1
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Zhou X, Liu F, Li N, Zhang Y. Large-Scale Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of Dityrosine Crosslinking Omics in Response to Endogenous and Exogenous Hydrogen Peroxide in Escherichia coli. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040786. [PMID: 37107161 PMCID: PMC10135038 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive hydrogen peroxide causes oxidative stress in cells. The oxidation of two tyrosine residues in proteins can generate o,o'-dityrosine, a putative biomarker for protein oxidation, which plays critical roles in a variety of organisms. Thus far, few studies have investigated dityrosine crosslinking under endogenous or exogenous oxidative conditions at the proteome level, and its physiological function remains largely unknown. In this study, to investigate qualitative and quantitative dityrosine crosslinking, two mutant Escherichia coli strains and one mutant strain supplemented with H2O2 were used as models for endogenous and exogenous oxidative stress, respectively. By integrating high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and bioinformatic analysis, we created the largest dityrosine crosslinking dataset in E. coli to date, identifying 71 dityrosine crosslinks and 410 dityrosine loop links on 352 proteins. The dityrosine-linked proteins are mainly involved in taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, citrate cycle, glyoxylate, dicarboxylate metabolism, carbon metabolism, etc., suggesting that dityrosine crosslinking may play a critical role in regulating the metabolic pathways in response to oxidative stress. In conclusion, we have reported the most comprehensive dityrosine crosslinking in E. coli for the first time, which is of great significance in revealing its function in oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhe Zhou
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Feng Liu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Institute of Engineering Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Nuomin Li
- Institute of Engineering Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yongqian Zhang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Institute of Engineering Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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2
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Di Salvo E, Casciaro M, Giorgianni CM, Cicero N, Gangemi S. Age-Related Diseases and Foods Generating Chlorinative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020249. [PMID: 36829808 PMCID: PMC9952263 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging is a slow and inexorable process affecting all life beings and is characterised by age-related worsening in adaptation to external changes. Several factors contribute to such a process, and oxidative stress due to external damages is one key player. Of particular interest is the oxidative stress generated from halogen compounds such as chloride. Hypochlorus acid is produced starting from MPO's interaction with hydrogen peroxide. We focused on the oxidation of tyrosine residues by HOCl, which leads as a result to the formation of 3-chlorotyrosine (3-ClTyr). This molecule, due to its stability, is considered a marker for MPO activity. RESULTS We collected data from literature research articles evaluating chlorinative stress and the effects of 3-ClTyr on chronic diseases linked to aging. As diseases are not the only source of 3-ClTyr in people, we also focused on other origins of chlorinative stress, such as food intake. DISCUSSION Oxidation and halogenation are caused by infectious diseases and by pathologies characterised by inflammation. Moreover, diet could negatively or positively influence chlorinative stress. Comparing 3-ClTyr levels in the oldest and youngest old with age-related diseases and comparing data between different geographic areas with different pesticide rules could be the next challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Di Salvo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Marco Casciaro
- School and Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0902212013
| | - Concetto Mario Giorgianni
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Nicola Cicero
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
- Science4life srl, Spin off Company, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- School and Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
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3
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Maina MB, Al-Hilaly YK, Serpell LC. Dityrosine cross-linking and its potential roles in Alzheimer's disease. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1132670. [PMID: 37034163 PMCID: PMC10075315 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1132670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a significant source of damage that accumulates during aging and contributes to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Oxidation of proteins can give rise to covalent links between adjacent tyrosines known as dityrosine (DiY) cross-linking, amongst other modifications, and this observation suggests that DiY could serve as a biomarker of accumulated oxidative stress over the lifespan. Many studies have focused on understanding the contribution of DiY to AD pathogenesis and have revealed that DiY crosslinks can be found in both Aβ and tau deposits - the two key proteins involved in the formation of amyloid plaques and tau tangles, respectively. However, there is no consensus yet in the field on the impact of DiY on Aβ and tau function, aggregation, and toxicity. Here we review the current understanding of the role of DiY on Aβ and tau gathered over the last 20 years since the first observation, and discuss the effect of this modification for Aβ and tau aggregation, and its potential as a biomarker for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud B. Maina
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom
- Biomedical Science Research and Training Centre, College of Medical Sciences, Yobe State University, Damaturu, Nigeria
| | - Youssra K. Al-Hilaly
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Louise C. Serpell
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Louise C. Serpell,
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4
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Hipper E, Blech M, Hinderberger D, Garidel P, Kaiser W. Photo-Oxidation of Therapeutic Protein Formulations: From Radical Formation to Analytical Techniques. Pharmaceutics 2021; 14:72. [PMID: 35056968 PMCID: PMC8779573 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
UV and ambient light-induced modifications and related degradation of therapeutic proteins are observed during manufacturing and storage. Therefore, to ensure product quality, protein formulations need to be analyzed with respect to photo-degradation processes and eventually protected from light exposure. This task usually demands the application and combination of various analytical methods. This review addresses analytical aspects of investigating photo-oxidation products and related mediators such as reactive oxygen species generated via UV and ambient light with well-established and novel techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hipper
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (E.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Michaela Blech
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany;
| | - Dariush Hinderberger
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (E.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang Kaiser
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany;
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5
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Fuentes-Lemus E, Hägglund P, López-Alarcón C, Davies MJ. Oxidative Crosslinking of Peptides and Proteins: Mechanisms of Formation, Detection, Characterization and Quantification. Molecules 2021; 27:15. [PMID: 35011250 PMCID: PMC8746199 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent crosslinks within or between proteins play a key role in determining the structure and function of proteins. Some of these are formed intentionally by either enzymatic or molecular reactions and are critical to normal physiological function. Others are generated as a consequence of exposure to oxidants (radicals, excited states or two-electron species) and other endogenous or external stimuli, or as a result of the actions of a number of enzymes (e.g., oxidases and peroxidases). Increasing evidence indicates that the accumulation of unwanted crosslinks, as is seen in ageing and multiple pathologies, has adverse effects on biological function. In this article, we review the spectrum of crosslinks, both reducible and non-reducible, currently known to be formed on proteins; the mechanisms of their formation; and experimental approaches to the detection, identification and characterization of these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Fuentes-Lemus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (E.F.-L.); (P.H.)
| | - Per Hägglund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (E.F.-L.); (P.H.)
| | - Camilo López-Alarcón
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile;
| | - Michael J. Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (E.F.-L.); (P.H.)
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6
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Reversible Oxidative Modifications in Myoglobin and Functional Implications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9060549. [PMID: 32599765 PMCID: PMC7346209 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9060549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myoglobin (Mb), an oxygen-binding heme protein highly expressed in heart and skeletal muscle, has been shown to undergo oxidative modifications on both an inter- and intramolecular level when exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in vitro. Here, we show that exposure to H2O2 increases the peroxidase activity of Mb. Reaction of Mb with H2O2 causes covalent binding of heme to the Mb protein (Mb-X), corresponding to an increase in peroxidase activity when ascorbic acid is the reducing co-substrate. Treatment of H2O2-reacted Mb with ascorbic acid reverses the Mb-X crosslink. Reaction with H2O2 causes Mb to form dimers, trimers, and larger molecular weight Mb aggregates, and treatment with ascorbic acid regenerates Mb monomers. Reaction of Mb with H2O2 causes formation of dityrosine crosslinks, though the labile nature of the crosslinks broken by treatment with ascorbic acid suggests that the reversible aggregation of Mb is mediated by crosslinks other than dityrosine. Disappearance of a peptide containing a tryptophan residue when Mb is treated with H2O2 and the peptide’s reappearance after subsequent treatment with ascorbic acid suggest that tryptophan side chains might participate in the labile crosslinking. Taken together, these data suggest that while exposure to H2O2 causes Mb-X formation, increases Mb peroxidase activity, and causes Mb aggregation, these oxidative modifications are reversible by treatment with ascorbic acid. A caveat is that future studies should demonstrate that these and other in vitro findings regarding properties of Mb have relevance in the intracellular milieu, especially in regard to actual concentrations of metMb, H2O2, and ascorbate that would be found in vivo.
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7
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Ignasiak M, Frackowiak K, Pedzinski T, Davies MJ, Marciniak B. Unexpected light emission from tyrosyl radicals as a probe for tyrosine oxidation. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 153:12-16. [PMID: 32304751 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine residues (Tyr) on proteins are a favoured site of one-electron oxidation due to their low one-electron reduction potentials. In this work, light-induced oxidation of Tyr residues was investigated using direct ionisation (via 266 nm light excitation) and sensitized photo-oxidation (by 3-carboxybenzophenone as sensitizer and 355 nm). Light emission (fluorescence) was observed at 410-440 nm as a result of Tyr oxidation. This novel light emission process is shown to be dependent on the solvent and aromatic ring substituents, however it does not depend on pH. It is proposed, that after initial formation of tyrosine phenoxyl radicals (TyrO●) by one electron-oxidation, the TyrO● absorbs a second photon to give an excited state species that undergoes subsequent light emission. The intensity of this emission depends on the Tyr concentration, and the detection of this emission can be used to identify and quantify one-electron formation of oxidized Tyr residues on proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ignasiak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, and Center for Advanced Technology, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Kamil Frackowiak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, and Center for Advanced Technology, Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Pedzinski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, and Center for Advanced Technology, Poznan, Poland
| | - Michael J Davies
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bronisław Marciniak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, and Center for Advanced Technology, Poznan, Poland
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8
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Chiziane E, Telemann H, Krueger M, Adler J, Arnhold J, Alia A, Flemmig J. Free Heme and Amyloid-β: A Fatal Liaison in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 61:963-984. [PMID: 29332049 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
While the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is still unknown, an increased formation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide and oxidative processes are major pathological mechanism of the disease. The interaction of Aβ with free heme leads to the formation of peroxidase-active Aβ-heme complexes. However, enzyme-kinetic data and systematic mutational studies are still missing. These aspects were addressed in this study to evaluate the role of Aβ-heme complexes in AD. The enzyme-kinetic measurements showed peroxidase-specific pH- and H2O2-dependencies. In addition, the enzymatic activity of Aβ-heme complexes constantly increased at higher peptide excess. Moreover, the role of the Aβ sequence for the named enzymatic activity was tested, depicting human-specific R5, Y10, and H13 as essential amino acids. Also by studying Y10 as an endogenous peroxidase substrate for Aβ-heme complexes, ratio-specific effects were observed, showing an optimal dityrosine formation at an about 40-fold peptide excess. As dityrosine formation promotes Aβ fibrillation while free heme disturbs protein aggregation, we also investigated the effect of Aβ-heme complex-derived peroxidase activity on the formation of Aβ fibrils. The fluorescence measurements showed a different fibrillation behavior at strong peroxidase activity, leading also to altered fibril morphologies. The latter was detected by electron microscopy. As illustrated by selected in vivo measurements on a mouse model of AD, the disease is also characterized by Aβ-derived microvessel destructions and hemolytic processes. Thus, thrombo-hemorrhagic events are discussed as a source for free heme in brain tissue. In summary, we suggest the formation and enzymatic activity of Aβ-heme complexes as pathological key features of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Chiziane
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henriette Telemann
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Krueger
- Institute for Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Juliane Adler
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jürgen Arnhold
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - A Alia
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jörg Flemmig
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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9
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Amundarain MJ, Herrera MG, Zamarreño F, Viso JF, Costabel MD, Dodero VI. Molecular mechanisms of 33-mer gliadin peptide oligomerisation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:22539-22552. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02338k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The 33-mer gliadin peptide oligomerizes driven by its non-ionic polar character, flexible PPII secondary structure and stable glutamine H-bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Julia Amundarain
- Grupo de Biofísica
- Instituto de Física del Sur
- Universidad Nacional del Sur
- Bahía Blanca
- Argentina
| | | | - Fernando Zamarreño
- Grupo de Biofísica
- Instituto de Física del Sur
- Universidad Nacional del Sur
- Bahía Blanca
- Argentina
| | - Juan Francisco Viso
- Grupo de Biofísica
- Instituto de Física del Sur
- Universidad Nacional del Sur
- Bahía Blanca
- Argentina
| | - Marcelo D. Costabel
- Grupo de Biofísica
- Instituto de Física del Sur
- Universidad Nacional del Sur
- Bahía Blanca
- Argentina
| | - Verónica I. Dodero
- Universität Bielefeld
- Fakultät für Chemie
- Organische Chemie
- 33615 Bielefeld
- Germany
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10
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Yoshifuku A, Fujii K, Kanekura T. Comparison of oxidative stress on DNA, protein and lipids in patients with actinic keratosis, Bowen's disease and squamous cell carcinoma. J Dermatol 2018; 45:1319-1323. [PMID: 30222205 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.14631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Detailed mechanisms on the effect of oxidative stress (OS), an etiological factor involved in photocarcinogenesis, remain to be fully elucidated. We used immunohistochemical methods to study OS in the DNA, protein and lipids of patients with actinic keratosis (AK), Bowen's disease (BD) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Between January 2009 and December 2014, we treated 230 patients; 79 had AK, 61 had (BD) and 90 had cutaneous SCC; 28 healthy subjects served as the normal controls. OS on DNA, protein and lipids was assessed by the expression of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), dityrosine (DT) and malondialdehyde (MDA), respectively. 8-OHdG was significantly overexpressed in AK and BD lesions compared with surrounding non-lesional tissue, SCC lesions and the healthy controls. DT was more highly expressed in AK, BD and SCC than in the controls. There was no significant difference among AK, BD and SCC. The expression of MDA was higher in AK, BD and SCC lesions than the controls; SCC showed the highest expression. Our observations suggest that DNA oxidation plays an important role in the early stage of carcinogenesis, that protein oxidation is involved in all stages of carcinogenesis and that lipid oxidation is strongly implicated in the late stages of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Yoshifuku
- Department of Dermatology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kazuyasu Fujii
- Department of Dermatology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takuro Kanekura
- Department of Dermatology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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11
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Martini-Stoica H, Cole AL, Swartzlander DB, Chen F, Wan YW, Bajaj L, Bader DA, Lee VMY, Trojanowski JQ, Liu Z, Sardiello M, Zheng H. TFEB enhances astroglial uptake of extracellular tau species and reduces tau spreading. J Exp Med 2018; 215:2355-2377. [PMID: 30108137 PMCID: PMC6122971 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20172158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression of tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease follows a stereotyped pattern, and recent evidence suggests a role of synaptic connections in this process. Astrocytes are well positioned at the neuronal synapse to capture and degrade extracellular tau as it transits the synapse and hence could potentially have the ability to inhibit tau spreading and delay disease progression. Our study shows increased expression and activity of Transcription Factor EB (TFEB), a master regulator of lysosomal biogenesis, in response to tau pathology in both human brains with dementia and transgenic mouse models. Exogenous TFEB expression in primary astrocytes enhances tau fibril uptake and lysosomal activity, while TFEB knockout has the reverse effect. In vivo, induced TFEB expression in astrocytes reduces pathology in the hippocampus of PS19 tauopathy mice, as well as prominently attenuates tau spreading from the ipsilateral to the contralateral hippocampus in a mouse model of tau spreading. Our study suggests that astrocytic TFEB plays a functional role in modulating extracellular tau and the propagation of neuronal tau pathology in tauopathies such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Martini-Stoica
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Interdepartmental Program of Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Allysa L Cole
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | - Fading Chen
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Ying-Wooi Wan
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Lakshya Bajaj
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - David A Bader
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Virginia M Y Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Zhandong Liu
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Marco Sardiello
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Hui Zheng
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Interdepartmental Program of Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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12
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Hägglund P, Mariotti M, Davies MJ. Identification and characterization of protein cross-links induced by oxidative reactions. Expert Rev Proteomics 2018; 15:665-681. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1509710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Per Hägglund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michele Mariotti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Michael J. Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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13
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Abstract
Abstract
Oxidative stress may cause a wide variety of free radical reactions to produce deleterious modifications in membranes, proteins, enzymes, and DNA. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generated by myeloperoxidase (MPO) can induce lipid peroxidation and also play an important role in the generation of reactive chlorinating and brominating species. As the universal biomarkers, chemical, and immunochemical approach on oxidatively modified and halogenated tyrosines has been carried out. As amido-type adduct biomarkers, chemical, and immunochemical evaluation of hexanoyl- and propanoyl-lysines, hexanoyl- and propanoyl-dopamines and phospholipids were prepared and developed for application of evaluation of novel antioxidative functional food factors. We have also involved in application of oxidatively modified DNAs such as 8-hydroxy- and 8-halogenated deoxyguanosines as the useful biomarkers for age-related diseases using both in vitro and in vivo systems. Application of these oxidative stress biomarkers for novel type of functional food development and recent approach for development of novel evaluation systems are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Osawa
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Psychological and Physical Science, Aichi Gakuin University, Aichi, Japan
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14
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Individual variability in the structural properties of neurons in the human inferior olive. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 223:1667-1681. [PMID: 29189906 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1580-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The inferior olive (IO) is the sole source of the climbing fibers innervating the cerebellar cortex. We have previously shown both individual differences in the size and folding pattern of the principal nucleus (IOpr) in humans as well as in the expression of different proteins in IOpr neurons. This high degree of variability was not present in chimpanzee samples. The neurochemical differences might reflect static differences among individuals, but might also reflect age-related processes resulting in alterations of protein synthesis. Several observations support the latter idea. First, accumulation of lipofuscin, the "age pigment" is well documented in IOpr neurons. Second, there are silver- and abnormal tau-immunostained intraneuronal granules in IOpr neurons (Ikeda et al. Neurosci Lett 258:113-116, 1998). Finally, Olszewski and Baxter (Cytoarchitecture of the human brain stem, Second edn. Karger, Basel, 1954) observed an apparent loss of IOpr neurons in older individuals. We have further investigated the possibility of age-related changes in IOpr neurons using silver- and immunostained sections. We found silver-labeled intraneuronal granules in neurons of the IOpr in all human cases studied (n = 17, ages 25-71). We did not, however, confirm immunostaining with antibodies to abnormal tau. There was individual variability in the density of neurons as well as in the expression of the calcium-binding protein calretinin. In the chimpanzee, there were neither silver-stained intraneuronal granules nor irregularities in immunostaining. Overall, the data support the hypothesis that in some, but not all, humans there are functional changes in IOpr neurons and ultimately cell death. Neurochemical changes of IOpr neurons may contribute to age-related changes in motor and cognitive skills mediated by the cerebellum.
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15
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Mukherjee S, Kapp EA, Lothian A, Roberts AM, Vasil'ev YV, Boughton BA, Barnham KJ, Kok WM, Hutton CA, Masters CL, Bush AI, Beckman JS, Dey SG, Roberts BR. Characterization and Identification of Dityrosine Cross-Linked Peptides Using Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 89:6136-6145. [PMID: 28453255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of mass spectrometry coupled with chemical cross-linking of proteins has become a powerful tool for proteins structure and interactions studies. Unlike structural analysis of proteins using chemical reagents specific for lysine or cysteine residues, identification of gas-phase fragmentation patterns of endogenous dityrosine cross-linked peptides have not been investigated. Dityrosine cross-linking in proteins and peptides are clinical markers of oxidative stress, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. In this study, we investigated and characterized the fragmentation pattern of a synthetically prepared dityrosine cross-linked dimer of Aβ(1-16) using ESI tandem mass spectrometry. We then detailed the fragmentation pattern of dityrosine cross-linked Aβ(1-16), using collision induced dissociation (CID), higher-energy collision induced dissociation (HCD), electron transfer dissociation (ETD), and electron capture dissociation (ECD). Application of these generic fragmentation rules of dityrosine cross-linked peptides allowed for the identification of dityrosine cross-links in peptides of Aβ and α-synuclein generated in vitro by enzymatic peroxidation. We report, for the first time, the dityrosine cross-linked residues in human hemoglobin and α-synuclein under oxidative conditions. Together these tools open up the potential for automated analysis of this naturally occurring post-translation modification in neurodegenerative diseases as well as other pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Mukherjee
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne , 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Eugene A Kapp
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne , 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health , Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Amber Lothian
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne , 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health , Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Anne M Roberts
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne , 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health , Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Yury V Vasil'ev
- Linus Pauling Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University , Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States of America
| | - Berin A Boughton
- Metabolomics Australia, School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Kevin J Barnham
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne , 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - W Mei Kok
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Craig A Hutton
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Colin L Masters
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne , 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health , Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne , 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health , Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Joseph S Beckman
- Linus Pauling Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University , Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States of America
| | - Somdatta Ghosh Dey
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Blaine R Roberts
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne , 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health , Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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16
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Ran Y, Yan B, Li Z, Ding Y, Shi Y, Le G. Dityrosine administration induces novel object recognition deficits in young adulthood mice. Physiol Behav 2016; 164:292-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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Pekny M, Pekna M, Messing A, Steinhäuser C, Lee JM, Parpura V, Hol EM, Sofroniew MV, Verkhratsky A. Astrocytes: a central element in neurological diseases. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 131:323-45. [PMID: 26671410 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-015-1513-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 539] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The neurone-centred view of the past disregarded or downplayed the role of astroglia as a primary component in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases. As this concept is changing, so is also the perceived role of astrocytes in the healthy and diseased brain and spinal cord. We have started to unravel the different signalling mechanisms that trigger specific molecular, morphological and functional changes in reactive astrocytes that are critical for repairing tissue and maintaining function in CNS pathologies, such as neurotrauma, stroke, or neurodegenerative diseases. An increasing body of evidence shows that the effects of astrogliosis on the neural tissue and its functions are not uniform or stereotypic, but vary in a context-specific manner from astrogliosis being an adaptive beneficial response under some circumstances to a maladaptive and deleterious process in another context. There is a growing support for the concept of astrocytopathies in which the disruption of normal astrocyte functions, astrodegeneration or dysfunctional/maladaptive astrogliosis are the primary cause or the main factor in neurological dysfunction and disease. This review describes the multiple roles of astrocytes in the healthy CNS, discusses the diversity of astroglial responses in neurological disorders and argues that targeting astrocytes may represent an effective therapeutic strategy for Alexander disease, neurotrauma, stroke, epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease as well as other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Pekny
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Marcela Pekna
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Albee Messing
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Christian Steinhäuser
- Medical faculty, Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jin-Moo Lee
- Department of Neurology, The Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, Civitan International Research Center, Center for Glial Biology in Medicine, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Atomic Force Microscopy and Nanotechnology Laboratories, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1719 6th Avenue South, CIRC 429, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Elly M Hol
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael V Sofroniew
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
- Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Spain.
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain.
- University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, 603022, Russia.
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18
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Neuronal-Targeted TFEB Accelerates Lysosomal Degradation of APP, Reducing Aβ Generation and Amyloid Plaque Pathogenesis. J Neurosci 2015; 35:12137-51. [PMID: 26338325 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0705-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED In AD, an imbalance between Aβ production and removal drives elevated brain Aβ levels and eventual amyloid plaque deposition. APP undergoes nonamyloidogenic processing via α-cleavage at the plasma membrane, amyloidogenic β- and γ-cleavage within endosomes to generate Aβ, or lysosomal degradation in neurons. Considering multiple reports implicating impaired lysosome function as a driver of increased amyloidogenic processing of APP, we explored the efficacy of targeting transcription factor EB (TFEB), a master regulator of lysosomal pathways, to reduce Aβ levels. CMV promoter-driven TFEB, transduced via stereotactic hippocampal injections of adeno-associated virus particles in APP/PS1 mice, localized primarily to neuronal nuclei and upregulated lysosome biogenesis. This resulted in reduction of APP protein, the α and β C-terminal APP fragments (CTFs), and in the steady-state Aβ levels in the brain interstitial fluid. In aged mice, total Aβ levels and amyloid plaque load were selectively reduced in the TFEB-transduced hippocampi. TFEB transfection in N2a cells stably expressing APP695, stimulated lysosome biogenesis, reduced steady-state levels of APP and α- and β-CTFs, and attenuated Aβ generation by accelerating flux through the endosome-lysosome pathway. Cycloheximide chase assays revealed a shortening of APP half-life with exogenous TFEB expression, which was prevented by concomitant inhibition of lysosomal acidification. These data indicate that TFEB enhances flux through lysosomal degradative pathways to induce APP degradation and reduce Aβ generation. Activation of TFEB in neurons is an effective strategy to attenuate Aβ generation and attenuate amyloid plaque deposition in AD. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT A key driver for AD pathogenesis is the net balance between production and clearance of Aβ, the major component of amyloid plaques. Here we demonstrate that lysosomal degradation of holo-APP influences Aβ production by limiting the availability of APP for amyloidogenic processing. Using viral gene transfer of transcription factor EB (TFEB), a master regulator of lysosome biogenesis in neurons of APP/PS1 mice, steady-state levels of APP were reduced, resulting in decreased interstitial fluid Aβ levels and attenuated amyloid deposits. These effects were caused by accelerated lysosomal degradation of endocytosed APP, reflected by reduced APP half-life and steady-state levels in TFEB-expressing cells, with resultant decrease in Aβ production and release. Additional studies are needed to explore the therapeutic potential of this approach.
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Enhancing astrocytic lysosome biogenesis facilitates Aβ clearance and attenuates amyloid plaque pathogenesis. J Neurosci 2014; 34:9607-20. [PMID: 25031402 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3788-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), impaired Aβ removal contributes to elevated extracellular Aβ levels that drive amyloid plaque pathogenesis. Extracellular proteolysis, export across the blood-brain barrier, and cellular uptake facilitate physiologic Aβ clearance. Astrocytes can take up and degrade Aβ, but it remains unclear whether this function is insufficient in AD or can be enhanced to accelerate Aβ removal. Additionally, age-related dysfunction of lysosomes, the major degradative organelles wherein Aβ localizes after uptake, has been implicated in amyloid plaque pathogenesis. We tested the hypothesis that enhancing lysosomal function in astrocytes with transcription factor EB (TFEB), a master regulator of lysosome biogenesis, would promote Aβ uptake and catabolism and attenuate plaque pathogenesis. Exogenous TFEB localized to the nucleus with transcriptional induction of lysosomal biogenesis and function in vitro. This resulted in significantly accelerated uptake of exogenously applied Aβ42, with increased localization to and degradation within lysosomes in C17.2 cells and primary astrocytes, indicating that TFEB is sufficient to coordinately enhance uptake, trafficking, and degradation of Aβ. Stereotactic injection of adeno-associated viral particles carrying TFEB driven by a glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter was used to achieve astrocyte-specific expression in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Exogenous TFEB localized to astrocyte nuclei and enhanced lysosome function, resulting in reduced Aβ levels and shortened half-life in the brain interstitial fluid and reduced amyloid plaque load in the hippocampus compared with control virus-injected mice. Therefore, activation of TFEB in astrocytes is an effective strategy to restore adequate Aβ removal and counter amyloid plaque pathogenesis in AD.
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20
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Naito M. Amide-adducts in atherosclerosis. Subcell Biochem 2014; 77:95-102. [PMID: 24374921 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7920-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Too many hypotheses in the etiology of atherosclerosis have been proposed. Classically, lipid insudation hypothesis by Virchow and thrombogenic hypothesis by Rokitansky are famous. However, in the recent progress in the area of atherosclerosis, the response-to-injury hypothesis by Ross (Ross R Glomset JA, N Engl J Med 295:369-377, 420-425, 1976; Ross R, Arteriosclerosis 1:293-311, 1981; Ross R, N Engl J Med 314:488-500, 1986; Ross R, Nature 362:801-809, 1993; Ross R, N Engl J Med 340:115-126, 1999) has been the leading one. In this review, however, the author focuses to the recent debate on the role of oxidative modification of atherogenic lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michitaka Naito
- Graduate School of Life Studies, Sugiyama Jogakuen University, Nagoya, 464-8662, Japan,
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21
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Minato KI, Miyake Y. Hexanoyl-lysine as an oxidative-injured marker - application of development of functional food. Subcell Biochem 2014; 77:163-174. [PMID: 24374927 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7920-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We could proposed that N(ε)-(hexanoy)lysine, HEL, become a useful biomarker for detection of oxidative stress damage occurred by exhaustive exercise. We examined the preventive effect of flavonoid compound, eriocitrin, against exercise-induced oxidative damage in rat liver. Eriocitrin administration prior to exercise significantly suppressed the increases in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance caused by lipid peroxidation during exhaustive exercise. The increase in the contents of HEL in rat liver was also abolished by eriocitrin administration. The concentration of oxidized glutathione was significantly increased by exercise, but the eriocitrin administration suppressed this increase. These results suggested that eriocitrin administration prior to exercise prevented oxidative damages caused by exhaustive exercise-induced oxidative stress. Therefore, it was suggested that HEL could be a good biomarker for oxidative stress, especially at earlier stage when oxidative damage was occurred by lipid peroxidation than a stage of harmful aldehyde formation. Moreover, it was suggested that eriocitrin metabolites, eriodictyol and 3, 4 - dihydroxyhydrocinnamic, might scavenge free radicals and reactive oxygen species, resulting in suppression of lipid peroxidation and reactive proteins with radicals to form HEL. These findings implied that eriocitrin might be useful as an anti-oxidative compound to protect oxidative stress damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichiro Minato
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Nagoya, 468-8502, Japan,
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22
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Abstract
According to Thomas Kuhn, the success of 'normal science,' the science we all practice on a daily basis, depends on the adherence to, and practice of, a paradigm accepted by the scientific community. When great scientific upheavals occur, they involve the rejection of the current paradigm in favor of a new paradigm that better integrates the facts available and better predicts the behavior of a particular scientific system. In the field of Alzheimer's disease, a recent example of such a paradigm shift has been the apparent rejection of the 'amyloid cascade hypothesis,' promulgated by Hardy and Higgins in 1992 to explain the etiology of Alzheimer's disease, in favor of what has been referred to as the 'oligomer cascade hypothesis'. This paradigm shift has been breathtaking in its rapidity, its pervasiveness in the Alzheimer's disease field, and its adoption in an increasing number of other fields, including those of Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and the prionoses. However, these facts do not mean, a priori, that the experiments extant, and any re-interpretation of them, should be accepted by rote as support for the new paradigm. In the discussion that follows, I consider the foundational studies leading to the oligomer cascade hypothesis and evaluate the current state of the paradigm. I argue here that, more often than not, insufficient rigor has been applied in studies upon which this new paradigm has been based. Confusion, rather than clarity, has resulted. If the field is to make progress forward using as its paradigmatic basis amyloid β-protein oligomerization, then an epistemological re-evaluation of the amyloid β-protein oligomer system is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Teplow
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 635 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Room 445, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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23
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Maruyama W, Kato Y, Yamamoto T, Oh-Hashi K, Hashizume Y, Naoi M. Peroxynitrite induces neuronal cell death in aging and age-associated disorders: A review. J Am Aging Assoc 2013; 24:11-8. [PMID: 23604871 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-001-0002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite produced from nitric oxide and superoxide has been proposed to cause neuronal dysfunction and cell death in aging and age-related degenerative diseases. 3-Nitrotyosine, an oxidation product of tyrosine by peroxynitrite, was reported to increase in degenerating brains. In this paper, involvement of peroxynitrite in neuronal cell death was studied by analyses of human brains and in vitro experiments on cell death induced by a peroxynitrite-generating agent, SIN-1. 3-Nitrotyrosine-containing proteins were detected in lipofuscin, a typical aging-related pigment in human brains. The cytotoxicity of peroxynitrite was examined in human dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells by use of SIN-1. SIN-1 induced apoptotic cell death in the cells, and increased the level of 3-nitrotyrosine-containing proteins. The intracellular transduction of death signal was studied in apoptosis induced by peroxynitrite. Apoptosis was induced by sequential death cascade, collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential, activation of caspases and fragmentation of nuclear DNA. In addition, phosphorylation of p38 mitogen activated phosphokinase (MAPK) was found to be associated with apoptosis by SIN-1, as shown by inhibition of apoptotic process by SB202190, a p38 inhibitor. Involvement of peroxynitrite in the cell death is discussed in relation to neuronal degeneration in aging and age-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Maruyama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Metabolism, Department of Basic Gerontology, National Institute for Longevity Sciences, 36-3 Gengo, Morioka-cho, Obu, 474-8522 Aichi
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24
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Bachi A, Dalle-Donne I, Scaloni A. Redox Proteomics: Chemical Principles, Methodological Approaches and Biological/Biomedical Promises. Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300073p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Bachi
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, 80147 Naples, Italy
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25
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Bystranowska D, Szewczuk Z, Lisowski M, Sitkiewicz E, Dobryszycki P, Ożyhar A, Kochman M. Intramolecular cross-linking in the native JHBP molecule. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 517:12-9. [PMID: 22086120 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile hormone binding protein (JHBP) acts as a shuttle, carrying one of the most crucial hormones for insect development to target tissues. We have found that although the JHBP molecule does not contain tryptophan residues, it exhibits a weak fluorescence maximum near 420nm upon excitation at 315nm. Gel filtration experiments performed in denaturing conditions and ESI-MS analyses excluded the possibility that some low molecular ligand was bound to the protein molecules. Further UV and CD spectroscopy studies, as well as immunoblotting, showed that the unusual JHBP optical properties were due to dityrosine intramolecular cross-linking. These bridges were detected both in native and recombinant protein molecules. We believe that in Galleria mellonella hemolymph the DT generation occurs via ROS-mediated oxidation leading to the formation of cross-linked JHBP monomers. MS analyses of peptides generated after JHBP proteolysis indicated, that the dityrosine bridge occurs between the Y128 and Y130 residues.
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Chen YM, Kuo CE, Lin CM, Shie PS, Chen TY. Cloning of crystallin from orange-spotted grouper and characterization of its activity as potential protective agent. RESULTS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 1:60-9. [PMID: 24371554 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinim.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress associated with nodavirus infection is poorly understood, especially pertaining to infection-mediated brain injury. Indirect evidence indicates that infection increases cellular abundance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with consequent increase in cellular dityrosine production. The detection of dityrosine in nodavirus-infected grouper was demonstrated using immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. Proteomic analyses with eye tissues of healthy grouper revealed more abundant expression of crystallin protein in the eye than in various tissues, which was confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and IHC analyses. Grouper crystallin belongs to a small heat shock protein family with chaperone-like function that prevents heat-induced and oxidative stress-induced protein aggregation. Recombinant crystallin induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cells after treatment. The results provide new insight into the pathogenesis of nodavirus and demonstrate an experimental rationale for antioxidant therapy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Mao Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan ; Research Center of Ocean Environment and Technology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan ; Agriculture Biotechnology Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Cham-En Kuo
- Department of Nursing, Tzu Hui Institute of Technology, Pingtung 92641, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Mao Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Shiuan Shie
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan ; Agriculture Biotechnology Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Yueh Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan ; Research Center of Ocean Environment and Technology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan ; Agriculture Biotechnology Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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SUGIYAMA A, FUJITA Y, KOBAYASHI T, RYU M, SUZUKI Y, MASUDA A, OCHI T, TAKEUCHI T. Effect of Protein Malnutrition on the Skin Epidermis of Hairless Mice. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 73:831-5. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko SUGIYAMA
- Course of Veterinary Laboratory Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Yuka FUJITA
- Course of Veterinary Laboratory Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | | | | | | | - Aino MASUDA
- Japan Institute for the Control of Aging (JalCA), Nikken Seil Co., Ltd
| | - Tairin OCHI
- Japan Institute for the Control of Aging (JalCA), Nikken Seil Co., Ltd
| | - Takashi TAKEUCHI
- Course of Veterinary Laboratory Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
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28
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SUN J, SUGIYAMA A, MASUDA A, OCHI T, TAKEUCHI T. Expressions of Protein Oxidation Markers, Dityrosine and Advanced Oxidation Protein Products in Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury in Rats. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 73:1185-90. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jing SUN
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University
- Courses of Veterinary Laboratory Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Akihiko SUGIYAMA
- Courses of Veterinary Laboratory Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Aino MASUDA
- Japan Institute for the Control of Aging (JalCA), Nikken Seil Co
| | - Tairin OCHI
- Japan Institute for the Control of Aging (JalCA), Nikken Seil Co
| | - Takashi TAKEUCHI
- Courses of Veterinary Laboratory Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
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29
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Hossain S, Hashimoto M, Katakura M, Miwa K, Shimada T, Shido O. Mechanism of docosahexaenoic acid-induced inhibition ofin vitroAβ1-42fibrillation and Aβ1-42-induced toxicity in SH-S5Y5 cells. J Neurochem 2009; 111:568-79. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06336.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Kato Y, Dozaki N, Nakamura T, Kitamoto N, Yoshida A, Naito M, Kitamura M, Osawa T. Quantification of Modified Tyrosines in Healthy and Diabetic Human Urine using Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2008; 44:67-78. [PMID: 19177191 PMCID: PMC2613502 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.08-185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The quantification of urinary oxidized tyrosines, dityrosine (DiY), nitrotyrosine (NY), bromotyrosine (BrY), and dibromotyrosine (DiBrY), was accomplished by quadruple liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The sample was partially purified by solid phase extraction, and was then applied to the LC/MS/MS using multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) methods. The analysis for the DiY quantification was done first. The residual samples were further butylated with n-butanol/HCl, and the other modified tyrosines were then quantified with isotopic dilution methods. MRM peaks of the modified tyrosines (DiY, NY, BrY, and DiBrY) from human urine were measured and the elution times coincided with the authentic and isotopic standards. The amounts of modified tyrosines in healthy human urine (n = 23) were 8.8 ± 0.6 (DiY), 1.4 ± 0.4 (NY), 3.8 ± 0.3 (BrY), and 0.7 ± 0.1 (DiBrY) µmol/mol of creatinine, respectively. A comparison of the modified tyrosines with urinary 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine, pentosidine, and Nε-(hexanoyl)lysine was also performed. Almost all products, except for NY, showed good correlations with each other. The amounts of the modified tyrosines (NY, BrY, and DiBrY) in the diabetic urine were higher than those in the urine from healthy people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoji Kato
- School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Himeji 670-0092, Japan
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Fukuchi Y, Miura Y, Nabeno Y, Kato Y, Osawa T, Naito M. Immunohistochemical detection of oxidative stress biomarkers, dityrosine and N(epsilon)-(hexanoyl)lysine, and C-reactive protein in rabbit atherosclerotic lesions. J Atheroscler Thromb 2008; 15:185-92. [PMID: 18776701 DOI: 10.5551/jat.e543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Several lines of evidence have demonstrated that C-reactive protein (CRP) is associated with oxidative stress; however, the precise co-localization between CRP and oxidative stress markers in atherosclerotic lesions is not fully established. In this study, we focused on two oxidative stress markers, dityrosine (DY) and N(epsilon)-(hexanoyl)lysine (HEL), which had not previously been investigated in relation to CRP in atherosclerotic lesions. AIM We investigated the production and localization of DY, HEL, and CRP in early-stage and moderately progressed fatty lesions of cholesterol-fed rabbits by immunohistochemistry using specific monoclonal antibodies to examine the co-localization between CRP and oxidative stress in atherosclerotic lesions. METHODS Rabbit atherosclerotic specimens were obtained from New Zealand White rabbits fed a diet containing 1.0% cholesterol for 12 weeks. All specimens were fixed in formalin for histological examinations. RESULTS CRP-positive cells in rabbit early-stage and moderately progressed fatty lesions were detected mostly in the macrophage-derived foam cell-rich areas. Both DY and HEL were also detected in foam cell-rich areas in both lesions, where they were primarily co-localized with CRP-positive cells. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the generation of oxidative stress markers, DY and HEL, may be mediated by CRP in atherosclerotic lesions, and that CRP may be associated with oxidative stress in rabbit atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Fukuchi
- Division of Nutrition & Health, School and Graduate School of Life Studies, Sugiyama Jogakuen University, Nagoya, Japan
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Shin EJ, Jeong JH, Bing G, Park ES, Chae JS, Yen TPH, Kim WK, Wie MB, Jung BD, Kim HJ, Lee SY, Kim HC. Kainate-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress contributes to hippocampal degeneration in senescence-accelerated mice. Cell Signal 2007; 20:645-58. [PMID: 18248956 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Revised: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We have demonstrated that kainate (KA) induces a reduction in mitochondrial Mn-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) expression in the rat hippocampus and that KA-induced oxidative damage is more prominent in senile-prone (SAM-P8) than senile-resistant (SAM-R1) mice. To extend this, we examined whether KA seizure sensitivity contributed to mitochondrial degeneration in these mouse strains. KA-induced seizure susceptibility in SAM-P8 mice paralleled prominent increases in lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation and was accompanied by significant impairment in glutathione homeostasis in the hippocampus. These findings were more pronounced in the mitochondrial fraction than in the hippocampal homogenate. Consistently, KA-induced decreases in Mn-SOD protein expression, mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and uncoupling protein (UCP)-2 expression were more prominent in SAM-P8 than SAM-R1 mice. Marked release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytosol and a higher level of caspase-3 cleavage were observed in KA-treated SAM-P8 mice. Additionally, electron microscopic evaluation indicated that KA-induced increases in mitochondrial damage and lipofuscin-like substances were more pronounced in SAM-P8 than SAM-R1 animals. These results suggest that KA-mediated mitochondrial oxidative stress contributed to hippocampal degeneration in the senile-prone mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, South Korea
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Dubinina EE, Pustygina AV. Free radical processes in aging, neurodegenerative diseases and other pathological states. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) SUPPLEMENT SERIES B: BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990750807040026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Ou HP, Wang MF, Yang SC, Yamamoto S, Wang CCR. Effect of Monascus-fermented products on learning and memory in the SAMP8 mice. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2007; 53:253-60. [PMID: 17874831 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.53.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of Monascus-fermented products (MP) as regards certain changes in behavior for SAMP8 mice. Both male and female SAMP8 mice were fed a 0.03% MP diet from 3 mo of age to 11 mo of age. The results indicated that the grading score of passive avoidance behavior was significantly lower in the MP diet groups than in the control diet groups in both male and female SAMP8 mice (p < 0.05). The MP diet-augmented test-animal body weight, feed intake and feed efficiency did not differ significantly from the corresponding values for control mice. The MP diet-fed mouse group revealed significantly improved learning and memory as revealed by average escape-response testing score when comparing with control mice (p < 0.05). Further, the level of serum triglyceride and total cholesterol for the MP-fed group were shown to be significantly lower than for the control group of SAMP8 mice at 11 mo of age. The test mice fed an MP diet appeared to be significantly lower in aging score than the control group (p < 0.05). The MP diet-fed mouse group revealed significantly improved total antioxidation of liver. Subsequent to supplementation of SAMP8 mice diets with MP for a period of 8 mo, these MP-fed mice revealed significantly lower lipofuscin-cell numbers within the hippocampus (p < 0.05). The results suggest that dietary supplementation with MP might improve both learning and memory behaviour, and retard the aging process for SAMP8 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Ping Ou
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung 433, Taiwan
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36
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Osawa T. Nephroprotective and hepatoprotective effects of curcuminoids. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 595:407-23. [PMID: 17569222 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-46401-5_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin (U1) has a wide spectrum of therapeutic effects such as antitumor and anti-inflammatory effects, including antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and antispasmodic activities. By comparison of the structure-activity relationship, tetrahydrocurcumin (THU1), one of the major metabolites, showed the highest antioxidative activity in both in vitro and in vivo systems. U1 has been reported to have the nephroprotective effect to improve creatinine and urea clearance and also protected the chronic renal allograft nephropathy. These beneficial effects have been explained by the protection of oxidative stress and the induction of antioxidative enzymes. The protective effect of THU1 against ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA)-induced oxidative renal damage using male ddY mice was greater than that of U1, by monitoring not only radical scavenging activity measured by ESR, and TBARS, 4-HNE-modified protein and 8-OHdG formation but also induction of anioxidative enzymes and detoxification enzymes. THU1 was also expected to improve redox regulation through glutathione and suppress the oxidative stress in diabetic nephropathy and neuropathy. Earlier studies reported that U1 reduced the iron-induced hepatic damage, aflatoxin- and benzo[a]pyrene- induced mutagenicity and hepatocarcinogenecity and also the formation of the DNA adduct by inhibiting cytochrome P450 in the liver. The hepatoprotective role of U1 has been examined using carbone terachloride-induced liver damage in rats and alcoholic liver disease model rats, but not examined using THU1. Our recent data suggests that THU1 is a more promising hepatprotective agent because of its strong induction activity of antioxidant and phase 2-metabolizing enzymes in liver compared to kidney, although more detaied examinations are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Osawa
- Laboratory of Food and Biodynamics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Japan.
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Jung T, Engels M, Klotz LO, Kröncke KD, Grune T. Nitrotyrosine and protein carbonyls are equally distributed in HT22 cells after nitrosative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 42:773-86. [PMID: 17320760 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2006] [Revised: 11/22/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species is an inevitable result of cellular metabolism and environmental influence. Such oxidation processes are always combined with the formation of various protein oxidation products. Environmental oxidants might either be activated inside the cell or act by themselves. Therefore, differences in the localization of oxidant formation might change the major compartment of oxidant action. Therefore, we employed NO donors (SNOC, DETA/NO, and Spe/NO) alone or in combination with the redox-cycling bipyridinium compound paraquat, the superoxide- and NO-releasing compound SIN-1, the relatively more lipophilic oxidants tert-butyl and cumene hydroperoxide, and peroxynitrite itself to test the ability of these compounds to generate oxidized and nitrated proteins in various cellular compartments. Combined treatment with oxidants and nitrating compounds led to the formation of protein carbonyls and nitrotyrosine with a severalfold higher concentration in the cytosol, compared to the nucleus. In fluorescence microscopy studies, the resulting protein modifications show a similar distribution of oxidized proteins and nitrotyrosine with highest concentrations in the perinuclear area. Studying the time- and concentration-dependent formation and degradation of protein carbonyls and nitrated proteins large similarities could be measured. Therefore, it can be concluded that formation, localization, and kinetics of protein carbonyl and nitrotyrosine formation parallel each other depending on the stress-inducing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Jung
- Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Heinrich Heine University, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
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38
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Letiembre M, Hao W, Liu Y, Walter S, Mihaljevic I, Rivest S, Hartmann T, Fassbender K. Innate immune receptor expression in normal brain aging. Neuroscience 2007; 146:248-54. [PMID: 17293054 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2006] [Revised: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 01/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Brain aging often results in cognitive impairment and is considered to be a major risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases. Earlier studies reported inflammatory responses in aged brain that could contribute to age-related neurodegeneration. Recently, innate immune receptors such as toll-like receptors (TLRs), so far implicated in defense against microorganisms, have been linked to pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, we asked whether the transcription of TLRs (1-9) and CD14, could also be altered in physiological brain aging. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we indeed observed that TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR7 and CD14 expression was up-regulated in mouse brain in correlation with age. In contrast, transcriptions of TLR3, TLR6 and TLR8 were unchanged and the one of TLR9 was down-regulated. In situ hybridization further confirmed these results and identified the cellular source of TLR2 and TLR7 as mononuclear phagocytes. Together, this first systematic analysis demonstrates altered regulation of those innate immune receptors even in normal brain aging, which might be of relevance for understanding susceptibility to neurodegenerative processes associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Letiembre
- University of Göttingen, Department of Neurology, Robert-Koch Strasse 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
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DiMarco T, Giulivi C. Current analytical methods for the detection of dityrosine, a biomarker of oxidative stress, in biological samples. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2007; 26:108-20. [PMID: 17019703 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Dityrosine is a fluorescent molecule formed as a result of normal posttranslational processing. In many structural proteins, dityrosine confers resistance to proteolysis and physicochemical trauma as a stabilizing crosslink. Dityrosine has also been found in oxidative/nitrative stress under a variety of conditions and biological systems. In this regard, it has been used as an important biomarker for oxidatively modified proteins during UV and gamma-irradiation, aging, and exposure to oxygen free radicals, nitrogen dioxide, peroxynitrite, and lipid hydroperoxides. Renewed interest in dityrosine and other tyrosine oxidation products as clinical indicators of oxidative modification has driven the development of important techniques for the specific analysis and quantification of these molecules. The presence of elevated levels of dityrosine in mammalian tissue and urine samples has been measured by chromatographic separation followed by mass spectrometry GC-MS and HPLC-MS/MS. Increases in dityrosine levels have been associated with pathologies such as eye cataracts, atherosclerosis, acute inflammation, and Alzheimer's disease. The continued development of, and increased accessibility to, improved mass spectrometric instrumentation will expand the capability, feasibility, and sensitivity with which specific biomarkers like dityrosine can be measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa DiMarco
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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40
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Martínez-Sánchez G, Giuliani A, Pérez-Davison G, León-Fernández OS. Oxidized proteins and their contribution to redox homeostasis. Redox Rep 2006; 10:175-85. [PMID: 16259785 DOI: 10.1179/135100005x57382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins are major target for radicals and other oxidants when these are formed in both intra- and extracellular environments in vivo. Formation of lesions on proteins may be highly sensitive protein-based biomarkers for oxidative damage in mammalian systems. Oxidized proteins are often functionally inactive and their unfolding is associated with enhanced susceptibility to proteinases. ROS scavenging activities of intact proteins are weaker than those of misfolded proteins or equivalent concentrations of their constituent amino acids. Protein oxidation and enhanced proteolytic degradation, therefore, have been suggested to cause a net increase in ROS scavenging capacity. However, certain oxidized proteins are poorly handled by cells, and together with possible alterations in the rate of production of oxidized proteins, may contribute to the observed accumulation and damaging actions of oxidized proteins during ageing and in pathologies such as diabetes, arteriosclerosis and neurodegenerative diseases. Protein oxidation may play a controlling role in cellular remodelling and cell growth. There is some evidence that antioxidant supplementation may protect against protein oxidation, but additional controlled studies of antioxidant intake to evaluate the significance of dietary/pharmacological antioxidants in preventing physiological/pathological oxidative changes are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Martínez-Sánchez
- Centre for Research and Biological Evaluations, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Havana University, Cuba.
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41
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Ali FE, Leung A, Cherny RA, Mavros C, Barnham KJ, Separovic F, Barrow CJ. Dimerisation of N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester and Abeta peptides via formation of dityrosine. Free Radic Res 2006; 40:1-9. [PMID: 16298754 DOI: 10.1080/10715760500329721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterised by the formation of amyloid deposits composed primarily of the amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta). This peptide has been shown to bind redox active metals ions such as copper and iron, leading to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and formation of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). The generation of H(2)O(2) has been linked with Abeta neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration in AD. Because of the relative stability of a tyrosyl radical, the tyrosine residue (Tyr-10) is believed to be critical to the neurotoxicity of Abeta. This residue has also been shown to be important to Abeta aggregation and amyloid formation. It is possible that the formation of an Abeta tyrosyl radical leads to increased aggregation via the formation of dityrosine as an early aggregation step, which is supported by the identification of dityrosine in amyloid plaque. The role of dityrosine formation in Abeta aggregation and neurotoxicity is as yet undetermined, partly because there are no facile methods for the synthesis of Abeta dimers containing dityrosine. Here we report the use of horseradish peroxidase and H(2)O(2) to dimerise N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester and apply the optimised conditions for dityrosine formation to fully unprotected Abeta peptides. We also report a simple fluorescent plate reader method for monitoring Abeta dimerisation via dityrosine formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feda E Ali
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
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42
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Son TG, Zou Y, Jung KJ, Yu BP, Ishigami A, Maruyama N, Lee J. SMP30 deficiency causes increased oxidative stress in brain. Mech Ageing Dev 2006; 127:451-7. [PMID: 16500693 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2006.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Senescence marker protein 30 (SMP30), an important aging marker molecule, has been identified functionally as a calcium regulatory protein. Recent evidence showed its new assumed role as an effective anti-oxidative property. However, the role of SMP30 in the brain has not been explored. To delineate its role in the brain, we utilized SMP30 knock-out (SMP30 KO) mice in the current study. We focused on the oxidative status of the brain by examining selected oxidative markers in brains of SMP30 KO mice. Results showed that the generation of reactive species (RS) and NADPH oxidase activities were significantly elevated in SMP30 deficient brain. The increased oxidative status in these mice was further confirmed by increased oxidatively modified proteins such as dityrosine formation and carbonylation in the cortex of SMP30 KO mice. Moreover, SMP30 deficient brain showed the increased Mac-1 protein and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in the brain, supporting the putative anti-oxidative action of SMP30. Interestingly, the activities of major antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, catalase and reduced glutathione peroxidase in the brain were not affected by SMP30 depletion. Our results documented that brain SMP30 has a protective action against oxidative damage, without influencing antioxidant enzyme status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Gen Son
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Longevity Life Science and Technology Institutes, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, South Korea
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Grune T, Merker K, Jung T, Sitte N, Davies KJA. Protein oxidation and degradation during postmitotic senescence. Free Radic Biol Med 2005; 39:1208-15. [PMID: 16214036 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2005] [Revised: 06/16/2005] [Accepted: 06/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Oxidized and cross-linked proteinacious materials (lipofuscin, age pigments, ceroid, etc.) have long been known to accumulate in aging and in age-related diseases, and some studies have suggested that age-dependent inhibition of the proteasome and/or lysosomal proteases may contribute to this phenomenon. Cell culture studies trying to model these aging effects have almost all been performed with proliferating (divisionally competent) cell lines. There is little information on nondividing (postmitotic) cells; yet age-related accumulation of oxidized and cross-linked protein aggregates is most marked in postmitotic tissues such as brain, heart, and skeletal muscles. The present investigation was undertaken to test whether oxidized and cross-linked proteins generally accumulate in nondividing, IMR-90 and MRC-5, human cell lines, and whether such accumulation is associated with diminished proteolytic capacities. Since both protein oxidation and declining proteolytic activities might play major roles in the age-associated accumulation of intracellular oxidized materials, we tested for protein carbonyl formation, proteasomal activities, and lysosomal cathepsin activities. For these studies, confluent, postmitotic IMR-90 and MRC-5 fibroblasts (at various population doubling levels) were cultured under hyperoxic conditions to facilitate age-related oxidative senescence. Our results reveal marked decreases in the activity of both the proteasomal system and the lysosomal proteases during senescence of nondividing fibroblasts, but the peptidyl-glutamyl-hydrolyzing activity of the proteasome was particularly inhibited. This decline in proteolytic capacity was accompanied by an increased accumulation of oxidized proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Grune
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical Faculty (Charité), Humboldt University Berlin, D-10098 Berlin, Germany
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44
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Osawa T, Kato Y. Protective role of antioxidative food factors in oxidative stress caused by hyperglycemia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005; 1043:440-51. [PMID: 16037265 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1333.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia causes the autoxidation of glucose, glycation of proteins, and the activation of polyol metabolism. These changes accelerate generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increases in oxidative chemical modification of lipids, DNA, and proteins in various tissues. Oxidative stress may play an important role in the development of complications in diabetes such as lens cataracts, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Glycation reactions, especially Maillard reactions, occur in vivo as well as in vitro and are associated with the chronic complications of diabetes mellitus and aging and age-related diseases by increases in oxidative chemical modification of lipids, DNA, and proteins. In particular, long-lived proteins such as lens crystallines, collagens, and hemoglobin may react with reducing sugars to form advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Recently, we found a novel type of AGE, named MRX, and we found that MRX is a good biomarker for detecting oxidative stress produced during Maillard reaction. We also examined in detail the role of lipid peroxidation reaction in hyperglycemia and found that hexanoyl modification formed by the reaction of oxidized lipids and proteins must be important for oxidative stress. Detailed analyses of the formation mechanism of hexanoyl lysine (HEL) moiety in proteins were conducted, and excretion of HEL into urine was quantified by using LC/MS/MS. Macrophages and neutrophils play an important role in oxidative stress during hyperglycemia, and we determined that oxidatively modified tyrosines are a good biomarker for formation of oxidative stress at an early stage. Immunochemical analyses by application of monoclonal antibodies specific to lipid hydroperoxide-modified proteins produced by polyunsaturated fatty acids including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in oxidative stress caused by hyperglycemia were conducted, and the relationship between glycation and lipid peroxidation reactions both by chemical and immunochemical approaches are discussed. Recently, we put much more focus on dietary antioxidants for prevention of diabetic complications. Curcuminoids, the main yellow pigments in Curcuma longa (turmeric), have been used widely and for a long time in the treatment of sprain and inflammation in indigenous medicine. Curcumin is the main component of turmeric, and two minor components are also present as the curcuminoids. Curcuminoids possess antioxidant activity. Protective effects of curcumin (U1) and one of its major metabolites, tetrahydrocurcumin (THU1), have been examined for development of diabetic cataract in 25% galactose-fed SD rats. Through detailed examination of protective mechanisms of THU1, it was found that THU1 showed that scavenger ROS not only formed during hyperglycemia, but also induced antioxidative enzymes including detoxification enzymes such as glutathine S-transferase. THU1 also showed significant increase of glutathione concentration in the cultured rat lens. Glutathione (gamma-glutamylcysteinyl glycine [GSH]) is thought to be an important factor in cellular function and defense against oxidative stress, and we found that dietary GSH suppresses oxidative stress in vivo in prevention of diabetic complications such as diabetic nephropathy and neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Osawa
- Nagoya University Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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45
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Polidori MC, Mattioli P, Aldred S, Cecchetti R, Stahl W, Griffiths H, Senin U, Sies H, Mecocci P. Plasma antioxidant status, immunoglobulin g oxidation and lipid peroxidation in demented patients: relevance to Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2005; 18:265-70. [PMID: 15286458 DOI: 10.1159/000080027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A large body of evidence supports a role of oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease (AD) and in cerebrovascular disease. A vascular component might be critical in the pathophysiology of AD, but there is a substantial lack of data regarding the simultaneous behavior of peripheral antioxidants and biomarkers of oxidative stress in AD and vascular dementia (VaD). Sixty-three AD patients, 23 VaD patients and 55 controls were included in the study. We measured plasma levels of water-soluble (vitamin C and uric acid) and lipophilic (vitamin E, vitamin A, carotenoids including lutein, zeaxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, alpha- and beta-carotene) antioxidant micronutrients as well as levels of biomarkers of lipid peroxidation [malondialdehyde (MDA)] and of protein oxidation [immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels of protein carbonyls and dityrosine] in patients and controls. With the exception of beta-carotene, all antioxidants were lower in demented patients as compared to controls. Furthermore, AD patients showed a significantly higher IgG dityrosine content as compared to controls. AD and VaD patients showed similar plasma levels of plasma antioxidants and MDA as well as a similar IgG content of protein carbonyls and dityrosine. We conclude that, independent of its nature-vascular or degenerative-dementia is associated with the depletion of a large spectrum of antioxidant micronutrients and with increased protein oxidative modification. This might be relevant to the pathophysiology of dementing disorders, particularly in light of the recently suggested importance of the vascular component in AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cristina Polidori
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Grune T, Jung T, Merker K, Davies KJA. Decreased proteolysis caused by protein aggregates, inclusion bodies, plaques, lipofuscin, ceroid, and 'aggresomes' during oxidative stress, aging, and disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005; 36:2519-30. [PMID: 15325589 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2004.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Protein aggregation seems to be a common feature of several neurodegenerative diseases and to some extent of physiological aging. It is not always clear why protein aggregation takes place, but a disturbance in the homeostasis between protein synthesis and protein degradation seems to be important. The result is the accumulation of modified proteins, which tend to form high molecular weight aggregates. Such aggregates are also called inclusion bodies, plaques, lipofuscin, ceroid, or 'aggresomes' depending on their location and composition. Such aggregates are not inert metabolic end products, but actively influence the metabolism of cells, in particular proteasomal activity and protein turnover. In this review we focus on the influence of oxidative stress on protein turnover, protein aggregate formation and the various interactions of protein aggregates with the proteasome. Furthermore, the formation and effects of protein aggregates during aging and neurodegeneration will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Grune
- Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany.
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Inoue KI, Takano H, Yanagisawa R, Sakurai M, Ichinose T, Sadakane K, Hiyoshi K, Sato M, Shimada A, Inoue M, Yoshikawa T. Role of metallothionein in antigen-related airway inflammation. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2005; 230:75-81. [PMID: 15618129 DOI: 10.1177/153537020523000110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallothionein (MT) is a protein that can be induced by inflammatory mediators and participates in cytoprotection. However, its role in antigen-related inflammation remains to be established. We determined whether intrinsic MT protects against antigen-related airway inflammation induced by ovalbumin (OVA) in MT-I/II null (MT [-/-]) mice and in corresponding wild-type (WT) mice. MT (-/-) mice and WT mice were intratracheally challenged with OVA (1 mug per body) biweekly four times. Twenty-four hours after the last OVA challenge, significant increases were shown in the numbers of total cells, eosinophils, and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from MT (-/-) mice than in those from WT mice. The protein level of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) was significantly greater in MT (-/-) mice than in WT mice after OVA challenge. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the formations of 8-oxy-deoxyguanosine and nitrotyrosine in the lung were more intense in MT (-/-) mice than in WT mice after OVA challenge. These results indicate that endogenous MT is a protective molecule against antigen-related airway inflammation induced by OVA, at least partly, via the suppression of enhanced lung expression of IL-1beta and via the antioxidative properties. Our findings suggest that MT may be a therapeutic target for the treatment of antigen-related airway inflammatory diseases such as bronchial asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichiro Inoue
- Inhalation Toxicology and Pathophysiology Research Team, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
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Kato Y, Kawai Y, Morinaga H, Kondo H, Dozaki N, Kitamoto N, Osawa T. Immunogenicity of a brominated protein and successive establishment of a monoclonal antibody to dihalogenated tyrosine. Free Radic Biol Med 2005; 38:24-31. [PMID: 15589368 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2004] [Revised: 08/10/2004] [Accepted: 09/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
During inhalation of allergens and experimental sepsis, formation of brominated tyrosine has been reported. In this study, we first examined the immunogenicity of brominated protein prepared by treatment of N-bromosuccinimide (NBS). The immunized serum obtained reacted with brominated bovine serum albumin (BSA). The NBS dose-dependent formation of immunoreactivity, which was estimated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, was observed, and the increase coincided with 3,5-dibromotyrosine (DiBrY) formation in the modified BSA, which was chemically determined by liquid chromatography/quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Second, by use of immunized mice, monoclonal antibodies to the brominated one were prepared. The two established novel monoclonal antibodies obtained from the immunized mice reacted with DiBrY, 3,5-dichlorotyrosine (DiClY), and 3,5-diiodotyrosine (DiIY). Moreover, 3,5-dihalo-4-hydroxybenzoic acids (3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid) were recognized by these antibodies. These results suggest that dihalogenated tyrosines (DiBrY, DiClY, and DiIY) are the epitopes. Lastly, we used the antibody in an immunohistochemical study. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was intraperitoneally administered to mice, and livers were removed. Positive staining of LPS-treated mouse liver tissues by both the anti-dihalotyrosine antibody and anti-myeloperoxidase antibody was estimated, suggesting that inflammatory tissue damage induces the formation of dihalotyrosine in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoji Kato
- School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Himeji 670-0092, Japan.
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Halliwell B, Whiteman M. Measuring reactive species and oxidative damage in vivo and in cell culture: how should you do it and what do the results mean? Br J Pharmacol 2004; 142:231-55. [PMID: 15155533 PMCID: PMC1574951 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1515] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2004] [Revised: 03/08/2004] [Accepted: 03/08/2004] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Free radicals and other reactive species (RS) are thought to play an important role in many human diseases. Establishing their precise role requires the ability to measure them and the oxidative damage that they cause. This article first reviews what is meant by the terms free radical, RS, antioxidant, oxidative damage and oxidative stress. It then critically examines methods used to trap RS, including spin trapping and aromatic hydroxylation, with a particular emphasis on those methods applicable to human studies. Methods used to measure oxidative damage to DNA, lipids and proteins and methods used to detect RS in cell culture, especially the various fluorescent "probes" of RS, are also critically reviewed. The emphasis throughout is on the caution that is needed in applying these methods in view of possible errors and artifacts in interpreting the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Halliwell
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD 7 #03-08, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
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Kaufmann JA, Perez M, Zhang W, Bickford PC, Holmes DB, Taglialatela G. Free radical-dependent nuclear localization of Bcl-2 in the central nervous system of aged rats is not associated with Bcl-2-mediated protection from apoptosis. J Neurochem 2004; 87:981-94. [PMID: 14622128 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.02092.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that Bcl-2 is up-regulated in the CNS of aged F344 rats as a consequence of oxidative stress. In addition to increased levels of expression, we now report that there is a subcellular redistribution of Bcl-2 in the CNS of aged F344 rats. Using western blotting, we found Bcl-2 predominantly located in the cytosol of young rats. However, in aged rats Bcl-2 was found primarily in the nucleus. This distribution, in the hippocampus and cerebellum, was reversed by treatment with the nitrone spin trap N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone (PBN). Paradoxically, PBN treatment in young rats had the opposite effect, changing Bcl-2 from predominantly cytosolic to nuclear. We also detected an increase in Bax in aged hippocampal samples (both nuclear and cytosolic), which was reversed by treatment with PBN. The distribution of Bcl-2 and Bax in the cytosol of aged rats dramatically decreased the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, a probable indicator of neuronal vulnerability, which was restored upon treatment with PBN. In order to assess the effect of nuclear association of Bcl-2 we used PC12 cells stably transfected with a Bcl-2 construct to which we added the nuclear localization sequence of the SV40 large T antigen to the N-terminus which resulted in nuclear targeting of Bcl-2. Measurement of cell death using lactate dehydrogenase assays showed that, contrary to wild-type Bcl-2, Bcl-2 localized to the nucleus was not effective in protecting cells from treatment with 250 microm H2O2. These results suggest that nuclear localization of Bcl-2 observed in the aged CNS may not reflect a protective mechanism against oxidative stress, a major component of age-associated CNS impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel A Kaufmann
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas 77555-1043, USA
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