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Arruvito L, Sananez I, Seery V, Russo C, Geffner J. Purinergic signaling pathway in severe COVID-19. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2023; 70:102379. [PMID: 37087844 PMCID: PMC10091870 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2023.102379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Substantial efforts have been made to understand the immune response during severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, in order to identify and characterize risk factors, immune mechanisms responsible for the induction of tissue injury and potential therapeutic targets. Purinergic signaling pathway has shown to modulate the inflammatory processes in the course of several infectious diseases, but its role in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has not been clearly defined. Inflammation is usually associated to the release of ATP from different cell types, starting a cascade of events through the activation of a set of different purinergic receptors. This review summarizes the evidence showing the involvement of the purinergic system in the inflammatory condition that characterizes severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Arruvito
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS). Facultad de Medicina. UBA-CONICET, Paraguay 2155, C1121ABG CABA, Argentina.
| | - Inés Sananez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS). Facultad de Medicina. UBA-CONICET, Paraguay 2155, C1121ABG CABA, Argentina
| | - Vanesa Seery
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS). Facultad de Medicina. UBA-CONICET, Paraguay 2155, C1121ABG CABA, Argentina
| | - Constanza Russo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS). Facultad de Medicina. UBA-CONICET, Paraguay 2155, C1121ABG CABA, Argentina
| | - Jorge Geffner
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS). Facultad de Medicina. UBA-CONICET, Paraguay 2155, C1121ABG CABA, Argentina
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The Role of Cluster of Differentiation 39 (CD39) and Purinergic Signaling Pathway in Viral Infections. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020279. [PMID: 36839551 PMCID: PMC9967413 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
CD39 is a marker of immune cells such as lymphocytes and monocytes. The CD39/CD73 pathway hydrolyzes ATP into adenosine, which has a potent immunosuppressive effect. CD39 regulates the function of a variety of immunologic cells through the purinergic signaling pathways. CD39+ T cells have been implicated in viral infections, including Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), viral hepatitis, and Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections. The expression of CD39 is an indicator of lymphocyte exhaustion, which develops during chronicity. During RNA viral infections, the CD39 marker can profile the populations of CD4+ T lymphocytes into two populations, T-effector lymphocytes, and T-regulatory lymphocytes, where CD39 is predominantly expressed on the T-regulatory cells. The level of CD39 in T lymphocytes can predict the disease progression, antiviral immune responses, and the response to antiviral drugs. Besides, the percentage of CD39 and CD73 in B lymphocytes and monocytes can affect the status of viral infections. In this review, we investigate the impact of CD39 and CD39-expressing cells on viral infections and how the frequency and percentage of CD39+ immunologic cells determine disease prognosis.
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Ferrari D, Rubini M, Burns JS. The Potential of Purinergic Signaling to Thwart Viruses Including SARS-CoV-2. Front Immunol 2022; 13:904419. [PMID: 35784277 PMCID: PMC9248768 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.904419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A long-shared evolutionary history is congruent with the multiple roles played by purinergic signaling in viral infection, replication and host responses that can assist or hinder viral functions. An overview of the involvement of purinergic signaling among a range of viruses is compared and contrasted with what is currently understood for SARS-CoV-2. In particular, we focus on the inflammatory and antiviral responses of infected cells mediated by purinergic receptor activation. Although there is considerable variation in a patient's response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, a principle immediate concern in Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is the possibility of an aberrant inflammatory activation causing diffuse lung oedema and respiratory failure. We discuss the most promising potential interventions modulating purinergic signaling that may attenuate the more serious repercussions of SARS-CoV-2 infection and aspects of their implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferrari
- Section of Microbiology and Applied Pathology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Michele Rubini
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Jorge S. Burns
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Hixson EA, Borker PV, Jackson EK, Macatangay BJ. The Adenosine Pathway and Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Inflammation. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab396. [PMID: 34557556 PMCID: PMC8454523 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with an increased risk of age-associated comorbidities and mortality compared to people without HIV. This has been attributed to HIV-associated chronic inflammation and immune activation despite viral suppression. The adenosine pathway is an established mechanism by which the body regulates persistent inflammation to limit tissue damage associated with inflammatory conditions. However, HIV infection is associated with derangements in the adenosine pathway that limits its ability to control HIV-associated inflammation. This article reviews the function of purinergic signaling and the role of the adenosine signaling pathway in HIV-associated chronic inflammation. This review also discusses the beneficial and potential detrimental effects of pharmacotherapeutic strategies targeting this pathway among people with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Hixson
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Priya V Borker
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Edwin K Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bernard J Macatangay
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA
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Safe and Successful Treatment of Acute Cellular Rejection of an Intestine and Abdominal Wall Transplant With Vedolizumab. Transplant Direct 2020; 6:e527. [PMID: 32095513 PMCID: PMC7004630 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000000973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Graft survival rates after intestinal transplantation (ITx) are still the lowest in comparison to other solid organ transplants. One of the main reasons is the frequent occurrence of acute cellular rejection (ACR). Vedolizumab is an antibody against α4β7+ integrin involved in gut-homing of T cells which has been approved for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). We report its off-label use to treat ACR after ITx.
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Chen S, Shenk T, Nogalski MT. P2Y2 purinergic receptor modulates virus yield, calcium homeostasis, and cell motility in human cytomegalovirus-infected cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:18971-18982. [PMID: 31481624 PMCID: PMC6754545 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1907562116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) manipulates many aspects of host cell biology to create an intracellular milieu optimally supportive of its replication and spread. Our study reveals that levels of several components of the purinergic signaling system, including the P2Y2 and P2X5 receptors, are elevated in HCMV-infected fibroblasts. Knockdown and drug treatment experiments demonstrated that P2Y2 enhances the yield of virus, whereas P2X5 reduces HCMV production. The HCMV IE1 protein induces P2Y2 expression; and P2Y2-mediated signaling is important for efficient HCMV gene expression, DNA synthesis, and the production of infectious HCMV progeny. P2Y2 cooperates with the viral UL37x1 protein to regulate cystolic Ca2+ levels. P2Y2 also regulates PI3K/Akt signaling and infected cell motility. Thus, P2Y2 functions at multiple points within the viral replication cycle to support the efficient production of HCMV progeny, and it may facilitate in vivo viral spread through its role in cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saisai Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-1014
| | - Thomas Shenk
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-1014
| | - Maciej T Nogalski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-1014
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Chrétien S, Zerdes I, Bergh J, Matikas A, Foukakis T. Beyond PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibition: What the Future Holds for Breast Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E628. [PMID: 31060337 PMCID: PMC6562626 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has altered the management of human malignancies, improving outcomes in an expanding list of diseases. Breast cancer - presumably due to its perceived low immunogenicity - is a late addition to this list. Furthermore, most of the focus has been on the triple negative subtype because of its higher tumor mutational load and lymphocyte-enriched stroma, although emerging data show promise on the other breast cancer subtypes as well. To this point the clinical use of immunotherapy is limited to the inhibition of two immune checkpoints, Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 (PD-1) and Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated Protein 4 (CTLA-4). Consistent with the complexity of the regulation of the tumor - host interactions and their lack of reliance on a single regulatory pathway, combinatory approaches have shown improved efficacy albeit at the cost of increased toxicity. Beyond those two checkpoints though, a large number of co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory molecules play major roles on tumor evasion from immunosurveillance. These molecules likely represent future targets of immunotherapy provided that the promise shown in early data is translated into improved patient survival in randomized trials. The biological role, prognostic and predictive implications regarding breast cancer and early clinical efforts on exploiting these immune-related therapeutic targets are herein reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Chrétien
- Department of Oncology - Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 76, Sweden.
| | - Ioannis Zerdes
- Department of Oncology - Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 76, Sweden.
| | - Jonas Bergh
- Department of Oncology - Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 76, Sweden.
| | - Alexios Matikas
- Department of Oncology - Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 76, Sweden.
| | - Theodoros Foukakis
- Department of Oncology - Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 76, Sweden.
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Ferrari D, Idzko M, Müller T, Manservigi R, Marconi P. Purinergic Signaling: A New Pharmacological Target Against Viruses? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:926-936. [PMID: 30292585 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Viral diseases represent a major global problem in human health, with high morbidity and mortality. Despite recent progress in antiviral treatments, several viral diseases are still not controlled and millions suffer from them every year. It has recently emerged that purinergic signaling participates in viral infection and replication. Furthermore, stimulation of purinergic receptors in infected cells also induces inflammatory and antiviral responses, thus contributing to the host antiviral defense. Here we review the multiple roles played by the purinergic signaling network in cell-virus interactions that can lead either to viral maintenance in the cells or, by contrast, to stronger antiviral responses, and discuss potential future applications of purinergic signaling modulation for the treatment of viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferrari
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Marco Idzko
- Department of Pneumology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Müller
- Department of Pneumology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Roberto Manservigi
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Peggy Marconi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Drabczyk-Pluta M, Werner T, Hoffmann D, Leng Q, Chen L, Dittmer U, Zelinskyy G. Granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells suppress virus-specific CD8 + T cell responses during acute Friend retrovirus infection. Retrovirology 2017; 14:42. [PMID: 28835242 PMCID: PMC5569525 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-017-0364-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) can suppress T cell responses in several different diseases. Previously these suppressive cells were observed to expand in HIV patients and in a mouse retrovirus model, yet their suppressive effect on virus-specific CD8+ T cells in vitro and in vivo has not been characterized thus far. RESULTS We used the Friend retrovirus (FV) model to demonstrate that MDSCs expand and become activated during the late phase of acute FV infection. Only the subpopulation of granulocytic MDSCs (gMDSCs) but not monocytic MDSC suppressed virus-specific CD8+ T cell proliferation and function in vitro. gMDSCs expressed arginase 1, high levels of the inhibitory ligand PD-L1 and the ATP dephosphorylating enzyme CD39 on the cell surface upon infection. All three molecules were involved in the suppressive effect of the gMDSCs in vitro. MDSC depletion experiments in FV-infected mice revealed that they restrict virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses and thus affect the immune control of chronic retroviruses in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that MDSCs become activated and expand during the acute phase of retrovirus infection. Their suppressive activity on virus-specific CD8+ T cells may contribute to T cell dysfunction and the development of chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Drabczyk-Pluta
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Tanja Werner
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel Hoffmann
- Research Group Bioinformatics, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Qibin Leng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lieping Chen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Gennadiy Zelinskyy
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
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Cai XY, Ni XC, Yi Y, He HW, Wang JX, Fu YP, Sun J, Zhou J, Cheng YF, Jin JJ, Fan J, Qiu SJ. Overexpression of CD39 in hepatocellular carcinoma is an independent indicator of poor outcome after radical resection. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e4989. [PMID: 27749555 PMCID: PMC5059057 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000004989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (ENTPD1/CD39) is the rate-limiting enzyme in a cascade leading to the generation of immunosuppressive adenosine and plays an important role in tumor progression. This study aimed to evaluate the expression of CD39 and CD39Foxp3 regulatory T cells (Tregs) and to determine their prognostic role in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after radical resection.Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and double IHC were used to analyze CD39 expression or the expression of CD39 and Foxp3 in a cohort of 324 HCC patients who underwent curative resection. The quantification of CD39 expression levels was determined using a computerized image analysis system and was evaluated by mean optical density (MOD), which corresponded to the positive staining intensity of CD39. The number of positive Foxp3 cells and both CD39 and Foxp3 positive cells in each 1-mm-diameter cylinder were counted under high-power magnification (×400). The "minimum P value" approach was used to obtain the optimal cutoff value for the best separation between groups of patients in relation to time to recurrence (TTR) or overall survival (OS). The expression of CD39 in HCC cell lines with stepwise metastatic potential and in human umbilical vein endothelial cells was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence. The SPSS 17.0 statistical package was used for statistics.CD39 was principally expressed on vascular endothelial cells, macrophagocytes, Tregs, and tumor cells in HCC. Compared with paired peritumoral tissues, tumoral tissues had a significantly higher expression level of CD39 (P < 0.0001). Overexpression of tumoral CD39 was related to increased tumor recurrence and shortened overall survival. Furthermore, the expression level of peritumoral CD39 showed a prognostic role in TTR and OS. Double IHC showed that tumoral tissues had significantly higher Foxp3Tregs and CD39Foxp3Tregs count per 1 mm core (14.1659 vs 4.9877, P = 0.001; 11.5254 vs 3.3930, P < 0.001) and a higher CD39Foxp3/Foxp3 ratio compared with paired peritumoral tissues. CD39Foxp3Tregs were a better prognosticator than CD39Tregs for TTR.Overexpression of CD39 protein in HCC was an independent predictor of poor outcome after radical resection. The CD39Foxp3Tregs count added prognostic power to Foxp3Tregs, providing a potential target for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Cai
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis & Cancer Invasion, The Chinese Ministry of Education
- Department of General Surgery, Gongli Hospital
| | - Xiao-Chun Ni
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis & Cancer Invasion, The Chinese Ministry of Education
| | - Yong Yi
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis & Cancer Invasion, The Chinese Ministry of Education
| | - Hong-Wei He
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis & Cancer Invasion, The Chinese Ministry of Education
| | - Jia-Xing Wang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis & Cancer Invasion, The Chinese Ministry of Education
| | - Yi-Peng Fu
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis & Cancer Invasion, The Chinese Ministry of Education
| | - Jian Sun
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis & Cancer Invasion, The Chinese Ministry of Education
| | - Jian Zhou
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis & Cancer Invasion, The Chinese Ministry of Education
| | - Yun-Feng Cheng
- Biomedical Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Jun Jin
- Biomedical Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Fan
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis & Cancer Invasion, The Chinese Ministry of Education
| | - Shuang-Jian Qiu
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis & Cancer Invasion, The Chinese Ministry of Education
- Biomedical Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Correspondence: Shuang-Jian Qiu, Liver Cancer Institute and Biomedical Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China (e-mail: )
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Rodrigues L, Russo-Abrahão T, Cunha RA, Gonçalves T, Meyer-Fernandes JR. Characterization of extracellular nucleotide metabolism in Candida albicans. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2015; 363:fnv212. [PMID: 26538575 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnv212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the most frequent agent of human disseminated fungal infection. Ectophosphatase and ectonucleotidase activities are known to influence the infectious potential of several microbes, including other non-albicans species of Candida. With the present work we aim to characterize these ecto-enzymatic activities in C. albicans. We found that C. albicans does not have a classical ecto-5'-nucleotidase enzyme and 5'AMP is cleaved by a phosphatase instead of exclusively by a nucleotidase that also can use 3'AMP as a substrate. Moreover, these enzymatic activities are not dependent on secreted soluble enzymes and change when the yeast cells are under infection conditions, including low pH, and higher temperature and CO2 content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Rodrigues
- CNC-Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal FMUC-Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Thais Russo-Abrahão
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Bloco H, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A Cunha
- CNC-Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal FMUC-Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Teresa Gonçalves
- CNC-Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal FMUC-Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Roberto Meyer-Fernandes
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Bloco H, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Herrath J, Chemin K, Albrecht I, Catrina AI, Malmström V. Surface expression of CD39 identifies an enriched Treg-cell subset in the rheumatic joint, which does not suppress IL-17A secretion. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2979-89. [PMID: 24990235 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Treg cells are important for the maintenance of self-tolerance and are implicated in autoimmunity. Despite enrichment of Treg cells in joints of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, local inflammation persists. As expression of the ATP-hydrolyzing enzymes CD39 and CD73 and the resulting anti-inflammatory adenosine production have been implicated as an important mechanism of suppression, we characterized FOXP3(+) Treg cells in blood and synovial fluid samples of RA patients in the context of CD39 and CD73 expression. Synovial FOXP3(+) Treg cells displayed high expression levels of rate-limiting CD39, whereas CD73 was diminished. FOXP3(+) CD39(+) Treg cells were also abundant in synovial tissue. Furthermore, FOXP3(+) CD39(+) Treg cells did not secrete the proinflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and TNF after in vitro stimulation in contrast to FOXP3(+) CD39(-) T cells. FOXP3(+) CD39(+) Treg cells could be isolated by CD39 and CD25 coexpression, displayed a demethylated Treg-specific demethylated region and coculture assays confirmed that CD25(+) CD39(+) T cells have suppressive capacity, while their CD39(-) counterparts do not. Overall, our data show that FOXP3(+) CD39(+) Treg cells are enriched at the site of inflammation, do not produce proinflammatory cytokines, and are good suppressors of many effector T-cell functions including production of IFN-γ, TNF, and IL-17F but do not limit IL-17A secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Herrath
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Zoppellaro C, Bin A, Brun P, Banzato S, Macchi V, Castagliuolo I, Giron MC. Adenosine-mediated enteric neuromuscular function is affected during herpes simplex virus type 1 infection of rat enteric nervous system. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72648. [PMID: 24015268 PMCID: PMC3754913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine plays an important role in regulating intestinal motility and inflammatory processes. Previous studies in rodent models have demonstrated that adenosine metabolism and signalling are altered during chronic intestinal inflammatory diseases. However, the involvement of the adenosinergic system in the pathophysiology of gut dysmotility associated to a primary neurodysfunction is still unclear. Recently, we showed that the neurotropic Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1), orally inoculated to rodents, infects the rat enteric nervous system (ENS) and affects gut motor function without signs of systemic infection. In this study we examined whether changes in purinergic metabolism and signaling occur during permanent HSV-1 infection of rat ENS. Using isolated organ bath assays, we found that contraction mediated by adenosine engagement of A1 or A2A receptors was impaired at 1 and 6 weeks post-viral administration. Immunofluorescence studies revealed that viral infection of ENS led to a marked redistribution of adenosine receptors: A1 and A2B receptors were confined to the muscle layers whereas A2A and A3 receptors were expressed mainly in the myenteric plexus. Viral-induced ENS neurodysfunction influenced adenosine metabolism by increasing adenosine deaminase and CD73 levels in longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus with no sign of frank inflammation. This study provides the first evidence for involvement of the adenosinergic system during HSV-1 infection of the ENS. As such, this may represent a valid therapeutic target for modulating gut contractility associated to a primary neurodysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Zoppellaro
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Bin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Paola Brun
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Serena Banzato
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Veronica Macchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Maria Cecilia Giron
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- * E-mail:
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14
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Choi WY, Jeon HG, Chung Y, Lim JJ, Shin DH, Kim JM, Ki BS, Song SH, Choi SJ, Park KH, Shim SH, Moon J, Jung SJ, Kang HM, Park S, Chung HM, Ko JJ, Cha KY, Yoon TK, Kim H, Lee DR. Isolation and characterization of novel, highly proliferative human CD34/CD73-double-positive testis-derived stem cells for cell therapy. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:2158-73. [PMID: 23509942 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adult stem cells are a readily available multipotent cell source that can be used in regenerative medicine. Despite many advantages, including low tumorigenicity, their rapid senescence and limited plasticity have curtailed their use in cell-based therapies. In this study, we isolated CD34/CD73-double-positive (CD34(+)/CD73(+)) testicular stromal cells (HTSCs) and found that the expression of CD34 was closely related to the cells' stemness and proliferation. The CD34(+)/CD73(+) cells grew in vitro for an extended period of time, yielding a multitude of cells (5.6×10(16) cells) without forming tumors in vivo. They also differentiated into all three germ layer lineages both in vitro and in vivo, produced cartilage more efficiently compared to bone marrow stem cells and, importantly, restored erectile function in a cavernous nerve crush injury rat model. Thus, these HTSCs may represent a promising new autologous cell source for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Yun Choi
- Fertility Center, CHA Gangnam Medical Center, College of Medicine, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
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15
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Antonioli L, Pacher P, Vizi ES, Haskó G. CD39 and CD73 in immunity and inflammation. Trends Mol Med 2013; 19:355-67. [PMID: 23601906 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 819] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic activities of CD39 and CD73 play strategic roles in calibrating the duration, magnitude, and chemical nature of purinergic signals delivered to immune cells through the conversion of ADP/ATP to AMP and AMP to adenosine, respectively. This drives a shift from an ATP-driven proinflammatory environment to an anti-inflammatory milieu induced by adenosine. The CD39/CD73 pathway changes dynamically with the pathophysiological context in which it is embedded. It is becoming increasingly appreciated that altering this catabolic machinery can change the course or dictate the outcome of several pathophysiological events, such as AIDS, autoimmune diseases, infections, atherosclerosis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and cancer, suggesting these ectoenzymes are novel therapeutic targets for managing a variety of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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16
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Production of adenosine by ectonucleotidases: a key factor in tumor immunoescape. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:473712. [PMID: 23133312 PMCID: PMC3481458 DOI: 10.1155/2012/473712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now well known that tumor immunosurveillance contributes to the control of cancer growth. Many mechanisms can be used by cancer cells to avoid the antitumor immune response. One such mechanism relies on the capacity of cancer cells or more generally of the tumor microenvironment to generate adenosine, a major molecule involved in antitumor T cell response suppression. Adenosine is generated by the dephosphorylation of extracellular ATP released by dying tumor cells. The conversion of ATP into adenosine is mediated by ectonucleotidase molecules, namely, CD73 and CD39. These molecules are frequently expressed in the tumor bed by a wide range of cells including tumor cells, regulatory T cells, Th17 cells, myeloid cells, and stromal cells. Recent evidence suggests that targeting adenosine by inhibiting ectonucleotidases may restore the resident antitumor immune response or enhance the efficacy of antitumor therapies. This paper will underline the impact of adenosine and ectonucleotidases on the antitumor response.
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17
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Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a beta herpes virus with a double stranded DNA genome of 240kbp. The virus is prevalent and establishes a latent infection in most adults. HCMV is an opportunistic pathogen for patients with impaired cellular immunity. HCMV pneumonia is a common presentation of HCMV disease in immunocompromised patients. The incidence of HCMV pneumonitis can be as high as 90% in lung transplant recipients. This paper takes a fresh look at the challenging perspectives of molecular, immunologic, cellular, diagnostic, clinical, and therapeutic characteristics of HCMV infection as future targets for development of antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Langhoff
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468, USA.
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18
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Infection of human endothelium in vitro by cytomegalovirus causes enhanced expression of purinergic receptors: a potential virus escape mechanism? Transplantation 2007; 84:1343-7. [PMID: 18049120 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000287598.25493.a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) uses different strategies to escape from human host defense reactions. Previously we have observed that infection of endothelial cells with CMV in vitro leads to enhanced activity of endothelial ectonucleotidases. These ectoenzymes are responsible for hydrolysis of extracellular adenine nucleotides, resulting in the formation of adenosine. Infection with CMV in vivo therefore may result in local increase of adenosine production, providing an anti-inflammatory and antiaggregatory microenvironment, which may facilitate entry of the virus into the target cell. METHODS The present study focuses on the expression of P2 type purinergic receptors on endothelial cells after infection with CMV. Human endothelial cells were infected with CMV and compared with either uninfected cells or endothelial cells infected with other herpesviruses (herpes simplex virus [HSV] 1 or 2) for the expression of P2 receptors such as P2Y1, P2Y2, or P2X7. For comparison, cells stimulated with nonspecific agents were also studied. RESULTS A strong upregulation of the P2 receptors tested was shown, exclusively in CMV-infected cells. Stimulation with either HSV-1 or HSV2, nonspecific stimulants, or various cytokines did not affect the expression of these P2 receptors significantly. CONCLUSION Infection of endothelium with CMV causes significant upregulation of the P2 receptors studied. As these receptors may potentially be able to concentrate nucleotides along the ectonucleotidases of the endothelial cell membrane, rapid local hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate and adenosine diphosphate may be facilitated by enhanced P2 receptor expression. Such a CMV induced mechanism might enable the virus to escape from an important host defense response, such as local microthrombus formation.
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Schetinger MRC, Morsch VM, Bonan CD, Wyse ATS. NTPDase and 5'-nucleotidase activities in physiological and disease conditions: new perspectives for human health. Biofactors 2007; 31:77-98. [PMID: 18806312 DOI: 10.1002/biof.5520310205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides act as signaling molecules involved in a wide spectrum of biological effects. Their levels are controlled by a complex cell surface-located group of enzymes called ectonucleotidases. There are four major families of ectonucleotidases, nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases/CD39), ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases (E-NPPs), alkaline phosphatases and ecto-5'-nucleotidase. In the last few years, substantial progress has been made toward the molecular identification of members of the ectonucleotidase families and their enzyme structures and functions. In this review, there is an emphasis on the involvement of NTPDase and 5'-nucleotidase activities in disease processes in several tissues and cell types. Brief background information is given about the general characteristics of these enzymes, followed by a discussion of their roles in thromboregulatory events in diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and cancer, as well as in pathological conditions where platelets are less responsive, such as in chronic renal failure. In addition, immunomodulation and cell-cell interactions involving these enzymes are considered, as well as ATP and ADP hydrolysis under different clinical conditions related with alterations in the immune system, such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) and infections associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Finally, changes in ATP, ADP and AMP hydrolysis induced by inborn errors of metabolism, seizures and epilepsy are discussed in order to highlight the importance of these enzymes in the control of neuronal activity in pathological conditions. Despite advances made toward understanding the molecular structure of ectonucleotidases, much more investigation will be necessary to entirely grasp their role in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosa C Schetinger
- Laboratório de Enzimologia Toxicológica, Departamento de Química, CCNE, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, no 1000, Cidade Universitária, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria-RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
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20
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Bours MJL, Swennen ELR, Di Virgilio F, Cronstein BN, Dagnelie PC. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate and adenosine as endogenous signaling molecules in immunity and inflammation. Pharmacol Ther 2006; 112:358-404. [PMID: 16784779 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 766] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2005] [Accepted: 04/20/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human health is under constant threat of a wide variety of dangers, both self and nonself. The immune system is occupied with protecting the host against such dangers in order to preserve human health. For that purpose, the immune system is equipped with a diverse array of both cellular and non-cellular effectors that are in continuous communication with each other. The naturally occurring nucleotide adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and its metabolite adenosine (Ado) probably constitute an intrinsic part of this extensive immunological network through purinergic signaling by their cognate receptors, which are widely expressed throughout the body. This review provides a thorough overview of the effects of ATP and Ado on major immune cell types. The overwhelming evidence indicates that ATP and Ado are important endogenous signaling molecules in immunity and inflammation. Although the role of ATP and Ado during the course of inflammatory and immune responses in vivo appears to be extremely complex, we propose that their immunological role is both interdependent and multifaceted, meaning that the nature of their effects may shift from immunostimulatory to immunoregulatory or vice versa depending on extracellular concentrations as well as on expression patterns of purinergic receptors and ecto-enzymes. Purinergic signaling thus contributes to the fine-tuning of inflammatory and immune responses in such a way that the danger to the host is eliminated efficiently with minimal damage to healthy tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J L Bours
- Maastricht University, Department of Epidemiology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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21
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Colgan SP, Eltzschig HK, Eckle T, Thompson LF. Physiological roles for ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73). Purinergic Signal 2006; 2:351-60. [PMID: 18404475 PMCID: PMC2254482 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-005-5302-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2005] [Revised: 11/01/2005] [Accepted: 11/02/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotides and nucleosides influence nearly every aspect of physiology and pathophysiology. Extracellular nucleotides are metabolized through regulated phosphohydrolysis by a series of ecto-nucleotidases. The formation of extracellular adenosine from adenosine 5’-monophosphate is accomplished primarily through ecto-5’-nucleotidase (CD73), a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-linked membrane protein found on the surface of a variety of cell types. Recent in vivo studies implicating CD73 in a number of tissue protective mechanisms have provided new insight into its regulation and function and have generated considerable interest. Here, we review contributions of CD73 to cell and tissue stress responses, with a particular emphasis on physiologic responses to regulated CD73 expression and function, as well as new findings utilizing Cd73-deficient animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Colgan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Thorn Building 704, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA,
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22
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Leal DBR, Streher CA, Neu TN, Bittencourt FP, Leal CAM, da Silva JEP, Morsch VM, Schetinger MRC. Characterization of NTPDase (NTPDase1; ecto-apyrase; ecto-diphosphohydrolase; CD39; EC 3.6.1.5) activity in human lymphocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2004; 1721:9-15. [PMID: 15652174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2004.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2004] [Revised: 09/15/2004] [Accepted: 09/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human lymphocytes contain NTPDase (NTPDase-1; ecto-apyrase; ecto-diphosphohydrolase; CD39; EC 3.6.1.5), a cation-dependent enzyme that hydrolyzes ATP and ADP and also other di- and triphosphate nucleosides, acting at an optimum pH of 8.0. A significant inhibition of ATP and ADP hydrolysis (P<0.05) was observed in the presence of 20 mM sodium azide. NTPDase inhibitors, 20 mM sodium fluoride, 0.2 mM trifluoperazine and 0.3 mM suramin, significantly decreased ATP and ADP hydrolysis (P<0.05) and ADP hydrolysis was only inhibited by 0.5 mM orthovanadate (P<0.05). ATP and ADP hydrolysis was not inhibited in the presence of 0.01 mM Ap5A (P1,P5-di(adenosine-5')pentaphosphate), 0.1 mM ouabain, 1 mM levamisole, 2 microg/mL oligomycin, 0.1 mM N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), or 5 mM sodium azide. With respect to kinetic behavior, apparent K(m) values of 77.6+/-10.2 and 106.8+/-21.0 microM, and V(max) values of 68.9+/-8.1 and 99.4+/-8.5 (mean+/-S.E., n=3) nmol Pi/min/mg protein were obtained for ATP and ADP, respectively. A Chevilard plot demonstrated that only one enzymatic site is responsible for the hydrolysis of ATP and ADP. The presence of CD39 was determined by flow cytometry, showing a low density of 2.72+/-0.24% (mean+/-S.E.; n=30) in human peripheral lymphocytes. The study of NTPDase activity in human lymphocytes may be important to determine the immune response status against infectious agents related to ATP and ADP hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela B R Leal
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcellos, 2600-Anexo, 90035-003. Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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23
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Liu R, McEachin RC, States DJ. Computationally identifying novel NF-kappa B-regulated immune genes in the human genome. Genome Res 2003; 13:654-61. [PMID: 12654722 PMCID: PMC430162 DOI: 10.1101/gr.911803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Identifying novel NF-kappa B-regulated immune genes in the human genome is important to our understanding of immune mechanisms and immune diseases. We fit logistic regression models to the promoters of 62 known NF-kappa B-regulated immune genes, to find patterns of transcription factor binding in the promoters of genes with known immune function. Using these patterns, we scanned the promoters of additional genes to find matches to the patterns, selected those with NF-kappa B binding sites conserved in the mouse or fly, and then confirmed them as NF-kappa B-regulated immune genes based on expression data. Among 6440 previously identified promoters in the human genome, we found 28 predicted immune gene promoters, 19 of which regulate genes with known function, allowing us to calculate specificity of 93%-100% for the method. We calculated sensitivity of 42% when searching the 62 known immune gene promoters. We found nine novel NF-kappa B-regulated immune genes which are consistent with available SAGE data. Our method of predicting gene function, based on characteristic patterns of transcription factor binding, evolutionary conservation, and expression studies, would be applicable to finding genes with other functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongxiang Liu
- Bioinformatics Program and the Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Lunkes GI, Lunkes D, Stefanello F, Morsch A, Morsch VM, Mazzanti CM, Schetinger MRC. Enzymes that hydrolyze adenine nucleotides in diabetes and associated pathologies. Thromb Res 2003; 109:189-94. [PMID: 12757773 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(03)00178-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The activities of the enzymes NTPDase (E.C. 3.6.1.5, apyrase, ATP diphosphohydrolase, ecto-CD39) and 5'-nucleotidase (E.C. 3.1.3.5, CD73) were analyzed in platelets of type 2 diabetic, hypertensive and type 2 diabetic/hypertensive patients. The results showed an increase in platelet NTPDase activity in type 2 diabetic (34% and 72%), hypertensive (32% and 70%) and type 2 diabetic/hypertensive patients (30% and 55%) when compared to control (P<.01) with ATP and ADP as substrate, respectively. 5'-Nucleotidase activity was elevated in the hypertensive (60%) and type 2 diabetic/hypertensive (53%) groups when compared to the control and type 2 diabetic group (P<.01). No differences in sensitivity to inhibitors was detected between the platelets of controls and type 2 diabetic/hypertensive patients. No effects on the enzyme activities were observed when pharmacological doses of propranolol, captopril, furosemide, chlorpropamide, acetylsalicylic acid and glibenclamide were administered. Furthermore, changes in platelet adhesiveness and reactivity were found in all groups tested. In conclusion, we may postulate that NTPDase and 5'-nucleotidase from platelets are altered in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension. Probably, such alterations are involved in compensatory physiological responses in these diseases and are related to other important mechanisms of thromboregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Inácio Lunkes
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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