated IRS-2(-/-) cells. Reconstitution of IRS-2(-/-) hepatocytes with adenoviral IRS-2 restored activation of these pathways, demonstrating that IRS-2 is essential for functional insulin signaling in hepatocytes. Insulin induced a marked glycogen synthase activity in wild-type and heterozygous primary hepatocytes; interestingly, this response was absent in IRS-2(-/-) cells but was rescued by infection with adenoviral IRS-2. Regarding gluconeogenesis, the induction of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose 6-phosphatase by dibutyryl cAMP and dexamethasone was observed in primary hepatocytes of all genotypes. However, insulin was not able to suppress gluconeogenic gene expression in primary hepatocytes lacking IRS-2, but when IRS-2 signaling was reconstituted, these cells recovered this response to insulin. Suppression of gluconeogenic gene expression in IRS-2-deficient primary hepatocytes was also restored by infection with dominant negative Delta 256Foxo1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Valverde
- Instituto de Bioquímica/Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Centro Mixto CSIC/UCM, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Kuwahara H, Uotani S, Abe T, Degawa-Yamauchi M, Takahashi R, Kita A, Fujita N, Ohshima K, Sakamaki H, Yamasaki H, Yamaguchi Y, Eguchi K. Insulin attenuates leptin-induced STAT3 tyrosine-phosphorylation in a hepatoma cell line. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2003; 205:115-20. [PMID: 12890573 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(03)00180-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Leptin, the 16 kDa protein product of the ob gene, is secreted by adipocytes. The long form leptin receptor (ObRb) is expressed at high levels in the hypothalamus, and regulates appetite and energy expenditure. The fact that serum concentration of leptin is correlated with body mass index (BMI) suggests reduced sensitivity to leptin. Even though hyperinsulinemia and hyperleptinemia could coexist in obese humans, little is known about the interaction of insulin and leptin. In this study, we examined the effect of insulin on leptin signaling using Huh 7 cells transiently transfected with ObRb cDNA. Insulin inhibits leptin-induced STAT3 phosphorylation in a time- and dose-dependent manner without affecting Janus tyrosine kinases (JAKs) JAK2 phosphorylation. Okadaic acid prevents the inhibitory effect of insulin on leptin-induced STAT3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironaga Kuwahara
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Immunology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, 852-8501 Nagasaki, Japan
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12
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Imamura T, Huang J, Usui I, Satoh H, Bever J, Olefsky JM. Insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation involves protein kinase C-lambda-mediated functional coupling between Rab4 and the motor protein kinesin. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:4892-900. [PMID: 12832475 PMCID: PMC162221 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.14.4892-4900.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin stimulates glucose transport by promoting translocation of GLUT4 proteins from the perinuclear compartment to the cell surface. It has been previously suggested that the microtubule-associated motor protein kinesin, which transports cargo toward the plus end of microtubules, plays a role in translocating GLUT4 vesicles to the cell surface. In this study, we investigated the role of Rab4, a small GTPase-binding protein, and the motor protein KIF3 (kinesin II in mice) in insulin-induced GLUT4 exocytosis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Photoaffinity labeling of Rab4 with [gamma-(32)P]GTP-azidoanilide showed that insulin stimulated Rab4 GTP loading and that this insulin effect was inhibited by pretreatment with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) inhibitor LY294002 or expression of dominant-negative protein kinase C-lambda (PKC-lambda). Consistent with previous reports, expression of dominant-negative Rab4 (N121I) decreased insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation by 45%. Microinjection of an anti-KIF3 antibody into 3T3-L1 adipocytes decreased insulin-induced GLUT4 exocytosis by 65% but had no effect on endocytosis. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments showed that Rab4, but not Rab5, physically associated with KIF3, and this was confirmed by showing in vitro association using glutathione S-transferase-Rab4. A microtubule capture assay demonstrated that insulin stimulation increased the activity for the binding of KIF3 to microtubules and that this activation was inhibited by pretreatment with the PI3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 or expression of dominant-negative PKC-lambda. Taken together, these data indicate that (i) insulin signaling stimulates Rab4 activity, the association of Rab4 with kinesin, and the interaction of KIF3 with microtubules and (ii) this process is mediated by insulin-induced PI3-kinase-dependent PKC-lambda activation and participates in GLUT4 exocytosis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Imamura
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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13
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Hernandez R, Teruel T, Lorenzo M. Insulin and dexamethasone induce GLUT4 gene expression in foetal brown adipocytes: synergistic effect through CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha. Biochem J 2003; 372:617-24. [PMID: 12641495 PMCID: PMC1223428 DOI: 10.1042/bj20030325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2003] [Revised: 03/11/2003] [Accepted: 03/17/2003] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of foetal brown adipocytes in primary culture with either dexamethasone or insulin, at physiological concentrations, for 24 h up-regulates the expression of the GLUT4 gene, producing a synergistic effect on mRNA accumulation (20-fold increase), in the amount of protein in the total membrane fraction (8-fold increase) and in the transactivation of a full-promoter GLUT4 -chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene ( CAT ) construct (7-fold increase). However, GLUT1 expression remains essentially unmodified regardless of the presence of the hormones. As a consequence, exposure of brown adipocytes to dexamethasone and insulin results in a dramatic increase of glucose uptake (12-fold). Dexamethasone induces the expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) alpha, insulin promotes myocyte enhancer factor-2 DNA-binding activity and both combined produces a significant increase in C/EBPalpha DNA-binding activity. Moreover, co-transfection with a wild-type C/EBPalpha construct transactivates a full-promoter GLUT4 - CAT fusion gene, whereas a dominant-negative C/EBPalpha expression vector impairs the hormonal effects. Our results show that the synergism between insulin and glucocorticoids on glucose uptake is a consequence of the activation of the GLUT4 promoter by the transcription factor C/EBPalpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Hernandez
- Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040-Madrid, Spain
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14
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Arribas M, Valverde AM, Burks D, Klein J, Farese RV, White MF, Benito M. Essential role of protein kinase C zeta in the impairment of insulin-induced glucose transport in IRS-2-deficient brown adipocytes. FEBS Lett 2003; 536:161-6. [PMID: 12586357 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)00049-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Insulin receptor substrate-2-deficient (IRS-2(-/-)) mice develop type 2 diabetes. We have investigated the molecular mechanisms by which IRS-2(-/-) immortalized brown adipocytes showed an impaired response to insulin in inducing GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake. IRS-2-associated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) activity was blunted in IRS-2(-/-) cells, total PI 3-kinase activity being reduced by 30%. Downstream, activation of protein kinase C (PKC) zeta was abolished in IRS-2(-/-) cells. Reconstitution with retroviral IRS-2 restores IRS-2/PI 3-kinase/PKC zeta signalling, as well as glucose uptake. Wild-type cells expressing a kinase-inactive mutant of PKC zeta lack GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake. Our results support the essential role played by PKC zeta in the insulin resistance and impaired glucose uptake observed in IRS-2-deficient brown adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Arribas
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular/Instituto de Bioquímica, Centro Mixto CSIC/UCM, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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15
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Mur C, Arribas M, Benito M, Valverde AM. Essential role of insulin-like growth factor I receptor in insulin-induced fetal brown adipocyte differentiation. Endocrinology 2003; 144:581-93. [PMID: 12538620 DOI: 10.1210/en.2002-220828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To define the specific role of IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) in adipogenic and thermogenic differentiation of brown adipocytes during late fetal life, we have established immortalized brown adipocyte cell lines from fetuses of IGF-IR-deficient mice (IGF-IR(-/-)) as well as from wild-type mice (IGF-IR(+/+)). IGF-IR(-/-) cells showed an increased insulin sensitivity regarding insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) tyrosine phosphorylation despite a substantial reduction in IRS-1 protein content. Furthermore, insulin-induced total and IRS-1-associated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activities were augmented in IGF-IR-deficient cells compared with wild-type cells. Downstream phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation of Akt, but not p70s6 kinase, were elicited at lower doses of insulin in IGF-IR(-/-) brown adipocytes. Activation of protein kinase Czeta by insulin was similar in both cell types as was insulin-induced glucose uptake. Treatment of wild-type brown adipocytes with insulin for 12 h up-regulated fatty acid synthase (FAS) and adipocyte determination and differentiation (ADD1/SREBP) mRNAs; this effect was impaired in the absence of IGF-IR. At the protein level, insulin increased FAS content and the amount of the mature form of adipocyte determination and differentiation (ADD1/SREBP) in the nucleus in wild-type cells, but not in IGF-IR(-/-) cells. Furthermore, 24 h of insulin stimulation induced the expression of both uncoupling protein-1 and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPalpha) in wild-type brown adipocytes; these effects were abolished in IGF-I-R(-/-) cells. Retrovirus-mediated reexpression of peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) in IGF-IR(-/-) brown adipocytes could overcome FAS mRNA impairment, bypassing insulin signaling. However, insulin further increased FAS mRNA expression in C/EBPalpha-IGF-IR(-/-) cells, but not in PPARgamma-IGF-IR(-/-) cells. In addition, fetal brown adipocytes lacking IGF-IR up-regulated uncoupling protein-1 expression in the absence of insulin when PPARgamma, but not C/EBPalpha, was overexpressed. These data provide strong evidence for a critical role of IGF-IR in the differentiation of the brown adipocyte phenotype in fetal life; this effect is mimicked by PPARgamma in an insulin-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Mur
- Instituto de Bioquímica/Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Centro Mixto, Facultad de Farmacia, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Klein HH, Ullmann S, Drenckhan M, Grimmsmann T, Unthan-Fechner K, Probst I. Differential modulation of insulin actions by dexamethasone: studies in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes. J Hepatol 2002; 37:432-40. [PMID: 12217595 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(02)00217-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Steroid diabetes is associated with hepatic insulin resistance; in hepatic cell models, however, mainly insulin-permissive effects have been described. Here we investigate modulation by dexamethasone of a larger number of insulin actions. METHODS Adult rat hepatocytes were cultured+/-dexamethasone for 48 h; insulin actions were studied subsequently. RESULTS Stimulation of glycolysis by insulin but not by glucose required culture with dexamethasone. Activation of glycogen synthesis by insulin or glucose was strongly enhanced by dexamethasone, the insulin effects on glycogenolysis and amino acid uptake were not modulated. When dexamethasone was omitted from the culture, insulin was incapable to activate glycogen synthase, inactivate glycogen phosphorylase or elevate the level of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. Dexamethasone did not alter insulin binding, insulin receptor number or kinase activity, insulin receptor substrate-1 and Akt protein expression/phosphorylation. Insulin-stimulated association of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase with insulin receptor substrates-1 and -2 was increased with dexamethasone, the increased association with IRS-2 may, at least partially, be explained by higher IRS-2 protein expression. CONCLUSIONS The steroid does not cause hepatic resistance in vitro. The differential attenuation under steroid deprivation points to defects in branches of the insulin signal chain and/or loss of hormonal regulation at the level of target enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald H Klein
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medizinische Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Shao J, Yamashita H, Qiao L, Draznin B, Friedman JE. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase redistribution is associated with skeletal muscle insulin resistance in gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 2002; 51:19-29. [PMID: 11756318 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.51.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance during pregnancy provokes gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM); however, the cellular mechanisms for this type of insulin resistance are not well understood. We evaluated the mechanisms(s) for insulin resistance in skeletal muscle from an animal model of spontaneous GDM, the heterozygous C57BL/KsJ-(db/+) mouse. Pregnancy triggered a novel functional redistribution of the insulin-signaling environment in skeletal muscle in vivo. This environment preferentially increases a pool of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase activity associated with the insulin receptor, away from insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1. In conjunction with the redistribution of PI 3-kinase to the insulin receptor, there is a selective increase in activation of downstream serine kinases Akt and p70S6. Furthermore, we show that redistribution of PI 3-kinase to the insulin receptor increases insulin-stimulated IRS-1 serine phosphorylation, impairs IRS-1 expression and its tyrosine phosphorylation, and decreases the ability of IRS-1 to bind and activate PI 3-kinase in response to insulin. Thus, the pool of IRS-1-associated PI 3-kinase activity is reduced, resulting in the inability of insulin to stimulate GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane. These defects are unique to pregnancy and suggest that redistribution of PI 3-kinase to the insulin receptor may be a primary defect underlying insulin resistance in skeletal muscle during gestational diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Shao
- Department of Pediatrics, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA
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Teruel T, Hernandez R, Lorenzo M. Ceramide mediates insulin resistance by tumor necrosis factor-alpha in brown adipocytes by maintaining Akt in an inactive dephosphorylated state. Diabetes 2001; 50:2563-71. [PMID: 11679435 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.50.11.2563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha causes insulin resistance on glucose uptake in fetal brown adipocytes. We explored the hypothesis that some effects of TNF-alpha could be mediated by the generation of ceramide, given that TNF-alpha treatment induced the production of ceramide in these primary cells. A short-chain ceramide analog, C2-ceramide, completely precluded insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation to plasma membrane, as determined by Western blot or immunofluorescent localization of GLUT4. These effects were not produced in the presence of a biologically inactive ceramide analog, C2-dihydroceramide. Analysis of the phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase signaling pathway indicated that C2-ceramide precluded insulin stimulation of Akt kinase activity, but not of PI-3 kinase or protein kinase C-zeta activity. C2-ceramide completely abolished insulin-stimulated Akt/protein kinase B phosphorylation on regulatory residues Thr 308 and Ser 473, as did TNF-alpha, and inhibited insulin-induced mobility shift in Akt1 and Akt2 separated in PAGE. Moreover, C2-ceramide seemed to activate a protein phosphatase (PP) involved in dephosphorylating Akt because 1) PP2A activity was increased in C2-ceramide- and TNF-alpha-treated cells, 2) treatment with okadaic acid concomitantly with C2-ceramide completely restored Akt phosphorylation by insulin, and 3) transient transfection of a constitutively active form of Akt did not restore Akt activity. Our results indicate that ceramide produced by TNF-alpha induces insulin resistance in brown adipocytes by maintaining Akt in an inactive dephosphorylated state.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Teruel
- Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Oku A, Nawano M, Ueta K, Fujita T, Umebayashi I, Arakawa K, Kano-Ishihara T, Saito A, Anai M, Funaki M, Kikuchi M, Oka Y, Asano T. Inhibitory effect of hyperglycemia on insulin-induced Akt/protein kinase B activation in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001; 280:E816-24. [PMID: 11287365 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.2001.280.5.e816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To determine the molecular mechanism underlying hyperglycemia-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscles, postreceptor insulin-signaling events were assessed in skeletal muscles of neonatally streptozotocin-treated diabetic rats. In isolated soleus muscle of the diabetic rats, insulin-stimulated 2-deoxyglucose uptake, glucose oxidation, and lactate release were all significantly decreased compared with normal rats. Similarly, insulin-induced phosphorylation and activation of Akt/protein kinase B (PKB) and GLUT-4 translocation were severely impaired. However, the upstream signal, including phosphorylation of the insulin receptor (IR) and insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 and -2 and activity of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase associated with IRS-1/2, was enhanced. The amelioration of hyperglycemia by T-1095, a Na(+)-glucose transporter inhibitor, normalized the reduced insulin sensitivity in the soleus muscle and the impaired insulin-stimulated Akt/PKB phosphorylation and activity. In addition, the enhanced PI 3-kinase activation and phosphorylation of IR and IRS-1 and -2 were reduced to normal levels. These results suggest that sustained hyperglycemia impairs the insulin-signaling steps between PI 3-kinase and Akt/PKB, and that impaired Akt/PKB activity underlies hyperglycemia-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Oku
- Discovery Research Laboratory, Tanabe Seiyaku Co. Ltd., Saitama 335-8505, Japan
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Hernandez R, Teruel T, Lorenzo M. Akt mediates insulin induction of glucose uptake and up-regulation of GLUT4 gene expression in brown adipocytes. FEBS Lett 2001; 494:225-31. [PMID: 11311245 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(01)02353-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Insulin acutely stimulated glucose uptake in rat primary brown adipocytes in a PI3-kinase-dependent but p70S6-kinase-independent manner. Since Akt represents an intermediate step between these kinases, this study investigated the contribution of Akt to insulin-induced glucose uptake by the use of a chemical compound, ML-9, as well as by transfection with a dominant-negative form of Akt (DeltaAkt). Pretreatment with ML-9 for 10 min completely inhibited insulin stimulation of (1) Akt kinase activity, (2) Akt phosphorylation on the regulatory residue Ser473 but not on Thr308, and (3) mobility shift in Akt1 and Akt2. However, ML-9 did not affect insulin-stimulated PI3-kinase nor PKCzeta activities. In consequence, ML-9 precluded insulin stimulation of glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation to plasma membrane (determined by Western blot), without any effect on the basal glucose uptake. Moreover, DeltaAkt impaired insulin stimulation of glucose uptake and GFP-tagged GLUT4 translocation to plasma membrane in transiently transfected immortalised brown adipocytes and HeLa cells, respectively. Furthermore, ML-9 treatment for 6 h down-regulated insulin-induced GLUT4 mRNA accumulation, without affecting GLUT1 expression, in a similar fashion as LY294002. Indeed, co-transfection of brown adipocytes with DeltaAkt precluded the transactivation of GLUT4-CAT promoter by insulin in a similar fashion as a dominant-negative form of PI3-kinase. Our results indicate that activation of Akt may be an essential requirement for insulin regulation of glucose uptake and GLUT4 gene expression in brown adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hernandez
- Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Dynamic phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of proteins are fundamental mechanisms utilized by cells to transduce signals. Whereas transduction by protein kinases has been a major focus of studies in the last decade, protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) enzymes emerge in this millenium as the most fashionable players in cellular signaling. Viral proteins target specific PP2A enzymes in order to deregulate chosen cellular pathways in the host and promote viral progeny. The observation that a variety of viruses utilize PP2A to alienate cellular behavior emphasizes the fundamental importance of PP2A in signal transduction. This review will primarily focus on discussing the uniqueness of PP2A regulation and uncovering the critical role played by protein-protein interactions in the modulation of PP2A signaling. Moreover, the place of PP2A in signaling pathways and its functional significance for human diseases will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sontag
- Department of Pathology/Neuropathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9073, USA.
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