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Crescenzi E, Leonardi A, Pacifico F. Iron Metabolism in Cancer and Senescence: A Cellular Perspective. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:989. [PMID: 37508419 PMCID: PMC10376531 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Iron participates in a number of biological processes and plays a crucial role in cellular homeostasis. Alterations in iron metabolism are considered hallmarks of cancer and drivers of aggressive behaviors, such as uncontrolled proliferation, resistance to apoptosis, enhanced metastatic ability, increased cell plasticity and stemness. Furthermore, a dysregulated iron metabolism has been associated with the development of an adverse tumor microenvironment. Alterations in iron metabolism have been described in cellular senescence and in aging. For instance, iron has been shown to accumulate in aged tissues and in age-related diseases. Furthermore, in vitro studies demonstrate increases in iron content in both replicative and stress-induced senescent cells. However, the role, the mechanisms of regulation and dysregulation and the effects of iron metabolism on senescence remain significantly less characterized. In this review, we first provide an overview of iron metabolism and iron regulatory proteins. Then, we summarize alterations in iron homeostasis in cancer and senescence from a cellular point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Crescenzi
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, CNR, Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Leonardi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Pacifico
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, CNR, Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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2
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Shesh BP, Connor JR. A novel view of ferritin in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188917. [PMID: 37209958 PMCID: PMC10330744 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery more than 85 years ago, ferritin has principally been known as an iron storage protein. However, new roles, beyond iron storage, are being uncovered. Novel processes involving ferritin such as ferritinophagy and ferroptosis and as a cellular iron delivery protein not only expand our thinking on the range of contributions of this protein but present an opportunity to target these pathways in cancers. The key question we focus on within this review is whether ferritin modulation represents a useful approach for treating cancers. We discussed novel functions and processes of this protein in cancers. We are not limiting this review to cell intrinsic modulation of ferritin in cancers, but also focus on its utility in the trojan horse approach in cancer therapeutics. The novel functions of ferritin as discussed herein realize the multiple roles of ferritin in cell biology that can be probed for therapeutic opportunities and further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James R Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.
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3
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Masison J, Mendes P. Modeling the iron storage protein ferritin reveals how residual ferrihydrite iron determines initial ferritin iron sequestration kinetics. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281401. [PMID: 36745660 PMCID: PMC9901743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Computational models can be created more efficiently by composing them from smaller, well-defined sub-models that represent specific cellular structures that appear often in different contexts. Cellular iron metabolism is a prime example of this as multiple cell types tend to rely on a similar set of components (proteins and regulatory mechanisms) to ensure iron balance. One recurrent component, ferritin, is the primary iron storage protein in mammalian cells and is necessary for cellular iron homeostasis. Its ability to sequester iron protects cells from rising concentrations of ferrous iron limiting oxidative cell damage. The focus of the present work is establishing a model that tractably represents the ferritin iron sequestration kinetics such that it can be incorporated into larger cell models, in addition to contributing to the understanding of general ferritin iron sequestration dynamics within cells. The model's parameter values were determined from published kinetic and binding experiments and the model was validated against independent data not used in its construction. Simulation results indicate that FT concentration is the most impactful on overall sequestration dynamics, while the FT iron saturation (number of iron atoms sequestered per FT cage) fine tunes the initial rates. Finally, because this model has a small number of reactions and species, was built to represent important details of FT kinetics, and has flexibility to include subtle changes in subunit composition, we propose it to be used as a building block in a variety of specific cell type models of iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Masison
- Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | - Pedro Mendes
- Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States of America
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4
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Ali A, Shafarin J, Abu Jabal R, Aljabi N, Hamad M, Sualeh Muhammad J, Unnikannan H, Hamad M. Ferritin heavy chain (FTH1) exerts significant antigrowth effects in breast cancer cells by inhibiting the expression of c-MYC. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:3101-3114. [PMID: 34551213 PMCID: PMC8564339 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of ferritin heavy chain (FTH1) often associates with good prognosis in breast cancer (BCa), particularly in the triple‐negative subtype (triple‐negative breast cancer). However, the mechanism by which FTH1 exerts its possible tumor suppressor effects in BCa is not known. Here, we examined the bearing of FTH1 silencing or overexpression on several aspects of BCa cell growth in vitro. FTH1 silencing promoted cell growth and mammosphere formation, increased c‐MYC expression, and reduced cell sensitivity to chemotherapy. In contrast, FTH1 overexpression inhibited cell growth, decreased c‐MYC expression, and sensitized cancer cells to chemotherapy; silencing of c‐MYC recapitulated the effects of FTH1 overexpression. These findings show for the first time that FTH1 suppresses tumor growth by inhibiting the expression of key oncogenes, such as c‐MYC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Ali
- Research Institute for Medical and Health SciencesUniversity of SharjahUnited Arab Emirates
| | - Jasmin Shafarin
- Research Institute for Medical and Health SciencesUniversity of SharjahUnited Arab Emirates
| | - Rola Abu Jabal
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesCollege of MedicineUniversity of SharjahUnited Arab Emirates
| | - Nour Aljabi
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesCollege of MedicineUniversity of SharjahUnited Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamad Hamad
- Research Institute for Medical and Health SciencesUniversity of SharjahUnited Arab Emirates
- Department of Medical Laboratory SciencesCollege of Health SciencesUniversity of SharjahUnited Arab Emirates
| | - Jibran Sualeh Muhammad
- Research Institute for Medical and Health SciencesUniversity of SharjahUnited Arab Emirates
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesCollege of MedicineUniversity of SharjahUnited Arab Emirates
| | - Hema Unnikannan
- Research Institute for Medical and Health SciencesUniversity of SharjahUnited Arab Emirates
| | - Mawieh Hamad
- Research Institute for Medical and Health SciencesUniversity of SharjahUnited Arab Emirates
- Department of Medical Laboratory SciencesCollege of Health SciencesUniversity of SharjahUnited Arab Emirates
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5
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Chen W, Jiang L, Hu Y, Tang N, Liang N, Li XF, Chen YW, Qin H, Wu L. Ferritin reduction is essential for cerebral ischemia-induced hippocampal neuronal death through p53/SLC7A11-mediated ferroptosis. Brain Res 2021; 1752:147216. [PMID: 33333054 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is the most common cause of hippocampal neuronal death and the most prevalent cause of stroke with high mortality rate. Ferroptosis has been suggested to affect the role of hippocampal neurons. This study explores the influence of lentivirus infection-induced ferritin overexpression in hippocampal neuronal injury and death through simulations in August Copenhagen Irish rat models. Twenty-four-hour cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury was induced in the rats after 90-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Ferritin overexpression was induced through lentivirus infection. The Morris Water Maze (MWM) test and tau hyperphosphorylation test were performed on hippocampal neurons to establish a MCAO model. The effect of ferritin overexpression on hippocampal neuronal death was evaluated using hematoxylin-eosin staining and annexin V/propidium iodide flow cytometry. The MWM test revealed that MCAO modeling decreased the cognitive and locomotor capacity of the rats, whereas ferritin overexpression partially reversed the effect of MCAO. In addition, the hyperphosphorylation of tau caused by MCAO was reduced by ferritin. Pathogenic changes, impaired viability, increased apoptosis, and elevated caspase-9 cleavage in hippocampal neurons were clearly recovered by ferritin. Moreover, robust reactive oxygen species production and glutathione consumption, which was induced by MCAO modeling, were ameliorated by ferritin. Furthermore, two key modulators of ferroptosis, p53 and SLC7A11, were demonstrated to be upregulated by MCAO modeling and downregulated by ferritin. Ferritin reduction is essential for cerebral ischemia-induced hippocampal neuronal ferroptosis mediated via p53 and SLC7A11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Foundation Research, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Lingfei Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Graduate College of Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yueqiang Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Foundation Research, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Nong Tang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Foundation Research, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
| | - Ni Liang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xing-Feng Li
- Graduate College of Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Ye-Wen Chen
- Graduate College of Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Hongling Qin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Foundation Research, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Scientific Laboratorial Centre Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
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Muhammad JS, Bajbouj K, Shafarin J, Hamad M. Estrogen-induced epigenetic silencing of FTH1 and TFRC genes reduces liver cancer cell growth and survival. Epigenetics 2020; 15:1302-1318. [PMID: 32476555 PMCID: PMC7678938 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2020.1770917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen (E2) regulates hundreds of genes involved in cell metabolism and disrupts iron homoeostasis in various cell types. Herein, we addressed whether E2-induced epigenetic modifications are involved in modulating the expression of iron-regulatory genes. Epigenetic status of FTH1 and TFRC genes was assessed in E2-treated cancer cells. E2-induced DNA methylation was associated with decreased FTH1 and TFRC expression in Hep-G2 and Huh7 cells, but not in AGS or MCF7 cells. Demethylation with 5-Aza-2-deoxycytidine upregulated the expression of both these genes in Hep-G2 cells. The expression of DNMT3B, PRMT5, and H4R3me2s increased in E2-treated cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that E2 treatment recruited PRMT5 and H4R3me2s on FTH1 but not on TFRC. Knockdown of PRMT5, DNMT3B, and Estrogen-receptor alpha rescued FTH1 from E2-induced silencing. However, knockdown of DNMT3B alone blocked the inhibitory effects of E2 on TFRC. Analysis of human liver tissues in publicly available datasets showed that FTH1 and TFRC are highly expressed in primary liver tumours, but a lower expression is associated with better survival. Interestingly, we showed that the silencing of FTH1 and/or TFRC inhibited carcinogenesis in Hep-G2 cells. For the first time, our findings uncovered the novel signalling pathway involved in the protective effects of E2 against liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibran Sualeh Muhammad
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Iron Biology Group, Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khuloud Bajbouj
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Iron Biology Group, Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jasmin Shafarin
- Iron Biology Group, Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mawieh Hamad
- Iron Biology Group, Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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7
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Scindia Y, Wlazlo E, Ghias E, Cechova S, Loi V, Leeds J, Ledesma J, Helen C, Swaminathan S. Modulation of iron homeostasis with hepcidin ameliorates spontaneous murine lupus nephritis. Kidney Int 2020; 98:100-115. [PMID: 32444136 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Lupus nephritis is the end organ manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus. Iron metabolism and its master regulator, hepcidin, are known to regulate cell proliferation and inflammation, but their direct role in the pathophysiology of lupus nephritis remains under-investigated. Exogenous hepcidin reduced the severity of lupus nephritis in MRL/lpr mice, a preclinical model of spontaneous systemic lupus erythematosus without worsening anemia of inflammation. Hepcidin treatment reduced renal iron accumulation, systemic and intrarenal cytokines, and renal immune cell infiltration, independent of glomerular immune complex deposits and circulating autoantibodies. Hepcidin increased renal H-ferritin (a ferroxidase), reduced expression of free iron dependent DNA synthesis enzymes, Ribonucleotide Reductase 1 and 2, and intra-renal macrophage proliferation. These findings were recapitulated in vitro upon treatment of macrophages with hepcidin and murine colony stimulation factor-1. Furthermore, hepcidin-treated macrophages secreted less IL-1β and IL-6 upon stimulation with the TLR3 agonist polyinosine-polycytidylic acid. Of clinical relevance, hepcidin reduced progression and severity of nephritis in old mice with established systemic autoimmunity and overt proteinuria, highlighting its therapeutic potential. Thus, our findings provide a proof-of-concept that targeting cellular iron metabolism with hepcidin represents a promising therapeutic strategy in lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Scindia
- Division of Nephrology, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regeneration, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
| | - Ewa Wlazlo
- Division of Nephrology, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regeneration, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Elizabeth Ghias
- Division of Nephrology, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regeneration, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Sylvia Cechova
- Division of Nephrology, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regeneration, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Valentina Loi
- Division of Nephrology, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regeneration, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Joseph Leeds
- Division of Nephrology, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regeneration, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jonathan Ledesma
- Division of Nephrology, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regeneration, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Cathro Helen
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Sundararaman Swaminathan
- Division of Nephrology, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regeneration, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
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Büyüktuna SA, Doğan HO, Unlusavuran M, Bakir M. An evaluation of the different biomarkers to discriminate bleeding in Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2019; 10:997-1002. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Scindia Y, Wlazlo E, Leeds J, Loi V, Ledesma J, Cechova S, Ghias E, Swaminathan S. Protective Role of Hepcidin in Polymicrobial Sepsis and Acute Kidney Injury. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:615. [PMID: 31244655 PMCID: PMC6563000 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) portends worse prognosis following sepsis, with limited available interventions. Host iron acquisition by pathogens and systemic inflammatory response are key events in the pathogenesis of sepsis. In sepsis, hepcidin induces iron sequestration to limit iron availability to pathogens. Hepcidin is also known to limit inflammation. Since its role in pathophysiology of sepsis-associated AKI is unknown, we investigated the effect of exogenous hepcidin in endotoxin- and peritonitis-induced pathology and AKI. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were treated with saline or 50–100 µg of hepcidin, pre- and post-LPS injection, or cecal ligation and puncture (CLP, model of peritonitis). Splenectomized mice were challenged with LPS, with and without hepcidin. Mice were euthanized at 24 h after LPS injection and at different time points after CLP. Systemic inflammation and renal injury markers were assessed. Direct effect of hepcidin on renal tubular and endothelial cells was evaluated using endotoxin-induced cytotoxic serum. Role of heavy chain ferritin (H-ferritin) in mediating hepcidin-induced anti-inflammatory effect on LPS stimulated macrophages was evaluated with siRNA studies. Results: Twenty-four hours pretreatment with hepcidin significantly reduced LPS-induced AKI. Hepcidin ameliorated LPS-induced increase in serum TNFα and renal Cox-2, and prevented loss in PGC1α and cytochrome c oxidase activity. This was associated with reduced glomerular injury and preserved mitochondrial structure. Hepcidin did not exert direct protection on the renal parenchymal cells but reduced endotoxin-induced serum cytotoxicity to mitigate renal injury. Splenectomy reduced LPS-induced early inflammation and AKI, independent of hepcidin, indicating the importance of systemic inflammation. Higher splenic H-ferritin in hepcidin-treated animals was associated with reduced splenocytes apoptosis and inflammation. Hepcidin reduced LPS-induced IL-6 secretion in macrophages in H-ferritin dependent manner. Hepcidin significantly reduced CLP-induced AKI, and mortality (20% hepcidin treated vs 80% PBS treated). Importantly hepcidin reduced bacteremia and AKI even when administered after onset of sepsis. Conclusion: We demonstrate a protective role of hepcidin in endotoxin- and peritonitis-induced pathologies and AKI, exerted primarily through its anti-inflammatory effects, and antibacterial property. Macrophage H-ferritin plays an important role in hepcidin-mediated protection against endotoxin-induced inflammation. We uncover a novel prophylactic and therapeutic role of hepcidin in sepsis-associated bacteremia, AKI, and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Scindia
- Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Ewa Wlazlo
- Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Joseph Leeds
- Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Valentina Loi
- Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Jonathan Ledesma
- Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Sylvia Cechova
- Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Ghias
- Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Sundararaman Swaminathan
- Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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Zhao H, Zhao X, Lei T, Zhang M. Screening, identification of prostate cancer urinary biomarkers and verification of important spots. Invest New Drugs 2019; 37:935-947. [PMID: 30610587 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-018-0709-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has been widely used as the unique serum biomarker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa). When PSA is moderately increased (e.g., 4-10 ng/ml), it is difficult to differentiate benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) from cancer. The diagnostic test (i.e., prostate biopsy) is invasive, adding pain and economic burden to the patient. Urine samples are more convenient, non-invasive and readily available than blood. We sought to determine whether ferritin might be the potential urinary biomarker in prostate cancer diagnosis. Using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) followed by mass spectrometry (MS), differentially expressed urinary proteins among patients with PCa, BPH and normal controls were obtained. The ferritin heavy chain (FTH) gene, ferritin light chain (FTL) gene and protein expression of BPH-1 cells and PC-3 cells were analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Stable FTH or FTL silenced cell lines were generated by small hairpin(sh) RNA lentiviral transfection. The function of the cell lines was evaluated by the colony formation assay, transwell assay, and flow cytometry. Compared with BPH and normal controls, 15 overexpressed proteins, including FTH and FTL, were identified in the urine of the PCa group. FTH and FTL were also highly expressed in PC-3 cell lines compared with BPH-1 cells. FTH-silenced cells showed reduced cell proliferation, migration and increased cell apoptosis. FTL-silenced cells showed increased proliferation and migration abilities. There are differences in urinary proteins among patients with PCa, BPH and normal controls. FTH and FTL play different roles in PCa cells and are potential biomarkers for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 10 Tieyi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100038, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urinary Cellular Molecular Diagnostics, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Xuhong Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 10 Tieyi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100038, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urinary Cellular Molecular Diagnostics, Beijing, 100038, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Ting Lei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 10 Tieyi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100038, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urinary Cellular Molecular Diagnostics, Beijing, 100038, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Man Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 10 Tieyi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100038, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urinary Cellular Molecular Diagnostics, Beijing, 100038, China.
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, 100038, China.
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11
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Ye F, Li X, Liu Y, Chang W, Liu W, Yuan J, Chen J. Hemin provides protection against lead neurotoxicity through heme oxygenase 1/carbon monoxide activation. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 38:1353-1364. [PMID: 29797346 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The neurotoxicity of lead (Pb) is well established, and oxidative stress is strongly associated with Pb-induced neurotoxicity. Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) is an important antioxidative enzyme for protection against oxidative stress in many disease models. In this study, we applied hemin, the substrate and a well-known inducer of HO-1, to investigate the possible role of HO-1 in protecting against Pb neurotoxicity. Hemin can significantly attenuate Pb acetate-induced cell death and oxidative stress in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of developmental rats. Consistent with in vivo results, the protective effects of hemin were also observed in SH-SY5Y cells after inducing cell survival and maintaining redox balance. However, knocking down HO-1 could significantly abolish the cytoprotective action of hemin against Pb toxicity, confirming HO-1 contributed to the protection. Finally, the HO-1-derived production of carbon monoxide, but not of bilirubin or Fe2+ , mediated the protective effects of HO-1 activation induced by hemin treatment against Pb-induced cell death and oxidative stress in SHSY5Y cells. Overall, this study showed that hemin provided protection against Pb neurotoxicity by HO-1/carbon monoxide activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Ye
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Ministry of Education Key Lab for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyi Li
- Center for Translational Medicine, Wuhan Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yawen Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Ministry of Education Key Lab for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Chang
- Department of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqi Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Ministry of Education Key Lab for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Ministry of Education Key Lab for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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12
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Lobello N, Biamonte F, Pisanu ME, Faniello MC, Jakopin Ž, Chiarella E, Giovannone ED, Mancini R, Ciliberto G, Cuda G, Costanzo F. Ferritin heavy chain is a negative regulator of ovarian cancer stem cell expansion and epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Oncotarget 2018; 7:62019-62033. [PMID: 27566559 PMCID: PMC5308708 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Ferritin is the major intracellular iron storage protein essential for maintaining the cellular redox status. In recent years ferritin heavy chain (FHC) has been shown to be involved also in the control of cancer cell growth. Analysis of public microarray databases in ovarian cancer revealed a correlation between low FHC expression levels and shorter survival. To better understand the role of FHC in cancer, we have silenced the FHC gene in SKOV3 cells. Results FHC-KO significantly enhanced cell viability and induced a more aggressive behaviour. FHC-silenced cells showed increased ability to form 3D spheroids and enhanced expression of NANOG, OCT4, ALDH and Vimentin. These features were accompanied by augmented expression of SCD1, a major lipid metabolism enzyme. FHC apparently orchestrates part of these changes by regulating a network of miRNAs. Methods FHC-silenced and control shScr SKOV3 cells were monitored for changes in proliferation, migration, ability to propagate as 3D spheroids and for the expression of stem cell and epithelial-to-mesenchymal-transition (EMT) markers. The expression of three miRNAs relevant to spheroid formation or EMT was assessed by q-PCR. Conclusions In this paper we uncover a new function of FHC in the control of cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Lobello
- Centro di Ricerca di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare Avanzata, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Flavia Biamonte
- Centro di Ricerca di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare Avanzata, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Pisanu
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy.,Laboratorio di Biologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Dipartimento di Chirurgia "P. Valdoni", Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Faniello
- Centro di Ricerca di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare Avanzata, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Žiga Jakopin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Emanuela Chiarella
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Emilia Dora Giovannone
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy.,Centro Interdipartimentale di Servizi e Ricerca, Università degli Studi "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rita Mancini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy.,Laboratorio di Biologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Dipartimento di Chirurgia "P. Valdoni", Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy
| | - Gennaro Ciliberto
- Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale", Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cuda
- Centro di Ricerca di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare Avanzata, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Costanzo
- Centro di Ricerca di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare Avanzata, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
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Goralska M, Fleisher LN, McGahan MC. Vitreous Humor Changes Expression of Iron-Handling Proteins in Lens Epithelial Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:1187-1195. [PMID: 28245299 PMCID: PMC5338632 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-20610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose In humans, vitrectomy is associated with development of nuclear cataracts. Iron catalyzes free radical formation causing oxidative damage, which is implicated in cataract formation. This study was designed to determine if vitreous humor, which can initiate differentiation of lens epithelial cells, would have an effect on iron-handling proteins. Methods Cultured canine lens epithelial cells were treated with collected canine vitreous humor. Lysates of treated and control cells were separated by SDS-PAGE. Ferritin H- and L-chains, transferrin receptor 1, and aquaporin 0 were immunodetected and quantitated with specific antibodies. Morphologic changes in treated cells were assessed. Results Treatment of lens epithelial cells with a 33% (vol/vol) solution of vitreous humor changed the morphology of lens cells and induced expression of aquaporin 0, a marker of fiber cell differentiation that was undetectable in control cells. Treatment did not modify the size of iron-handling proteins but significantly increased content of ferritin from 2.9- to 8.8-fold over control and decreased levels of transferrin receptor by 37% to 59%. Conclusions Vitreous humor may significantly limit iron uptake by transferrin/transferrin receptor pathway, and by increasing ferritin levels could profoundly increase the iron-storage capacity of ferritin in lens cells. Vitreous humor may play a significant protective role against iron-catalyzed oxidative damage of lens epithelial cells and therefore in the formation of cataracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Goralska
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
| | - Lloyd N Fleisher
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
| | - M Christine McGahan
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
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14
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Nguyen DN, Jiang P, Stensballe A, Bendixen E, Sangild PT, Chatterton DEW. Bovine lactoferrin regulates cell survival, apoptosis and inflammation in intestinal epithelial cells and preterm pig intestine. J Proteomics 2016; 139:95-102. [PMID: 26996464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bovine lactoferrin (bLF) may modulate neonatal intestinal inflammation. Previous studies in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) indicated that moderate bLF doses enhance proliferation whereas high doses trigger inflammation. To further elucidate cellular mechanisms, we profiled the porcine IEC proteome after stimulation with bLF at 0, 0.1, 1 and 10g/L by LC-MS-based proteomics. Key pathways were analyzed in the intestine of formula-fed preterm pigs with and without supplementation of 10g/L bLF. Levels of 123 IEC proteins were altered by bLF. Low bLF doses (0.1-1g/L) up-regulated 11 proteins associated with glycolysis, energy metabolism and protein synthesis, indicating support of cell survival. In contrast, a high bLF dose (10g/L) up-regulated three apoptosis-inducing proteins, down-regulated five anti-apoptotic and proliferation-inducing proteins and 15 proteins related to energy and amino acid metabolism, and altered three proteins enhancing the hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) pathway. In the preterm pig intestine, bLF at 10g/L decreased villus height/crypt depth ratio and up-regulated the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and HIF-1α, indicating elevated intestinal apoptosis and inflammation. In conclusion, bLF dose-dependently affects IECs via metabolic, apoptotic and inflammatory pathways. It is important to select an appropriate dose when feeding neonates with bLF to avoid detrimental effects exerted by excessive doses. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE The present work elucidates dose-dependent effects of bLF on the proteomic changes of IECs in vitro supplemented with data from a preterm pig study confirming detrimental effects of enteral feeding with the highest dose of bLF (10g/L). The study contributes to further understanding on mechanisms that bLF, as an important milk protein, can regulate the homeostasis of the immature intestine. Results from this study urge neonatologists to carefully consider the dose of bLF to supplement into infant formula used for preterm neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc Ninh Nguyen
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958, Denmark; Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958, Denmark
| | - Pingping Jiang
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958, Denmark
| | - Allan Stensballe
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, DK-9220, Denmark
| | - Emøke Bendixen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Per T Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958, Denmark
| | - Dereck E W Chatterton
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958, Denmark; Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958, Denmark.
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15
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Eid R, Boucher E, Gharib N, Khoury C, Arab NTT, Murray A, Young PG, Mandato CA, Greenwood MT. Identification of human ferritin, heavy polypeptide 1 (FTH1) and yeast RGI1 (YER067W) as pro-survival sequences that counteract the effects of Bax and copper in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Exp Cell Res 2016; 342:52-61. [PMID: 26886577 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin is a sub-family of iron binding proteins that form multi-subunit nanotype iron storage structures and prevent oxidative stress induced apoptosis. Here we describe the identification and characterization of human ferritin, heavy polypeptide 1 (FTH1) as a suppressor of the pro-apoptotic murine Bax sequence in yeast. In addition we demonstrate that FTH1 is a general pro-survival sequence since it also prevents the cell death inducing effects of copper when heterologously expressed in yeast. Although ferritins are phylogenetically widely distributed and are present in most species of Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya, ferritin is conspicuously absent in most fungal species including Saccharomyces cerevisiae. An in silico analysis of the yeast proteome lead to the identification of the 161 residue RGI1 (YER067W) encoded protein as a candidate for being a yeast ferritin. In addition to sharing 20% sequence identity with the 183 residue FTH1, RGI1 also has similar pro-survival properties as ferritin when overexpressed in yeast. Analysis of recombinant protein by SDS-PAGE and by electron microscopy revealed the expected formation of higher-order structures for FTH1 that was not observed with Rgi1p. Further analysis revealed that cells overexpressing RGI1 do not show increased resistance to iron toxicity and do not have enhanced capacity to store iron. In contrast, cells lacking RGI1 were found to be hypersensitive to the toxic effects of iron. Overall, our results suggest that Rgi1p is a novel pro-survival protein whose function is not related to ferritin but nevertheless it may have a role in regulating yeast sensitivity to iron stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan Eid
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric Boucher
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nada Gharib
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chamel Khoury
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nagla T T Arab
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alistair Murray
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul G Young
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Craig A Mandato
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael T Greenwood
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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16
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Robaczewska J, Kędziora-Kornatowska K, Kucharski R, Nowak M, Muszalik M, Kornatowski M, Kędziora J. Decreased expression of heme oxygenase is associated with depressive symptoms and may contribute to depressive and hypertensive comorbidity. Redox Rep 2016; 21:209-18. [PMID: 26824276 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2015.1101889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is strong evidence that hypertension and depression are comorbid and oxidative stress is implicated in both pathologies. We aimed to elucidate the relationship between biochemical markers of the antioxidant-pro-oxidant equilibrium and depression in hypertension. METHODS Blood was collected from patients diagnosed with depression, hypertension, or comorbid depression and hypertension and healthy age- and sex-matched controls. Whole blood reduced glutathione, erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD-1), glutathione peroxidase (GPx-1), glutathione reductase (GR), malondialdehyde (MDA), and plasma hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were assayed using spectrophotometry, and heme oxygenase (HO-1) levels were determined immunoenzymatically. RESULTS Both hypertension and depression were associated with altered antioxidant-pro-oxidant profiles. Decreased GPx-1 and SOD-1 activities, increased GR activity, increased levels of GSH, and increased concentrations of MDA and H2O2 were observed in patients compared to controls. Inducible HO-1 was specifically decreased in patients with depression and was significantly associated with both the prevalence and severity of depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Heme oxygenase is a biological factor that might explain the relationship between inflammation, oxidative stress, and the biological and functional changes in brain activity in depression. HO-1 is a candidate depression biomarker and provides an avenue for novel preventative and diagnostic strategies against this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Robaczewska
- a Department and Clinic of Geriatrics , Collegium Medicum UMK in Bydgoszcz , Poland.,b Life4Science Foundation , Poland
| | | | - Robert Kucharski
- c Psychoneurology of the Elderly Center at Sue Ryder Home, Pallmed LLC , Bydgoszcz , Poland
| | - Maria Nowak
- c Psychoneurology of the Elderly Center at Sue Ryder Home, Pallmed LLC , Bydgoszcz , Poland
| | - Marta Muszalik
- a Department and Clinic of Geriatrics , Collegium Medicum UMK in Bydgoszcz , Poland
| | | | - Józef Kędziora
- e Department of Biochemistry , Collegium Medicum UMK in Bydgoszcz , Poland
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17
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Zolea F, Biamonte F, Candeloro P, Di Sanzo M, Cozzi A, Di Vito A, Quaresima B, Lobello N, Trecroci F, Di Fabrizio E, Levi S, Cuda G, Costanzo F. H ferritin silencing induces protein misfolding in K562 cells: A Raman analysis. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:614-23. [PMID: 26454082 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.07.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The redox state of the cell is involved in the regulation of many physiological functions as well as in the pathogenesis of several diseases, and is strictly dependent on the amount of iron in its catalytically active state. Alterations of iron homeostasis determine increased steady-state concentrations of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) that cause lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and altered protein folding. Ferritin keeps the intracellular iron in a non-toxic and readily available form and consequently plays a central role in iron and redox homeostasis. The protein is composed by 24 subunits of the H- and L-type, coded by two different genes, with structural and functional differences. The aim of this study was to shed light on the role of the single H ferritin subunit (FHC) in keeping the native correct protein three-dimensional structure. To this, we performed Raman spectroscopy on protein extracts from K562 cells subjected to FHC silencing. The results show a significant increase in the percentage of disordered structures content at a level comparable to that induced by H2O2 treatment in control cells. ROS inhibitor and iron chelator were able to revert protein misfolding. This integrated approach, involving Raman spectroscopy and targeted-gene silencing, indicates that an imbalance of the heavy-to-light chain ratio in the ferritin composition is able to induce severe but still reversible modifications in protein folding and uncovers new potential pathogenetic mechanisms associated to intracellular iron perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Zolea
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta Campus, Catanzaro, Italy, 88100
| | - Flavia Biamonte
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta Campus, Catanzaro, Italy, 88100
| | - Patrizio Candeloro
- BioNEM Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta Campus, Catanzaro, Italy, 88100
| | - Maddalena Di Sanzo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta Campus, Catanzaro, Italy, 88100
| | - Anna Cozzi
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience, Milano, Italy, 20132
| | - Anna Di Vito
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta Campus, Catanzaro, Italy, 88100
| | - Barbara Quaresima
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta Campus, Catanzaro, Italy, 88100
| | - Nadia Lobello
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta Campus, Catanzaro, Italy, 88100
| | - Francesca Trecroci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta Campus, Catanzaro, Italy, 88100
| | - Enzo Di Fabrizio
- BioNEM Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta Campus, Catanzaro, Italy, 88100; Physical Science & Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 23955-6900
| | - Sonia Levi
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience, Milano, Italy, 20132; University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy, 20132
| | - Giovanni Cuda
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta Campus, Catanzaro, Italy, 88100
| | - Francesco Costanzo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta Campus, Catanzaro, Italy, 88100.
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18
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Tapia-Paniagua ST, Vidal S, Lobo C, García de la Banda I, Esteban MA, Balebona MC, Moriñigo MA. Dietary administration of the probiotic SpPdp11: Effects on the intestinal microbiota and immune-related gene expression of farmed Solea senegalensis treated with oxytetracycline. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 46:449-458. [PMID: 26190256 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Few antimicrobials are currently authorised in the aquaculture industry to treat infectious diseases. Among them, oxytetracycline (OTC) is one of the first-choice drugs for nearly all bacterial diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the dietary administration of OTC both alone and jointly with the probiotic Shewanella putrefaciens Pdp11 (SpPdp11) on the intestinal microbiota and hepatic expression of genes related to immunity in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) juveniles. The results demonstrated that the richness and diversity of the intestinal microbiota of fish treated with OTC decreased compared with those of the control group but that these effects were lessened by the simultaneous administration of SpPdp11. In addition, specimens that received OTC and SpPdp11 jointly showed a decreased intensity of the Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) bands related to Vibrio genus and the presence of DGGE bands related to Lactobacillus and Shewanella genera. The relationship among the intestinal microbiota of fish fed with control and OTC diets and the expression of the NADPH oxidase and CASPASE-6 genes was demonstrated by a Principal Components Analysis (PCA) carried out in this study. In contrast, a close relationship between the transcription of genes, such as NKEF, IGF-β, HSP70 and GP96, and the DGGE bands of fish treated jointly with OTC and SpPdp11 was observed in the PCA study. In summary, the results obtained in this study demonstrate that the administration of OTC results in the up-regulation of genes related to apoptosis but that the joint administration of OTC and S. putrefaciens Pdp11 increases the transcription of genes related to antiapoptotic effects and oxidative stress regulation. Further, a clear relationship between these changes and those detected in the intestinal microbiota is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Tapia-Paniagua
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - S Vidal
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - C Lobo
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Oceanographic Center of Santander, 39080 Santander, Spain
| | - I García de la Banda
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Oceanographic Center of Santander, 39080 Santander, Spain
| | - M A Esteban
- Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - M C Balebona
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - M A Moriñigo
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
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Hatcher HC, Tesfay L, Torti SV, Torti FM. Cytoprotective Effect of Ferritin H in Renal Ischemia Reperfusion Injury. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138505. [PMID: 26379029 PMCID: PMC4574775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a major contributor to kidney injury following ischemia reperfusion. Ferritin, a highly conserved iron-binding protein, is a key protein in the maintenance of cellular iron homeostasis and protection from oxidative stress. Ferritin mitigates oxidant stress by sequestering iron and preventing its participation in reactions that generate reactive oxygen species. Ferritin is composed of two subunit types, ferritin H and ferritin L. Using an in vivo model that enables conditional tissue-specific doxycycline-inducible expression of ferritin H in the mouse kidney, we tested the hypothesis that an increased level of H-rich ferritin is renoprotective in ischemic acute renal failure. Prior to induction of ischemia, doxycycline increased ferritin H in the kidneys of the transgenic mice nearly 6.5-fold. Following reperfusion for 24 hours, induction of neutrophil gelatinous-associated lipocalin (NGAL, a urine marker of renal dysfunction) was reduced in the ferritin H overexpressers compared to controls. Histopathologic examination following ischemia reperfusion revealed that ferritin H overexpression increased intact nuclei in renal tubules, reduced the frequency of tubular profiles with luminal cast materials, and reduced activated caspase-3 in the kidney. In addition, generation of 4-hydroxy 2-nonenal protein adducts, a measurement of oxidant stress, was decreased in ischemia-reperfused kidneys of ferritin H overexpressers. These studies demonstrate that ferritin H can inhibit apoptotic cell death, enhance tubular epithelial viability, and preserve renal function by limiting oxidative stress following ischemia reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather C. Hatcher
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lia Tesfay
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Suzy V. Torti
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Frank M. Torti
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced bleb-niche formation in epithelial cells is independent of actinomyosin contraction and enhanced by loss of cystic fibrosis transmembrane-conductance regulator osmoregulatory function. mBio 2015; 6:e02533. [PMID: 25714715 PMCID: PMC4358002 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02533-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa can infect almost any site in the body but most often targets epithelial cell-lined tissues such as the airways, skin, and the cornea of the eye. A common predisposing factor is cystic fibrosis (CF), caused by defects in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane-conductance regulator (CFTR). Previously, we showed that when P. aeruginosa enters epithelial cells it replicates intracellularly and occupies plasma membrane blebs. This phenotype is dependent on the type 3 secretion system (T3SS) effector ExoS, shown by others to induce host cell apoptosis. Here, we examined mechanisms for P. aeruginosa-induced bleb formation, focusing on its relationship to apoptosis and the CFTR. The data showed that P. aeruginosa-induced blebbing in epithelial cells is independent of actin contraction and is inhibited by hyperosmotic media (400 to 600 mOsM), distinguishing bacterially induced blebs from apoptotic blebs. Cells with defective CFTR displayed enhanced bleb formation upon infection, as demonstrated using bronchial epithelial cells from a patient with cystic fibrosis and a CFTR inhibitor, CFTR(Inh)-172. The defect was found to be correctable either by incubation in hyperosmotic media or by complementation with CFTR (pGFP-CFTR), suggesting that the osmoregulatory function of CFTR counters P. aeruginosa-induced bleb-niche formation. Accordingly, and despite their reduced capacity for bacterial internalization, CFTR-deficient cells showed greater bacterial occupation of blebs and enhanced intracellular replication. Together, these data suggest that P. aeruginosa bleb niches are distinct from apoptotic blebs, are driven by osmotic forces countered by CFTR, and could provide a novel mechanism for bacterial persistence in the host. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen problematic in hospitalized patients and those with cystic fibrosis (CF). Previously, we showed that P. aeruginosa can enter epithelial cells and replicate within them and traffics to the membrane blebs that it induces. This “bleb-niche” formation requires ExoS, previously shown to cause apoptosis. Here, we show that the driving force for bleb-niche formation is osmotic pressure, differentiating P. aeruginosa-induced blebs from apoptotic blebs. Either CFTR inhibition or CFTR mutation (as seen in people with CF) causes P. aeruginosa to make more bleb niches and provides an osmotic driving force for blebbing. CFTR inhibition also enhances bacterial occupation of blebs and intracellular replication. Since CFTR is targeted for removal from the plasma membrane when P. aeruginosa invades a healthy cell, these findings could relate to pathogenesis in both CF and healthy patient populations.
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21
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Nairz M, Schroll A, Demetz E, Tancevski I, Theurl I, Weiss G. 'Ride on the ferrous wheel'--the cycle of iron in macrophages in health and disease. Immunobiology 2014; 220:280-94. [PMID: 25240631 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Iron homeostasis and macrophage biology are closely interconnected. On the one hand, iron exerts multiple effects on macrophage polarization and functionality. On the other hand, macrophages are central for mammalian iron homeostasis. The phagocytosis of senescent erythrocytes and their degradation by macrophages enable efficient recycling of iron and the maintenance of systemic iron balance. Macrophages express multiple molecules and proteins for the acquisition and utilization of iron and many of these pathways are affected by inflammatory signals. Of note, iron availability within macrophages has significant effects on immune effector functions and metabolic pathways within these cells. This review summarizes the physiological and pathophysiological aspects of macrophage iron metabolism and highlights its relevant consequences on immune function and in common diseases such as infection and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Andrea Schroll
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Egon Demetz
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ivan Tancevski
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Igor Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria.
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Biology of ferritin in mammals: an update on iron storage, oxidative damage and neurodegeneration. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:1787-802. [PMID: 25119494 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1329-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an abundant transition metal that is essential for life, being associated with many enzyme and oxygen carrier proteins involved in a variety of fundamental cellular processes. At the same time, the metal is potentially toxic due to its capacity to engage in the catalytic production of noxious reactive oxygen species. The control of iron availability in the cells is largely dependent on ferritins, ubiquitous proteins with storage and detoxification capacity. In mammals, cytosolic ferritins are composed of two types of subunits, the H and the L chain, assembled to form a 24-mer spherical cage. Ferritin is present also in mitochondria, in the form of a complex with 24 identical chains. Even though the proteins have been known for a long time, their study is a very active and interesting field yet. In this review, we will focus our attention to mammalian cytosolic and mitochondrial ferritins, describing the most recent advancement regarding their storage and antioxidant function, the effects of their genetic mutations in human pathology, and also the possible involvement in non-iron-related activities. We will also discuss recent evidence connecting ferritins and the toxicity of iron in a set of neurodegenerative disorder characterized by focal cerebral siderosis.
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Dutra FF, Bozza MT. Heme on innate immunity and inflammation. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:115. [PMID: 24904418 PMCID: PMC4035012 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme is an essential molecule expressed ubiquitously all through our tissues. Heme plays major functions in cellular physiology and metabolism as the prosthetic group of diverse proteins. Once released from cells and from hemeproteins free heme causes oxidative damage and inflammation, thus acting as a prototypic damage-associated molecular pattern. In this context, free heme is a critical component of the pathological process of sterile and infectious hemolytic conditions including malaria, hemolytic anemias, ischemia-reperfusion, and hemorrhage. The plasma scavenger proteins hemopexin and albumin reduce heme toxicity and are responsible for transporting free heme to intracellular compartments where it is catabolized by heme-oxygenase enzymes. Upon hemolysis or severe cellular damage the serum capacity to scavenge heme may saturate and increase free heme to sufficient amounts to cause tissue damage in various organs. The mechanism by which heme causes reactive oxygen generation, activation of cells of the innate immune system and cell death are not fully understood. Although heme can directly promote lipid peroxidation by its iron atom, heme can also induce reactive oxygen species generation and production of inflammatory mediators through the activation of selective signaling pathways. Heme activates innate immune cells such as macrophages and neutrophils through activation of innate immune receptors. The importance of these events has been demonstrated in infectious and non-infectious diseases models. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms behind heme-induced cytotoxicity and inflammation and the consequences of these events on different tissues and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabianno F. Dutra
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo T. Bozza
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Inflammation and immunity can be associated with varying degrees of heme release from hemoproteins, eventually leading to cellular and tissue iron (Fe) overload, oxidative stress, and tissue damage. Presumably, these deleterious effects contribute to the pathogenesis of systemic infections. RECENT ADVANCES Heme release from hemoglobin sensitizes parenchyma cells to undergo programmed cell death in response to proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor. This cytotoxic effect is driven by a mechanism involving intracellular accumulation of free radicals, which sustain the activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling transduction pathway. While heme catabolism by heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) prevents programmed cell death, this cytoprotective effect requires the co-expression of ferritin H (heart/heavy) chain (FTH), which controls the pro-oxidant effect of labile Fe released from the protoporphyrin IX ring of heme. This antioxidant effect of FTH restrains JNK activation, whereas JNK activation inhibits FTH expression, a cross talk that controls metabolic adaptation to cellular Fe overload associated with systemic infections. CRITICAL ISSUES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS Identification and characterization of the mechanisms via which FTH provides metabolic adaptation to tissue Fe overload should provide valuable information to our current understanding of the pathogenesis of systemic infections as well as other immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.
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Sanchez AM, Papaleo E, Corti L, Santambrogio P, Levi S, Viganò P, Candiani M, Panina-Bordignon P. Iron availability is increased in individual human ovarian follicles in close proximity to an endometrioma compared with distal ones. Hum Reprod 2014; 29:577-83. [PMID: 24430779 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/det466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Does the iron content of an endometrioma represent a potential source of toxicity for the adjacent follicles? SUMMARY ANSWER The presence of an endometrioma increases iron and H/L ferritin levels, and transferrin receptor (TfR1) mRNA in individual follicles proximal to the endometrioma and is accompanied by reduced oocyte retrieval. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Levels of free iron in endometriotic ovarian cysts are much higher than those in normal serum or in non-endometriotic ovarian cysts. The presence of an endometrioma exerts a detrimental effect on the surrounding healthy ovarian tissue as reflected by a reduced number of developing follicles and oocytes retrieved in IVF cycles. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This is a research study with prospective collection and evaluation of individual follicles (follicular fluid and luteinized granulosa cells) from the affected and the healthy ovaries of 13 women with unilateral endometrioma. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Individual follicular samples (145) were obtained from 13 women with endometriosis-related infertility undergoing IVF-ICSI procedures from May 2012 to March 2013. All women had unilateral endometrioma not previously treated with surgery; the contralateral ovary was free of endometriomas and previous surgery. The average ± SEM age was 35.36 ± 2.5 years with anti-Mullerian hormone levels of 2.03 ± 0.55 ng/ml. Follicles were classified as: (i) proximal follicles, in physical contact with the endometrioma; (ii) distal follicles, present in the affected ovary but not in close contact with the endometrioma and (iii) contralateral follicles, in the contralateral healthy ovary. Iron content was measured by the FerroZine method. H/L ferritin subunits were evaluated by specific enzyme-linked immunosorbant assays. Expression of H ferritin and TfR1 was examined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Oocyte retrieval rates and Day 3 embryo quality were analyzed. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Total iron levels were higher in endometrioma-proximal follicles compared with endometrioma-distal ones (P = 0.009) and to follicles in the healthy ovary (P = 0.02). L ferritin was higher in proximal versus distal follicles (P = 0.044) or follicles from the healthy ovary (P = 0.027). H ferritin was higher in the proximal and distal follicles compared with follicles in the healthy ovary (P = 0.042 and P = 0.0067, respectively). H ferritin transcript levels in granulosa cells were higher in proximal follicles versus follicles from healthy ovary (P = 0.02). TfR1 transcript levels were higher in proximal versus distal follicles (P = 0.03) and versus follicles from the healthy ovary (P = 0.04). The oocyte retrieval rate was lower in proximal and distal follicles than in follicles from the healthy ovary (P = 0.001 and P = 0.04, respectively). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This is a study on a relatively small sample size and confirmation in a larger group of patients may be required. The method used to purify luteinized granulosa cells offers the best combination of purity, viability and total number of cells recovered. However, a minor contamination by CD45(+) cells (<5%) cannot be excluded. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This study represents a further in-depth analysis of the toxic influence of the endometrioma content on the surrounding follicles. We demonstrate the presence of iron-related compounds that are potentially toxic to developing ovarian follicles adjacent to the endometrioma during IVF. Our findings provide novel information that suggests that when surgical removal of the endometrioma is not the option, follicle aspiration at sites distant from the endometrioma might increase the probability of retrieving oocytes. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This project was supported by Fondazione Giorgio Pardi, Milan, Italy. The authors have no competing financial interests in relation to the content of this research paper. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Sanchez
- Reproductive Sciences Laboratory, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute
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Abstract
Iron is essential for all known life due to its redox properties; however, these same properties can also lead to its toxicity in overload through the production of reactive oxygen species. Robust systemic and cellular control are required to maintain safe levels of iron, and the liver seems to be where this regulation is mainly located. Iron misregulation is implicated in many diseases, and as our understanding of iron metabolism improves, the list of iron-related disorders grows. Recent developments have resulted in greater knowledge of the fate of iron in the body and have led to a detailed map of its metabolism; however, a quantitative understanding at the systems level of how its components interact to produce tight regulation remains elusive. A mechanistic computational model of human liver iron metabolism, which includes the core regulatory components, is presented here. It was constructed based on known mechanisms of regulation and on their kinetic properties, obtained from several publications. The model was then quantitatively validated by comparing its results with previously published physiological data, and it is able to reproduce multiple experimental findings. A time course simulation following an oral dose of iron was compared to a clinical time course study and the simulation was found to recreate the dynamics and time scale of the systems response to iron challenge. A disease state simulation of haemochromatosis was created by altering a single reaction parameter that mimics a human haemochromatosis gene (HFE) mutation. The simulation provides a quantitative understanding of the liver iron overload that arises in this disease. This model supports and supplements understanding of the role of the liver as an iron sensor and provides a framework for further modelling, including simulations to identify valuable drug targets and design of experiments to improve further our knowledge of this system. Iron is an essential nutrient required for healthy life but, in excess, is the cause of debilitating and even fatal conditions. The most common genetic disorder in humans caused by a mutation, haemochromatosis, results in an iron overload in the liver. Indeed, the liver plays a central role in the regulation of iron. Recently, an increasing amount of detail has been discovered about molecules related to iron metabolism, but an understanding of how they work together and regulate iron levels (in healthy people) or fail to do it (in disease) is still missing. We present a mathematical model of the regulation of liver iron metabolism that provides explanations of its dynamics and allows further hypotheses to be formulated and later tested in experiments. Importantly, the model reproduces accurately the healthy liver iron homeostasis and simulates haemochromatosis, showing how the causative mutation leads to iron overload. We investigate how best to control iron regulation and identified reactions that can be targets of new medicines to treat iron overload. The model provides a virtual laboratory for investigating iron metabolism and improves understanding of the method by which the liver senses and controls iron levels.
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Alkhateeb AA, Connor JR. The significance of ferritin in cancer: anti-oxidation, inflammation and tumorigenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1836:245-54. [PMID: 23891969 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The iron storage protein ferritin has been continuously studied for over 70years and its function as the primary iron storage protein in cells is well established. Although the intracellular functions of ferritin are for the most part well-characterized, the significance of serum (extracellular) ferritin in human biology is poorly understood. Recently, several lines of evidence have demonstrated that ferritin is a multi-functional protein with possible roles in proliferation, angiogenesis, immunosuppression, and iron delivery. In the context of cancer, ferritin is detected at higher levels in the sera of many cancer patients, and the higher levels correlate with aggressive disease and poor clinical outcome. Furthermore, ferritin is highly expressed in tumor-associated macrophages which have been recently recognized as having critical roles in tumor progression and therapy resistance. These characteristics suggest ferritin could be an attractive target for cancer therapy because its down-regulation could disrupt the supportive tumor microenvironment, kill cancer cells, and increase sensitivity to chemotherapy. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on the function and regulation of ferritin. Moreover, we examine the literature on ferritin's contributions to tumor progression and therapy resistance, in addition to its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Alkhateeb
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
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He S, Peng K, Hong Y, Wang J, Sheng J, Gu Q. Molecular properties and immune defense of two ferritin subunits from freshwater pearl mussel, Hyriopsis schlegelii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:865-874. [PMID: 23339972 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin is a conserved iron-binding protein involved in cellular iron metabolism and host defense. In the present study, two distinct cDNAs for ferritins in the freshwater pearl mussel Hyriopsis schlegelii were identified (designated as HsFer-1 and HsFer-2) by SMART RACE approach and expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis. The full-length cDNAs of HsFer-1 and HsFer-2 were of 760 and 877 bp, respectively. Both of the two cDNAs contained an open reading frame (ORF) of 522 bp encoding for 174 amino acid residues. Sequence characterization and homology alignment indicated that HsFer-1 and HsFer-2 had higher similarity to H-type subunit of vertebrate ferritins than L-type subunit. Analysis of the HsFer-1 and HsFer-2 untranslated regions (UTR) showed that both of them had an iron response element (IRE) in the 5'-UTR, which was considered to be the binding site for iron regulatory protein (IRP). Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assays were employed to examine the mRNA expression profiles. Under normal physiological conditions, the expression level of both HsFer-1 and HsFer-2 mRNA were the highest in hepatopancreas, moderate in gonad, axe foot, intestine, kidney, heart, gill, adductor muscle and mantle, the lowest in hemocytes. After stimulation with bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila, HsFer-1 mRNA experienced a different degree of increase in the tissues of hepatopancreas, gonad and hemocytes, the peak level was 2.47-fold, 9.59-fold and 1.37-fold, respectively. Comparatively, HsFer-2 showed up-regulation in gonad but down-regulation in hepatopancreas and hemocytes. Varying expression patterns indicate that two types of ferritins in H. schlegelii might play different roles in response to bacterial challenge. Further bacteriostatic analysis showed that both the purified recombinant ferritins inhibited the growth of A. hydrophila to a certain degree. Collectively, our results suggest that HsFer-1 and HsFer-2 are likely to be functional proteins involved in immune defense against bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhao He
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Nanchang University, No. 999 Xuefu Road, Hong Gu Tan New District, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
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Keogh MJ, Morris CM, Chinnery PF. Neuroferritinopathy. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2013; 110:91-123. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-410502-7.00006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Metabolic Adaptation to Tissue Iron Overload Confers Tolerance to Malaria. Cell Host Microbe 2012; 12:693-704. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2012.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hasegawa S, Morokoshi Y, Kanda H, Tsukamoto S, Zheng J, Tsuji AB, Furukawa T, Kakinuma S, Shimada Y, Saga T. H-ferritin overexpression promotes radiation-induced leukemia/lymphoma in mice. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:2269-75. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Larsen R, Gouveia Z, Soares MP, Gozzelino R. Heme cytotoxicity and the pathogenesis of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:77. [PMID: 22586395 PMCID: PMC3343703 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme, iron (Fe) protoporphyrin IX, functions as a prosthetic group in a range of hemoproteins essential to support life under aerobic conditions. The Fe contained within the prosthetic heme groups of these hemoproteins can catalyze the production of reactive oxygen species. Presumably for this reason, heme must be sequestered within those hemoproteins, thereby shielding the reactivity of its Fe-heme. However, under pathologic conditions associated with oxidative stress, some hemoproteins can release their prosthetic heme groups. While this heme is not necessarily damaging per se, it becomes highly cytotoxic in the presence of a range of inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor. This can lead to tissue damage and, as such, exacerbate the pathologic outcome of several immune-mediated inflammatory conditions. Presumably, targeting “free heme” may be used as a therapeutic intervention against these diseases.
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Borkowska A, Sielicka-Dudzin A, Herman-Antosiewicz A, Halon M, Wozniak M, Antosiewicz J. P66Shc mediated ferritin degradation--a novel mechanism of ROS formation. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:658-63. [PMID: 21616139 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Diallyl trisulfide (DATS) has been shown to induce the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in prostate cancer cells, which was accompanied by a decrease in the ferritin protein level and an increase in the labile iron pool (LIP). However, the mechanism of the ferritin degradation has not been fully elucidated. In this paper we demonstrate that DATS-induced ROS formation depends on p66Shc. In cells stably expressing a dominant negative mutant of p66Shc (p66ShcS36A), DATS did not induce ROS formation. In addition, in cells expressing p66ShcS36A neither an increase in ferritin H degradation nor an increase in LIP were observed. Cells stably expressing p66ShcS36A also possess higher levels of ferritin H compared to PC-3 cells transfected with an empty vector. Moreover, DATS-induced G2/M arrest is completely abrogated in cells expressing p66ShcS36A. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) derived from wild-type (WT) or p66Shc knockout mouse have been used to evaluate if p66Shc involvement in DATS-induced signaling is cell specific. DATS induced G2/M arrest in WT MEFs but had no effect in the p66Shc(-/-) cell line. Moreover, increases in LIP and ROS formation were significantly attenuated in p66Shc(-/-) MEFs treated with DATS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andzelika Borkowska
- Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdansk, Dębinki 1, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland Poland
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Lysosomal membrane permeabilization causes oxidative stress and ferritin induction in macrophages. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:623-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Kell DB. Towards a unifying, systems biology understanding of large-scale cellular death and destruction caused by poorly liganded iron: Parkinson's, Huntington's, Alzheimer's, prions, bactericides, chemical toxicology and others as examples. Arch Toxicol 2010; 84:825-89. [PMID: 20967426 PMCID: PMC2988997 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0577-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to a variety of toxins and/or infectious agents leads to disease, degeneration and death, often characterised by circumstances in which cells or tissues do not merely die and cease to function but may be more or less entirely obliterated. It is then legitimate to ask the question as to whether, despite the many kinds of agent involved, there may be at least some unifying mechanisms of such cell death and destruction. I summarise the evidence that in a great many cases, one underlying mechanism, providing major stresses of this type, entails continuing and autocatalytic production (based on positive feedback mechanisms) of hydroxyl radicals via Fenton chemistry involving poorly liganded iron, leading to cell death via apoptosis (probably including via pathways induced by changes in the NF-κB system). While every pathway is in some sense connected to every other one, I highlight the literature evidence suggesting that the degenerative effects of many diseases and toxicological insults converge on iron dysregulation. This highlights specifically the role of iron metabolism, and the detailed speciation of iron, in chemical and other toxicology, and has significant implications for the use of iron chelating substances (probably in partnership with appropriate anti-oxidants) as nutritional or therapeutic agents in inhibiting both the progression of these mainly degenerative diseases and the sequelae of both chronic and acute toxin exposure. The complexity of biochemical networks, especially those involving autocatalytic behaviour and positive feedbacks, means that multiple interventions (e.g. of iron chelators plus antioxidants) are likely to prove most effective. A variety of systems biology approaches, that I summarise, can predict both the mechanisms involved in these cell death pathways and the optimal sites of action for nutritional or pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry and the Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK.
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Harned J, Ferrell J, Lall MM, Fleisher LN, Nagar S, Goralska M, McGahan MC. Altered ferritin subunit composition: change in iron metabolism in lens epithelial cells and downstream effects on glutathione levels and VEGF secretion. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51:4437-46. [PMID: 20805568 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-3861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The iron storage protein ferritin is necessary for the safe storage of iron and for protection against the production of iron-catalyzed oxidative damage. Ferritin is composed of 24 subunits of two types: heavy (H) and light (L). The ratio of these subunits is tissue specific, and alteration of this ratio can have profound effects on iron storage and availability. In the present study, siRNA for each of the chains was used to alter the ferritin H:L chain ratio and to determine the effect of these changes on ferritin synthesis, iron metabolism, and downstream effects on iron-responsive pathways in canine lens epithelial cells. METHODS Primary cultures of canine lens epithelial cells were used. The cells were transfected with custom-made siRNA for canine ferritin H- and L-chains. De novo ferritin synthesis was determined by labeling newly synthesized ferritin chains with 35S-methionine, immunoprecipitation, and separation by SDS-PAGE. Iron uptake into cells and incorporation into ferritin was measured by incubating the cells with 59Fe-labeled transferrin. Western blot analysis was used to determine the presence of transferrin receptor, and ELISA was used to determine total ferritin concentration. Ferritin localization in the cells was determined by immunofluorescence labeling. VEGF, glutathione secretion levels, and cystine uptake were measured. RESULTS FHsiRNA decreased ferritin H-chain synthesis, but doubled ferritin L-chain synthesis. FLsiRNA decreased both ferritin H- and L-chain synthesis. The degradation of ferritin H-chain was blocked by both siRNAs, whereas only FHsiRNA blocked the degradation of ferritin L-chain, which caused significant accumulation of ferritin L-chain in the cells. This excess ferritin L-chain was found in inclusion bodies, some of which were co-localized with lysosomes. Iron storage in ferritin was greatly reduced by FHsiRNA, resulting in increased iron availability, as noted by a decrease in transferrin receptor levels and iron uptake from transferrin. Increased iron availability also increased cystine uptake and glutathione concentration and decreased nuclear translocation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) accumulation in the cell-conditioned medium. CONCLUSIONS Most of the effects of altering the ferritin H:L ratio with the specific siRNAs were due to changes in the availability of iron in a labile pool. They caused significant changes in iron uptake and storage, the rate of ferritin synthesis and degradation, the secretion of VEGF, and the levels of glutathione in cultured lens epithelial cells. These profound effects clearly demonstrate that maintenance of a specific H:L ratio is part of a basic cellular homeostatic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Harned
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA
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Ciudin A, Hernández C, Simó R. Iron overload in diabetic retinopathy: a cause or a consequence of impaired mechanisms? EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2010; 2010:714108. [PMID: 20827392 PMCID: PMC2935195 DOI: 10.1155/2010/714108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential ion for life, playing a central role in many metabolic processes. The most important property of free iron is its capacity to be reversibly oxidized and reduced, but at same time this make it highly pro-oxidant molecule. In this regard, iron is able to generate powerful reactive oxygen species (ROS). For this reason, careful control on iron availability is central to the maintenance of normal cell function in the retina. In the diabetic eye there is an impairment of iron homeostasis, thus leading to iron overload. The mechanisms involved in this process include: (1) Destruction of heme molecules induced by hyperglycemia (2) Intraretinal and vitreal hemorrhages (3) Overexpression of the renin-angiotensin system. The main consequences of iron overload are the following: (1) Retinal neurodegeneration due to the increase of oxidative stress (2) Increase of AGE-RAGE binding (3) Defective phagocytosis of retinal pigment epithelium, which generates the accumulation of autoantigens and the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines. Further studies addressed to explore not only the role of iron in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, but also to design novel therapeutic strategies based on the regulation of iron homeostasis are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Ciudin
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Unidad de Diabetes y Metabolismo, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Paseo Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Hernández
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Unidad de Diabetes y Metabolismo, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Paseo Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Simó
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Unidad de Diabetes y Metabolismo, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Paseo Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
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38
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Abstract
Heme oxygenases (HO) catabolize free heme, that is, iron (Fe) protoporphyrin (IX), into equimolar amounts of Fe(2+), carbon monoxide (CO), and biliverdin. The stress-responsive HO-1 isoenzyme affords protection against programmed cell death. The mechanism underlying this cytoprotective effect relies on the ability of HO-1 to catabolize free heme and prevent it from sensitizing cells to undergo programmed cell death. This cytoprotective effect inhibits the pathogenesis of a variety of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.
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39
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Ferritin binds and activates p53 under oxidative stress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 389:399-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.08.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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40
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Cozzi A, Rovelli E, Frizzale G, Campanella A, Amendola M, Arosio P, Levi S. Oxidative stress and cell death in cells expressing L-ferritin variants causing neuroferritinopathy. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 37:77-85. [PMID: 19781644 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroferritinopathies are dominantly inherited movement disorders associated with nucleotide insertions in the L-ferritin gene that modify the protein's C-terminus. The insertions alter physical and functional properties of the ferritins, causing an imbalance in brain iron homeostasis. We describe the effects produced by the over-expression in HeLa and neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells of two pathogenic L-ferritin variants, 460InsA and 498InsTC. Both peptides co-assembled with endogenous ferritins, producing molecules with reduced iron incorporation capacity, acting in a dominant negative manner. The cells showed an increase in cell death and a decrease in proteasomal activity. The formation of iron-ferritin aggregates became evident after 10 days of variant expression and was not associated with increased cell death. The addition of iron chelators or antioxidants restored proteasomal activity and reduced aggregate formation. The data indicate that cellular iron imbalance and oxidative damage are primary causes of cell death, while aggregate formation is a secondary effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cozzi
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy
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41
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Fan Y, Yamada T, Shimizu T, Nanashima N, Akita M, Suto K, Tsuchida S. Ferritin expression in rat hepatocytes and Kupffer cells after lead nitrate treatment. Toxicol Pathol 2009; 37:209-17. [PMID: 19332663 DOI: 10.1177/0192623308328544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Lead nitrate induces hepatocyte proliferation and subsequent apoptosis in rat livers. Iron is a constituent of heme and is also required for cell proliferation. In this study, the expression of ferritin light-chain (FTL), the major iron storage protein, was investigated in rat livers after a single intravenous injection of lead nitrate. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry revealed that FTL was increased in hepatocytes around the central veins and strongly expressed in nonparenchymal cells. Some FTL-positive nonparenchymal cells were identified as Kupffer cells that were positive for CD68. FTL-positive Kupffer cells occupied about 60% of CD68-positive cells in the periportal and perivenous areas. The relationships between FTL expression and apoptosis induction or the engulfment of apoptotic cells were examined. TUNEL-positive cells were increased in the treatment group, and enhanced expression of milk fat globule EGF-like 8 was demonstrated in some Kupffer cells and hepatocytes, indicating enhanced apoptosis induction and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. FTL-positive Kupffer cells were not detected without lead nitrate treatment or in rat livers treated with clofibrate, which induces hepatocyte proliferation but not apoptosis. These results suggest that FTL expression in Kupffer cells after lead treatment is dependent on phagocytosis of apoptotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genome Biology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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42
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Goralska M, Ferrell J, Harned J, Lall M, Nagar S, Fleisher LN, McGahan MC. Iron metabolism in the eye: a review. Exp Eye Res 2009; 88:204-15. [PMID: 19059397 PMCID: PMC3746754 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2008.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This review article covers all aspects of iron metabolism, which include studies of iron levels within the eye and the processes used to maintain normal levels of iron in ocular tissues. In addition, the involvement of iron in ocular pathology is explored. In each section there is a short introduction to a specific metabolic process responsible for iron homeostasis, which for the most part has been studied in non-ocular tissues. This is followed by a summary of our current knowledge of the process in ocular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Goralska
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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43
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Ferritins: a family of molecules for iron storage, antioxidation and more. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2008; 1790:589-99. [PMID: 18929623 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2008.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 606] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Revised: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ferritins are characterized by highly conserved three-dimensional structures similar to spherical shells, designed to accommodate large amounts of iron in a safe, soluble and bioavailable form. They can have different architectures with 12 or 24 equivalent or non-equivalent subunits, all surrounding a large cavity. All ferritins readily interact with Fe(II) to induce its oxidation and deposition in the cavity in a mineral form, in a reaction that is catalyzed by a ferroxidase center. This is an anti-oxidant activity that consumes Fe(II) and peroxides, the reagents that produce toxic free radicals in the Fenton reaction. The mechanism of ferritin iron incorporation has been characterized in detail, while that of iron release and recycling has been less thoroughly studied. Generally ferritin expression is regulated by iron and by oxidative damage, and in vertebrates it has a central role in the control of cellular iron homeostasis. Ferritin is mostly cytosolic but is found also in mammalian mitochondria and nuclei, in plant plastids and is secreted in insects. In vertebrates the cytosolic ferritins are composed of H and L subunit types and their assembly in a tissues specific ratio that permits flexibility to adapt to cell needs. The H-ferritin can translocate to the nuclei in some cell types to protect DNA from iron toxicity, or can be actively secreted, accomplishing various functions. The mitochondrial ferritin is found in mammals, it has a restricted tissue distribution and it seems to protect the mitochondria from iron toxicity and oxidative damage. The various functions attributed to the cytosolic, nuclear, secretory and mitochondrial ferritins are discussed.
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44
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Formigari A, Irato P, Santon A. Zinc, antioxidant systems and metallothionein in metal mediated-apoptosis: biochemical and cytochemical aspects. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2007; 146:443-59. [PMID: 17716951 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2007.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Revised: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Copper, zinc and iron are essential metals for different physiological functions, even though their excess can lead to biological damage. This review provides a background of toxicity related to copper, iron and zinc excess, biological mechanisms of their homeostasis and their respective roles in the apoptotic process. The antioxidant action of metallothionein has been highlighted by summarizing the most important findings that confirm the role of zinc in cellular protection in relation to metallothionein expression and apoptotic processes. In particular, we show that a complex and efficient antioxidant system, the induction of metallothionein and the direct action of zinc have protective roles against oxidative damage and the resulting apoptosis induced by metals with redox proprieties. In addition, to emphasize the protective effects of Zn and Zn-MT in Cu and Fe-mediated oxidative stress-dependent apoptosis, some aspects of apoptotic cell death are shown. The most widely used cytochemical techniques also have been examined in order to critically evaluate the available data from a methodological point of view. The observations on the role of Zn and MT could potentially develop new applications for this metal and MT in biomedical research.
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45
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Koorts AM, Viljoen M. Ferritin and ferritin isoforms I: Structure-function relationships, synthesis, degradation and secretion. Arch Physiol Biochem 2007; 113:30-54. [PMID: 17522983 DOI: 10.1080/13813450701318583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ferritin is the intracellular protein responsible for the sequestration, storage and release of iron. Ferritin can accumulate up to 4500 iron atoms as a ferrihydrite mineral in a protein shell and releases these iron atoms when there is an increase in the cell's need for bioavailable iron. The ferritin protein shell consists of 24 protein subunits of two types, the H-subunit and the L-subunit. These ferritin subunits perform different functions in the mineralization process of iron. The ferritin protein shell can exist as various combinations of these two subunit types, giving rise to heteropolymers or isoferritins. Isoferritins are functionally distinct and characteristic populations of isoferritins are found depending on the type of cell, the proliferation status of the cell and the presence of disease. The synthesis of ferritin is regulated both transcriptionally and translationally. Translation of ferritin subunit mRNA is increased or decreased, depending on the labile iron pool and is controlled by an iron-responsive element present in the 5'-untranslated region of the ferritin subunit mRNA. The transcription of the genes for the ferritin subunits is controlled by hormones and cytokines, which can result in a change in the pool of translatable mRNA. The levels of intracellular ferritin are determined by the balance between synthesis and degradation. Degradation of ferritin in the cytosol results in complete release of iron, while degradation in secondary lysosomes results in the formation of haemosiderin and protection against iron toxicity. The majority of ferritin is found in the cytosol. However, ferritin with slightly different properties can also be found in organelles such as nuclei and mitochondria. Most of the ferritin produced intracellularly is harnessed for the regulation of iron bioavailability; however, some of the ferritin is secreted and internalized by other cells. In addition to the regulation of iron bioavailability ferritin may contribute to the control of myelopoiesis and immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Koorts
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
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46
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Cozzi A, Santambrogio P, Corsi B, Campanella A, Arosio P, Levi S. Characterization of the l-ferritin variant 460InsA responsible of a hereditary ferritinopathy disorder. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 23:644-52. [PMID: 16822677 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2006] [Revised: 05/11/2006] [Accepted: 05/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary ferritinopathies are dominant inherited movement disorders associated with extensive alterations of the l-ferritin C-terminus peptide caused by nucleotide insertions in l-ferritin gene (FTL). We describe the characterization of the most common variant, produced by the 460InsA mutations and here named Ln1. The recombinant Ln1 assembled into 24-mer ferritin shells with low efficiency, however, it was able to form heteropolymers that showed a reduced capacity to incorporate iron in vitro. The Ln1 expressed in HeLa cells formed hybrid ferritins, with the endogenous H and L chains, and caused an iron excess phenotype. Ferritin inactivation and faster degradation in Ln1 transfectants concurred in increasing iron availability, which was probably responsible for the higher sensitivity to H(2)O(2) toxicity and higher level of oxidized proteins. The findings suggest that the pathogenic effects of Ln1 expression are more likely due to deregulation of cellular iron homeostasis rather than to protein conformational problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cozzi
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, DIBIT, 20132 Milan, Italy
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47
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Clardy SL, Earley CJ, Allen RP, Beard JL, Connor JR. Ferritin subunits in CSF are decreased in restless legs syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 147:67-73. [PMID: 16459164 DOI: 10.1016/j.lab.2005.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2005] [Revised: 06/19/2005] [Accepted: 06/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a neurological disorder that may be related to iron misregulation at the level of the central nervous system. Evidence that iron is involved in RLS comes from magnetic resonance imaging data, autopsy studies, analyses of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and correlations of symptoms with serum ferritin. To further examine the possibility that brain iron status is insufficient in RLS, we determined ferritin levels in the CSF. Specifically, we differentiated between the H- and L-subunits of ferritin, because these peptides are expressed from different chromosomes and have different functions. We measured H- and L-ferritin subunit levels in control and RLS human CSF using immunoblot analysis and found that both H- and L-ferritin are significantly decreased in early but not late-onset RLS. Additionally, we quantified total protein in each CSF sample to establish that the decrease in ferritin subunits in RLS did not reflect a decrease in total protein in CSF. Furthermore, we used equal amounts of total CSF protein in the immunoblot analyses, in contrast to previously published studies that provided only volumetric data, to determine which approach was more accurate for quantifying the amount of ferritin relative to other proteins in CSF. Our results establish a protein standard in RLS, provide a comparative analysis of protein-controlled versus volumetric immunoblot techniques, and argue for a profound loss of iron storage capacity in the brain in RLS, specifically in the early onset RLS phenotype. These data suggest that CSF ferritin levels may provide a biomarker for assisting in the diagnosis of RLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L Clardy
- Department of Neurosurgery, M.S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
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48
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Wilkinson J, Di X, Schönig K, Buss JL, Kock ND, Cline JM, Saunders TL, Bujard H, Torti SV, Torti FM. Tissue-specific expression of ferritin H regulates cellular iron homoeostasis in vivo. Biochem J 2006; 395:501-7. [PMID: 16448386 PMCID: PMC1462685 DOI: 10.1042/bj20060063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ferritin is a ubiquitously distributed iron-binding protein. Cell culture studies have demonstrated that ferritin plays a role in maintenance of iron homoeostasis and in the protection against cytokine- and oxidant-induced stress. To test whether FerH (ferritin H) can regulate tissue iron homoeostasis in vivo, we prepared transgenic mice that conditionally express FerH and EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) from a bicistronic tetracycline-inducible promoter. Two transgenic models were explored. In the first, the FerH and EGFP transgenes were controlled by the tTA(CMV) (Tet-OFF) (where tTA and CMV are tet transactivator protein and cytomegalovirus respectively). In skeletal muscle of mice bearing the FerH/EGFP and tTA(CMV) transgenes, FerH expression was increased 6.0+/-1.1-fold (mean+/-S.D.) compared with controls. In the second model, the FerH/EGFP transgenes were controlled by an optimized Tet-ON transactivator, rtTA2(S)-S2(LAP) (where rtTA is reverse tTA and LAP is liver activator protein), resulting in expression predominantly in the kidney and liver. In mice expressing these transgenes, doxycycline induced FerH in the kidney by 14.2+/-4.8-fold (mean+/-S.D.). Notably, increases in ferritin in overexpressers versus control littermates were accompanied by an elevation of IRP (iron regulatory protein) activity of 2.3+/-0.9-fold (mean+/-S.D.), concurrent with a 4.5+/-2.1-fold (mean+/-S.D.) increase in transferrin receptor, indicating that overexpression of FerH is sufficient to elicit a phenotype of iron depletion. These results demonstrate that FerH not only responds to changes in tissue iron (its classic role), but can actively regulate overall tissue iron balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Wilkinson
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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49
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Xie C, Zhang N, Zhou H, Li J, Li Q, Zarubin T, Lin SC, Han J. Distinct roles of basal steady-state and induced H-ferritin in tumor necrosis factor-induced death in L929 cells. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:6673-81. [PMID: 16024802 PMCID: PMC1190336 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.15.6673-6681.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha is a cytokine capable of inducing caspase-dependent (apoptotic) cell death in some cells and caspase-independent (necrosis-like) cell death in others. Here, using a mutagenesis screen for genes critical in TNF-induced death in L929 cells, we have found that H-ferritin deficiency is responsible for TNF resistance in a mutant line and that, upon treatment with TNF, this line fails to elevate levels of labile iron pool (LIP), critical for TNF-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and ROS-dependent cell death. Since we found that TNF-induced LIP in L929 cells is primarily furnished by intracellular storage iron, the lesser induction of LIP in H-ferritin-deficient cells results from a reduction of intracellular iron storage caused by less H-ferritin. Different from some other cell lines, the H-ferritin gene in L929 cells is not TNF inducible; however, when H-ferritin is expressed in L929 cells under a TNF-inducible system, the TNF-induced LIP and subsequent ROS production and cell death were all prevented. Thus, LIP is a common denominator of ferritin both in the enhancement of cell death by basal steady-state H-ferritin and in protection against cell death by induced H-ferritin, thereby acting as a key determinant of TNF-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchuan Xie
- The Scripps Research Institute Department of Immunology Imm-32, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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50
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Beaumont C. Rôle anti-apoptotique de la sous-unité H de la ferritine. Med Sci (Paris) 2005; 21:591-2. [PMID: 15985200 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2005216-7591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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