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El-Aaser AA, El-Merzabani MM, Higgy NA, El-Habet AE. A Study on the Etiological Factors of Bilharzial Bladder Cancer in Egypt. 6. The Possible Role of Urinary Bacteria. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 68:23-8. [PMID: 7041378 DOI: 10.1177/030089168206800105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A correlation was obtained between a positive nitrite test in urine and the severity of urinary bacterial infection. Bacteria isolated from the urine of bilharzial or bladder cancer patients were found to be rich in nitrate reductase activity. « Escherichia coli » was the most common microorganism isolated from these specimens. Urine and several urinary constituents activate bacterial nitrate reductase. β-Glucuronidase activity in the urine of patients with chronic « Schistosoma haematobium » infection and bladder cancer was measured and shown to be significantly greater than that of urine of normal control subjects. Urinary bacterial infection was shown to be the source of the increased urinary level of enzyme activity at pH 7.0.
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Smith NA. CAMBRIDGE PRIZE LECTURE NITRATE REDUCTION AND N-NITROSATION IN BREWING*. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.1994.tb00835.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Mossel D, Pflug IJ. Occurrence, prevention, and monitoring of microbial quality loss of foods and dairy products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10643387509381624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Coates ME, Walker R. Interrelationships between the Gastrointestinal Microflora and Non-Nutrient Components of the Diet. Nutr Res Rev 2007; 5:85-96. [DOI: 10.1079/nrr19920008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Kälble T, Tricker AR, Berger M, Amelung F, Waldherr R, Hothorn L, Möhring K, Staehler G. Tumor induction in a rat model for ureterosigmoidostomy without evidence of nitrosamine formation. J Urol 1991; 146:862-6. [PMID: 1714971 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)37949-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Twenty rats were randomized into a vesicosigmoidostomy and an unoperated control group. In both groups the 24 hour excretion of secondary amines, nitrate, nitrite and nitrosamines was measured before and after gavage of proline and nitrate, piperazine and nitrate, N-nitrosoproline, mono-N-nitrosopiperazine. The urinary nitrosamine concentrations were not significantly different between both groups neither before nor after application of the several substances. Thirty rats were randomized into two vesicosigmoidostomy groups with and without antibiotic coverage and an unoperated control group. After ligation of distal rectum and mesosigmoid the rectosigmoids were removed. No significant concentrations of volatile nitrosamines could be measured in the rectosigmoid contents of the three groups. One hundred and twenty rats randomized into three groups following vesicosigmoidostomy received the potential nitrosamine antidotes sodium-2-mercaptoethane sulfonate or sodiumpentosan-polysulfate or acted as controls. 12/118 (10.2%) developed adenomas and 25/118 (21.2%) adenocarcinomas at the vesico-colonic anastomosis with no significant differences between the three groups concerning tumor incidence or mortality. The results show that colon carcinomas occur in a rat model for ureterosigmoidostomy without evidence for thus induced nitrosamine formation. This and the missing effect of nitrosamine antidotes suggest that other factors than nitrosation must be responsible for colon carcinogenesis following urinary diversion via intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kälble
- Department of Urology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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Kälble T, Tricker AR, Möhring K, Berger MR, Geiss H, Staehler G. The role of nitrate, nitrite and N-nitrosamines in carcinogenesis of colon tumours following ureterosigmoidostomy. UROLOGICAL RESEARCH 1990; 18:123-9. [PMID: 2339481 DOI: 10.1007/bf00302472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Urinary diversion in both a rat model for ureterosigmoidostomy and in ureterosigmoidostomy patients result in an increased incidence of colon tumours. Bacterial and chemical investigations on feces-urine mixtures from both the rat model and ureterosigmoidostomy patients showed the presence of a complex nitrate-reducing bacterial flora in both rats and humans. This bacterial flora actively reduced urinary nitrate to nitrite in humans and increased the endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds. No evidence of urinary nitrate reduction and increased nitrosamine formation in the rectosigmoid of rats was found. The results support the N-nitrosamine theory of carcinogenesis of the colon following ureterosigmoidostomy in humans, but not in rats. As the rat model induces colon carcinomas, factors other than the increased endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds in the rectosigmoid may contribute to the initiation of colon carcinomas following ureterosigmoidostomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kälble
- Urological Department, University of Heidelberg, FRG
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Ward FW, Coates ME, Walker R. Nitrate reduction, gastro-intestinal pH and N-nitrosation in gnotobiotic and conventional rats. Food Chem Toxicol 1986; 24:17-22. [PMID: 3949265 DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(86)90258-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The reduction of nitrate in germ-free, gnotobiotic and conventional rats was investigated using blood methaemoglobin values as indicative of nitrite formation. Nitrate reduction was found to occur in the absence of a microbial flora, and throughout the experiment the blood content of methaemoglobin was higher in germ-free than in conventional rats. In vitro incubations of the gastric and small-intestinal mucosae of germ-free rats confirmed the presence of a heat-labile nitrate-reducing system. Measurement of the gastro-intestinal pH of germ-free and conventional rats revealed a generally higher pH value throughout the germ-free gastro-intestinal tract, with highly significant differences in the luminal pH of the forestomach, jejunum/ileum and caecum and a significant difference in the pH of the glandular stomach. Although some formation of N-nitrosoproline from proline and nitrate occurred in germ-free and gnotobiotic rats, nitrosation proceeded more readily in conventional rats. This effect may have been due to the lower gastric pH in the conventional rats although a more direct role for the flora cannot be discounted.
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Rowland IR, Mallett AK, Wise A. The effect of diet on the mammalian gut flora and its metabolic activities. Crit Rev Toxicol 1985; 16:31-103. [PMID: 3910354 DOI: 10.3109/10408448509041324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The review will encompass the following points: A brief introduction to the role of the gut flora in the toxicology of ingested food components, contaminants, and additives, including known pathways of activation and detoxication of foreign compounds and the implication of the flora in enterohepatic circulation of xenobiotics. The advantages and disadvantages of the various methods of studying the gut flora (classical bacteriological techniques, metabolic and enzymological methods) will be critically discussed with special reference to their relevance to dietary, toxicological, and biochemical studies. Sources of nutrients available to the gut flora will be described including host products (mucus, sloughed mucosal cells, hormones, proteins) and exogenous nutrients derived from diet. An account of the problems involved in studies of dietary modification with special reference to the use of stock laboratory animal diets, purified diets, and human dietary studies. The influence of dietary modification on the flora will be assessed on the basis of changes in numbers and types of bacteria and their metabolic activity, drawing on data from human and animal studies. The effects of manipulation of the quantity and quality of protein, fat, and indigestible residues (fiber) of the diet will be described together with their possible implications for toxicity of ingested compounds.
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Rowland IR, Wise A, Mallett AK. Metabolic profile of caecal micro-organisms from rats fed indigestible plant cell-wall components. Food Chem Toxicol 1983; 21:25-9. [PMID: 6298083 DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(83)90264-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A fibre-free diet, or the same diet supplemented with 100 g cabbage or carrot cell-wall preparation/kg, was fed to rats for 28 days and the activities of a number of caecal microbial enzymes (azoreductase, aryl nitroreductase, beta-glucosidase, beta-glucuronidase, imidazole nitroreductase and nitrite reductase) were determined in vitro. The plant cell-wall preparations diluted the gut contents and decreased the number of bacteria per gram of caecal contents. Enzyme activities per gram of caecal contents were also decreased, with the exception of beta-glucosidase activity which was significantly increased. These plant cell-wall preparations also increased caecal size, and thereby significantly increased total activity per caecum of microbial azoreductase, aryl nitroreductase, beta-glucosidase and beta-glucuronidase. When bacterial metabolism was expressed per 10(9) bacteria, all enzyme activities were significantly increased in caecal samples from rats fed the plant cell-wall preparations. There was an overall concordance of 0.91 between all the enzymes when expressed per 10(9) bacteria, but of only 0.38 when enzyme activities were expressed per gram of caecal contents.
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Hsia CC, Sun TT, Wang YY, Anderson LM, Armstrong D, Good RA. Enhancement of formation of the esophageal carcinogen benzylmethylnitrosamine from its precursors by Candida albicans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981; 78:1878-81. [PMID: 7015348 PMCID: PMC319238 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.78.3.1878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies in Linxian, an area of China with a high incidence of esophageal carcinoma, showed that fungal infections are common in the esophageal epithelium of patients with either premalignant changes or early esophageal carcinoma. Fungi of the genus Candida were the most frequent invaders. In these areas nitrate and nitrite are often present in high concentrations in drinking water and staple grains. The present studies have established the ability of Candida albicans to augment the nitrosative formation of the esophagus-specific carcinogen, benzylmethylnitrosamine (NBMA; N-nitroso-N-methylbenzylamine). Stationary C. albicans cultures, with pH held at 6.8, were incubated with the precursors of NBMA, benzylmethylamine (BMA; N-methylbenzylamine) and NaNO(2). There was a significant increase in the amount of NBMA formed in these cultures, compared to precursors-only controls. The amount of NBMA synthesized depended on fungal cell number. Exponentially growing cultures were also able to cause NBMA formation. The identity of the NBMA was confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatographic coelution with authentic NBMA in three solvent systems and by mass spectroscopy. Boiled cells and conditioned medium in which cells had been incubated were not effective in enhancing nitrosation. Cultured Candida released acidic metabolites that reduced the pH of the medium when only a low concentration of buffer was present. Spontaneous nitrosation of BMA was enhanced under these acidic conditions. Thus, C. albicans infecting the esophageal epithelium could cause local formation of NBMA by both cell-mediated catalysis and extracellular decrease in pH.
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Abstract
Volatile mutagens (putative carcinogens) were produced from normal human and animal feces upon incubation with sodium nitrite in saline at 37 C for 48 hours. The mutagens were detected by using Ames' Salmonella typhimurium tester strain TA1535 without microsomes, on plates inverted over samples in sealed containers. Mutagenicity was maximal at 0.2 to 0.6 M NaNO2 and at pH 6.2 to 6.8. Reversions per plate varied from approximately 30 to 450 (1.5 to 25 x background) within the normal human population. Sodium ascorbate and alpha-Tocopherol (at one-half [NaNO2]) each reduced the mutagenicity by approximately 30%. Two standard N-nitroso-compounds were mutagenic in the system. We propose that the mutagenicity in our system is probably caused by the formation of volatile N-nitroso-compounds and that addition of nitrite to human feces in vitro enhances a process that occurs in vivo.
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Rao BG, Hutchison DM, MacDonald IA. Formation of ether-soluble Griess reagent-positive material from human feces and sodium nitrite. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 1980; 23:319-325. [PMID: 7202375 DOI: 10.1016/0013-9351(80)90066-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Calabrese EJ. Should the concept of the recommended dietary allowance be altered to incorporate interactive effects of ubiquitous pollutants? Med Hypotheses 1979; 5:1273-85. [PMID: 537543 DOI: 10.1016/0306-9877(79)90095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Using ascorbic acid as a model, this paper proposes that the concept of the RDA should be broadened to take into account the effects of ubiquitous pollutants on human health, a factor presently not incorporated in RDA derivations. It is now widely accepted that ascorbic acid nutritional status markedly affects the toxicity and/or carcinogenicity of greater than 50 pollutants, many of which are ubiquitous in the air, water, and food environments. At the present time, the data do not warrant changing the ascorbic acid RDA in light of the knowledge of pollutant interactions.
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Globus M, Samuel D. Effect of maternally administered sodium nitrite on hepatic erythropoiesis in fetal CD-1 mice. TERATOLOGY 1978; 18:367-78. [PMID: 741389 DOI: 10.1002/tera.1420180311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A commonly used food preservative, sodium nitrite, was administered to pregnant CD-1 mice at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mouse/day. Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects on the hemopoietic tissues and skeletons of their offspring, were evaluated. Fetal mortality, resorptions, the mean number of offspring per litter, the mean weight per embryo and the incidence of skeletal malformations, were not significantly different from controls. Hemopoietic cell suspensions, prepared from the livers of treated and control 14-, 16- and 18-day embryos, were cytocentrifuged onto microscope slides and differential counts were performed after staining with benzidine and Wright-Giemsa stain. The results indicate that maternally administered Na nitrite, stimulates fetal hepatic erythropoiesis. This was manifested in a statistically significant increase in the percentage of polychromatophilic erythroblasts and mature erythrocytes at 14 and 16 days of gestation, respectively. The possibility that Na nitrite may induce fetal methemoglobinemia is discussed and mechanisms responsible for the observed erythroid stimulation, are considered.
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Wang T, Kakizoe T, Dion P, Furrer R, Varghese AJ, Bruce WR. Volatile nitrosamines in normal human faeces. Nature 1978; 276:280-1. [PMID: 714159 DOI: 10.1038/276280a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Hashimoto S, Yokokura T, Kawai Y, Mutai M. Dimethylnitrosamine formation in the gastro-intestinal tract of rats. FOOD AND COSMETICS TOXICOLOGY 1976; 14:553-6. [PMID: 14062 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-6264(76)80007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Carter JH, Goldman P. Pentaerythritol tetranitrate metabolism: a non-essential role for the flora. Biochem Pharmacol 1976; 25:860-2. [PMID: 938587 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(76)90160-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Montesano R, Bartsch H. Mutagenic and carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds: possible environmental hazards. Mutat Res 1976; 32:179-228. [PMID: 785242 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1110(76)90001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Abstract
It was found that human pathogenic bacteria and some species of intestinal bacteria in rats have the ability to catalyze the formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine from dimethylamine and nitrate in vitro.
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Wogan GN, Tannenbaum SR. Environmental N-nitroso compounds: implications for public health. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1975; 31:375-83. [PMID: 1096368 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(75)90259-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Mirvish SS. Formation of N-nitroso compounds: chemistry, kinetics, and in vivo occurrence. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1975; 31:325-51. [PMID: 238307 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(75)90255-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Thacker L, Brooks JB. In vitro production of N-nitrosodimethylamine and other amines by proteus species. Infect Immun 1974; 9:648-53. [PMID: 4595755 PMCID: PMC414859 DOI: 10.1128/iai.9.4.648-653.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
N-nitrosodimethylamine, a potent carcinogen, was produced by three strains each of Proteus mirabilis, P. morganii, and P. rettgeri, but not by three strains of P. vulgaris grown under the same conditions. Many of the alkaline-extractable volatile metabolites elaborated by these organisms are the same, but there are some qualitative and quantitative differences among species. Representative gas-liquid chromatographic profiles of the four species are presented, and the significance of the differences is discussed. Primary emphasis, however, is given to the importance of the production of N-nitrosodimethylamine by these microorganisms and the conditions under which it is produced.
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