1
|
Shaver AO, Miller IR, Schaye ES, Moya ND, Collins JB, Wit J, Blanco AH, Shao FM, Andersen EJ, Khan SA, Paredes G, Andersen EC. Quantifying the fitness effects of resistance alleles with and without anthelmintic selection pressure using Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012245. [PMID: 38768235 PMCID: PMC11142691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Albendazole (a benzimidazole) and ivermectin (a macrocyclic lactone) are the two most commonly co-administered anthelmintic drugs in mass-drug administration programs worldwide. Despite emerging resistance, we do not fully understand the mechanisms of resistance to these drugs nor the consequences of delivering them in combination. Albendazole resistance has primarily been attributed to variation in the drug target, a beta-tubulin gene. Ivermectin targets glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCls), but it is unknown whether GluCl genes are involved in ivermectin resistance in nature. Using Caenorhabditis elegans, we defined the fitness costs associated with loss of the drug target genes singly or in combinations of the genes that encode GluCl subunits. We quantified the loss-of-function effects on three traits: (i) multi-generational competitive fitness, (ii) fecundity, and (iii) development. In competitive fitness and development assays, we found that a deletion of the beta-tubulin gene ben-1 conferred albendazole resistance, but ivermectin resistance required the loss of two GluCl genes (avr-14 and avr-15). The fecundity assays revealed that loss of ben-1 did not provide any fitness benefit in albendazole conditions and that no GluCl deletion mutants were resistant to ivermectin. Next, we searched for evidence of multi-drug resistance across the three traits. Loss of ben-1 did not confer resistance to ivermectin, nor did loss of any single GluCl subunit or combination confer resistance to albendazole. Finally, we assessed the development of 124 C. elegans wild strains across six benzimidazoles and seven macrocyclic lactones to identify evidence of multi-drug resistance between the two drug classes and found a strong phenotypic correlation within a drug class but not across drug classes. Because each gene affects various aspects of nematode physiology, these results suggest that it is necessary to assess multiple fitness traits to evaluate how each gene contributes to anthelmintic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda O. Shaver
- Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- Dept. of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Isabella R. Miller
- Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Etta S. Schaye
- Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Nicolas D. Moya
- Dept. of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - J. B. Collins
- Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- Dept. of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Janneke Wit
- Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Alyssa H. Blanco
- Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Fiona M. Shao
- Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Elliot J. Andersen
- Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sharik A. Khan
- Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Gracie Paredes
- Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Erik C. Andersen
- Dept. of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shaver AO, Miller IR, Schaye ES, Moya ND, Collins J, Wit J, Blanco AH, Shao FM, Andersen EJ, Khan SA, Paredes G, Andersen EC. Quantifying the fitness effects of resistance alleles with and without anthelmintic selection pressure using Caenorhabditis elegans. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.01.578300. [PMID: 38370666 PMCID: PMC10871296 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.01.578300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Albendazole and ivermectin are the two most commonly co-administered anthelmintic drugs in mass-drug administration programs worldwide. Despite emerging resistance, we do not fully understand the mechanisms of resistance to these drugs nor the consequences of delivering them in combination. Albendazole resistance has primarily been attributed to variation in the drug target, a beta-tubulin gene. Ivermectin targets glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) genes, but it is unknown whether these genes are involved in ivermectin resistance in nature. Using Caenorhabditis elegans, we defined the fitness costs associated with loss of the drug target genes singly or in combinations of the genes that encode GluCl subunits. We quantified the loss-of function effects on three traits: (i) multi-generational competitive fitness, (ii) fecundity, and (iii) development. In competitive fitness and development assays, we found that a deletion of the beta-tubulin gene ben-1 conferred albendazole resistance, but ivermectin resistance required loss of two GluCl genes (avr-14 and avr-15) or loss of three GluCl genes (avr-14, avr-15, and glc-1). The fecundity assays revealed that loss of ben-1 did not provide any fitness benefit in albendazole and that no GluCl deletion mutants were resistant to ivermectin. Next, we searched for evidence of multi-drug resistance across the three traits. Loss of ben-1 did not confer resistance to ivermectin, nor did loss of any single GluCl subunit or combination confer resistance to albendazole. Finally, we assessed the development of 124 C. elegans wild strains across six benzimidazoles and seven macrocyclic lactones to identify evidence of multi-drug resistance between the two drug classes and found a strong phenotypic correlation within a drug class but not across drug classes. Because each gene affects various aspects of nematode physiology, these results suggest that it is necessary to assess multiple fitness traits to evaluate how each gene contributes to anthelmintic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda O. Shaver
- Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Isabella R. Miller
- Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Etta S. Schaye
- Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Nicolas D. Moya
- Dept. of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - J.B. Collins
- Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Janneke Wit
- Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Alyssa H. Blanco
- Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Fiona M. Shao
- Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Elliot J. Andersen
- Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sharik A. Khan
- Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Gracie Paredes
- Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Erik C. Andersen
- Dept. of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lin C, Shan Y, Wang Z, Peng H, Li R, Wang P, He J, Shen W, Wu Z, Guo M. Molecular and circuit mechanisms underlying avoidance of rapid cooling stimuli in C. elegans. Nat Commun 2024; 15:297. [PMID: 38182628 PMCID: PMC10770330 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44638-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which animals respond to rapid changes in temperature are largely unknown. Here, we found that polymodal ASH sensory neurons mediate rapid cooling-evoked avoidance behavior within the physiological temperature range in C. elegans. ASH employs multiple parallel circuits that consist of stimulatory circuits (AIZ, RIA, AVA) and disinhibitory circuits (AIB, RIM) to respond to rapid cooling. In the stimulatory circuit, AIZ, which is activated by ASH, releases glutamate to act on both GLR-3 and GLR-6 receptors in RIA neurons to promote reversal, and ASH also directly or indirectly stimulates AVA to promote reversal. In the disinhibitory circuit, AIB is stimulated by ASH through the GLR-1 receptor, releasing glutamate to act on AVR-14 to suppress RIM activity. RIM, an inter/motor neuron, inhibits rapid cooling-evoked reversal, and the loop activities thus equally stimulate reversal. Our findings elucidate the molecular and circuit mechanisms underlying the acute temperature stimuli-evoked avoidance behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Lin
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuxin Shan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhongyi Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hui Peng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Rong Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biophysics and Biochemistry, and Department of Biophysics and Molecular Physiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Pingzhou Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biophysics and Biochemistry, and Department of Biophysics and Molecular Physiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Junyan He
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Weiwei Shen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Zhengxing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biophysics and Biochemistry, and Department of Biophysics and Molecular Physiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Min Guo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nguyen VT, Park AR, Duraisamy K, Vo DD, Kim JC. Elucidation of the nematicidal mode of action of grammicin on Caenorhabditis elegans. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:105244. [PMID: 36464355 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Grammicin (Gra) is derived from the endophytic fungus Xylaria grammica EL000614 and shows nematicidal activity against the devastating root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in-vitro, in planta, and in-field experiments. However, the mechanism of the nematicidal action of Gra remains unclear. In this study, Gra exposure to the model genetic organism Caenorhabditis elegans affected its L1, L2/3, L4, and young adult stages. In addition, Gra treatment increased the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels of C. elegans and M. incognita. Molecular docking interaction analysis indicated that Gra could bind and interact with GCS-1, GST-4, and DAF-16a in order of low binding energy, followed by SOD-3, SKN-1, and DAF-16b. This implies that the anthelmintic action of Gra is related to the oxidative stress response. To validate this mechanism, we examined the expression of the genes involved in the oxidative stress responses following treatment with Gra using transgenic C. elegans strains such as the TJ356 strain zIs356 [daf-16p::daf-16a/b::GFP + rol-6 (su1006)], LD1 ldIs7 [skn-1p::skn-1b/c::GFP + rol-6 (su1006)], LD1171 ldIs3 [gcs-1p::GFP + rol-6 (su1006)], CL2166 dvIs19 [(pAF15) gst-4p::GFP::NLS], and CF1553 strain muIs84 [(pAD76) sod-3p::GFP + rol-6 (su1006)]. Gra treatment caused nuclear translocation of DAF-16/FoxO and enhanced gst-4::GFP expression, but it had no change in sod-3::GFP expression. These results indicate that Gra induces oxidative stress response via phase II detoxification without reduced cellular redox machinery. Gra treatment also inhibited the nuclear localization of SKN-1::GFP in the intestine, which may lead to a condition in which oxidative stress tolerance is insufficient to protect C. elegans by the inactivation of SKN-1, thus inducing nematode lethality. Furthermore, Gra caused the mortality of two mutant strains of C. elegans, CB113 and DA1316, which are resistant to aldicarb and ivermectin, respectively. This indicates that the mode of action of Gra is different from the traditional nematicides currently in use, suggesting that it could help develop novel approaches to control plant-parasitic nematodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Van Thi Nguyen
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae Ran Park
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Kalaiselvi Duraisamy
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Duc Duy Vo
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jin-Cheol Kim
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Suárez G, Alcántara I, Salinas G. Caenorhabditis elegans as a valuable model for the study of anthelmintic pharmacodynamics and drug-drug interactions: The case of ivermectin and eprinomectin. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:984905. [PMID: 36339613 PMCID: PMC9627147 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.984905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans is a free-living nematode that has been validated for anthelmintic drug screening. However, this model has not been used to address anthelmintic dose-response-time and drug-drug interactions through matrix array methodology. Eprinomectin (EPM) and Ivermectin (IVM) are macrocyclic lactones widely used as anthelmintics. Despite being very similar, EPM and IVM are combined in commercial formulations or mixed by farmers, under the assumption that the combination would increase their efficacy. However, there is no data reported on the pharmacological evaluation of the combination of both drugs. In this study, we assessed the pharmacodynamics and drug-drug interactions of these two anthelmintic drugs. Since the action of these drugs causes worm paralysis, we used an infrared motility assay to measure EPM and IVM effects on worm movement over time. The results showed that EPM was slightly more potent than IVM, that drug potency increased with drug time exposure, and that once paralyzed, worms did not recover. Different EPM/IVM concentration ratios were used and synergy and combination sensitivity scores were determined at different exposure times, applying Highest Single Agent (HSA), Loewe additivity, Bliss and Zero Interaction Potency (ZIP) models. The results clearly indicate that there is neither synergy nor antagonism between both macrocyclic lactones. This study shows that it is more relevant to prioritize the exposure time of each individual drug than to combine them to improve their effects. The results highlight the utility of C. elegans to address pharmacodynamics studies, particularly for drug-drug interactions. Models in vitro can be integrated to facilitate preclinical and clinical translational studies and help researchers to understand drug-drug interactions and achieve rational therapeutic regimes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Suárez
- Unidad de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Departamento Hospital y Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- *Correspondence: Gonzalo Suárez, ; Gustavo Salinas,
| | - Ignacio Alcántara
- Unidad de Bioestadística, Departamento de Salud Pública Veterinaria, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gustavo Salinas
- Worm Biology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- *Correspondence: Gonzalo Suárez, ; Gustavo Salinas,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Junior PB, Barros JC, Maciel WG, Garcia MV, de Oliveira Souza Higa L, Andreotti R. Control Strategies for the Tick Rhipicephalus Microplus (Canestrini, 1888) on Cattle: Economic Evaluation and Report of a Multidrug-Resistant Strain. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:1564-1572. [PMID: 36018471 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00611-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate four strategies for application of acaricides to control the tick Rhipicephalus microplus among infested cattle, and to show which of these has the best cost-benefit ratio. METHODS For this, 72 cattle were selected and divided into four groups: Group 1 (G1): fipronil, pour-on; Group 2 (G2): fluazuron, pour-on; Group 3 (G3): moxidectin, injectable; and Group 4 (G4): chlorpyrifos 30 g, cypermethrin 15 g and fenthion 15 g, spraying (atomizing chamber). Every seven days, the numbers of semi-engorged females were counted and laboratory tests were conducted using different commercial technical-grade products for resistance monitoring. RESULTS G4 showed the best percentage reduction, with the highest rate on the seventh day post-treatment (DPT) (83.23%). G3 was the second best strategy, with a percentage of inverse reduction such that the best results were on the 28th DPT (82.85%), while G1 and G2 reached their best results on the 21st DPT (32.63% and 2.79%). CONCLUSION It was noteworthy that the formulation used in G4 was the only one that was efficient for strategic control and that, based on the economic analysis, was shown to be economically viable over the medium term due to the need for investment. The presence of a multidrug-resistant strain in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul in vitro, for the chemical bases amitraz, cypermethrin and cypermethrin + DDVP, is reported here for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulino Bonatte Junior
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.,Agropecuária Sanyo, Agua Clara, MS, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Cavalcante Barros
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.,Embrapa Gado de Corte, Avenida Rádio Maia, 830, Campo Grande, MS, CEP 79106-550, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Renato Andreotti
- Embrapa Gado de Corte, Avenida Rádio Maia, 830, Campo Grande, MS, CEP 79106-550, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dube F, Hinas A, Roy S, Martin F, Åbrink M, Svärd S, Tydén E. Ivermectin-induced gene expression changes in adult Parascaris univalens and Caenorhabditis elegans: a comparative approach to study anthelminthic metabolism and resistance in vitro. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:158. [PMID: 35513885 PMCID: PMC9074254 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05260-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The nematode Parascaris univalens is one of the most prevalent parasitic pathogens infecting horses but anthelmintic resistance undermines treatment approaches. The molecular mechanisms underlying drug activity and resistance remain poorly understood in this parasite since experimental in vitro models are lacking. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of Caenorhabditis elegans as a model for P. univalens drug metabolism/resistance studies by a comparative gene expression approach after in vitro exposure to the anthelmintic drug ivermectin (IVM). Methods Twelve adult P. univalens worms in groups of three were exposed to ivermectin (IVM, 10–13 M, 10–11 M, 10–9 M) or left unexposed for 24 h at 37 °C, and total RNA, extracted from the anterior end of the worms, was sequenced using Illumina NovaSeq. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in metabolism, transportation, or gene expression with annotated Caernorhabditis elegans orthologues were identified as candidate genes to be involved in IVM metabolism/resistance. Similarly, groups of 300 adult C. elegans worms were exposed to IVM (10–9 M, 10–8 M and 10–7 M) or left unexposed for 4 h at 20 °C. Quantitative RT-PCR of RNA extracted from the C. elegans worm pools was used to compare against the expression of selected P. univalens candidate genes after drug treatment. Results After IVM exposure, 1085 DEGs were found in adult P. univalens worms but the relative gene expression changes were small and large variabilities were found between different worms. Fifteen of the DEGs were chosen for further characterization in C. elegans after comparative bioinformatics analyses. Candidate genes, including the putative drug target lgc-37, responded to IVM in P. univalens, but marginal to no responses were observed in C. elegans despite dose-dependent behavioral effects observed in C. elegans after IVM exposure. Thus, the overlap in IVM-induced gene expression in this small set of genes was minor in adult worms of the two nematode species. Conclusion This is the first time to our knowledge that a comparative gene expression approach has evaluated C. elegans as a model to understand IVM metabolism/resistance in P. univalens. Genes in P. univalens adults that responded to IVM treatment were identified. However, identifying conserved genes in P. univalens and C. elegans involved in IVM metabolism/resistance by comparing gene expression of candidate genes proved challenging. The approach appears promising but was limited by the number of genes studied (n = 15). Future studies comparing a larger number of genes between the two species may result in identification of additional candidate genes involved in drug metabolism and/or resistance. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05260-4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faruk Dube
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7036, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Andrea Hinas
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Shweta Roy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frida Martin
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7036, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Åbrink
- Section of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7036, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Staffan Svärd
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva Tydén
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7036, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Choudhary S, Kashyap SS, Martin RJ, Robertson AP. Advances in our understanding of nematode ion channels as potential anthelmintic targets. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2022; 18:52-86. [PMID: 35149380 PMCID: PMC8841521 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ion channels are specialized multimeric proteins that underlie cell excitability. These channels integrate with a variety of neuromuscular and biological functions. In nematodes, the physiological behaviors including locomotion, navigation, feeding and reproduction, are regulated by these protein entities. Majority of the antinematodal chemotherapeutics target the ion channels to disrupt essential biological functions. Here, we have summarized current advances in our understanding of nematode ion channel pharmacology. We review cys-loop ligand gated ion channels (LGICs), including nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), acetylcholine-chloride gated ion channels (ACCs), glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCls), and GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) receptors, and other ionotropic receptors (transient receptor potential (TRP) channels and potassium ion channels). We have provided an update on the pharmacological properties of these channels from various nematodes. This article catalogs the differences in ion channel composition and resulting pharmacology in the phylum Nematoda. This diversity in ion channel subunit repertoire and pharmacology emphasizes the importance of pursuing species-specific drug target research. In this review, we have provided an overview of recent advances in techniques and functional assays available for screening ion channel properties and their application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Choudhary
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Sudhanva S Kashyap
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Richard J Martin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Alan P Robertson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Singh E, Chandra D, Prasad A, Kaur N. Comparative Evaluation of Two In Vitro Tests for Detection of Ivermectin Resistance in Haemonchus contortus of Small Ruminants in Uttar Pradesh, India. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:1565-1569. [PMID: 33914239 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00398-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Resistance against ivermectin in India has been detected solely implementing in vivo tests and there is no published report of resistance employing in vitro methods. The present study was carried out to study ivermectin resistance in H. contortus of small ruminants by two in vitro tests and to determine their efficacy in effectively detecting ivermectin resistance in the field isolates. METHODS The present study was carried out in the small ruminant farms of the western region of Uttar Pradesh, India. Faecal samples with high egg per gram of faeces for H. contortus were selected. Two in vitro tests namely Micro agar larval development test and larval development assay were performed for assessing ivermectin resistance in field isolates of H. contortus by subjecting the eggs to different concentrations of ivermectin aglycone. RESULTS The results of the two in vitro tests implicated towards the susceptibility of H. contortus isolates in the area under study. The standard deviations of the two tests was compared and was found to be statistically non-significant. CONCLUSION It can be said that both in vitro tests are reliable for detecting resistance against different anthelmintics including ivermectin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Singh
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India.
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Dr. G.C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176062, India.
| | - Dinesh Chandra
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Arvind Prasad
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Navneet Kaur
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jiang H, Qin X, Wang Q, Xu Q, Wang J, Wu Y, Chen W, Wang C, Zhang T, Xing D, Zhang R. Application of carbohydrates in approved small molecule drugs: A review. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 223:113633. [PMID: 34171659 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are an important energy source and play numerous key roles in all living organisms. Carbohydrates chemistry involved in diagnosis and treatment of diseases has been attracting increasing attention. Carbohydrates could be one of the major focuses of new drug discovery. Currently, however, carbohydrate-containing drugs account for only a small percentage of all drugs in clinical use, which does not match the important roles of carbohydrates in the organism. In other words, carbohydrates are a relatively untapped source of new drugs and therefore may offer exciting novel therapeutic opportunities. Here, we presented an overview of the application of carbohydrates in approved small molecule drugs and emphasized and evaluated the roles of carbohydrates in those drugs. The potential development direction of carbohydrate-containing drugs was presented after summarizing the advantages and challenges of carbohydrates in the development of new drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongfei Jiang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiaofei Qin
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, 519041, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Critical Medicine, Hainan Maternal and Children's Medical Center, Haikou, 570312, China
| | - Qi Xu
- Laboratory of Immunology for Environment and Health, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yudong Wu
- Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Wujun Chen
- Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Dongming Xing
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Renshuai Zhang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Evans KS, Wit J, Stevens L, Hahnel SR, Rodriguez B, Park G, Zamanian M, Brady SC, Chao E, Introcaso K, Tanny RE, Andersen EC. Two novel loci underlie natural differences in Caenorhabditis elegans abamectin responses. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009297. [PMID: 33720993 PMCID: PMC7993787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes cause a massive worldwide burden on human health along with a loss of livestock and agriculture productivity. Anthelmintics have been widely successful in treating parasitic nematodes. However, resistance is increasing, and little is known about the molecular and genetic causes of resistance for most of these drugs. The free-living roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans provides a tractable model to identify genes that underlie resistance. Unlike parasitic nematodes, C. elegans is easy to maintain in the laboratory, has a complete and well annotated genome, and has many genetic tools. Using a combination of wild isolates and a panel of recombinant inbred lines constructed from crosses of two genetically and phenotypically divergent strains, we identified three genomic regions on chromosome V that underlie natural differences in response to the macrocyclic lactone (ML) abamectin. One locus was identified previously and encodes an alpha subunit of a glutamate-gated chloride channel (glc-1). Here, we validate and narrow two novel loci using near-isogenic lines. Additionally, we generate a list of prioritized candidate genes identified in C. elegans and in the parasite Haemonchus contortus by comparison of ML resistance loci. These genes could represent previously unidentified resistance genes shared across nematode species and should be evaluated in the future. Our work highlights the advantages of using C. elegans as a model to better understand ML resistance in parasitic nematodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn S. Evans
- Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Janneke Wit
- Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lewis Stevens
- Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Steffen R. Hahnel
- Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Briana Rodriguez
- Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Grace Park
- Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mostafa Zamanian
- Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Shannon C. Brady
- Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ellen Chao
- Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Katherine Introcaso
- Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Robyn E. Tanny
- Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Erik C. Andersen
- Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tabary M, Aryannejad A, Noroozi N, Tavangar SM, Mohammad Jafari R, Araghi F, Dadkhahfar S, Dehpour AR. Ivermectin Increases Random-Pattern Skin Flap Survival in Rats: The Novel Role of GABAergic System. J Surg Res 2021; 259:431-441. [PMID: 33069391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ivermectin (IVM) was first used as an antiparasitic agent; however, the role of this drug evolved into a broad spectrum. Many mechanisms have been proposed, including interaction with the GABAergic system. Considering the presence of GABA receptor in the skin tissue and its role in ischemia-reperfusion I/R injury, we aimed to evaluate the effect of IVM through GABA receptors on random-pattern skin flap survival. METHODS Sixty Wistar male rats were used. Multiple doses of IVM (0.01, 0.05, 0.2, and 0.5 mg/kg) were injected intraperitoneally before the surgery. Baclofen (selective GABAB agonist) and bicuculline (selective GABAA antagonist) were administered in combination with IVM to assess the role of the GABAergic system. Histopathological evaluations, immunohistochemical staining, quantitative assessment of IL-1β and TNFα, and the expression of GABAA α1 subunit and GABAB R1 receptors were evaluated in the skin tissue. RESULTS IVM 0.05 mg/kg could significantly increase flap survival compared with the control group (P < 0.001). Subeffective dose of baclofen (0.1 mg/kg) had synergistic effect with the subeffective dose of IVM (0.01 mg/kg) (P < 0.001), whereas bicuculline 1 mg/kg reversed the effect of IVM (0.05 mg/kg) (P < 0.001). IVM 0.05 mg/kg could also decrease the IL-1β and TNFα levels and increase the expression of GABAA α1 subunit and GABAB R1 receptors in the flap tissue compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS IVM could improve skin flap survival, probably mediated by the GABAergic pathway. Both GABAA and GABAB receptors are involved in this process. This finding may repurpose the use of old drug, "Ivermectin."
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Tabary
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Armin Aryannejad
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nafise Noroozi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Tavangar
- Department of Pathology, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Razieh Mohammad Jafari
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnaz Araghi
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Dadkhahfar
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lalthanpuii PB, Lalchhandama K. Chemical composition and broad-spectrum anthelmintic activity of a cultivar of toothache plant, Acmella oleracea, from Mizoram, India. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2020; 58:393-399. [PMID: 32401104 PMCID: PMC7269084 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2020.1760316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Context: A variety of Acmella oleracea (L.) R.K. Jansen (Asteraceae) is used by the Mizo people of India and Myanmar for intestinal helminthiasis.Objective: To perform a chemical analysis of the plant extract using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and test the anthelmintic activity on intestinal parasites.Materials and methods: An extract of the aerial parts was prepared in hexane and analysed using GC-MS. Survival test was performed in vitro on the cestode, Taenia tetragona, and the nematode, Ascaridia perspicillum. Concentrations of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 mg/mL, prepared in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with 1% dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), were tested. Negative control was maintained in PBS with DMSO, and albendazole was used as a reference drug. Each treatment consisted of six worms and was done until death was confirmed. Scanning electron microscopy was used to describe the structural changes.Results: Nineteen compounds were detected. The major compounds were fatty alcohols such as 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-ol and (9Z)-9-hexadecen-1-ol. Important bioactive compounds including an alkylamide, N-isobutyl-(2E,4Z,8Z,10E)-dodecatetraenamide, and a triterpenoid, lupeol, were also confirmed. The lethal concentration (LC50) of the plant extract was 5128.61 ppm on T. tetragona and 8921.50 ppm on A. perspicillum. Tegumental shrinkage, erosion of microtriches, and distortion of the suckers were observed on the cestode. The nematode showed collapse of the lips and shrunk cuticle.Conclusions: Acmella oleracea contains important bioactive compounds, which are responsible for the broad-spectrum anthelmintic activity. Further study on the pharmacology of the compounds is warranted.
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang Y, Gong M, Wang X, Peng X, Wang Y, Guan J, Cheng D, Weng C, Zheng Y. Efficient degradation of ivermectin by newly isolated Aeromonas taiwanensis ZJB-18,044. Biodegradation 2020; 31:275-288. [PMID: 32936376 PMCID: PMC7492233 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-020-09909-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Ivermectin (IVM) is a widely used antiparasitic agent and acaricide. Despite its high efficiency against nematodes and arthropods, IVM may pose a threat to the environment due to its ecotoxcity. In this study, degradation of IVM by a newly isolated bacterium Aeromonas taiwanensis ZJB-18,044 was investigated. Strain ZJB-18,044 can completely degrade 50 mg/L IVM in 5 d with a biodegradation ability of 0.42 mg/L/h. Meanwhile, it exhibited high tolerance (50 mg/L) to doramectin, emamectin, rifampicin, and spiramycin. It can also efficiently degrade doramectin, emamectin, and spiramycin. The IVM degradation of strain ZJB-18,044 can be inhibited by erythromycin, azithromycin, spiramycin or rifampicin. However, supplement of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, can partially recover the IVM degradation. Moreover, strain ZJB-18,044 cells can pump out excess IVM to maintain a low intracellular IVM concentration. Therefore, the IVM tolerance of strain ZJB-18,044 may be due to the regulation of the intracellular IVM concentration by the activated macrolide efflux pump(s). With the high IVM degradation efficiency, A. taiwanensis ZJB-18,044 may serve as a bioremediation agent for IVM and other macrolides in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Meihua Gong
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianlin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolun Peng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Guan
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongyuan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunyue Weng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuguo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Khan S, Nisar A, Yuan J, Luo X, Dou X, Liu F, Zhao X, Li J, Ahmad H, Mehmood SA, Feng X. A Whole Genome Re-Sequencing Based GWA Analysis Reveals Candidate Genes Associated with Ivermectin Resistance in Haemonchus contortus. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E367. [PMID: 32231078 PMCID: PMC7230667 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The most important and broad-spectrum drug used to control the parasitic worms to date is ivermectin (IVM). Resistance against IVM has emerged in parasites, and preserving its efficacy is now becoming a serious issue. The parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus (Rudolphi, 1803) is economically an important parasite of small ruminants across the globe, which has a successful track record in IVM resistance. There are growing evidences regarding the multigenic nature of IVM resistance, and although some genes have been proposed as candidates of IVM resistance using lower magnification of genome, the genetic basis of IVM resistance still remains poorly resolved. Using the full magnification of genome, we herein applied a population genomics approach to characterize genome-wide signatures of selection among pooled worms from two susceptible and six ivermectin-resistant isolates of H. contortus, and revealed candidate genes under selection in relation to IVM resistance. These candidates also included a previously known IVM-resistance-associated candidate gene HCON_00148840, glc-3. Finally, an RNA-interference-based functional validation assay revealed the HCON_00143950 as IVM-tolerance-associated gene in H. contortus. The possible role of this gene in IVM resistance could be detoxification of xenobiotic in phase I of xenobiotic metabolism. The results of this study further enhance our understanding on the IVM resistance and continue to provide further evidence in favor of multigenic nature of IVM resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sawar Khan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ayesha Nisar
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jianqi Yuan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiaoping Luo
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai 200241, China
- Veterinary Research Institute, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010031, China
| | - Xueqin Dou
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiaochao Zhao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Junyan Li
- Veterinary Research Institute, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010031, China
| | - Habib Ahmad
- Department of Genetics, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan
| | | | - Xingang Feng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai 200241, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jiao Y, Preston S, Hofmann A, Taki A, Baell J, Chang BCH, Jabbar A, Gasser RB. A perspective on the discovery of selected compounds with anthelmintic activity against the barber's pole worm-Where to from here? ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2020; 108:1-45. [PMID: 32291083 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic roundworms (nematodes) cause substantial morbidity and mortality in animals worldwide. Anthelmintic treatment is central to controlling these worms, but widespread resistance to most of the commercially available anthelmintics for veterinary and agricultural use is compromising control, such that there is an urgency to discover new and effective drugs. The purpose of this article is to review information on parasitic nematodes, the treatment and control of parasitic nematode infections and aspects of discovering new anthelmintics in the context of anthelmintic resistance problems, and then to discuss some progress that our group has made in identifying selected compounds with activity against nematodes. The focus of our recent work has been on discovering new chemical entities and known drugs with anthelmintic activities against Haemonchus contortus as well as other socioeconomically important parasitic nematodes for subsequent development. Using whole worm-based phenotypic assays, we have been screening compound collections obtained via product-development-partnerships and/or collaborators, and active compounds have been assessed for their potential as anthelmintic candidates. Following the screening of 15,333 chemicals from five distinct compound collections against H. contortus, we have discovered one new chemical entity (designated SN00797439), two human kinase inhibitors (SNS-032 and AG-1295), 14 tetrahydroquinoxaline analogues, one insecticide (tolfenpyrad) and two tolfenpyrad (pyrazole-5-carboxamide) derivatives (a-15 and a-17) with anthelmintic activity in vitro. Some of these 20 'hit' compounds have selectivity against H. contortus in vitro when compared to particular human cell lines. In our opinion, some of these compounds could represent starting points for 'lead' development. Accordingly, the next research steps to be pursued include: (i) chemical optimisation of representative chemicals via structure-activity relationship (SAR) evaluations; (ii) assessment of the breadth of spectrum of anthelmintic activity on a range of other parasitic nematodes, such as strongyloids, ascaridoids, enoplids and filarioids; (iii) detailed investigations of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) of optimised chemicals with broad nematocidal or nematostatic activity; and (iv) establishment of the modes of action of lead candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Jiao
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah Preston
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
| | - Andreas Hofmann
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Aya Taki
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jonathan Baell
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Bill C H Chang
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zeng JY, Vuong TMD, Shi JH, Shi ZB, Guo JX, Zhang GC, Bi B. Avermectin stress varied structure and function of gut microbial community in Lymantria dispar asiatica (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) larvae. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 164:196-202. [PMID: 32284127 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lymantria dispar asiatica is a globally distributed herbivorous pest. Avermectin is a highly effective, broad-spectrum insecticide. In this study, fourth instar L. dispar asiatica larvae were exposed to a LC30 dose of avermectin. The structure and function of larval gut microbial community was analyzed to examine how gut microbiota in L. dispar asiatica larvae responded to avermectin stress. Results showed that the structure and function of gut microbial community in L. dispar asiatica larvae were varied by avermectin stress. To be precise, more than half quantity of the observed Optical Taxonomic Units (OTUs) showed significantly different abundances under avermectin stress. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) suggested nine bacterial genera and 12 fungal genera contributed to the different gut microbial community structure in L. dispar asiatica larvae. Gut microbial function classification (PICRUSt and FUNGuild) suggested that three bacterial function categories and a fungal function guild were significantly increased, and two fungal function guilds were significantly decreased by avermectin stress. This study furthers our understanding of the physiology of L. dispar asiatica larvae under avermectin stress, and is an essential step towards future development of potential pesticide targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Yong Zeng
- School of Forest, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Thi-Minh-Dien Vuong
- School of Forest, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Center of Technology Development and Agricultural Extension, Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hanoi 100803, Viet Nam
| | - Jiang-Hong Shi
- School of Forest, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Zhong-Bin Shi
- School of Forest, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jia-Xing Guo
- School of Forest, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Guo-Cai Zhang
- School of Forest, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Bing Bi
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lalchhandama K, Lalthanpuii PB, Zokimi Z. The toothache plant (Acmella oleracea) exhibits anthelmintic activity on both parasitic tapeworms and roundworms. Pharmacogn Mag 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_321_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|
19
|
Moreira N, Vicente FL, Sandini TM, Martinelli ECL, Navas-Suárez PE, Reis-Silva TM, Spinosa HS. Effects of ivermectin treatment during prepubertal and pubertal period on sexual parameters and sexual behavior in adulthood in rats. Res Vet Sci 2019; 129:21-27. [PMID: 31927177 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Pediculosis is a parasitic disease that is considered a serious global public health problem. It is caused by the ectoparasite that is popularly known as lice, mainly affecting children in early childhood. The most commonly used treatment to combat this parasitosis is the macrocyclic lactone ivermectin (IVM). However, the use of IVM is contraindicated in children who are younger than 5 years old or who weigh <15 kg because some types of drugs that are used during certain periods of brain maturation can lead to behavioral disorders. The present study evaluated the effects of IVM treatment during the prepubertal and pubertal period on sexual behavior in adulthood in male rats. Genital grooming, preputial separation, sexual behavior, sexual motivation, relative organ weight, the gonadosomatic index, and histopathology were evaluated. Oral dose of 0.2 mg/kg (therapeutic dose) of a commercial IVM formulation was administered. IVM affected genital grooming but did not influence preputial separation in prepubertal rats. Prepubertal IVM administration did not impair sexual behavior in adult rats, with the exception of the time of residence with female rats in the sexual motivation test. It did not affect relative organ weights, with the exception of the relative weight of the full seminal vesicle. It did not alter the gonadosomatic index, and no histopathological alterations were observed in different organs. These results indicate that administration of a therapeutic dose of IVM during the prepubertal and pubertal period does not alter parameters of sexual development or sexual behavior in adult male rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Moreira
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Graduate Program of Enviromental and Experimental Pathology and Graduate Program of Dentistry, Paulista University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - F L Vicente
- Student of Health Science Institute, Presbiterian Mackenzie University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - T M Sandini
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - E C L Martinelli
- Research Center of Veterinary Toxicology (CEPTOX), Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - P E Navas-Suárez
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - T M Reis-Silva
- Graduate Program of Enviromental and Experimental Pathology and Graduate Program of Dentistry, Paulista University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - H S Spinosa
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Meng X, Miao L, Ge H, Yang X, Dong F, Xu X, Wu Z, Qian K, Wang J. Molecular characterization of glutamate-gated chloride channel and its possible roles in development and abamectin susceptibility in the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 155:72-80. [PMID: 30857629 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCls) mediate fast inhibitory neurotransmission in invertebrate nervous systems, and are of considerable interest in insecticide discovery. The full length cDNA encoding CsGluCl was cloned from the rice stem borer Chilo suppressalis (Walker). Multiple cDNA sequence alignment revealed three variants of CsGluCl generated by alternative splicing of exon 3 and exon 9. While all the transcripts were predominantly expressed in both nerve cord and brain, the expression patterns of these three variants differed among other tissues and developmental stages. Specifically, the expression level of CsGluCl C in cuticle was similar to that in nerve cord and brain, and was the predominant variant in late pupae and early adult stages. Both injection and oral delivery of dsGluCl significantly reduced the mRNA level of CsGluCl. Increased susceptibility to abamectin and reduced larvae growth and pupation rate were observed in dsGluCl-treated larvae. Thus, our results provide the evidence that in addition to act as the target of abamectin, GluCls also play important physiological roles in the development of insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangkun Meng
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lijun Miao
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Huichen Ge
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xuemei Yang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Fan Dong
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xin Xu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhaolu Wu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Kun Qian
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Moreira N, Torres MA, Navas-Suárez PE, Gonçalves V, Raspantini PCF, Raspantini LER, Gotardo AT, Andrade AFC, Spinosa HS. Ivermectin does not interfere with seminal and hormonal parameters in male rabbits. Theriogenology 2019; 124:32-38. [PMID: 30336301 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Ivermectin (IVM) is a macrocyclic lactone used as a broad spectrum antiparasitic agent against nematodes and arthropods. It is mainly used in the control of parasitic infections of domestic animals, and recently has been used in humans to treat onchocerciasis, scabies, and pediculosis. In mammals, evidence has indicated that macrocyclic lactones interact with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated chloride channels. The GABAergic system is known to be involved in the manifestation of sexual behavior, and previous studies have shown that IVM impaired sexual behavior in both male and female rats. Thus, considering that IVM may interfere with the sexual sphere, this study evaluated the temporal (1 up 60 days) effects of exposure to IVM (0.2 and 1.0 mg/kg, administered subcutaneously) on seminal and hormonal parameters of male rabbits. In male rabbits, the spermatozoa concentration, motility and morphology, the integrity of the plasmatic, acrosomal and mitochondrial membranes of the spermatozoa, the organ weights, gonadosomatic index, serum testosterone concentrations, histopathological findings were evaluated and hematological and serum biochemical analysis was conducted. No changes were observed in male seminal parameters evaluated by spermatozoa concentration, motility, and morphology, nor the potential for fertilization evaluated by the integrity of the plasmatic, acrosomal, and mitochondrial membranes of the spermatozoa; there was also no interference in serum testosterone concentration, serum biochemistry and hematological parameters. The findings of this study using the artificial vagina for collection of semen and computer-assisted semen analysis showed that IVM at doses of 0.2 and 1.0 mg/kg of SC did not alter any of the semen parameters of rabbits evaluated for up to 60 days after administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Moreira
- Graduate Program of Experimental and Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil.
| | - M A Torres
- Graduate Program of Animal Reproduction, Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - P E Navas-Suárez
- Graduate Program of Experimental and Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - V Gonçalves
- Graduate Program of Experimental and Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - P C F Raspantini
- Research Center of Veterinary Toxicology (CEPTOX), Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - L E R Raspantini
- Research Center of Veterinary Toxicology (CEPTOX), Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - A T Gotardo
- Research Center of Veterinary Toxicology (CEPTOX), Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - A F C Andrade
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - H S Spinosa
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kuramochi M, Doi M. An Excitatory/Inhibitory Switch From Asymmetric Sensory Neurons Defines Postsynaptic Tuning for a Rapid Response to NaCl in Caenorhabditis elegans. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 11:484. [PMID: 30687001 PMCID: PMC6333676 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The neural networks that regulate animal behaviors are encoded in terms of neuronal excitation and inhibition at the synapse. However, how the temporal activity of neural circuits is dynamically and precisely characterized by each signaling interaction via excitatory or inhibitory synapses, and how both synaptic patterns are organized to achieve fine regulation of circuit activities is unclear. Here, we show that in Caenorhabditis elegans, the excitatory/inhibitory switch from asymmetric sensory neurons (ASEL/R) following changes in NaCl concentration is required for a rapid and fine response in postsynaptic interneurons (AIBs). We found that glutamate released by the ASEL neuron inhibits AIBs via a glutamate-gated chloride channel localized at the distal region of AIB neurites. Conversely, glutamate released by the ASER neuron activates AIBs via an AMPA-type ionotropic receptor and a G-protein-coupled metabotropic glutamate receptor. Interestingly, these excitatory receptors are mainly distributed at the proximal regions of the neurite. Our results suggest that these convergent synaptic patterns can tune and regulate the proper behavioral response to environmental changes in NaCl.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kuramochi
- Molecular Neurobiology Research Group and DAILAB, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advance Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Motomichi Doi
- Molecular Neurobiology Research Group and DAILAB, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advance Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kinrade SA, Mason JW, Sanabria CR, Rayner CR, Bullock JM, Stanworth SH, Sullivan MT. Evaluation of the Cardiac Safety of Long-Acting Endectocide Moxidectin in a Randomized Concentration-QT Study. Clin Transl Sci 2018; 11:582-589. [PMID: 30117300 PMCID: PMC6226119 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Potential effects on cardiac repolarization of single doses of moxidectin, a potent long‐acting macrocyclic lactone endectocide, were assessed in a concentration‐QT (c‐QT; exposure‐response) study. This double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, parallel‐group study in healthy male volunteers (n = 60) randomized subjects to a single oral dose of moxidectin (4 mg, 8 mg, 16 mg, 24 mg, or 36 mg) or matching placebo. Serial plasma samples for pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis and concurrent triplicate electrocardiogram measurements were taken at baseline and 14 prespecified time points over 72 hours, yielding 900 QT interval‐plasma concentration time‐matched pairs. Moxidectin had no statistically significant or clinically relevant impact on QT interval at any dose level. The primary mixed effects model analysis revealed no treatment‐related impact on the Fridericia‐corrected QT interval‐plasma concentration gradient (−0.0077, 90% confidence interval (CI) −0.0255 to +0.0101).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sally A Kinrade
- Medicines Development for Global Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jay W Mason
- Mason Cardiac Safety Consulting, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Mark T Sullivan
- Medicines Development for Global Health, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Affiliation(s)
- Derek Bowie
- Department of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébec H3G 1Y6Canada
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Caenorhabditis elegans susceptibility to Daldinia cf. concentrica bioactive volatiles is coupled with expression activation of the stress-response transcription factor daf-16, a part of distinct nematicidal action. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196870. [PMID: 29723292 PMCID: PMC5933902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The bionematicidal effect of a synthetic volatile mixture (SVM) of four volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by the endophytic fungus Daldinia cf. concentrica against the devastating plant-parasitic root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica has been recently demonstrated in both in vitro and greenhouse experiments. However, the mode of action governing the observed irreversible paralysis of J2 larvae upon exposure to SVM is unknown. To unravel the mechanism underlying the anthelmintic and nematicidal activities, we used the tractable model worm Caenorhabditis elegans. C. elegans was also susceptible to both the fungal VOCs and SVM. Among compounds comprising SVM, 3-methyl-1-butanol, (±)-2-methyl-1-butanol, and 4-heptanone showed significant nematicidal activity toward L1, L4 and young adult stages. Egg hatching was only negatively affected by 4-heptanone. To determine the mechanism underlying this activity, we examined the response of C. elegans mutants for glutamate-gated chloride channel and acetylcholine transporter, targets of the nematicidal drugs ivermectin and aldicarb, respectively, to 4-heptanone and SVM. These aldicarb- and ivermectin-resistant mutants retained susceptibility upon exposure to 4-heptanone and SVM. Next, we used C. elegans TJ356 strain zIs356 (daf-16::GFP+rol-6), LD1 ldIs7 [skn-1B/C::GFP + pRF4(rol-6(su1006))], LD1171 ldIs3 [gcs-1p::gfp; rol-6(su1006))], CL2166 dvIs19 (gst-4p::GFP) and CF1553 muIs84 (sod-3p::GFP+rol-6), which have mutations in genes regulating multiple stress responses. Following exposure of L4 larvae to 4-heptanone or SVM, there was clear nuclear translocation of DAF-16::GFP, and SKN-1::GFP indicating that their susceptibility involves DAF-16 and SKN1 regulation. Application of 4-heptanone, but not SVM, induced increased expression of, gcs-1::GFP and gst-4::GFP compared to controls. In contrast, application of 4-heptanone or SVM to the sod-3::GFP line elicited a significant decline in overall fluorescence intensity compared to controls, indicating SOD-3 downregulation and therefore overall reduction in cellular redox machinery. Our data indicate that the mode of action of SVM and 4-heptanone from D. cf. concentrica differs from that of currently available nematicides, potentially offering new solutions for nematode management.
Collapse
|
26
|
Atif M, Estrada-Mondragon A, Nguyen B, Lynch JW, Keramidas A. Effects of glutamate and ivermectin on single glutamate-gated chloride channels of the parasitic nematode H. contortus. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006663. [PMID: 28968469 PMCID: PMC5638611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ivermectin (IVM) is a widely-used anthelmintic that works by binding to and activating glutamate-gated chloride channel receptors (GluClRs) in nematodes. The resulting chloride flux inhibits the pharyngeal muscle cells and motor neurons of nematodes, causing death by paralysis or starvation. IVM resistance is an emerging problem in many pest species, necessitating the development of novel drugs. However, drug optimisation requires a quantitative understanding of GluClR activation and modulation mechanisms. Here we investigated the biophysical properties of homomeric α (avr-14b) GluClRs from the parasitic nematode, H. contortus, in the presence of glutamate and IVM. The receptor proved to be highly responsive to low nanomolar concentrations of both compounds. Analysis of single receptor activations demonstrated that the GluClR oscillates between multiple functional states upon the binding of either ligand. The G36’A mutation in the third transmembrane domain, which was previously thought to hinder access of IVM to its binding site, was found to decrease the duration of active periods and increase receptor desensitisation. On an ensemble macropatch level the mutation gave rise to enhanced current decay and desensitisation rates. Because these responses were common to both glutamate and IVM, and were observed under conditions where agonist binding sites were likely saturated, we infer that G36’A affects the intrinsic properties of the receptor with no specific effect on IVM binding mechanisms. These unexpected results provide new insights into the activation and modulatory mechanisms of the H. contortus GluClRs and provide a mechanistic framework upon which the actions of drugs can be reliably interpreted. IVM is a gold standard anti-parasitic drug that is used extensively to control invertebrate parasites pest species. The drug targets the glutamate-gated chloride channel receptor (GluClR) found on neurons and muscle cells of these organisms, causing paralysis and death. However, IVM resistance is becoming a serious problem in human and animal health, as well as human food production. We provide the first comprehensive investigation of the functional properties of the GluClR of H. contortus, which is a major parasite in grazing animals, such as sheep and goats. We compared glutamate and IVM induced activity of the wild-type and a mutant GluClR, G36’A, that markedly reduces IVM sensitivity in wild populations of pests. Our data demonstrate that the mutation reduces IVM sensitivity by altering the functional properties of the GluClR rather than specifically affecting the binding of IVM, even though the mutation occurs at the IVM binding site. This study provides a mechanistic framework upon which the actions of new candidate anthelmintic drugs can be interpreted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Atif
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Bindi Nguyen
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Joseph W. Lynch
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail: (AK); (JL)
| | - Angelo Keramidas
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail: (AK); (JL)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kalmobé J, Ndjonka D, Boursou D, Vildina JD, Liebau E. Phytochemical analysis and in vitro anthelmintic activity of Lophira lanceolata (Ochnaceae) on the bovine parasite Onchocerca ochengi and on drug resistant strains of the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:404. [PMID: 28806951 PMCID: PMC5557511 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1904-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background Onchocerciasis is one of the tropical neglected diseases (NTDs) caused by the nematode Onchocerca volvulus. Control strategies currently in use rely on mass administration of ivermectin, which has marked activity against microfilariae. Furthermore, the development of resistance to ivermectin was observed. Since vaccine and safe macrofilaricidal treatment against onchocerciasis are still lacking, there is an urgent need to discover novel drugs. This study was undertaken to investigate the anthelmintic activity of Lophira lanceolata on the cattle parasite Onchocerca ochengi and the anthelmintic drug resistant strains of the free living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and to determine the phytochemical profiles of the extracts and fractions of the plants. Methods Plant was extracted in ethanol or methanol-methylene chloride. O. ochengi, C. elegans wild-type and C. elegans drug resistant strains were cultured in RPMI-1640 and NGM-agar respectively. Drugs diluted in dimethylsulphoxide/RPMI or M9-Buffer were added in assays and monitored at 48 h and 72 h. Worm viability was determined by using the MTT/formazan colorimetric method. Polyphenol, tannin and flavonoid contents were determined by dosage of gallic acid and rutin. Acute oral toxicity was evaluated using Swiss albino mice. Results Ethanolic and methanolic-methylene chloride extracts killed O. ochengi with LC50 values of 9.76, 8.05, 6.39 μg/mL and 9.45, 7.95, 6.39 μg/mL respectively for leaves, trunk bark and root bark after 72 h. The lowest concentrations required to kill 50% of the wild-type of C. elegans were 1200 and 1890 μg/mL with ethanolic crude extract, 1000 and 2030 μg/mL with MeOH-CH2Cl2 for root bark and trunk bark of L. lanceolata, respectively after 72 h. Leave extracts of L. lanceolata are lethal to albendazole and ivermectin resistant strains of C. elegans after 72 h. Methanol/methylene chloride extracted more metabolites. Additionally, extracts could be considered relatively safe. Conclusion Ethanolic and methanolic-methylene chloride crude extracts and fractions of L. lanceolata showed in vitro anthelmintic activity. The extracts and fractions contained polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids and saponins. The mechanism of action of this plant could be different from that of albendazole and ivermectin. These results confirm the use of L. lanceolata by traditional healers for the treatment of worm infections. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-017-1904-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
28
|
Anti-Onchocerca and Anti-Caenorhabditis Activity of a Hydro-Alcoholic Extract from the Fruits of Acacia nilotica and Some Proanthocyanidin Derivatives. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22050748. [PMID: 28481237 PMCID: PMC6154738 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acacia nilotica fruits with high tannin content are used in the northern parts of Cameroon as anti-filarial remedies by traditional healers. In this study, the hydro-alcoholic fruit extract (crude extract (CE)) and, one of the main constituents in its most active fractions, (+)-catechin-3-O-gallate (CG), as well as four related proanthocyanidins, (−)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate (ECG), (+)-gallocatechin (GC), (−)-epigallocatechin (EGC) and (−)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG), were assessed for their potential in vitro anthelmintic properties against the free-living model organism Caenorhabditis elegans and against the cattle filarial parasite Onchocerca ochengi. Worms were incubated in the presence of different concentrations of fruit extract, fractions and pure compounds. The effects on mortality were monitored after 48 h. The plant extract and all of the pure tested compounds were active against O. ochengi (LC50 ranging from 1.2 to 11.5 µg/mL on males) and C. elegans (LC50 ranging from 33.8 to 350 µg/mL on wild type). While high LC50 were required for the effects of the compounds on C. elegans, very low LC50 were required against O. ochengi. Importantly, tests for acute oral toxicity (lowest dose: 10 mg/kg) in Wistar rats demonstrated that crude extract and pure compounds were non-toxic and safe to use. Additionally, the results of cytotoxicity tests with the Caco-2 cell line (CC50 ranging from 47.1 to 93.2 µg/mL) confirmed the absence of significant toxicity of the crude extract and pure compounds. These results are in good accordance with the use of A. nilotica against nematode infections by traditional healers, herdsmen and pastoralists in Cameroon.
Collapse
|
29
|
Degani-Katzav N, Gortler R, Weissman M, Paas Y. Mutational Analysis at Intersubunit Interfaces of an Anionic Glutamate Receptor Reveals a Key Interaction Important for Channel Gating by Ivermectin. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:92. [PMID: 28428744 PMCID: PMC5382172 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The broad-spectrum anthelmintic drug ivermectin (IVM) activates and stabilizes an open-channel conformation of invertebrate chloride-selective glutamate receptors (GluClRs), thereby causing a continuous inflow of chloride ions and sustained membrane hyperpolarization. These effects suppress nervous impulses and vital physiological processes in parasitic nematodes. The GluClRs are pentamers. Homopentameric receptors assembled from the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) GluClα (GLC-1) subunit can inherently respond to IVM but not to glutamate (the neurotransmitter). In contrast, heteromeric GluClα/β (GLC-1/GLC-2) assemblies respond to both ligands, independently of each other. Glutamate and IVM bind at the interface between adjacent subunits, far away from each other; glutamate in the extracellular ligand-binding domain, and IVM in the ion-channel pore periphery. To understand the importance of putative intersubunit contacts located outside the glutamate and IVM binding sites, we introduced mutations at intersubunit interfaces, between these two binding-site types. Then, we determined the effect of these mutations on the activation of the heteromeric mutant receptors by glutamate and IVM. Amongst these mutations, we characterized an α-subunit point mutation located close to the putative IVM-binding pocket, in the extracellular end of the first transmembrane helix (M1). This mutation (αF276A) moderately reduced the sensitivity of the heteromeric GluClαF276A/βWT receptor to glutamate, and slightly decreased the receptor subunits’ cooperativity in response to glutamate. In contrast, the αF276A mutation drastically reduced the sensitivity of the receptor to IVM and significantly increased the receptor subunits’ cooperativity in response to IVM. We suggest that this mutation reduces the efficacy of channel gating, and impairs the integrity of the IVM-binding pocket, likely by disrupting important interactions between the tip of M1 and the M2-M3 loop of an adjacent subunit. We hypothesize that this physical contact between M1 and the M2-M3 loop tunes the relative orientation of the ion-channel transmembrane helices M1, M2 and M3 to optimize pore opening. Interestingly, pre-exposure of the GluClαF276A/βWT mutant receptor to subthreshold IVM concentration recovered the receptor sensitivity to glutamate. We infer that IVM likely retained its positive modulation activity by constraining the transmembrane helices in a preopen orientation sensitive to glutamate, with no need for the aforementioned disrupted interactions between M1 and the M2-M3 loop.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nurit Degani-Katzav
- Laboratory of Ion Channels, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan UniversityRamat Gan, Israel
| | - Revital Gortler
- Laboratory of Ion Channels, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan UniversityRamat Gan, Israel
| | - Marina Weissman
- Laboratory of Ion Channels, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan UniversityRamat Gan, Israel
| | - Yoav Paas
- Laboratory of Ion Channels, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan UniversityRamat Gan, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Laing R, Gillan V, Devaney E. Ivermectin - Old Drug, New Tricks? Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:463-472. [PMID: 28285851 PMCID: PMC5446326 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ivermectin is one of the most important drugs in veterinary and human medicine for the control of parasitic infection and was the joint focus of the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, some 35 years after its remarkable discovery. Although best described for its activity on glutamate-gated chloride channels in parasitic nematodes, understanding of its mode of action remains incomplete. In the field of veterinary medicine, resistance to ivermectin is now widespread, but the mechanisms underlying resistance are unresolved. Here we discuss the history of this versatile drug and its use in global health. Based on recent studies in a variety of systems, we question whether ivermectin could have additional modes of action on parasitic nematodes. Ligand-gated ion channels, particularly glutamate-gated chloride channels, are well characterised as the targets of IVM in nematodes and insects. Nematode genomes are helping to cast light on the diversity of ion-channel subunits in different parasite species of human and veterinary importance. Resistance to IVM is an increasing problem in the control of parasitic nematodes, and resolving the mechanisms is an important research priority. Recent studies in other biological systems suggest that IVM can affect a number of additional pathways. IVM may have novel applications in the treatment and control of important human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roz Laing
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Victoria Gillan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Eileen Devaney
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Degani-Katzav N, Klein M, Har-Even M, Gortler R, Tobi R, Paas Y. Trapping of ivermectin by a pentameric ligand-gated ion channel upon open-to-closed isomerization. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42481. [PMID: 28218274 PMCID: PMC5317004 DOI: 10.1038/srep42481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ivermectin (IVM) is a broad-spectrum anthelmintic drug used to treat human parasitic diseases like river blindness and lymphatic filariasis. By activating invertebrate pentameric glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCl receptors; GluClRs), IVM induces sustained chloride influx and long-lasting membrane hyperpolarization that inhibit neural excitation in nematodes. Although IVM activates the C. elegans heteromeric GluClα/β receptor, it cannot activate a homomeric receptor composed of the C. elegans GluClβ subunits. To understand this incapability, we generated a homopentameric α7-GluClβ chimeric receptor that consists of an extracellular ligand-binding domain of an α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor known to be potentiated by IVM, and a chloride-selective channel domain assembled from GluClβ subunits. Application of IVM prior to acetylcholine inhibited the responses of the chimeric α7-GluClβR. Adding IVM to activated α7-GluClβRs, considerably accelerated the decline of ACh-elicited currents and stabilized the receptors in a non-conducting state. Determination of IVM association and dissociation rate constants and recovery experiments suggest that, following initial IVM binding to open α7-GluClβRs, the drug induces a conformational change and locks the ion channel in a closed state for a long duration. We further found that IVM also inhibits the activation by glutamate of a homomeric receptor assembled from the C. elegans full-length GluClβ subunits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nurit Degani-Katzav
- Laboratory of Ion Channels, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and The Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Moshe Klein
- Laboratory of Ion Channels, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and The Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Moran Har-Even
- Laboratory of Ion Channels, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and The Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Revital Gortler
- Laboratory of Ion Channels, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and The Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Ruthi Tobi
- Laboratory of Ion Channels, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and The Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Yoav Paas
- Laboratory of Ion Channels, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and The Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Whittaker JH, Carlson SA, Jones DE, Brewer MT. Molecular mechanisms for anthelmintic resistance in strongyle nematode parasites of veterinary importance. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 40:105-115. [PMID: 27302747 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Veterinarians rely on a relatively limited spectrum of anthelmintic agents to control nematode parasites in domestic animals. Unfortunately, anthelmintic resistance has been an emerging problem in veterinary medicine. In particular, resistance has emerged among the strongyles, a group of gastrointestinal nematodes that infect a variety of hosts that range from large herbivores to small companion animals. Over the last several decades, a great deal of research effort has been directed toward developing an understanding of the mechanisms conferring resistance against the three major groups of anthelmintics: macrocyclic lactones, benzimidazoles, and nicotinic agonists. Our understanding of anthelmintic resistance has been largely formed by determining the mechanism of action for each drug class and then evaluating drug-resistant nematode isolates for mutations or differences in expression of target genes. More recently, drug efflux pumps have been recognized for their potential contribution to anthelmintic resistance. In this mini-review, we summarize the evidence for mechanisms of resistance in strongyle nematodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J H Whittaker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, USA
| | - S A Carlson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, USA
| | - D E Jones
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, USA
| | - M T Brewer
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wever CM, Farrington D, Dent JA. The Validation of Nematode-Specific Acetylcholine-Gated Chloride Channels as Potential Anthelmintic Drug Targets. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138804. [PMID: 26393923 PMCID: PMC4578888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
New compounds are needed to treat parasitic nematode infections in humans, livestock and plants. Small molecule anthelmintics are the primary means of nematode parasite control in animals; however, widespread resistance to the currently available drug classes means control will be impossible without the introduction of new compounds. Adverse environmental effects associated with nematocides used to control plant parasitic species are also motivating the search for safer, more effective compounds. Discovery of new anthelmintic drugs in particular has been a serious challenge due to the difficulty of obtaining and culturing target parasites for high-throughput screens and the lack of functional genomic techniques to validate potential drug targets in these pathogens. We present here a novel strategy for target validation that employs the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to demonstrate the value of new ligand-gated ion channels as targets for anthelmintic discovery. Many successful anthelmintics, including ivermectin, levamisole and monepantel, are agonists of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels, suggesting that the unexploited pentameric ion channels encoded in parasite genomes may be suitable drug targets. We validated five members of the nematode-specific family of acetylcholine-gated chloride channels as targets of agonists with anthelmintic properties by ectopically expressing an ivermectin-gated chloride channel, AVR-15, in tissues that endogenously express the acetylcholine-gated chloride channels and using the effects of ivermectin to predict the effects of an acetylcholine-gated chloride channel agonist. In principle, our strategy can be applied to validate any ion channel as a putative anti-parasitic drug target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M. Wever
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Joseph A. Dent
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Campbell JC, Chin-Sang ID, Bendena WG. Mechanosensation circuitry in Caenorhabditis elegans: A focus on gentle touch. Peptides 2015; 68:164-74. [PMID: 25543196 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Forward or reverse movement in Caenorhabditis elegans is the result of sequential contraction of muscle cells arranged along the body. In larvae, muscle cells are innervated by distinct classes of motorneurons. B motorneurons regulate forward movement and A motorneurons regulate backward movement. Ablation of the D motor neurons results in animals that are uncoordinated in either direction, which suggests that D motorneurons regulate the interaction between the two circuits. C. elegans locomotion is dictated by inputs from interneurons that regulate the activity of motorneurons which coordinate muscle contraction to facilitate forward or backwards movement. As C. elegans moves through the environment, sensory neurons interpret chemical and mechanical information which is relayed to the motor neurons that control locomotory direction. A mechanosensory input known as light nose touch can be simulated in the laboratory by touching the nose of the animal with a human eyebrow hair. The recoil reaction that follows from light nose touch appears to be primarily mediated by glutamate release from the polymodal sensory neuron ASH. Numerous glutamate receptor types are found in different neurons and interneurons which suggest that several pathways may regulate the aversive response. Based on the phenotypes of mutants in which neuropeptide processing is abolished, neuropeptides play a role in circuit regulation. The light touch response is also regulated by transient receptor channel proteins and degenerin/epithelial sodium channels which modulate the activity of sensory neurons involved in the nose touch response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Campbell
- Department of Biology, Biosciences Complex, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Ian D Chin-Sang
- Department of Biology, Biosciences Complex, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - William G Bendena
- Department of Biology, Biosciences Complex, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; Centre for Neuroscience, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Anthelmintic resistance is a major problem for the control livestock parasites and a potential threat to the sustainability of community-wide treatment programmes being used to control human parasites in the developing world. Anthelmintic resistance is essentially a complex quantitative trait in which multiple mutations contribute to the resistance phenotype in an additive manner. Consequently, a combination of forward genetic and genomic approaches are needed to identify the causal mutations and quantify their contribution to the resistance phenotype. Therefore, there is a need to develop genetic and genomic approaches for key parasite species identified as relevant models. Haemonchus contortus, a gastro-intestinal parasite of sheep, has shown a remarkable propensity to develop resistance to all the drugs used in its control. Partly because of this, and partly because of its experimental amenability, research on this parasite has contributed more than any other to our understanding of anthelmintic resistance. H. contortus offers a variety of advantages as an experimental system including the ability to undertake genetic crosses; a prerequisite for genetic mapping. This review will discuss the current progress on developing H. contortus as a model system in which to study anthelmintic resistance.
Collapse
|
36
|
Suarez G, Alvarez L, Castells D, Moreno L, Fagiolino P, Lanusse C. Evaluation of pharmacological interactions after administration of a levamisole, albendazole and ivermectin triple combination in lambs. Vet Parasitol 2014; 201:110-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
37
|
Cwiklinski K, Merga JY, Lake SL, Hartley C, Matthews JB, Paterson S, Hodgkinson JE. Transcriptome analysis of a parasitic clade V nematode: comparative analysis of potential molecular anthelmintic targets in Cylicostephanus goldi. Int J Parasitol 2013; 43:917-27. [PMID: 23911309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Clade V nematodes comprise several parasitic species that include the cyathostomins, primary helminth pathogens of horses. Next generation transcriptome datasets are available for eight parasitic clade V nematodes, although no equine parasites are included in this group. Here, we report next generation transcriptome sequencing analysis for the common cyathostomin species, Cylicostephanus goldi. A cDNA library was generated from RNA extracted from 17 C. goldi male and female adult parasites. Following sequencing using a 454 GS FLX pyrosequencer, a total of 475,215 sequencing reads were generated, which were assembled into 26,910 contigs. Using Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases, 27% of the transcriptome was annotated. Further in-depth analysis was carried out by comparing the C. goldi dataset with the next generation transcriptomes and genomes of other clade V nematodes, with the Oesophagostomum dentatum transcriptome and the Haemonchus contortus genome showing the highest levels of sequence identity with the cyathostomin dataset (45%). The C. goldi transcriptome was mined for genes associated with anthelmintic mode of action and/or resistance. Sequences encoding proteins previously associated with the three major anthelmintic classes used in horses were identified, with the exception of the P-glycoprotein group. Targeted resequencing of the glutamate gated chloride channel α4 subunit (glc-3), one of the primary targets of the macrocyclic lactone anthelmintics, was performed for several cyathostomin species. We believe this study reports the first transcriptome dataset for an equine helminth parasite, providing the opportunity for in-depth analysis of these important parasites at the molecular level. Sequences encoding enzymes involved in key processes and genes associated with levamisole/pyrantel and macrocyclic lactone resistance, in particular the glutamate gated chloride channels, were identified. This novel data will inform cyathostomin biology and anthelmintic resistance studies in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Cwiklinski
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Evolution of neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate and their receptors. DONG WU XUE YAN JIU = ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2013; 33:E75-81. [PMID: 23266985 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1141.2012.e05-06e75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate are two important amino acid neurotransmitters widely present in the nervous systems of mammals, insects, round worm, and platyhelminths, while their receptors are quite diversified across different animal phyla. However, the evolutionary mechanisms between the two conserved neurotransmitters and their diversified receptors remain elusive, and antagonistic interactions between GABA and glutamate signal transduction systems, in particular, have begun to attract significant attention. In this review, we summarize the extant results on the origin and evolution of GABA and glutamate, as well as their receptors, and analyze possible evolutionary processes and phylogenetic relationships of various GABAs and glutamate receptors. We further discuss the evolutionary history of Excitatory/Neutral Amino Acid Transporter (EAAT), a transport protein, which plays an important role in the GABA-glutamate "yin and yang" balanced regulation. Finally, based on current advances, we propose several potential directions of future research.
Collapse
|
39
|
Anthelmintic activity of phenolic acids from the axlewood tree Anogeissus leiocarpus on the filarial nematode Onchocerca ochengi and drug-resistant strains of the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. J Helminthol 2013; 88:481-8. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x1300045x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe effect of three phenols (ellagic, gentisic and gallic acids) from the axlewood tree Anogeissus leiocarpus on Onchocerca ochengi and drug-resistant strains of Caenorhabditis elegans, a model organism for research on nematode parasites, is investigated. Worms were incubated in different concentrations of phenols and their survival was monitored after 48 h. Among the three acids, ellagic acid strongly affected the survival of O. ochengi microfilariae, O. ochengi adults, a wild-type C. elegans and anthelmintic-resistant strains of C. elegans, namely albendazole (CB3474), levamisole (CB211, ZZ16) and ivermectin (VC722, DA1316), with LC50 values ranging from 0.03 mm to 0.96 mm. These results indicate that the binding of ellagic acid in the worm differs from that of resistant strains of C. elegans. The efficacy of both gallic and gentisic acids was not significantly changed in resistant strains of C. elegans treated with levamisole (ZZ16, LC50= 9.98 mm, with gallic acid), albendazole (CB3474, LC50= 7.81 mm, with gentisic acid) and ivermectin (DA1316, LC50= 10.62 mm, with gentisic acid). The efficacy of these three pure compounds is in accordance with the use of A. leiocarpus from its locality of origin. The in vivo toxicity data reveal that the thresholds are up to 200 times higher than the determined LC50 values. Thus, ellagic acid could be a potential option for the treatment of nematode infections, even in cases of drug resistance towards established anthelmintic drugs.
Collapse
|
40
|
Prichard RK. Ivermectin resistance and overview of the Consortium for Anthelmintic Resistance SNPs. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 2:S41-52. [PMID: 23489032 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2.s1.s41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Ivermectin (IVM) has transformed nematode parasite control in veterinary medicine and the control of some nematode infections in humans, such as onchocerciasais, lymphatic filariasis in Africa and strongyloidiasis. Unfortunately, IVM resistance is now a serious problem for parasite control in livestock and there is a concern about resistance development and spread in nematode parasites of humans. IVM is believed to act by opening glutamate-gated chloride channels and GABA-gated channels in invertebrate neurons or muscle cells, leading to hyperpolarisation of the cells and to an inhibitory paralysis. However, in the filarial nematodes, it is not altogether clear that the effect of IVM is confined to these actions or even whether these are the most important. Alterations in some ligand-gated ion channel (LGIC) receptor subunits may play a role in the mechanisms of IVM resistance in some nematodes, but the evidence that changes in LGICs are the most important cause of IVM resistance in nematodes is far from clear. What is evident is that IVM is an excellent substrate for some ATP-binding cassette transporters, IVM selects for changes in expression levels of ABC transporters, such as P-glycoproteins, and that altered levels of some ABC transporters contribute to IVM resistance. In addition, there is growing evidence that IVM selects on β-tubulin, at least in some nematodes. Based on these various mechanisms, which contribute to IVM resistance, it may become possible to develop panels of molecular markers for IVM resistance in different nematode parasites. In order to stimulate the development of such markers, an international Consortium for Anthelmintic Resistance SNPs (CARS) has been developed to help coordinate marker development, advance our knowledge of helminth biology and possibly assist with the development of new anthelmintic molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger K Prichard
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X3V9, Canada 1 514 398 7729 ; +1 514 398 7594 ;
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ndjonka D, Ajonina-Ekoti I, Djafsia B, Lüersen K, Abladam E, Liebau E. Anogeissus leiocarpus extract on the parasite nematode Onchocerca ochengi and on drug resistant mutant strains of the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Vet Parasitol 2012; 190:136-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
42
|
Abstract
Glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCls) are found only in protostome invertebrate phyla but are closely related to mammalian glycine receptors. They have a number of roles in these animals, controlling locomotion and feeding and mediating sensory inputs into behavior. In nematodes and arthropods, they are targeted by the macrocyclic lactone family of anthelmintics and pesticides, making the GluCls of considerable medical and economic importance. Recently, the three-dimensional structure of a GluCl was solved, the first for any eukaryotic ligand-gated anion channel, revealing a macrocyclic lactone-binding site between the channel domains of adjacent subunits. This minireview will highlight some unique features of the GluCls and illustrate their contribution to our knowledge of the entire Cys loop ligand-gated ion channel superfamily.
Collapse
|
43
|
Laing ST, Ivens A, Butler V, Ravikumar SP, Laing R, Woods DJ, Gilleard JS. The transcriptional response of Caenorhabditis elegans to Ivermectin exposure identifies novel genes involved in the response to reduced food intake. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31367. [PMID: 22348077 PMCID: PMC3279368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We have examined the transcriptional response of Caenorhabditis elegans following exposure to the anthelmintic drug ivermectin (IVM) using whole genome microarrays and real-time QPCR. Our original aim was to identify candidate molecules involved in IVM metabolism and/or excretion. For this reason the IVM tolerant strain, DA1316, was used to minimise transcriptomic changes related to the phenotype of drug exposure. However, unlike equivalent work with benzimidazole drugs, very few of the induced genes were members of xenobiotic metabolising enzyme families. Instead, the transcriptional response was dominated by genes associated with fat mobilization and fatty acid metabolism including catalase, esterase, and fatty acid CoA synthetase genes. This is consistent with the reduction in pharyngeal pumping, and consequential reduction in food intake, upon exposure of DA1316 worms to IVM. Genes with the highest fold change in response to IVM exposure, cyp-37B1, mtl-1 and scl-2, were comparably up-regulated in response to short–term food withdrawal (4 hr) independent of IVM exposure, and GFP reporter constructs confirm their expression in tissues associated with fat storage (intestine and hypodermis). These experiments have serendipitously identified novel genes involved in an early response of C. elegans to reduced food intake and may provide insight into similar processes in higher organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven T. Laing
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Strathclyde, United Kingdom
| | - Al Ivens
- Fios Genomics Ltd, The Edinburgh Technology Transfer Centre, Edinburgh, Lothian, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Butler
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sai P. Ravikumar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Roz Laing
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Strathclyde, United Kingdom
| | - Debra J. Woods
- Research and Development, Pfizer Animal Health, Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States of America
| | - John S. Gilleard
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
The neural circuits and synaptic mechanisms underlying motor initiation in C. elegans. Cell 2012; 147:922-33. [PMID: 22078887 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
C. elegans is widely used to dissect how neural circuits and genes generate behavior. During locomotion, worms initiate backward movement to change locomotion direction spontaneously or in response to sensory cues; however, the underlying neural circuits are not well defined. We applied a multidisciplinary approach to map neural circuits in freely behaving worms by integrating functional imaging, optogenetic interrogation, genetic manipulation, laser ablation, and electrophysiology. We found that a disinhibitory circuit and a stimulatory circuit together promote initiation of backward movement and that circuitry dynamics is differentially regulated by sensory cues. Both circuits require glutamatergic transmission but depend on distinct glutamate receptors. This dual mode of motor initiation control is found in mammals, suggesting that distantly related organisms with anatomically distinct nervous systems may adopt similar strategies for motor control. Additionally, our studies illustrate how a multidisciplinary approach facilitates dissection of circuit and synaptic mechanisms underlying behavior in a genetic model organism.
Collapse
|
45
|
Glendinning SK, Buckingham SD, Sattelle DB, Wonnacott S, Wolstenholme AJ. Glutamate-gated chloride channels of Haemonchus contortus restore drug sensitivity to ivermectin resistant Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22390. [PMID: 21818319 PMCID: PMC3144221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthelmintic resistance is a major problem in livestock farming, especially of small ruminants, but our understanding of it has been limited by the difficulty in carrying out functional genetic studies on parasitic nematodes. An important nematode infecting sheep and goats is Haemonchus contortus; in many parts of the world this species is resistant to almost all the currently available drugs, including ivermectin. It is extremely polymorphic and to date it has proved impossible to relate any sequence polymorphisms to its ivermectin resistance status. Expression of candidate drug-resistance genes in Caenorhabditis elegans could provide a convenient means to study the effects of polymorphisms found in resistant parasites, but may be complicated by differences between the gene families of target and model organisms. We tested this using the glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) gene family, which forms the ivermectin drug target and are candidate resistance genes. We expressed GluCl subunits from C. elegans and H. contortus in a highly resistant triple mutant C. elegans strain (DA1316) under the control of the avr-14 promoter; expression of GFP behind this promoter recapitulated the pattern previously reported for avr-14. Expression of ivermectin-sensitive subunits from both species restored drug sensitivity to transgenic worms, though some quantitative differences were noted between lines. Expression of an ivermectin-insensitive subunit, Hco-GLC-2, had no effect on drug sensitivity. Expression of a previously uncharacterised parasite-specific subunit, Hco-GLC-6, caused the transgenic worms to become ivermectin sensitive, suggesting that this subunit also encodes a GluCl that responds to the drug. These results demonstrate that both orthologous and paralogous subunits from C. elegans and H. contortus are able to rescue the ivermectin sensitivity of mutant C. elegans, though some quantitative differences were observed between transgenic lines in some assays. C. elegans is a suitable system for studying parasitic nematode genes that may be involved in drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan K. Glendinning
- Departmenty of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | | | - David B. Sattelle
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Wonnacott
- Departmenty of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian J. Wolstenholme
- Departmenty of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Dunn ST, Hedges L, Sampson KE, Lai Y, Mahabir S, Balogh L, Locuson CW. Pharmacokinetic Interaction of the Antiparasitic Agents Ivermectin and Spinosad in Dogs. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 39:789-95. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.034827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
47
|
Ohnishi N, Kuhara A, Nakamura F, Okochi Y, Mori I. Bidirectional regulation of thermotaxis by glutamate transmissions in Caenorhabditis elegans. EMBO J 2011; 30:1376-88. [PMID: 21304490 PMCID: PMC3094115 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper provides a molecular and genetic analysis of the neural circuitry that regulates the migration of Caenorhabditis elegans towards either warmer or colder temperature and reveals an important role of glutamate signalling in this process. In complex neural circuits of the brain, massive information is processed with neuronal communication through synaptic transmissions. It is thus fundamental to delineate information flows encoded by various kinds of transmissions. Here, we show that glutamate signals from two distinct sensory neurons bidirectionally affect the same postsynaptic interneuron, thereby producing the opposite behaviours. EAT-4/VGLUT (vesicular glutamate transporter)-dependent glutamate signals from AFD thermosensory neurons inhibit the postsynaptic AIY interneurons through activation of GLC-3/GluCl inhibitory glutamate receptor and behaviourally drive migration towards colder temperature. By contrast, EAT-4-dependent glutamate signals from AWC thermosensory neurons stimulate the AIY neurons to induce migration towards warmer temperature. Alteration of the strength of AFD and AWC signals led to significant changes of AIY activity, resulting in drastic modulation of behaviour. We thus provide an important insight on information processing, in which two glutamate transmissions encoding opposite information flows regulate neural activities to produce a large spectrum of behavioural outputs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Ohnishi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Division of Biological Science, Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kullyev A, Dempsey CM, Miller S, Kuan CJ, Hapiak VM, Komuniecki RW, Griffin CT, Sze JY. A genetic survey of fluoxetine action on synaptic transmission in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2010; 186:929-41. [PMID: 20739712 PMCID: PMC2975281 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.110.118877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoxetine is one of the most commonly prescribed medications for many behavioral and neurological disorders. Fluoxetine acts primarily as an inhibitor of the serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT) to block the removal of serotonin from the synaptic cleft, thereby enhancing serotonin signals. While the effects of fluoxetine on behavior are firmly established, debate is ongoing whether inhibition of serotonin reuptake is a sufficient explanation for its therapeutic action. Here, we provide evidence of two additional aspects of fluoxetine action through genetic analyses in Caenorhabditis elegans. We show that fluoxetine treatment and null mutation in the sole SERT gene mod-5 eliminate serotonin in specific neurons. These neurons do not synthesize serotonin but import extracellular serotonin via MOD-5/SERT. Furthermore, we show that fluoxetine acts independently of MOD-5/SERT to regulate discrete properties of acetylcholine (Ach), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glutamate neurotransmission in the locomotory circuit. We identified that two G-protein-coupled 5-HT receptors, SER-7 and SER-5, antagonistically regulate the effects of fluoxetine and that fluoxetine binds to SER-7. Epistatic analyses suggest that SER-7 and SER-5 act upstream of AMPA receptor GLR-1 signaling. Our work provides genetic evidence that fluoxetine may influence neuronal functions and behavior by directly targeting serotonin receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Kullyev
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461 Department of Biology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, County Kilare, Ireland Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606
| | - Catherine M. Dempsey
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461 Department of Biology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, County Kilare, Ireland Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606
| | - Sarah Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461 Department of Biology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, County Kilare, Ireland Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606
| | - Chih-Jen Kuan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461 Department of Biology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, County Kilare, Ireland Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606
| | - Vera M. Hapiak
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461 Department of Biology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, County Kilare, Ireland Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606
| | - Richard W. Komuniecki
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461 Department of Biology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, County Kilare, Ireland Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606
| | - Christine T. Griffin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461 Department of Biology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, County Kilare, Ireland Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606
| | - Ji Ying Sze
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461 Department of Biology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, County Kilare, Ireland Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Sargison ND, Jackson F, Wilson DJ, Bartley DJ, Penny CD, Gilleard JS. Characterisation of milbemycin-, avermectin-, imidazothiazole- and benzimidazole-resistant Teladorsagia circumcincta
from a sheep flock. Vet Rec 2010; 166:681-6. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.b4853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. D. Sargison
- Large Animal Practice; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; University of Edinburgh; Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG
| | - F. Jackson
- Department of Parasitology; Moredun Research Institute; Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan Penicuik Midlothian EH26 0PZ
| | - D. J. Wilson
- Large Animal Practice; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; University of Edinburgh; Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG
| | - D. J. Bartley
- Department of Parasitology; Moredun Research Institute; Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan Penicuik Midlothian EH26 0PZ
| | - C. D. Penny
- Large Animal Practice; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; University of Edinburgh; Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG
| | - J. S. Gilleard
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Calgary; 3330 Hospital Drive NW Calgary Alberta Canada
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Filariasis is caused by thread-like nematode worms, classified according to their presence in the vertebrate host. The cutaneous group includes Onchocerca volvulus, Loa loa and Mansonella streptocerca; the lymphatic group includes Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and Brugia timori and the body cavity group includes Mansonella perstans and Mansonella ozzardi. Lymphatic filariasis, a mosquito-borne disease, is one of the most prevalent diseases in tropical and subtropical countries and is accompanied by a number of pathological conditions. In recent years, there has been rapid progress in filariasis research, which has provided new insights into the pathogenesis of filarial disease, diagnosis, chemotherapy, the host–parasite relationship and the genomics of the parasite. Together, these insights are assisting the identification of novel drug targets and the discovery of antifilarial agents and candidate vaccine molecules. This review discusses the antifilarial activity of various chemical entities, the merits and demerits of antifilarial drugs currently in use, their mechanisms of action, in addition to antifilarial drug targets and their validation.
Collapse
|