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Palaniswamy C, Selvaraj DR, Palaniappan D. Dual Angiotensin II and Endothelin Receptor Antagonists. Am J Ther 2011; 18:e67-70. [DOI: 10.1097/mjt.0b013e3181cb4031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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3
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Blakeney JS, Reid RC, Le GT, Fairlie DP. Nonpeptidic Ligands for Peptide-Activated G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Chem Rev 2007; 107:2960-3041. [PMID: 17622179 DOI: 10.1021/cr050984g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jade S Blakeney
- Centre for Drug Design and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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4
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Schlyer S, Horuk R. I want a new drug: G-protein-coupled receptors in drug development. Drug Discov Today 2006; 11:481-93. [PMID: 16713899 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2006.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2005] [Revised: 12/01/2005] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Huey Lewis and the News summed it up nicely in their 1980s hit record: 'I want a new drug, one that won't make me sick, one that won't make me crash my car, or make me feel three feet thick'. The song could be an anthem for drug discovery in the pharmaceutical industry. We all want new and better drugs with fewer side effects, which are effective for combating the major diseases of our time: cancer, heart disease, obesity and autoimmune diseases. How do we get these new drugs? There are currently some new ideas in drug discovery, centered on that staple diet of the pharmaceutical industry, the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily. In silico methods, employing receptor-based modeling, offer a more rational approach in the design of drugs targeting GPCRs. These approaches can be used to understand receptor selectivity and species specificity of drugs that interact with GPCRs. In addition, there are various novel approaches, such as the design and potential utility of drugs that target more than one GPCR ('dual specificity' drugs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Schlyer
- Department of Computational Chemistry, Berlex Biosciences, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
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Zoumpoulakis P, Daliani I, Zervou M, Kyrikou I, Siapi E, Lamprinidis G, Mikros E, Mavromoustakos T. Losartan's molecular basis of interaction with membranes and AT1 receptor. Chem Phys Lipids 2004; 125:13-25. [PMID: 14625072 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(03)00053-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Physicochemical methods were used to study the thermal and dynamic changes caused by losartan in the membrane bilayers. In addition, molecular modeling was implemented to explore its topography both in membranes and AT(1) receptor. Its incorporation resulted in the modification of thermal profile of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) bilayers in a concentration dependent way up to 20mol% as it is depicted from the combination of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and MAS data. In particular, the presence of losartan caused lowering of the phase transition temperature and abolishment of the pretransition. T(1) experiments revealed the location of the drug into the membrane bilayers. The use of a combination of biophysical methods along with docking experiments brought out a possible two-step mechanism which involves incorporation of losartan at the interface of membrane bilayers and diffusion in the upper parts of AT(1) receptor helices IV-VII.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zoumpoulakis
- Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas. Constantinou Avenue, 11635, Athens, Greece
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6
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Bondensgaard K, Ankersen M, Thøgersen H, Hansen BS, Wulff BS, Bywater RP. Recognition of Privileged Structures by G-Protein Coupled Receptors. J Med Chem 2004; 47:888-99. [PMID: 14761190 DOI: 10.1021/jm0309452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Privileged structures are ligand substructures that are widely used to generate high-affinity ligands for more than one type of receptor. To explain this, we surmised that there must be some common feature in the target proteins. For a set of class A GPCRs, we found a good correlation between conservation patterns of residues in the ligand binding pocket and the privileged structure fragments in class A GPCR ligands. A major part of interior surface of the common ligand binding pocket of class A receptors, identified in many GPCRs, is lined with variable residues that are responsible for selectivity in ligand recognition, while other regions, typically located deeper into the binding pocket, are more conserved and retain a predominantly hydrophobic and aromatic character. The latter is reflected in the chemical nature of most GPCR privileged structures and is proposed to be the common feature that is recognized by the privileged structures. Further, we find that this subpocket is conserved even in distant orthologs within the class A family. Three pairs of ligands recognizing widely different receptor types were docked into receptor models of their target receptors utilizing available structure- activity relationships and mutagenesis data. For each pair of ligands, the ligand-receptor complexes reveal that the nature of the privileged structure binding pocket is conserved between the two complexes, in support of our hypothesis. Only part of the privileged structures can be accommodated within the conserved subpocket. Some contacts are established between the privileged structure and the nonconserved parts of the binding pocket. This implies that any one particular privileged structure can target only a subset of receptors, those complementary to the full privileged structure. Our hypothesis leads to a valuable novelty in that ligand libraries can be designed without any foreknowledge of the structure of the endogenous ligand, which in turn means that even orphan receptors can in principle now be addressed as potential drug targets.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Biphenyl Compounds/chemical synthesis
- Biphenyl Compounds/chemistry
- Biphenyl Compounds/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Conserved Sequence
- Cricetinae
- Indans/chemical synthesis
- Indans/chemistry
- Indans/metabolism
- Indoles/chemical synthesis
- Indoles/chemistry
- Indoles/metabolism
- Ligands
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Piperidines/chemical synthesis
- Piperidines/chemistry
- Piperidines/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/chemistry
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/chemistry
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/chemistry
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, Ghrelin
- Receptors, Serotonin/chemistry
- Receptors, Serotonin/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Spiro Compounds/chemical synthesis
- Spiro Compounds/chemistry
- Spiro Compounds/metabolism
- Tetrazoles/chemical synthesis
- Tetrazoles/chemistry
- Tetrazoles/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent Bondensgaard
- Protein Engineering, Medicinal Chemistry, and Discovery Biology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark.
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Lund AK, Goens MB, Kanagy NL, Walker MK. Cardiac hypertrophy in aryl hydrocarbon receptor null mice is correlated with elevated angiotensin II, endothelin-1, and mean arterial blood pressure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 193:177-87. [PMID: 14644620 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2003.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that mediates toxicity of xenobiotics, such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Genetic deletion of the AhR leads to cardiac hypertrophy, suggesting a role for the AhR in cardiovascular physiology and disease; however, the pathways involved in the development of cardiac hypertrophy have not been determined. Thus, we investigated the role of (1) pressure overload using indwelling catheters and (2) vasoactive peptides endothelin-1 (ET-1) and angiotensin II (Ang II), assessed by RIA, in the progression of cardiac hypertrophy in AhR-null mice. Histochemical analysis, expression of cardiac hypertrophy marker genes, and echocardiography were used to assess the degree of cardiac hypertrophy. AhR-null mice developed elevated mean arterial pressures (MAP) by 5 months, which was associated with a two- and ninefold increase in plasma ET-1 and Ang II, respectively, compared to wild-type. Captopril-treatment (4 mg/kg) of AhR-null mice from 2 to 5 months of age significantly decreased MAP and plasma Ang II, but did not affect ET-1. Further, captopril improved cardiac function and reduced cardiac hypertrophy as evidenced by reduction in left ventricle mass, left ventricle internal dimension, and molecular cardiac hypertrophy markers. Captopril also decreased fibrosis of the heart and kidney. These findings show that pressure overload is associated with elevated ET-1 and hypertrophic growth of the heart and that cardiac hypertrophy is mediated, in part, by Ang II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amie K Lund
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Murugesan N, Tellew JE, Gu Z, Kunst BL, Fadnis L, Cornelius LA, Baska RAF, Yang Y, Beyer SM, Monshizadegan H, Dickinson KE, Panchal B, Valentine MT, Chong S, Morrison RA, Carlson KE, Powell JR, Moreland S, Barrish JC, Kowala MC, Macor JE. Discovery of N-isoxazolyl biphenylsulfonamides as potent dual angiotensin II and endothelin A receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2002; 45:3829-35. [PMID: 12190306 DOI: 10.1021/jm020138n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ET(A) receptor antagonist (2) (N-(3,4-dimethyl-5-isoxazolyl)-4'-(2-oxazolyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-sulfonamide, BMS-193884) shares the same biphenyl core as a large number of AT(1) receptor antagonists, including irbesartan (3). Thus, it was hypothesized that merging the structural elements of 2 with those of the biphenyl AT(1) antagonists (e.g., irbesartan) would yield a compound with dual activity for both receptors. This strategy led to the design, synthesis, and discovery of (15) (4'-[(2-butyl-4-oxo-1,3-diazaspiro[4.4]non-1-en-3-yl)methyl]-N-(3,4-dimethyl-5-isoxazolyl)-2'-[(3,3-dimethyl-2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)methyl]-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-sulfonamide, BMS-248360) as a potent and orally active dual antagonist of both AT(1) and ET(A) receptors. Compound 15 represents a new approach to treating hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natesan Murugesan
- Discovery Chemistry and Metabolic and Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, USA.
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Dohi K, Onishi K, Kitamura T, Okinaka T, Ito M, Isaka N, Nakano T. Functional role of endogenous endothelin-1 in congestive heart failure treated with angiotensin II receptor antagonist. THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 51:445-53. [PMID: 11564281 DOI: 10.2170/jjphysiol.51.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between angiotensin (ANG) II and endothelin (ET)-1 receptor transduction pathways have been unclear in congestive heart failure (CHF). Therefore the objects of this study are, in CHF, whether production of ET-1 is modulated by ANG II and/or whether hemodynamic effects of endogenous ET-1 are modulated by ANG II. Twelve dogs were randomly assigned to two groups: untreated (n = 6) and treated with ANG II type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist (TCV116, 1.5 mg/kg/d) (n = 6). After rapid ventricular pacing (240 bpm) for 4 weeks, plasma and cardiac ET-1 levels were compared between the two groups. Acute hemodynamic effects of a nonspecific ET(A&B) receptor antagonist, TAK044 (3 mg/kg plus 3 mg/kg/h i.v.) were examined in both groups by a conductance catheter and a micromanometer. After 4 weeks of pacing, plasma and cardiac tissue ET-1 levels were elevated in both groups to a similar degree. In the group treated with TCV116, TAK044 produced an increase in stroke volume and a decrease in total systemic resistance; heart rate was unchanged. The time constant of left ventricular (LV) relaxation was significantly decreased. The slope of LV end-systolic pressure-volume relation (E(ES)) was increased (p < 0.05), indicating an increased LV contractility. Thus endogenous ET-1 produces an arterial vasoconstriction and impairs LV contractility and relaxation in CHF with AT1 receptor antagonism. These hemodynamic responses to TAK044 in CHF treated with TCV116 were similar in untreated CHF. These results suggest that the production of ET-1 and the cardiac effects of endogenous ET-1 in CHF may be unaffected by ANG II acting through AT1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dohi
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, 514-8507, Japan
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Polevaya L, Mavromoustakos T, Zoumboulakis P, Golic Grdadolnik S, Roumelioti P, Giatas N, Mutule I, Keivish T, Vlahakos DV, Iliodromitis EK, Kremastinos DT, Matsoukas J. Synthesis and study of a cyclic angiotensin II antagonist analogue reveals the role of pi*--pi* interactions in the C-terminal aromatic residue for agonist activity and its structure resemblance with AT(1) non-peptide antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:1639-47. [PMID: 11408184 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00059-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The novel amide linked Angiotensin II (ANG II) cyclic analogue cyclo(3, 5) -[Sar(1)-Lys(3)-Glu(5)-Ile(8)] ANG II (18) has been designed, synthesized and bioassayed in anesthetized rabbits. The constrained cyclic analogue with a lactam amide bridge linking a Lys-Glu pair at positions 3 and 5 and possessing Ile at position 8, was synthesized by solution procedure using the maximum protection strategy. This analogue was found to be inhibitor of Angiotensin II. NMR spectroscopy coupled with computational analysis showed clustering between the side chains of the key aminoacids Tyr(4)-His(6)-Ile(8) similar to that observed with ANG II. The obtained data show that only pi*--pi* interactions observed in ANG II or its superagonist Sar(1) [ANG II] are missing. Therefore, it can be concluded that these interactions are essential for agonist activity. Conformational analysis comparisons between AT(1) antagonists losartan, eprosartan and irbesartan with C-terminal segment of cyclic compound 18 revealed structural similarities.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Polevaya
- Laboratory of Peptide Chemistry, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, LV-1006, Latvia
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11
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Cerra MC, Tierney ML, Takei Y, Hazon N, Tota B. Angiotensin II binding sites in the heart of Scyliorhinus canicula: an autoradiographic study. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2001; 121:126-34. [PMID: 11178878 DOI: 10.1006/gcen.2000.7578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dogfish (125)I [Asn(1), Pro(3), Ile(5)] angiotensin II ((125)I dfANG II) was used to establish the specific binding patterns of the different cardiac regions of the elasmobranch Scyliorhinus canicula by in vitro autoradiography. In the ventricular myocardium Scatchard analysis of saturation and displacement binding data revealed two classes of high- and low-affinity dfANG II binding sites (K(d) = 53 +/- 10 and 1300 +/- 900 pM). Two classes of dfANG II binding sites were also detected in the atrium (K(d) = 47 +/- 13 and 4690 +/- 930 pM) and in the outer layer of the conus arteriosus (K(d) = 16 +/- 9 and 398 +/- 83 pM). Conversely, the ventricular endocardium and the inner conal layer were characterized by a single class of dfANG II binding sites with affinity values of 48 +/- 11 and 106 +/- 3.3 pM, respectively. Competition experiments with either cold dfANG II or CV11974 or CGP42112 (specific ligands for mammalian AT(1) and AT(2) receptors, respectively) demonstrated a prevalence of CGP42112-selective dfANG II binding sites in both the inner and the outer conal layers. In the atrium, the ventricular myocardium, and the outer conal layer, dfANG II high-affinity binding sites poorly discriminated among the cold ligands. These results suggest that the dogfish heart may be a target organ of ANG II with distinct ANG II receptor subtype distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Cerra
- Department of Pharmaco-Biology, University of Calabria, 87030 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
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12
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Nishimura H. Angiotensin receptors--evolutionary overview and perspectives. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2001; 128:11-30. [PMID: 11137436 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(00)00294-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The structure of the angiotensin molecule has been well preserved throughout the vertebrate scale with some amino acid variations. Specific angiotensin receptors (AT receptors) that mediate important physiological functions have been noted in a variety of tissues and species. Physiological and pharmacological characterization of AT receptors and, more recently, molecular cloning studies have elucidated the presence of AT receptor subtypes. Comparative studies suggest that an AT receptor subtype homologous to the mammalian type 1 receptor subtype (AT(1)), though pharmacologically distinct, is present in amphibians and birds, whereas AT receptors cloned from teleosts show low homology to both AT(1) and AT(2) receptor subtypes. Furthermore, receptors differing from both the AT(1)-homologue receptor and AT(2) receptor exist in some non-mammalian species. This may suggest that the prototype AT receptor evolved in primitive vertebrates and diverged to more than one type of AT receptor subtype during phylogeny. Furthermore, phenotypic modulation of AT receptors appears to occur during individual development/maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nishimura
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 894 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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13
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Sandberg K, Ji H. Comparative analysis of amphibian and mammalian angiotensin receptors. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2001; 128:53-75. [PMID: 11137439 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(00)00297-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Amphibian angiotensin receptors (xAT receptors) share many similarities with mammalian type 1 angiotensin receptors (AT(1) receptors). Both xAT and AT(1) receptors belong to the super family of seven transmembrane spanning G protein-coupled receptors and share approximately 60% amino acid homology. Highly stable secondary structure in the 5' leader sequences and the presence of the mRNA destabilizing sequence (AUUUA) in the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of the xAT and AT(1) receptor mRNAs suggest similar mechanisms exist for regulating gene expression. Amphibian and mammalian AT receptors bind angiotensin with equivalent affinities but show marked differences in their affinities towards mammalian AT(1) receptor subtype selective non-peptide ligands. Both xAT and AT(1) receptors couple to G proteins and to the phospholipase C (PLC) signal transduction pathway. Mammalian AT(1) receptors play a key role in maintaining blood pressure and fluid homeostasis and there is considerable evidence that xAT receptors play a similarly important role in amphibians. This review focuses on the comparison of amphibian xAT receptors with mammalian AT(1) receptors in terms of their structure, pharmacology, signaling, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sandberg
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
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New RB, Sampson AC, King MK, Hendrick JW, Clair MJ, McElmurray JH, Mandel J, Mukherjee R, de Gasparo M, Spinale FG. Effects of combined angiotensin II and endothelin receptor blockade with developing heart failure: effects on left ventricular performance. Circulation 2000; 102:1447-53. [PMID: 10993866 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.102.12.1447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goal of this study was to determine the comparative effects of angiotensin II type 1 (AT(1)) receptor inhibition alone, endothelin-1 (ET) receptor blockade alone, and combined receptor blockade on left ventricular (LV) function, contractility, and neurohormonal system activity in a model of congestive heart failure (CHF). METHODS AND RESULTS Pigs were randomly assigned to each of 5 groups: (1) rapid atrial pacing (240 bpm) for 3 weeks (n=9), (2) concomitant AT(1) receptor blockade (valsartan, 3 mg/kg per day) and rapid pacing (n=8), (3) concomitant ET receptor blockade (bosentan, 50 mg/kg BID) and rapid pacing (n=8), (4) concomitant combined AT(1) and ET receptor inhibition and rapid pacing (n=8), and (5) sham-operated control (n=9). LV stroke volume was reduced from the control value after rapid pacing, was unchanged with either AT(1) or ET receptor blockade alone, but was improved with combination treatment. LV peak wall stress was reduced in both groups with ET receptor blockade compared with the rapid pacing group. Plasma norepinephrine levels were increased by >3-fold after rapid pacing, remained increased in the monotherapy groups, but were reduced after combination treatment. LV myocyte velocity of shortening was reduced after rapid pacing-induced CHF, remained reduced after AT(1) receptor blockade, increased after ET receptor blockade (compared with rapid pacing-induced CHF values), and returned to within control values after combined blockade. CONCLUSIONS Combined AT(1) and the ET receptor blockade in this model of CHF improved LV pump function, and contributory factors included the effects of LV loading conditions, neurohormonal system activity, and myocardial contractile performance. Thus, combined receptor blockade may provide a useful combinatorial therapeutic approach in CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B New
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA
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15
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Abstract
The G-protein coupled receptors form a large and diverse multi-gene superfamily with many important physiological functions. As such, they have become important targets in pharmaceutical research. Molecular modelling and site-directed mutagenesis have played an important role in our increasing understanding of the structural basis of drug action at these receptors. Aspects of this understanding, how these techniques can be used within a drug-design programme, and remaining challenges for the future are reviewed.
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MESH Headings
- Binding Sites
- Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques
- Drug Design
- GTP-Binding Proteins/chemistry
- Ligands
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Structure
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/chemistry
- Receptors, Angiotensin/chemistry
- Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry
- Receptors, Cell Surface/classification
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Flower
- Department of Physical Sciences, ASTRA Charnwood, Bakewell Rd, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK.
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