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Lira Neto FT, Roque M, Esteves SC. Effect of varicocele and varicocelectomy on sperm deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation rates in infertile men with clinical varicocele. Minerva Obstet Gynecol 2024; 76:49-69. [PMID: 36222786 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-606x.22.05169-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Varicocele is the leading cause of male infertility. It can affect sperm quantity and quality through various non-mutually exclusive pathophysiological mechanisms, mainly oxidative stress. Excessive production of reactive oxygen species may overwhelm the sperm's defenses against oxidative stress and harm the sperm's DNA. Excessive sperm DNA breaks, so-called sperm DNA fragmentation, result from the oxidative stress cascade and are commonly found in the ejaculates of men with varicocele and fertility-related issues. Measuring sperm DNA fragmentation can provide valuable information on the extent of harm and might help select candidates for surgical treatment. Varicocelectomy is beneficial for alleviating oxidative stress-associated infertility and improving sperm DNA integrity. However, reproductive outcomes of infertile men with elevated sperm DNA fragmentation rates and surgically treated varicoceles remain poorly studied, and there is a need for well-designed trials to determine the impact of sperm DNA fragmentation reduction on natural and medically assisted reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe T Lira Neto
- AndrosRecife, Andrology Clinic, Recife, Brazil
- Department of Urology, Prof. Fernando Figueira Institute of Integrative Medicine, Recife, Brazil
| | - Matheus Roque
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Mater Prime, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandro C Esteves
- ANDROFERT, Andrology and Human Reproduction Clinic, Referral Center for Male Reproduction, Campinas, Brazil -
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Fashionable Co-operative Sensing of Bivalent Zn 2+ and Cd 2+ in Attendance of OAc - by Use of Simple Sensor: Exploration of Molecular Logic Gate and Docking Studies. J Fluoresc 2022; 32:1263-1277. [PMID: 35708890 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-022-02980-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The Schiff-base probe H2VL [6,6'-((1E,1'E)-hydrazine-1,2 diylidenebis(methanylylidene))bis(2-methoxyphenol)] is synthesized and structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD). H2VL is able to detect selectively acetate ion (OAc-) colorimetrically over other anions with 1:1 co-ordination. The detection limit is found to be 4.93 µM. On the other hand, fluorescence intensity of the receptor is drastically enhanced with Zn2+ and Cd2+ in the presence of acetate as counter anion. N, N-Dimethyl formamide (DMF) or Dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) and acetate (OAc-) was the best solvent and counter anion for Zn2+/Cd2+ -sensing compared with other solvents and anions, respectively. Detection limit for Zn2+ and Cd2+ are calculated to be 1.94 µM and 1.99 µM, respectively. The strong selective emissive behavior could be attributed to the CHEF (chelation-enhanced fluorescence) process. According to the changes in output emission intensity in DMSO in response to the set of ions (Zn2+, Cd2+ and OAc¯) as input variables, the function of 3-input multifunctional molecular logic circuits has been demonstrated. The molecular docking studies of H2VL with DNA and BSA are also performed to confirm its possible bioactivity.
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Kang C, Punjani N, Lee RK, Li PS, Goldstein M. Effect of varicoceles on spermatogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 121:114-124. [PMID: 33965333 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Varicoceles are dilated veins within the spermatic cord and a relatively common occurrence in men. Fortunately, the large majority of men are asymptomatic, however, a proportion of men with varicoceles can suffer from infertility and testosterone deficiency. Sperm and testosterone are produced within the testis, and any alteration to the testicular environment can negatively affect the cells responsible for these processes. The negative impact of varicoceles on testicular function occurs mainly due to increased oxidative stress within the testicular parenchyma which is thought to be caused by scrotal hyperthermia, testicular hypoxia, and blood-testis barrier disruption. Management of varicoceles involves ligation or percutaneous embolization of the dilated veins. Repair of varicoceles can improve semen parameters and fertility, along with serum testosterone concentration. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiology of varicoceles, their impact on testicular function, and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Kang
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, 525 East 68th Street, Starr 900, New York, NY 10065, United States.
| | - Nahid Punjani
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, 525 East 68th Street, Starr 900, New York, NY 10065, United States.
| | - Richard K Lee
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, 525 East 68th Street, Starr 900, New York, NY 10065, United States.
| | - Philip S Li
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, 525 East 68th Street, Starr 900, New York, NY 10065, United States.
| | - Marc Goldstein
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, 525 East 68th Street, Starr 900, New York, NY 10065, United States.
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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Sperm DNA damage due to the oxidative stress associated with varicocele. J Assist Reprod Genet 2019; 36:1295. [DOI: 10.1007/s10815-010-9532-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Toman R, Hluchy S, Cabaj M, Massanyi P, Roychoudhury S, Tunegova M. Effect of separate and combined exposure of selenium and diazinon on rat sperm motility by computer assisted semen analysis. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2016; 38:144-149. [PMID: 27230671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Effects of selenium (Se) and diazinon (DZN) on sperm motility parameters in rats were investigated. Male rats received a separate dose of Se (2mgkg-1 b.w., intraperitoneally, 5mgL-1, per os in drinking water), diazinon (20mgkg-1 b.w., intraperitoneally, 40mgL-1, per os in drinking water), and in combination (Se+DZN) with the same dosage as in the separate administration. 36h an intraperitoneal (i.p.) and after 90days of per oral (p.o.) exposure, thirteen parameters of sperm motility were evaluated using a Computer Assisted Sperm Analyzer (CASA). Almost all the evaluated sperm motility parameters significantly decreased in Se p.o. exposed groups. In the Se i.p. group decrease was noted only in beat cross frequency (BCF) and progressive motility. Significant decline in the sperm motility, progressive motility, BCF and increase in amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH) were recorded after DZN i.p. administration. In DZN p.o. group, significant increase in ALH, velocity average path (VAP) and curvilinear velocity (VCL) but decrease in progressive motility and BCF was detected. Se+DZN i.p. administration caused a significant decrease in motility, progressive motility and BCF. Per oral administration of Se+DZN decreased all motility parameters except LIN, WOB and ALH. Sperm abnormalities increased in all experimental conditions. Se and DZN negatively affected sperm structure and function in separate doses or in combination. No protective effect of Se was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Toman
- Slovenská poľnohospodárska univerzita, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia.
| | - Svatoslav Hluchy
- Slovenská poľnohospodárska univerzita, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Michal Cabaj
- Slovenská poľnohospodárska univerzita, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Peter Massanyi
- Slovenská poľnohospodárska univerzita, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia
| | | | - Martina Tunegova
- Slovenská poľnohospodárska univerzita, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia
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Cho CL, Esteves SC, Agarwal A. Novel insights into the pathophysiology of varicocele and its association with reactive oxygen species and sperm DNA fragmentation. Asian J Androl 2016; 18:186-93. [PMID: 26732105 PMCID: PMC4770484 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.170441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Varicocele has been associated with reduced male reproductive potential. With the advances in biomolecular techniques, it has been possible to better understand the mechanisms involved in testicular damage provoked by varicocele. Current evidence suggests the central role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the resultant oxidative stress (OS) in the pathogenesis of varicocele-associated male subfertility although the mechanisms have not yet been fully described and it is likely to be multifactorial. Excessive ROS is associated with sperm DNA fragmentation, which may mediate the clinical manifestation of poor sperm function and fertilization outcome related to varicocele. Testing of ROS/OS and DNA fragmentation has the potential to provide additional diagnostic and prognostic information compared to conventional semen analysis and may guide therapeutic management strategies in individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chak-Lam Cho
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Kwong Wah Hospital, 25 Waterloo Road, Yau Ma Tei, Hong Kong
| | - Sandro C Esteves
- ANDROFERT, Center for Male Reproduction, Av. Dr. Heitor Penteado 1464, Campinas, SP 13075-460, Brazil
| | - Ashok Agarwal
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, 10681 Carnegie Avenue, X-11, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Kobyliak NM, Falalyeyeva TM, Kuryk OG, Beregova TV, Bodnar PM, Zholobak NM, Shcherbakov OB, Bubnov RV, Spivak MY. Antioxidative effects of cerium dioxide nanoparticles ameliorate age-related male infertility: optimistic results in rats and the review of clinical clues for integrative concept of men health and fertility. EPMA J 2015; 6:12. [PMID: 26097523 PMCID: PMC4475301 DOI: 10.1186/s13167-015-0034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Male infertility has largely idiopathic, multifactorial origin. Oxidative stress is a major factor that affects spermatogenesis, in particular in aging. Cerium dioxide nanoparticles (CNPs) due to their antioxidative properties are promising to impact on the development of male infertility. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of CNPs on fertility parameters in 24-month male rats and to overview relevant literature in the field of personalized treatments, predictive diagnosis, and preventive measures for male health and fertility. Methods We included 30 24-month-old male rats. After a week of adaptation to the standard diet, the rats were randomly divided into three groups with ten rats in each. Group 1 (controls) received only a standard diet. The rats of group 2 and 3 in adjunct to the standard diet during 10 days received intragastrically 10 % sodium citrate and citrate-coated CNPs in dose 1 mg/kg, respectively. We assessed sex hormones, epididymal sperm parameters and spermatogenesis, ultrasound, and morphological data of rat reproductive organs. Results After a 10-day administration of CNPs, we revealed significant decrease of lipid peroxidation product levels in serum and increase of catalase and SOD activity, associated with increase of sperm count (p < 0.001) and improvement in quantitative sperm parameters (motility, viability, and percentage of spermatozoa). We found no significant changes between sperm quantitative parameters in citrate-treated rats and controls and observed age-related decrease of activated Leydig cell number and focal atrophy of the seminiferous tubules. In CNP group, we observed regeneration of seminiferous tubules, increase number and activation of Leydig cells, and 2.5-fold significant increase of serum testosterone. Ultrasound data showed the slight increase of linear measurement and volume of rat testes in CNP group. Review highlights the benefits for predictive diagnosis, preventive measures, and personalized approaches to manage male infertility in the general concept of male health also related to aging. Conclusion Citrate-coated 2–5-nm CNPs lead to increase in sex hormones levels, sperm count, and quality, as well as the activation of spermatogenesis in 24-month-old male rats. Nanoceria demonstrated the perspectives to be an effective infertility treatment via reduction of oxidative stress in male reproductive organs, in particular in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazarii M Kobyliak
- Bogomolets National Medical University, T. Shevchenko boulevard, 13, Kyiv, 01601 Ukraine
| | - Tetyana M Falalyeyeva
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Str., 64/13, Kyiv, 01601 Ukraine
| | - Olena G Kuryk
- State Scientific Enterprise "Scientific Practical Center for Prophylactic and Clinical Medicine" State Management of Affairs Department, Kyiv, Ukraine, Verhnya str., 5, Kyiv, 01014 Ukraine
| | - Tetyana V Beregova
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Str., 64/13, Kyiv, 01601 Ukraine
| | - Petro M Bodnar
- Bogomolets National Medical University, T. Shevchenko boulevard, 13, Kyiv, 01601 Ukraine
| | - Nadiya M Zholobak
- Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Zabolotny Str., 154, Kyiv, 03680 Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr B Shcherbakov
- Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Zabolotny Str., 154, Kyiv, 03680 Ukraine
| | - Rostyslav V Bubnov
- Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Zabolotny Str., 154, Kyiv, 03680 Ukraine ; Clinical Hospital 'Pheophania' of State Management of Affairs Department, Zabolotny Str., 21, Kyiv, 03680 Ukraine
| | - Mykola Ya Spivak
- Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Zabolotny Str., 154, Kyiv, 03680 Ukraine ; LCL "DIAPROF", Svitlycky Str., 35, Kyiv, 04123 Ukraine
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Sheehan MM, Ramasamy R, Lamb DJ. Molecular mechanisms involved in varicocele-associated infertility. J Assist Reprod Genet 2014; 31:521-6. [PMID: 24643631 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-014-0200-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Varicocele is a pathologic enlargement of the pampiniform venous plexus within the spermatic cord, a condition that is a common cause of impaired sperm production and decreased quality of sperm. While varicocele is the most common surgically correctable risk factor for male infertility, not all males with varicocele experience infertility. In fact, most men with varicocele have normal spermatogenesis. Despite its prevalence, the molecular mechanisms of varicocele and its effect on testicular function are yet to be completely understood. We postulate that men with varicocele-associated infertility could have preexisting genetic lesions or defects in molecular mechanisms that make them more susceptible to varicocele-mediated testicular injury affecting spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Sheehan
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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Muratorio C, Meunier M, Sonigo C, Massart P, Boitrelle F, Hugues JN. [Varicocele and infertility: where do we stand in 2013?]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 41:660-6. [PMID: 24183580 DOI: 10.1016/j.gyobfe.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
While the incidence of clinical varicocele is common in infertile men (about 40%), the reasons why varicocele may affect sperm parameters is still unclear. In addition, the improvement of fertility after treatment of varicocele is also a subject of debate. The purpose of this review is to get new insight into the physiopathology of varicocele, its impact on sperm parameters and the effectiveness of varicocele treatment on fertility. Treatment is likely to be effective in infertile men with clinical varicocele and impaired spermatogenesis. Even if it does not systematically lead to an improvement in sperm parameters, it may prevent further sperm degradation. In case of non-obstructive azoospermia, few studies reported a slight improvement in the process of spermatogenesis. The critical role of an adequate methodology in order to establish clinical guidelines needs to be stressed. Indeed, the huge intra-individual variability in sperm production makes the usual analysis of sperm parameters inadequate to measure treatment effectiveness. Regarding the assessment of conception, it requires not only well designed and properly sized studies but also a multivariate analysis for weighing predictive factors of success. Thus, an active scientific research is needed to better identify pathogenic agents and appropriately assess the impact of varicocele treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Muratorio
- Service de médecine de la reproduction, hôpital Jean-Verdier, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, avenue du 14-juillet, 93143 Bondy cedex, France; Service de médecine de la reproduction, CHI de Poissy-Saint-Germain-en-Laye, 10, rue du Champ-Gaillard, 78303 Poissy cedex, France.
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Halder A, Jain M, Chaudhary I, Kumar G, Das T, Gupta YK. Dark-coloured semen in nonobstructive azoospermia: a report of four cases. Andrologia 2013; 46:316-21. [PMID: 23445433 DOI: 10.1111/and.12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dark-coloured semen is rarely observed in men with nonobstructive azoospermia in absence of genital tract bleeding. Dark-coloured semen is also observed rarely in men with spinal cord injury with or without genital tract bleeding. However, this condition has not been reported in the literature in absence of genital tract bleeding or spinal cord injury. Here, we report men with nonobstructive azoospermia with dark-coloured semen and without genital tract bleeding or spinal cord injury. The study included four subjects with dark-coloured semen. All the samples first investigated for the presence of red blood cells as well as haemoglobin. All the cases were examined in details with seminal, hormonal and genetic parameters. In addition, an elemental electron microscopy and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry evaluation for heavy metals was performed. The semen parameters showed normal volume, pH, leucocyte count and azoospermia or oligoazoospermia. Dark-coloured semen specimens contained neither red blood cells nor haeme pigment. Electron microscopy showed presence of platinum in all the cases, whereas inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry revealed increased levels of lead, manganese and nickel in serum as compared to controls. The results indicate dark-coloured semen may be linked with heavy metals found in seminal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Halder
- Department of Reproductive Biology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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12
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Gashti NG, Salehi Z, Madani AH, Dalivandan ST. 4977-bp mitochondrial DNA deletion in infertile patients with varicocele. Andrologia 2013; 46:258-62. [DOI: 10.1111/and.12073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N. G. Gashti
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Sciences; University of Guilan; Rasht Iran
| | - Z. Salehi
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Sciences; University of Guilan; Rasht Iran
| | - A. H. Madani
- Urology Research Center; Guilan University of Medical Sciences; Rasht Iran
| | - S. T. Dalivandan
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Sciences; University of Guilan; Rasht Iran
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Agarwal A, Hamada A, Esteves SC. Insight into oxidative stress in varicocele-associated male infertility: part 1. Nat Rev Urol 2012; 9:678-90. [PMID: 23165403 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2012.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Varicocele is recognized as the leading cause of male infertility because it can impair spermatogenesis through several distinct pathophysiological mechanisms. Current evidence supports oxidative stress as a key element in the pathophysiology of varicocele-related infertility, although these mechanisms have not yet been fully described. Measurement of the reactive oxygen species and other markers of oxidative stress, including the levels of the antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase, can provide valuable information on the extent of oxidative stress and might guide therapeutic management strategies. The testis can respond to varicocele-associated cell stressors, such as heat stress, ischaemia or production of vasodilators (for example, nitric oxide) at the expense of the generation of excessive reactive oxygen species. These responses have their own implications in exacerbating the underlying oxidative stress and on the subsequent infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Agarwal
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Sengupta P. Environmental and occupational exposure of metals and their role in male reproductive functions. Drug Chem Toxicol 2012; 36:353-68. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2012.710631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Shiraishi K, Matsuyama H, Takihara H. Pathophysiology of varicocele in male infertility in the era of assisted reproductive technology. Int J Urol 2012; 19:538-50. [PMID: 22417329 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2012.02982.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Shiraishi
- Department of Urology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Sanyo-Onoda Municipal Hospital, Yamaguchi, Japan.
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El-Domyati MM, Al-Din ABM, Barakat MT, El-Fakahany HM, Honig S, Xu J, Sakkas D. The expression and distribution of deoxyribonucleic acid repair and apoptosis markers in testicular germ cells of infertile varicocele patients resembles that of old fertile men. Fertil Steril 2010; 93:795-801. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2008] [Revised: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Benoff S, Hauser R, Marmar JL, Hurley IR, Napolitano B, Centola GM. Cadmium concentrations in blood and seminal plasma: correlations with sperm number and motility in three male populations (infertility patients, artificial insemination donors, and unselected volunteers). Mol Med 2009; 15:248-62. [PMID: 19593409 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2008.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate a possible common environmental exposure that may partially explain the observed decrease in human semen quality, we correlated seminal plasma and blood cadmium levels with sperm concentration and sperm motility. We studied three separate human populations: group 1, infertility patients (Long Island, NY, USA); group 2, artificial insemination donors (AID) (Rochester, NY, USA); and group 3, general population volunteers (Rochester, NY, USA). Information about confounding factors was collected by questionnaire. Seminal plasma cadmium did not correlate with blood cadmium (Spearman correlation, n = 91, r = -0.092, P = 0.386, NS). Both blood and seminal plasma cadmium were significantly higher among infertility patients than the other subjects studied (for example, median seminal plasma cadmium was 0.282 microg/L in infertility patients versus 0.091 microg/L in AID and 0.092 microg/L in general population volunteers; Kruskal-Wallis test, P < 0.001). The percentage of motile sperm and sperm concentration correlated inversely with seminal plasma cadmium among the infertility patients (r = -0.201, P < 0.036 and r = -0.189, P < 0.05, respectively), but not in the other two groups. Age (among infertility patients) was the only positive confounder correlating with seminal plasma cadmium. To validate our human findings in an animal model, we chronically exposed adolescent male Wistar rats to low-moderate cadmium in drinking water. Though otherwise healthy, the rats exhibited decreases in epididymal sperm count and sperm motility associated with cadmium dose and time of exposure. Our human and rat study results are consistent with the hypothesis that environmental cadmium exposures may contribute significantly to reduced human male sperm concentration and sperm motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Benoff
- Fertility Research Laboratories, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030, United States of America.
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Oliveira H, Spanò M, Santos C, Pereira MDL. Adverse effects of cadmium exposure on mouse sperm. Reprod Toxicol 2009; 28:550-5. [PMID: 19695322 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The effects of cadmium chloride exposure on sperm functional parameters were evaluated on eight-week-old ICR-CD1 male mice administered with a single s.c. injection of 1, 2 and 3 mg CdCl(2)/kg bw. Groups of animals treated with each dose, as well as their respective controls, were sacrificed after 24h to detect short-term (acute) effects and after 35 days. Sperm cells were collected from the epididymis and several parameters of sperm quality and function were evaluated, namely density, morphology, motility, viability, mitochondrial function, acrosome integrity, together with DNA fragmentation assessed by the TUNEL assay. The short-term effects of cadmium chloride resulted in an increased fraction of sperm with abnormal morphology, premature acrosome reaction and reduced motility. Late term effects (after 35 days) included a drastic reduction of sperm cell numbers and sperm motility. An increase in DNA fragmentation was also detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Oliveira
- Department of Biology, CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Nava-Hernández MP, Hauad-Marroquín LA, Bassol-Mayagoitia S, García-Arenas G, Mercado-Hernández R, Echávarri-Guzmán MA, Cerda-Flores RM. Lead-, Cadmium-, and Arsenic-Induced DNA Damage in Rat Germinal Cells. DNA Cell Biol 2009; 28:241-8. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2009.0860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martha P. Nava-Hernández
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo León (UANL), Monterrey, Mexico
- Department of Population Genetics and Bioinformatics, Biomedical Investigation Center of the Northeast, Mexican Institute of Social Insurance, Monterrey, Mexico
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Biomedical Investigation Center, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Coahuila-Torreón, Torreón, Mexico
| | | | - Susana Bassol-Mayagoitia
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Biomedical Investigation Center, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Coahuila-Torreón, Torreón, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe García-Arenas
- Department of Pharmacology, Juárez University of the State of Durango, Gómez Palacio, Mexico
| | | | - Miguel A. Echávarri-Guzmán
- Department of Population Genetics and Bioinformatics, Biomedical Investigation Center of the Northeast, Mexican Institute of Social Insurance, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Ricardo M. Cerda-Flores
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo León (UANL), Monterrey, Mexico
- Department of Population Genetics and Bioinformatics, Biomedical Investigation Center of the Northeast, Mexican Institute of Social Insurance, Monterrey, Mexico
- Nursing Faculty, Autonomous University of Nuevo León (UANL), Monterrey, Mexico
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Jeng SY, Wu SM, Lee JD. Cadmium accumulation and metallothionein overexpression in internal spermatic vein of patients with varicocele. Urology 2009; 73:1231-5. [PMID: 19362335 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2009.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 12/29/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the possible molecular mechanism for the thickened wall in the internal spermatic vein (ISV) of patients with varicocele, we examined the cadmium (Cd) content and metallothionein (MT) expression in these diseased vessels. Previous studies have shown that Cd might play a role in the etiology of varicocele-associated infertility. MT, a metal-binding protein, protects against cell apoptosis during hypoxia. METHODS The study group consisted of 20 patients with grade 3 left varicocele. The control group consisted of 15 volunteers with left-sided indirect inguinal hernia. Through a left inguinal incision, a 1-cm section of the ISV was resected from each patient to measure the Cd and MT levels. The results were analyzed using Student's t test. RESULTS The Cd content in the ISV was 59.84 +/- 5.7 ng/g in the control group and 192.1 +/- 24.2 ng/g in the varicocele group. The relative intensity of the MT band was 40.52 +/- 3.74 in the control group and 78.26 +/- 5.61 in the varicocele group. MT expression was greater in the varicocele group than in the control group, and its deposition in the vascular endothelial layer was predominant using immunohistochemistry staining and confocal laser scanning. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study have demonstrated a greater accumulation of Cd in the ISV of the varicocele group than in the control group. The high Cd content and hypoxic conditions would induce overexpression of MT in the diseased vessels to protect the vascular cells from apoptosis. This might be a mechanism for the thickened wall of the ISV in patients with varicocele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaw-Yeu Jeng
- Department of Surgery, Yuanshan Veterans Hospital, Yuanshan Township, Yilan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Lee JD, Lee TH, Cheng WH, Jeng SY. Involved intrinsic apoptotic pathway of testicular tissues in varicocele-induced rats. World J Urol 2009; 27:527-32. [PMID: 19145435 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-008-0367-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2008] [Accepted: 12/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Increased testicular germ cell apoptosis has been reported in varicocele-induced rats. We studied intrinsic or extrinsic pathway of apoptosis by detecting Bcl-2, caspase-9, caspase-8, and activated caspase-3 expressions in the bilateral testes of experimental varicocele-induced rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimental left varicocele (ELV) was created by partial ligation of left renal vein in a study group of 24 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. The other 24 rats were as control group. Eight rats from each group were killed at 4, 8, and 12 weeks following varicocele creation. Testicular tissues of both groups were sampled for TUNEL assay and immunoblotting. RESULTS Increased apoptotic germ cell was found in the ipsilateral testis of varicocele group at 8 and 12 weeks after operation (P < 0.05). Increased activated caspase-3 expression in the contralateral (right) testis was noted at 12 weeks following varicocele creation (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates down-regulation of Bcl-2 expression and increased expressions of caspase-9 and activated caspase-3 in the ipsilateral testis of ELV rats at 8 and 12 weeks, indicating gradually increased testicular tissues apoptosis through the intrinsic pathway in varicocele-induced rats. Simultaneously, increased apoptosis in the contralateral testis was observed at 12 weeks (P < 0.05) following varicocele creation also.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane-Dar Lee
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Armed Forces Taichung General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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22
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Meeker JD, Rossano MG, Protas B, Diamond MP, Puscheck E, Daly D, Paneth N, Wirth JJ. Cadmium, lead, and other metals in relation to semen quality: human evidence for molybdenum as a male reproductive toxicant. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2008; 116:1473-9. [PMID: 19057699 PMCID: PMC2592266 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.11490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence on human semen quality as it relates to exposure to various metals, both essential (e.g., zinc, copper) and nonessential (e.g., cadmium, lead), is inconsistent. Most studies to date used small sample sizes and were unable to account for important covariates. OBJECTIVES Our goal in this study was to assess relationships between exposure to multiple metals at environmental levels and human semen-quality parameters. METHODS We measured semen quality and metals in blood (arsenic, Cd, chromium, Cu, Pb, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, selenium, and Zn) among 219 men recruited through two infertility clinics. We used multiple statistical approaches to assess relationships between metals and semen quality while accounting for important covariates and various metals. RESULTS Among a number of notable findings, the associations involving Mo were the most consistent over the various statistical approaches. We found dose-dependent trends between Mo and declined sperm concentration and normal morphology, even when considering potential confounders and other metals. For example, adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for below-reference semen-quality parameters in the low, medium, and high Mo groups were 1.0 (reference), 1.4 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.5-3.7], and 3.5 (95% CI, 1.1-11) for sperm concentration and 1.0 (reference), 0.8 (95% CI, 0.3-1.9), and 2.6 (95% CI, 1.0-7.0) for morphology. We also found preliminary evidence for interactions between Mo and low Cu or Zn. In stratified analyses, the adjusted ORs in the high Mo/low Cu group were 14.4 (1.6, 132) and 13.7 (1.6, 114) for below-reference sperm concentration and morphology, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our findings represent the first human evidence for an inverse association between Mo and semen quality. These relationships are consistent with animal data, but additional human and mechanistic studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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Kumosani T, Elshal M, Al-Jonaid A, Abduljabar H. The influence of smoking on semen quality, seminal microelements and Ca2+-ATPase activity among infertile and fertile men. Clin Biochem 2008; 41:1199-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2007] [Revised: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 07/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Link between low-dose environmentally relevant cadmium exposures and asthenozoospermia in a rat model. Fertil Steril 2008; 89:e73-9. [PMID: 18308070 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To define the mechanism(s) underlying an association between asthenozoospermia and elevated blood, seminal plasma, and testicular cadmium levels in infertile human males using a rat model of environmentally relevant cadmium exposures. SETTING University medical center andrology research laboratory. ANIMAL(S) Male Wistar rats (n = 60), documented to be sensitive to the testicular effects of cadmium. INTERVENTION(S) Rats were given ad libitum access to water supplemented with 14% sucrose and 0 mg/L, 5 mg/L, 50 mg/L, or 100 mg/L cadmium for 1, 4, or 8 weeks beginning at puberty. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Testicular cadmium levels were determined by atomic absorption, cauda epididymal sperm motility by visual inspection, and testicular gene expression by DNA microarray hybridization. RESULT(S) Chronic, low-dose cadmium exposures produced a time- and dose-dependent reduction in sperm motility. Transcription of genes regulated by calcium and expression of L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel mRNA splicing variants were altered by cadmium exposure. Expression of calcium binding proteins involved in modulation of sperm motility was unaffected. CONCLUSION(S) A causal relationship between elevated testicular cadmium and asthenozoospermia was identified. Aberrrant sperm motility was correlated with altered expression of L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel isoforms found on the sperm tail, which regulate calcium and cadmium influx.
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Inhorn MC, King L, Nriagu JO, Kobeissi L, Hammoud N, Awwad J, Abu-Musa AA, Hannoun AB. Occupational and environmental exposures to heavy metals: Risk factors for male infertility in Lebanon? Reprod Toxicol 2008; 25:203-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Revised: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Buffone MG, Brugo-Olmedo S, Calamera JC, Verstraeten SV, Urrutia F, Grippo L, Corbetta JP, Doncel GF. Decreased protein tyrosine phosphorylation and membrane fluidity in spermatozoa from infertile men with varicocele. Mol Reprod Dev 2006; 73:1591-9. [PMID: 16897700 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Varicocele is a prevalent pathology among infertile men. The mechanisms linking this condition to infertility, however, are poorly understood. Our previous work showed a relationship between sperm functional quality and the ability of spermatozoa to respond to capacitating conditions with increased membrane fluidity and protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Given the reported association between varicocele, oxidative stress, and sperm dysfunction, we hypothesized that spermatozoa from infertile patients with varicocele might have a combined defect at the level of membrane fluidity and protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Semen samples from infertile patients with and without grade II/III left varicocele were evaluated for motion parameters (computer-assisted semen analysis [CASA]), hyperactivation (CASA), incidence and intensity of protein tyrosine phosphorylation (phosphotyrosine immunofluorescence and western blotting), and membrane fluidity (Laurdan fluorometry), before and after a capacitating incubation (6 hr at 37 degrees C in Ham's F10/BSA, 5% CO(2)). Spermatozoa from varicocele samples presented a decreased response to the capacitating challenge, showing significantly lower motility, hyperactivation, incidence and intensity of tyrosine phosphorylation, and membrane fluidity. The findings reported in this article indicate that the sperm dysfunction associated to infertile varicocele coexists with decreased sperm plasma membrane fluidity and tyrosine phosphorylation. These deficiencies represent potential new pathophysiological mechanisms underlying varicocele-related infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Buffone
- Laboratorio de Estudios en Reproducción, LER, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Smith R, Kaune H, Parodi D, Madariaga M, Rios R, Morales I, Castro A. Increased sperm DNA damage in patients with varicocele: relationship with seminal oxidative stress. Hum Reprod 2005; 21:986-93. [PMID: 16361286 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dei429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathophysiology of the testicular damage in varicocele has not been completely understood. Oxidative stress and related sperm DNA damage have been identified as significant causes of male infertility. The current study was designed to determine the extent of sperm nuclear DNA damage in patients with varicocele and to examine its relationship with oxidative stress. METHODS Semen samples from 55 patients with clinical varicocele and 25 normozoospermic donors were examined. Varicocele sperm samples were classified as normal or abnormal according to World Health Organization guidelines. Sperm DNA damage was evaluated by the sperm chromatin structure assay/flow cytometry and by the terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) assay. Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and total antioxidant capacity were assessed by a chemiluminescence assay. RESULTS DNA fragmentation index (DFI) (percentage of sperm with denatured DNA) values and the percentage of TUNEL-positive cells were significantly greater in patients with varicocele, either with normal (DFI, 20.7 +/- 4.0; TUNEL positive, 26.1 +/- 3.2) or with abnormal (DFI, 35.5 +/- 9.0; TUNEL positive, 32.2 +/- 4.1) semen profile, compared with controls (DFI, 7.1 +/- 0.9; TUNEL positive, 14.2 +/- 1.2). Similarly, ROS levels were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in both groups of patients with varicocele. CONCLUSIONS The presence of a varicocele is associated with high levels of DNA-damage spermatozoa even in the presence of normal semen profile. The results also indicate that oxidative damage is associated with sperm DNA damage in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Smith
- Institute of Maternal and Child Research, School of Medicine, University of Chile and San Borja-Arriarán Clinical Hospital, Santiago, Chile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja Hyeon Ku
- Department of Urology, Seoul Veterans Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Marmar JL, Benoff S. The safety of ultrasonically guided testis aspiration biopsies and efficacy of use to predict varicocelectomy outcome. Hum Reprod 2005; 20:2279-88. [PMID: 15845592 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dei027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We hypothesized that infertile men with varicoceles have molecular/genetic defects that interact with varicoceles to induce infertility. Studies directly on testis tissue appeared to be a way to link histology, markers for molecular/genetic defects and spermatogenesis, but testis biopsies may induce morbidity. In this report, we present safety and efficacy data on ultrasonically guided, single stick, percutaneous aspiration. METHODS Biopsies were performed on 115 infertile men with varicoceles and five men with obstructive azoospermia. Morbidity was examined by pre- and post-biopsy ultrasound, efficacy by ability of two markers to predict >50% increase in sperm density post-operatively. All patients had three pre- and three post-operative semen analyses. RESULTS 78.3% of patients had no ultrasonic testicular defects immediately post-biopsy. By 2 months, 100% had no defects. Biopsy markers [testicular cadmium (<0.453 ng/mg tissue) and an intact calcium channel mRNA sequence] predicted >50% increase in sperm density with 82.9 and 90.5% accuracy, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Ultrasonically controlled, percutaneous aspiration testis biopsies are safe. Specimens so acquired can assist study of molecular/genetic markers associated with spermatogenesis in infertile men with varicoceles. Tissue cadmium level, calcium channel sequence and other markers may predict outcome of varicocele surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel L Marmar
- Division of Urology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Camden, New Jersey, USA
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Benoff S, Hurley IR, Millan C, Napolitano B, Centola GM. Seminal lead concentrations negatively affect outcomes of artificial insemination. Fertil Steril 2003; 80:517-25. [PMID: 12969691 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(03)00981-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the relationships among seminal lead levels, acrosome status, and artificial insemination cycle fecundity (AI f) in semen donors. DESIGN Longitudinal analysis of seminal lead levels, sperm function testing, and fecundity. SETTING University medical center andrology and research laboratories. PATIENT(S) Semen donors (n = 15) participating in a therapeutic donor insemination program. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Seminal plasma lead levels, acrosome sensitivity to progesterone (P) and voltage-gated potassium channel inhibitors (e.g., charybdotoxin [CBTx]), and AI f. RESULT(S) Seminal plasma lead levels and AI f were strongly negatively correlated. Semen donors were divided into three groups by acrosome response to P: normal (CBTx sensitive [Rs] or CBTx resistant [Rr]: responders) and reduced (nonresponders [NR]) (Rs > Rr >> NR). Seminal lead differed among the three groups (NR > Rr > Rs). Comparison of 330 artificial insemination cycles from four Rs, four Rr, and two NR demonstrated that cycle AI f also differed significantly between groups (Rs >Rr >>NR). CONCLUSION(S) Measurements of seminal plasma lead, P-stimulated acrosome loss, and sensitivity to CBTx may provide prognostic information on the fertility status of potential donors as well as male infertility patients. Such evaluations may assist in donor acceptance, or in the case of patients, in selection of the appropriate treatment regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Benoff
- Fertility Research Laboratories, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Research Institute, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, North Shore University Hospital-New York University School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York, USA. sbenhoff@nshs,edu
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Pant N, Upadhyay G, Pandey S, Mathur N, Saxena DK, Srivastava SP. Lead and cadmium concentration in the seminal plasma of men in the general population: correlation with sperm quality. Reprod Toxicol 2003; 17:447-50. [PMID: 12849856 DOI: 10.1016/s0890-6238(03)00036-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The concentration of lead and cadmium in the seminal plasma of men in the general population, including fertile and infertile subjects, was measured. Semen samples were categorised as demonstrating oligospermia (sperm concentration < 20 x 10(6)/ml), asthenospermia (<50% motilesperm), oligoasthenospermia (a combination of the two criteria), and azoospermia (no sperm). An increase in lead and cadmium levels was observed in infertile men and there was a significant negative correlation of cadmium and lead semen concentration with sperm motility and sperm concentration in oligoasthenospermic men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Pant
- Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, PO Box 80, MG Marg, 226001 Lucknow, India
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Gupta RS, Sharma R, Chaudhary R, Yadav RK, Khan TI. Effect of textile waste water on the spermatogenesis of male albino rats. J Appl Toxicol 2003; 23:171-5. [PMID: 12794938 DOI: 10.1002/jat.862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Textile waste water released from dyeing and printing industries situated in Sanganer, Jaipur (India), brought about inhibition of spermatogenesis in male rats. Water analysis showed the presence of heavy metals at more than permissible limits. Oral administration of waste water to the rats at the dose level of 26.6 ml kg(-1) body wt. significantly reduced the weights of testes, epididymides and seminal vesicle. Treated animals showed a notable depression of various stages of spermatogenesis. The production of spermatids was inhibited by 70.8% in waste-water-treated rats. The populations of spermatogonia, preleptotene spermatocytes and secondary spermatocytes were decreased by 67.2, 71.1 and 73.2%, respectively. The total number of Sertoli cells was affected after waste water treatment. Reduced sperm count and motility resulted in treated groups. A significant fall in the content of various biochemical parameters of reproductive tissues was observed after water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Gupta
- Reproduction Physiology Section, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302 004, India
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Abstract
Although significant advances have been made in the understanding of varicoceles, a clear pathophysiologic mechanism remains elusive. Most likely, a varicocele is the result of a multifactorial process. Appreciation of the complex venous drainage of the testis remains a key to maximizing the chances for treatment success. Likewise, the advent of microsurgical repair has minimized complications. Fortunately, times have improved since the early nineteenth century, when the French surgeon Delpech (1772-1832) was killed by a disgruntled patient on whom he had performed a varicocele repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Fretz
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, 3 RCP, Iowa City, IA 52242-1089, USA
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35
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Abstract
Prospective clinical studies informed by cloning and sequencing of sperm surface receptors and metal ion channels have elucidated critical early steps in the acrosome reaction that explain aspects of metal ion-related male infertility. Induction of the acrosome reaction is proposed to include non-nuclear progesterone receptor activation of Shaker-related sperm head voltage-gated potassium ion channels (VGKC). Men express VGKC isoforms with differing sensitivities to lead (Pb(2+)) inhibition, thus explaining interindividual variabilities in Pb(2+)-related male infertility. VGKC opening induces calcium (Ca(2+)) transients, and a signalling cascade induced by zona receptor aggregation requires an actin cytoskeleton created by the VGKC-induced Ca(2+) transients. Actin polymerization and stabilization, favoured by zinc (Zn(2+)) and depolymerized by cadmium (Cd(2+)), may mediate low Zn(2+) and high Cd(2+) infertile states. Zona receptor aggregation induces phosphotyrosine signals at sites, including sperm voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels (VDCC), intermediate in electrophysiology between T- and L-type channels. Sperm surface VDCC localize at the sperm equatorial segment, the terminus of zona receptor translocation. Opening of VDCC admits a second Ca(2+) wave that activates phospholipase C phosphorylated in the zona receptor cascade. Phospholipase C induces fusogenic lipids and activates actin-severing proteins, depolymerizing the actin cytoskeleton and permitting apposition and fusion of acrosomal and plasma membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Benoff
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, North Shore University Hospital, New York University School of Medicine, 300 Community Drive, Boas-Marks Biomedical Science Research Center-Room 125, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA
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Benoff S, Cooper GW, Centola GM, Jacob A, Hershlag A, Hurley IR. Metal ions and human sperm mannose receptors. Andrologia 2000; 32:317-29. [PMID: 11021525 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0272.2000.00401.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc and lead concentrations were measured in seminal plasma from fertile donors, infertile men with varicocoele and men undergoing work-ups for in vitro fertilization. Ejaculated spermatozoa from these subjects were incubated in vitro with various metal ions and/or dibromoethane and dibromochloropropane. Mannose receptor expression was correlated with metal and toxicant levels. Sperm distributions of potassium channels were compared with lead ions and calcium channels with zinc ions. Mannose receptor expression by capacitated spermatozoa increased linearly with seminal plasma zinc levels, and correlated inversely with lead levels. Cobalt had no effect on mannose receptor expression, but nickel had a concentration-dependent biphasic effect. Mannose receptor expression was not affected by dibromoethane and dibromochloropropane if the cholesterol content of the sperm membrane was high, but mannose receptor expression was decreased in low cholesterol spermatozoa by exposures below estimated permissive exposure limits. Potassium channels and lead ions co-localized over the entire head of human spermatozoa, while both calcium channels and zinc ions were confined to the equatorial segment of the head. Mannose receptor expression on the external surface of the human sperm plasma membrane is a biomarker for the effects of transition and heavy metals and organic toxicants on sperm fertility potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Benoff
- Center for Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, North Shore University Hospital-New York University School of Medicine, Manhasset 11030, USA.
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Abstract
Recent reports portend deterioration in male reproductive health in several human populations. Similar trends might exist in domestic animals, but data are not available because of the inherent nature of animal husbandry practices - culling of the reproductively inefficient food- and fiber-producing animals at an early age. Although the causes for this deterioration are unknown, a variety of endocrine-mimicking environmental pollutants have been implicated. Data for relevant laboratory animal models exposed to several classes of suspect chemicals indicate that a variety of chemicals ubiquitously present in the environment can disrupt normal reproductive phenomena in the male at exposure rates encountered in nature. Data are presented for occurrence of cryptorchidism, carcinoma in situ of the testis, acrosomal malformations, and impaired sexual function following in utero and/or postnatal exposures to pesticides (e.g., DDT and vinclozolin), high-volume industrial chemicals (e.g., alkylphenols and phthalates), and commonly occurring organic and inorganic chemical contaminants in drinking water (e.g., chemical mixtures and water disinfection byproducts). These observations are discussed in the context of similar, so-called idiopathic conditions encountered in stallions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Veeramachaneni
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523-1683, USA.
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MALE INFERTILITY. J Urol 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)67687-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
The heavy metals Cd2+ and Pb2+ have been associated with male reproductive toxicology, including possible inhibition of sperm undergoing hyperactivated motility, indicative of capacitation. The objective of the present study was to test fertility of rabbit sperm exposed to Cd2+ or Pb2+ in vitro, followed by insemination of superovulated does. Semen was washed to remove seminal plasma and minimize possible binding of the heavy metals by proteins. Only 400,000 treated or control sperm were inseminated as a sensitive test of treatment, and the time sperm resided in the female before possible fertilization was varied by inseminating from 0 to 12 h after ovulating the does. Only 6 of 22 males tested showed appreciable spontaneous hyperactivation and neither Cd2+ nor Pb2+ affected hyperactivation, or presumably associated capacitation. Sperm from four of these six males were used to inseminate 66 rabbits, and 1483 oocytes and embryos were collected about 27 h later. No effect of 0.1 mM Cd2+ on fertilizing ability of sperm was found (75% fertilization with control sperm and 78% with treated sperm). With 0.025 mM Pb2+ the fertilization rate in pregnant does only was 82% for controls and lower (68%) with treated sperm. These tested concentrations of Cd2+ and Pb2+ are much higher than reported concentrations in semen of exposed workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Foote
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
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Al-Bader A, Omu AE, Dashti H. Chronic cadmium toxicity to sperm of heavy cigarette smokers: immunomodulation by zinc. ARCHIVES OF ANDROLOGY 1999; 43:135-40. [PMID: 10543576 DOI: 10.1080/014850199262643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the role of zinc therapy in 125 male cigarette smokers with infertility. The mechanism involved in the zinc/cadmium relationship was evaluated through the effect of a zinc-deficient diet and supplementation on testes of male adult Sprague-Drew rats. Heavy smoking was associated with low sperm count, motility, and morphology and increased seminal cadmium levels. Zinc therapy improved sperm quality and increased seminal IL-4, but reduced TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma. A zinc-deficient diet led to high cadmium testicular accumulation comparable with those supplemented with cadmium. Cadmium had a linear correlation with TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma, but not with IL-4. Cytology of testicular aspirate and histopathology were normal in supplemented groups as in controls. These results indicate that zinc modulates the putative effect of cadmium through its enhancement of T-helper 2 cytokines expression and down-regulation of T-helper 1 cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Al-Bader
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat
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41
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Abstract
Semen quality and testicular characteristics were measured in 92 rabbits in three controlled experiments with males exposed to cadmium chloride (Cd) when 12 or 27 weeks old. Doses of Cd were administered subcutaneously (s.c.), orally, or intravenously (i.v.) and subsets of animals were unilaterally castrated or not to evaluate the testes and to collect semen repeatedly from males when adults. There was considerable variability but Cd given at 12 weeks of age in doses of 0.08 mmol/kg s.c., 0.20 mmol/kg orally, and 0.02 mmol/kg i.v. tended to depress sperm output of these males when adults. The 0.02 mmol/kg dose given i.v., 0.4 mmol/kg orally, and 0.16 mmol/kg s.c. were lethal to many animals. Treatment of adults resulted in a generally similar pattern of systemic toxicity, and limited comparisons suggested that testicular sensitivity was slightly less than for young males. Androgenic function usually was maintained, as indicated by normal libido and seminal volumes even in males with reduced spermatogenesis. Necropsies confirmed previous findings of hyperemia, hemorrhaging, necrosis, and destruction of all spermatogenic elements in severely affected males.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Foote
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-4801, USA.
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42
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Benoff S, Cooper GW, Paine T, Hurley IR, Napolitano B, Jacob A, Scholl GM, Hershlag A. Numerical dose-compensated in vitro fertilization inseminations yield high fertilization and pregnancy rates. Fertil Steril 1999; 71:1019-28. [PMID: 10360904 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(99)00136-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate in cases with morphologically abnormal sperm whether fertilization and pregnancy rates are increased by normalizing the number of sperm inseminated and whether biomarkers can identify cases of reduced or failed fertilization. DESIGN Prospective studies of sperm morphology and function. SETTING University hospital assisted human reproduction program. PATIENT(S) Partners of 308 women undergoing IVF. INTERVENTION(S) Motile sperm populations were assessed for sperm head morphology, for surface receptors for mannose and progesterone binding, and the ability to undergo a free mannose-induced acrosome reaction. Zinc in seminal plasma was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Sperm morphology was associated with fertilization and clinical pregnancy rates. Biomarker analyses were correlated with fertilization rates using Kruskal-Wallis tests, chi2 tests, and Spearman rank order correlations. RESULT(S) Fertilization and pregnancy rates after numerical dose compensation inseminations were indistinguishable between men with differing percentages of normal sperm. Biomarker deficits were identified irrespective of sperm head morphology in 96% of cases of reduced or failed fertilization. CONCLUSION(S) Fertilization and pregnancy rates in cases of abnormal morphology are optimized by inseminating at least 25,000 sperm/mL with normal acrosomes. Reduced or failed fertilization can be predicted by testing for molecular deficits in mannose receptor expression and mannose-stimulated acrosome loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Benoff
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, North Shore University Hospital-New York University School of Medicne, Manhasset 11030, USA.
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43
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Lee KF, Lau KM, Ho SM. Effects of cadmium on metallothionein-I and metallothionein-II mRNA expression in rat ventral, lateral, and dorsal prostatic lobes: quantification by competitive RT-PCR. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1999; 154:20-7. [PMID: 9882588 DOI: 10.1006/taap.1998.8556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Highly sensitive, sequence-specific competitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) protocols were established for the detection and quantification of metallothionein (MT)-I and MT-II messages, in absolute values, in rat tissues. Detection limits for these protocols were in the range of 5 to 10 amol per microgram total RNA. Levels of MT-I and MT-II transcripts in the three major prostatic lobes, kidney, and testis were measured in untreated and cadmium (Cd)-treated rats. The dorsal prostate (DP), lateral prostate (LP), kidney, and testis expressed substantial levels of MT-I and MT-II mRNA while the ventral prostate (VP) had extremely low levels of the transcripts. Cd treatment induced higher levels of MT-I and/or MT-II mRNA expression in all tissues studied with the exception of LP. In the LP, Cd treatment caused reductions of MT-I and MT-II mRNA levels. The Cd-induced levels attained in the VP following Cd exposure were still markedly lower than those found in the kidney, testis, LP, and DP of untreated animals. These findings contradict previous claims that the MT genes in rat VP are unresponsive to Cd activation. The susceptibility of VP to Cd toxicity/carcinogenicity may therefore be explained by low levels of Cd-induced expression rather than lack of induction of MTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Lee
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, 02155, USA
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44
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Abstract
During the last decade there were extensive investigations in clinical and molecular andrology with emphasis on assisted reproduction, micromanipulation techniques of gametes, sperm/egg interaction, male contraception, diabetes mellitus, varicocele, andropause versus menopause, sexual dysfunction, associated hypertension/stress, prostatic carcinoma and molecular parameters of male reproduction. Sperm hyperactivation is a required step in capacitation sequence. Sperm motility is measured by videotape to evaluate the Straight Line Velocity (microm/s) (VSLI). Fertilization/embryonic development results from single sperm transfer (S-MIST) and multiple sperm transfer. Fertilization/embryo development is achieved by injection of immotile sperm into the perivitelline space. To assess sperm viability, a supravital stain suitable for use in combination with immunofluorescent assay, Hoeschst 33258, is used. The dye fluoresces with an intense blue when bound to DNA. To assess sperm plasma membrane integrity, a hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST) is performed, using fluoresceinated D-mannose enriched albumin (FITC-DMA). The ability of sperm to swell under hypo-osmotic conditions indicates an intact membrane. A human protein, C-peptide, thought to be a useless byproduct of insulin may protect against devastating heart and nerve damage that diabetes causes. Human diabetics may benefit from the substance. Over 15 million Americans have diabetes, in which blood sugar levels rise out of control. There are two types of diabetics: Type I diabetics produce no insulin, the hormone that regulates blood sugar. Type II diabetics are unable to use their insulin properly. Diabetics are at great risk of heart disease and nerve damage, as arteries throughout the body leak and nerve-cell impulses fail. C-peptide is a byproduct of insulin production; it can be produced by the body or synthetically. Production of this protein is not induced by insulin, so diabetics who take insulin do not get C-peptide with it. Varicocele occurs unilaterally on the left side in 78% to 93% of men. Typically the presence of a varicocele is associated with an abnormal semen analysis (sperm density and morphology) and a decreased testicular volume on the affected side. Impaired sperm motility occurs in 89.5% of all varicocele patients. Varicocele ligation improves semen parameters in two thirds of patients. A few studies on andropause included sexual dysfunction, hormonal changes, medical/psychological correlates of impotence, ostenopenia/osteoporosis and bone loss; indices of bone remodeling, testosterone supplementation, androgen, negative feedback and hypothalamo-pituitary-testicular axis. Prostatic cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death for men between the ages of 60 and 80. Early detection involves a simple blood test for prostate specific antigen (PSA). Regular screening and early detection are essential. This is an important test because a high antigen count can be the only symptom. Since no screening is 100% accurate, physicians recommend both a PSA blood test and a physical examination. Although heredity plays a major role in whether a man will develop prostate cancer, men who lead healthy lives can dramatically reduce their chances of cancer: low-fat diet, eating plenty of fruits and vegetables and not smoking. Recent advances in molecular andrology include peptide hormone binding proteins; gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists/antagonists analog; gonadotropins/their receptors; growth factors/reproduction; peptides as intratesticular regulators; molecular cloning of reproductive proteins/peptides. Gene cloning is applied for characterization/expression of genes coding. The interaction of gp120 with CD4 receptor plays a role in syncytium formation, apoptosis and CD4 cell deletion in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The recombinant V3 peptide of fragment 307-330 of HIV-1 can induce sperm head agglutination. The generation process of react
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hafez
- Andrology Laboratory, Hafez/Hafez Reproductive Health Center, Kiawah Island, South Carolina 29455, USA
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